History of Munich

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Facsimile of the Augsburg arbitration in which Munich was mentioned for the first time
Munich city seal from 1330
Coats of arms of Munich 1865–1936 and 1949–1957 The name of the monk in the coat of arms as Münchner Kindl was first recorded in 1727

The history of Munich known to us began on June 14, 1158 with the first mention of "Munichen", a market set up by Heinrich the Lion in the Augsburg district . The early days of Munich were marked by disputes between the Duke of Bavaria and the Bishop of Freising . In the middle of the 13th century, the dukes from the House of Wittelsbach were able to assert themselves in the city rule. From then until the end of the monarchy in 1918, Munich was the royal seat of the Wittelsbach dukes , electors and kings as well as the capital of Bavaria or at least one of the Bavarian partial duchies . In addition to the city rulership by the Wittelsbachers, there was also increasing civil self-government. A city ​​council was first mentioned in 1286 . After the city's magistrate was repealed in 1810, Munich became an independent municipality in 1818 . Munich has been the capital of the Free State of Bavaria since 1918.

Overview

prehistory

Early history

There are archaeological finds in the Munich area from the Tertiary and Ice Age in the subsequent Quaternary . Pelvic bones of a dinotherium, a prehistoric elephant, were found in a Munich gravel pit. With the last cold phase of the Ice Age, the glaciers that covered the entire Alpine region began to melt. The Munich gravel plain was formed from a 150 km wide lake with a thick, impermeable clay soil .

Belt buckle from a burial ground in the 5th – 7th centuries Century in Aubing

Excavations in the old town show that the town center was already at the end of the Neolithic , around 2000 BC. BC, was settled by humans. Stool graves in today's districts of Berg am Laim , Pasing , Moosach and Sendling also date from the Stone Age .

Finds from graves in Harlaching and in Luitpoldpark show that the banks of the Isar and Würm were also populated during the Bronze Age . It was only in 2014 that archaeologists found an almost undamaged, Late Bronze Age grave in Munich's old town, below the pharmacy courtyard of the Residenz.

In the area of ​​the future Munich district Freiham also lived in the Hallstatt period , i.e. in the 7th and 6th centuries. Century BC People, here there was a settlement with several farms, corresponding post pits were discovered in the north of Freiham during archaeological excavations in 2014.

Antiquity - Celts and Romans

From the 3rd century BC The Celtic tribes founded the first fortified, city-like settlements in the foothills of the Alps. In the oppidum of Manching , around 5,000 to 10,000 Celts lived within a city fortification. Viereckschanzen in the Aubinger Lohe , Langwied , Feldmoching and Perlach in the Munich area date from the Celtic times . The later area of ​​Munich, however, lay west of the Celtic kingdom of Noricum, which reached as far as the Chiemsee, and was relatively sparsely populated with a few manors. Around 50 BC BC many settlements disappeared, Manching was also abandoned, the so-called "Boiische Einöde" was created. The whereabouts of the Celtic population has not yet been clarified and is the subject of numerous hypotheses.

Via Julia today, in Forstenrieder Park

In any case, at the time of Emperor Augustus , the Celtic settled area of ​​today's Old Bavaria south of the Danube was from 25 BC. Part of the Roman Empire and its province of Raetia . Augusta Vindelicorum ( Augsburg ) became the capital of Rhaetia . Remains of Roman graves in the Munich area were found in Aubing , Englschalking and Denning , in Denning there are also remains of a villa rustica . During the excavations in Freiham, two large and well-preserved ovens from Roman times were discovered, they were located on the edge of a settlement in which there were also stone buildings. Two Roman highways led on the edge of today's urban area over the Isar, the Via Julia near Grünwald in the south and another near Unterföhring in the north. The latter would later play an important role in the founding of Munich. The Römerschanze Grünwald was located in Grünwald itself . The extensive ground monument goes back to a Roman guard station and settlement. After the last Roman emperor Romulus Augustulus had been deposed in AD 476 and the wages were subsequently not paid in Raetia, many of the provincial Roman residents left the provinces of the former Western Roman Empire north of the Alps by 488 .

Early Middle Ages - Bavarians

After the collapse of Roman rule in the middle of the 5th century and the conquest of Italy by the Ostrogoth king Theodoric in 489, the province of Raetia, which belongs to the diocese of Italia, also fell to the Goths. As a result, the Bavarian people , who were first mentioned in 551, formed. Archaeological finds and a new interpretation of the sources lead to the conclusion that the Bavarians had less Germanic than Romanic roots. The Roman population was not completely withdrawn, and the structures of the Roman Empire also persisted, which incidentally also seem to be confirmed by many remnants of Latin in the Bavarian dialects . Archaeological evidence in Unterhaching as well as in Straubing is evidence of a princely upper class for the first third of the 6th century. Probably the Bavarians were formed at that time from different ethnic groups, the remnants of the Celtic population ( Vindeliker and Boier ), from native Romans, from Alemannic , Franconian or Thuringian , Ostrogothic , Marcomannic and Longobard people splinters as well as from Germanic mercenaries of the Roman border troops . A large number of row graves from the time of the Bavarians were also found in Munich, the focus of the settlement again being the banks of the Isar and Würm rivers. A Bavarian settlement was also found in Johanneskirchen . From around the middle of the 6th century, the Agilolfingers formed the first Bavarian tribal dynasty, which expanded its sovereign territory from its seat in Regensburg to the middle of the 8th century to the east to the Enns and south to today's South Tyrol .

Romanesque Holy Cross Church in Fröttmaning

The oldest documented mentions of a Bavarian settlement in today's urban area were made in 750 with the mention of Oberföhring as "ad Feringas" and in 763 with Pasing as "villa Pasingas". It was not until 2016 that row grave fields with 140 burials of Bavarian residents were uncovered in Pasing on an area of ​​around 1,000 square meters on Josef-Retzer-Straße. It followed u. a. 768 Bogenhausen as "Pupinhusir", 782 Schwabing as "Suuapinga", between 779 and 806 Sendling as "Sentilinga", 790 Giesing as "Kyesinga" etc. (see the chronicle of the city of Munich / prehistory ). In 813 a church foundation to the diocese of Freising is mentioned, which is probably St. Stephan in Baumkirchen. In 815 Fröttmaning was mentioned , whose village church Heilig Kreuz is now considered the oldest in the city. In other of these settlements there are still essentially Romanesque churches, such as St. Johann Baptist in Johanneskirchen, St. Martin in Moosach and St. Nikolaus in Englschalking . The last settlements before Munich was first mentioned in 1158 were 1149 Milbertshofen as "Ilmungeshofen" and Harlaching as "Hadaleichingen". Later than Munich, 1163 Neuhausen as "Niwenhusen", 1166 Forstenried as "Uorstersriet" and 1200 Denning as "Tenningen" are mentioned for the first time. Basically, all places that end in "ing" are among the earliest medieval settlements. Until shortly after 800, most of today's Munich districts emerged and only a few were founded afterwards. The region around what would later become Munich was, however, a rather insignificant area in the tribal duchy of the Bavarians in the early Middle Ages , but once the Bavarian Duke Tassilo III stopped . in 756 the synod of Aschheim from. The Frankish king Charlemagne then verleibte in the year 788 the hitherto independent Duchy of Bavaria in his kingdom one.

The Dukes of Agilolfingen built a palace on a mountain near “Frigisinga” around 700 AD. Thus today's Freising is the only known city founding of the Bavarian Agilolfinger and the oldest city in Upper Bavaria. The Freising bishops soon enjoyed a high reputation with the kings and emperors of the subsequent period. In 903, the Freising Bishop Waldo acquired the Feringa market square (Föhring). As a result, Freising was able to skim off the profit from the salt trade on the road from Salzburg to Augsburg, as it came into the possession of the Isar Bridge (near today's Oberföhring weir). The income from the salt tariff was so lucrative that the Freising Cathedral, which burned down in 903, was rebuilt with the bridge tariff . Until around 950 the whole area was repeatedly ravaged by Hungarian raids . The Wall Birg is associated with it. During this time, after the East Franconian Carolingians died out , the tribal duchy regained its strength.

The beginnings

Naming and founding of the city

First documented mention of Munich in a comparison with Augsburg

The name Munich is usually interpreted as "with the monks", based on the name forum apud Munichen , with which the city is mentioned when it was first mentioned in a document in Augsburg on June 14, 1158 by the Hohenstaufen emperor Friedrich I. Barbarossa .

Henry the Lion Equestrian Seal 1160

Munichen probably goes back to the dative plural of the Old High German munih or Middle High German mün (e) ch , the forerunner of the word monk . Before the city was founded, monks from the Schäftlarn monastery are said to have settled here. At that time it was not uncommon for monasteries to set up monastic settlements, i.e. further monastic settlements. Archaeological finds have not yet confirmed that this branch was, as many have claimed, on the Petersbergl. According to another hypothesis, the monastic settlement from which it was named was located at the later Schäftlarn monastery courtyard on the site of today's Michael’s Church . A previously assumed connection to the Tegernsee monastery has been disproved for some time. It is not even certain whether a monk settlement existed at all when Munich was founded, or whether munichen was already a fixed place name that went back to an earlier but no longer existing monk settlement. Historically, Munich was also called by its Latin name: Monachia or Monachium . In the dialect the city is called Minga ; however, this form has become unusual in the town dialect, where it has been replaced by the standard German equivalent, and is practically only used in the surrounding area. The Munich dialect is part of the Middle Bavarian dialect .

In the course of the archaeological excavations at Marienhof in the run-up to the expansion of the S-Bahn from 2012, fragments of vessels from the early eleventh century were found, which again prove that the Munich settlement must be older than its first documented mention in 1158. Also Archaeologists have so far made finds from this time in Salvatorstrasse and at the Hofstatt.

The light of history as Munich entered the settlement in 1157/1158 by the Guelph Heinrich XII. the lion , Duke of Saxony and Bavaria . It was not until 1156 that Heinrich got back the Duchy of Bavaria, which had been confiscated from his father Heinrich the Proud, from his imperial cousin. The Duke had a bridge built over the Isar near today's Ludwigsbrücke on the ford on the "gachen Steig" ( Gasteig ) in order to gain wealth through customs duties on the salt trade . However, this bridge only gained its importance when Heinrich the Lion had the Bishop of Freising's existing Isar bridge between today's Oberföhring (district of Munich) and Unterföhring (independent municipality; at that time simply Feringa) destroyed and the salt merchants used the Munich bridge had to cross the Isar. The repeated attempts of the bishop to rebuild his bridge were thwarted by sabotage by the duke. As a result, no more bridges were built near Föhring for about 700 years until the Föhring railway bridge was built. The carters were now forced to leave the Roman road to Föhring to take the road towards Munich.

In the subsequent Augsburg settlement (formerly also incorrectly called Augsburg arbitration or Augsburger arbitration ) of June 14, 1158, Emperor Friedrich Barbarossa settled the dispute between Bishop Otto von Freising , an uncle of the emperor, and Heinrich the Lion. The conflict between Duke Heinrich the Lion and Bishop Otto von Freising was not ended by an arbitration award or even a legal judgment by Emperor Frederick, but by a "conventio", a mutual, amicable settlement. Ultimately, the dispute over the Isar bridges went out in favor of Heinrich. Munich's market and coinage rights were confirmed, but Munich had to transfer a third of the resulting income to the Freising Monastery. These payments were made to Freising until 1803 and then to the Bavarian state until 1852. June 14, 1158 is also the official founding day of Munich.

It is very likely that Altheim already existed in today's old town as a court for followers of the Counts of Andechs , as the name "Alt" suggests, as well as the always existing kink in the street layout at the "Altheimer Eck". In addition to the monks' settlement and a presumed small village south of the Sankt Jakob church , this place would be the third forerunner of Munich.

The city of Henry the Lion

Inner Sendlinger Tor of the First City Wall, also called Ruffini Tower, Pütrichturm or Blue Duck Tower

The center of urban planning was Schrannenplatz . Designed as a grain and salt market, it was the mercantile center of the city from the start. It was not renamed 'Marienplatz' until 1854. On a small hill south (Petersbergl) stands St. Peter , the first and for a long time the only parish church in the city, the founding building of which is probably older than the city itself (from the first half of the 11th century). When exactly the first construction started is in the dark. A square room found under the northern part of the choir, commonly referred to as the “Old Room”, was at times dated before Munich was founded. According to more recent information, however, these are more of the remains of a ducal customs post built around 1158.

The construction of the First City Wall, on the other hand, began in 1175 under Duke Heinrich the Lion and was continued by his successors. Only a few fragments of the first city wall have survived, which are included in the construction of houses, especially in Burgstrasse 2 to 12 and at Rindermarkt 6. Only the so-called Talburgtor remained as the old town hall tower. After severe destruction in the Second World War, it was only rebuilt based on the historical model for the 1972 Olympic Games. The first city wall gave the city the shape of a spade. It had five gates and a length of around 1400 m, the area enclosed by it was around 17 hectares. The course of the wall can still be seen in today's streetscape roughly from the course of the following streets: Sparkassenstrasse, Viktualienmarkt , Rosental, Färbergraben, Augustinerstrasse, Schäfflerstrasse, Marienhof, Hofgraben and Pfisterstrasse. The irregular course of the city wall resulted from the fact that the original city was located on the edge of a terrace, which was later referred to as the old town terrace because of the city's foundation on this terrace and on the east side of which the terrain sloped a few meters towards the Hirschauterrasse. That is why the city wall ran there in a straight line along the edge of the slope, while it itself followed an arch on the old town terrace. Because of the risk of flooding, the city was not located directly on the river. The Isar has always been considered “torrential”, wild and dangerous. However, the urban area was crossed by numerous Munich city streams. The Munich city brooks also served as canals to supply the population with process water and fed the trenches in front of the medieval city walls.

Munich as a city in the diocese of Freising

Peterskirche, drawn from the Sandner city model

After the fall of Henry the Lion, Bavaria fell to Otto I von Wittelsbach in 1180, and Munich went to the Bishop of Freising through the Regensburg arbitration . In contrast to what was already prematurely written in the Schäftlarner annals at that time, there was no longer any reason for the bishop to relocate customs and markets back to Oberföhring or even to destroy Munich. Both the Bishop of Freising and the Bavarian Duke subsequently exercised a strong influence in the city. The right to mint coins in Munich continued to belong to the Bavarian duke, which subsequently led to conflicts with the diocese. In the Bavarian Alps, in addition to Freisinger and Regensburger, Munich coins are also used to pay for. In 1200 the first verifiable visit by a Bavarian duke took place in Munich: Ludwig I the Kelheimer met the bishop of Freising in the city. In 1209, Emperor Otto IV , a son of Henry the Lion, mediated the conflict over Munich between the Wittelsbach Duke and the Bishop of Freising.

The construction of the city proceeded rapidly despite the tensions. Duke Otto I von Wittelsbach had St. Peter's Church expanded in 1181; the enlarged church was consecrated in 1190 by Bishop Otto II of Freising . The Peterskirche is first mentioned in a document from 1225 or 1226 on the occasion of a visit by Duke Ludwig des Kelheimer as the ecclesia sancti Petri Muonichen. In 1208 the Heilig-Geist-Spital was built by order of the Duke as part of the first city expansion of Munich to the east into the valley. In 1210 the Jews were allowed to build a synagogue in the Judengasse. In 1221 Munich fell victim to the first demonstrable city fire; many more were to follow. The space within the first city wall soon became too narrow. As early as the beginning of the 13th century, Duke Ludwig dem Kelheimer saw the first expansion of the urban area into the valley as far as the Kaltenbach, which was later called Katzenbach and ran roughly along the Hochbrückenstraße-Radlsteg line.

Munich's city charter was first mentioned in a document in 1214 . In 1239 the citizens of Munich achieved a certain degree of autonomy. The oldest surviving city seal also dates from this year. It shows a monk, who later became the Münchner Kindl , and a crenellated city gate. This seal hangs on a document in which the citizenship appeared independently for the first time and was exempted from the bridge toll.

By demonstratively exercising sovereign functions in the city and asserting his right to share in the episcopal income in Munich, Duke Ludwig the Kelheimer purposefully perforated the city rule of the Freising Bishop. In 1240, after some disputes, Munich passed from the property of the Freising Bishop to that of the House of Wittelsbach . The city thus fell to Ludwig's son, Duke Otto II. In June of that year, a Bavarian state parliament will take place in Munich.

Residence town of the Wittelsbachers

Munich in the late Middle Ages

In 1255 Otto's sons, the brothers Heinrich XIII. and Ludwig II the Strict set up the Duchy of Bavaria under themselves, and under Ludwig, Munich became the main seat of the sovereign (royal seat) for the partial duchy of Upper Bavaria ( first Bavarian division ). In the previous time the ducal suburb had shifted, from Regensburg to Kelheim and then to Landshut . It was only after the first division of Bavaria that a capital in Upper Bavaria was necessary that Munich's hour struck. However, the importance of the city increased step by step, it was only in the 1270s that it increasingly became the exhibition site for documents from the Duke, who as Count Palatine near Rhine also often stayed in Heidelberg. The Duke's residence was the Alte Hof , which was first mentioned in a document in 1319. However, excavation finds show that there was already a castle at the current location in the 12th century.

old yard

In 1265, Duke Ludwig der Strenge confirmed to the city of Munich the right to general taxation of its citizens and thus waived tax exemption for his officials. The city continued to grow rapidly. In 1271 the parish of St. Peter's Church was divided for the rapidly growing city and St. Mary's Church was elevated to the second parish church on the site of the later Frauenkirche . As early as the 13th century, Munich surpassed all other Upper Bavarian cities in terms of population and economic power. The city paid the duke about twice as many taxes as Ingolstadt . The growing importance of Munich is also reflected in the legal development: In 1280 the city received significant trade freedoms from Ludwig's father-in-law, King Rudolf von Habsburg . The town council has been demonstrable since 1286, representing the high bourgeoisie. In 1294, Duke Rudolf issued the Rudolfinische Handfeste , a collection of the rights and duties of citizens. So the city got the lower jurisdiction transferred. In June 1300 the inner city was first mentioned and thus the division of Munich into an inner and an outer city. In 1306, a ducal brewing and sales license for the Angerkloster was issued . The old town hall was mentioned for the first time in 1310, and an inner and an outer council have been documented since 1317. Mainly represented in the council were the powerful Munich patrician families : the Sendlinger, Ligsalz , Pütrich , Barth , Drechsel, Dichtl , Rabenegger (Rabeneck) , Rudolf, Schrenck , Wilbrecht, Ridler , Hundertpfundt and Aresinger. Since 1310 there were municipal statutes, among other things, on the monitoring of weights and measures, on prices, street cleaning, weddings and on gambling bans. In 1310 the Jakobi-Dult , at that time still on the Anger (today's Sankt-Jakobs-Platz ) as a fairground, is mentioned for the first time.

Franciscan church north of the old courtyard

At the request of Duke Ludwig the Strict, in 1284 the Franciscans relocated their convent to a site north of the Alter Hof, near the present-day National Theater on Max-Joseph-Platz (former Franciscan monastery ). In the same year took over Poor Clares , the Anger Convent of the Franciscans. In 1294 Augustinian monks settled in front of the city gates in the west of Munich and the Augustinerkirche was built, so there were monasteries in all directions around Munich. In the north sat the Franciscans , in the south the Poor Clares, in the west the Augustinians and in the east in front of the Petersbergl were the pigeon brothers from the Heiliggeist Hospital.

There were riots and riots in the city several times. In 1285 there were violent pogroms against Jews . 67 Jews were murdered when it was rumored that they had killed a Christian child for blood cult purposes. In 1295 the people of Munich were outraged by the deterioration in coins and killed the mint master Schmiechen, whereupon the sovereign fined the city to 500 pounds pfennigs.

In the Peace of Munich of 1313, the brothers Duke Rudolf and Duke Ludwig IV were temporarily reconciled and, after a few years of separation, reigned Upper Bavaria together. Since the division of Upper Bavaria in 1310, Rudolf had ruled the area around Munich alone. In 1313 Ludwig defeated the Habsburgs in the Battle of Gammelsdorf and recommended himself for the royal crown.

Imperial residence city

In 1314, Duke Ludwig IV was elected German king . The Munich citizenship then prevented the outbreak of new hostilities between the Wittelsbach brothers for the last time in the spring of 1315, until Ludwig finally took control of Bavaria in autumn. In 1322 Ludwig made a solemn entry into his capital after winning the battle at Mühldorf against the Habsburgs . In 1324 the coat of arms of Munich was given the imperial colors black and gold, and from 1324 to 1350 the city housed the imperial regalia . Between 1327 and 1330 Ludwig stayed in Italy, where he was crowned emperor in Rome in 1328 . After his return, Munich became the imperial residence under Emperor Ludwig the Bavarian . Munich thus became the first capital of the empire, where the emperor actually resided for a long time during his government. Nevertheless, Ludwig was still in the tradition of the "old German travel kingdom" and was often on the move in the empire.

Donor relief of the Lorenz Chapel of the Old Court from 1324, King (Emperor) Ludwig IV and his wife Margarethe of Holland
Emperor Ludwig the Bavarian
Isartor, eastern city gate of the second wall ring (1337)

As early as 1315, Ludwig the Bavarian granted Munich market freedom with the stipulation that Marienplatz, then known as Schrannenplatz or market square, would remain undeveloped "for ever". The imperial gold bull of 1332 then gave the people of Munich a monopoly in the southern German salt trade. As early as 1323, the cities of Munich and Nuremberg recognized the mutual exemption from customs duties , the beginning of close economic cooperation between the two cities.

In addition to the political importance that manifested itself architecturally in the Alter Hof, it was also one of the most important religious centers of the time. The Franciscan monastery, in which the superiors of the order who fled from Avignon found refuge, made a significant contribution. In Munich, among others, the Minister General and the Procurator of the Franciscan Order, Michael von Cesena and Bonagratia von Bergamo , the former Rector of the University of Paris , Marsilius von Padua , and the Oxford Professor Wilhelm von Ockham , who theoretically established the position of the Empire as an institution defended against the papacy. In 1328 Augustinian monks started brewing beer .

In 1327 a third of the city was destroyed or damaged by the great fire in Munich , including the Angerkloster, the Alte Hof , the Heiliggeistspital and the Peterskirche. During the reconstruction, the city was now expanded to 91 hectares and the second wall ring was built. The second city wall, which began as early as 1285 as part of the construction of a second wall ring, was about 4000 m in length, and the area it enclosed now had an area more than five times the original city area. The four main gates were the Schwabinger Tor in the north at the end of Theatinerstrasse and Residenzstrasse , the Isartor in the east at the end of the Strasse Tal , the Sendlinger Tor in the south at the end of Sendlinger Strasse and the Neuhauser Tor (called Karlstor from 1791) at the end of the Neuhauser Strasse . In 1337 the construction of the second city wall was completed with the completion of the Isartor. The ordinance, which Kaiser Ludwig the Bavarian had promulgated in agreement with the city council, stipulated that in future all houses would have to be covered with bricks instead of straw or shingles and that all buildings that had burned down had to be made entirely of stone. In the period that followed, however, there were several major fires.

In 1340 the Emperor granted Munich the “great city charter” with further privileges. When the Dukes of Lower Bavaria residing in Landshut died out in December 1340, Ludwig united the Duchy of Lower Bavaria with Upper Bavaria ; For the first time, Munich became the sole royal seat of the dukes. In 1342 the Emperor and his eldest son Ludwig V issued the Great Tyrolean Freedom Letter in Munich , and Tyrol and Bavaria were ruled by the Wittelsbachers in personal union until 1363 . When Emperor Ludwig died in October 1347 he was followed by his six sons in the government, which they exercised together for two years before Bavaria was divided again.

Munich in the late Middle Ages

With the second division of the country by the six sons of the emperor two years after the death of Ludwig of Bavaria, Munich fell to Ludwig V in 1349, who ruled Tyrol as well as Upper Bavaria and the Mark Brandenburg until 1351 .

Old Town Hall, Talburgtor, Holy Spirit Church, Alter Peter
woman Church

Again and again the city was ravaged by epidemics and not infrequently the culprits were searched for. The first black death outbreak occurred in Munich in 1349 . From the plague, almost 5,000 Munich residents, and thus half of the population, usually die within a few days this year. At that time the Jews were accused of poisoning wells, so that riots broke out; however, they were protected from 1352 by Duke Ludwig V, who allowed the resettlement of Jews in all of Upper Bavaria and placed them under his protection. In 1439 a particularly severe plague epidemic raged in Munich. In 1442 the Jews were then by Duke Albrecht III. expelled from the city and from all over Upper Bavaria. The medieval synagogue was then made into a chapel . Jewish settlement was only permitted again 250 years later. In 1463 there was another plague epidemic, which Duke Johann IV succumbed. At that time, thousands of people from Munich made a pilgrimage to Andechs . In 1498 there was an unsuccessful uprising by the Munich craftsmen. They had in the municipal House of Pleasure with the rampant also in Europe syphilis infected and tried appointed by the city overseer of prostitutes to slay.

In 1363, after the death of Ludwig V's son, Duke Meinhard , Munich fell to his uncle Stephan II with the imprisonment of Bavaria-Landshut . In 1369 there were already more than 10,000 inhabitants in Munich. The Neuveste was built on the north-eastern city fortifications as early as 1363 , as the old courtyard was pushed into the center of the city by the city expansion and became too unsafe for the Wittelsbachers. A civil uprising against the Dukes Stephan III. den Kneißl and Friedrich had failed in 1385. The insurgents had executed the councilor Johann Impler , whom they had made jointly responsible for the high tax burden. Then the city was successfully besieged by the dukes. The residence developed from this castle, which the citizens had to co-finance as a penance to the Wittelsbachers. In 1392, Duke Stephan der Kneissl obtained the “Munich year of grace” from the Pope, which led to pilgrims flocking to the city, who had been promised complete indulgence.

With the third division of the state in November 1392, the Duchy of Bavaria-Munich was established under the rule of Stephen's brother Johann II. Friedrich received Bavaria-Landshut and Stephan Bayern-Ingolstadt , the question of a fair division subsequently led to conflicts between the Munich and the Ingolstadt line. In 1397 there were further revolts of the craft guilds against the patricians and the quarreling Wittelsbach dukes. The mayor Jörg Kazmair is deposed and the craft guilds exercise sole power. In November 1400, three councilors on Schrannenplatz were beheaded for “loyalty to the prince”. During the riots, the dukes left the city, so Duke Ernst resided in Wolfratshausen from December 24, 1397 to June 1403 . In 1403 the uprising was ended bloodyly by troops of the Wittelsbacher, but the guilds were granted a political say. In 1422 the siege of Munich by the Duke of Bavaria-Ingolstadt Ludwig VII failed in the course of the Bavarian War . As early as 1421, Baierbrunn Castle was captured by the Munich vigilante in the course of the Ingolstadt feud and then demolished within just 14 days.

Frauenkirche (around 1839)
Blutenburg Castle Chapel

In 1429 another destructive fire raged, which destroyed parts of the city. Due to the alliance between Duke Ernst and Emperor Sigismund , Munich was also threatened by the Hussites , so that the city fortifications were reinforced by an outer wall ring in the same year. The Duchy of Bavaria-Munich itself was expanded in 1429 after a violent dispute with the Landshut and Ingolstadt dukes by the Pressburg arbitration by half of the lost Duchy of Bavaria-Straubing , since in addition to Duke Ernst and his brother Wilhelm III. taken into consideration. 1435 was under his son Albrecht III. Blutenburg Castle was built, but it dates back to a 13th century moated castle. Another city fire occurred as early as 1460.

Munich 1493 in the Schedelschen Weltchronik

In 1453 the city council issued a brewing charter that regulated the ingredients for beer and only allowed barley , hops and water . In 1487, Duke Albrecht IV took over this regulation initially for Munich, until 1516 it was then gradually made binding for the entire duchy. This regulation is known today by the Munich breweries as the “ Purity Law ” and special importance is attached to it.

Albrecht's older brother, Duke Siegmund , issued the first known truce letter in 1463. The keep was re-measured and marked by border pillars, some of which are still preserved today. Munich had no associated land, palace, seat or court mark outside of the castle truce. In 1490 the legendary knightly competition took place in the Neuveste, from which Albrecht's younger brother Christoph the Strong emerged as the winner.

At the end of the 15th century the late Gothic flourished in Munich and building activity began. In 1468, Duke Siegmund laid the foundation stone for the new Marienkirche " Frauenkirche ". Under the direction of the master builder Jörg von Halspach , the construction progressed rapidly (generous funds were granted by the Pope), the inauguration took place as early as 1494. However, it did not receive its characteristic round domes until 1525. In 1470, construction began on the dance house, which had a large ballroom on the upper floor. Today's old town hall was given wide passageways in 1877 and 1934 in order to cope with the growing traffic from Marienplatz in the direction of the Isartor. In 1481 the market square was freed from several buildings, including a chapel, and only then became a rectangular square. The square only got its current size after the Second World War. In 1493 the first city view of Munich appears in the Schedelschen Weltchronik . Whereas in earlier times monks had created the artistic furnishings for the churches, in the late Gothic period the artists of the 15th century were already highly specialized craftsmen. The master builder Jörg von Halsbach, the painters Gabriel Angler , Jan Polack and Gabriel Mälesskircher or the sculptor Erasmus Grasser are among the most outstanding masters of the late Middle Ages in Munich. While the architecture of the late medieval city was primarily shaped by bourgeois art, with the reunification of Bavaria the court increasingly determined the architectural development of the city.

Capital of the Duchy of Bavaria

Early Modern Times - Renaissance and Counter Reformation

In 1504 the city already had around 13,500 inhabitants and was thus one of the medium-sized cities of the empire at the beginning of the early modern period , comparable to Basel, Frankfurt am Main or Trier at that time. The architecture and size of late Gothic Munich around 1500 did not differ much from the other ducal cities of Bavaria such as Ingolstadt , Straubing or Landshut and was still far behind Nuremberg and Augsburg , which at that time were among the five largest cities in the empire. The prosperity still came from the salt, wine and cloth trade, as well as from participation in Alpine mining and the trade in Venetian goods. In 1506, after the Landshut War of Succession , during which the city was bombed , Munich became the sole capital of the Duchy of Bavaria through the "Cologne Spruch" of Emperor Maximilian , which ended the division of Bavaria into several partial duchies . In order to prevent future divisions of the country, Duke Albrecht IV (1465–1508) issued an edict shortly afterwards , which stipulates the sole succession of the first-born prince for all time. The coin reform of 1506 now introduced a uniform coin system for the united Bavaria with the main mint in Munich. In 1507 a major administrative reform in Bavaria resulted in the Munich Rent Office , which lasted for centuries.

Old Mint

It is not certain whether the city was struck by a new plague epidemic in 1517 , as the death register did not show any abnormalities in that year. During this time, however, the tradition of the shepherd's dance is said to have arisen; out of gratitude, Duke Wilhelm IV (1508–1550) gave the shepherds the right to perform their dance every seven years. From a cultural point of view, Munich took a big boom. The history of the Alte Pinakothek begins with the Duke's collection of paintings . The appointment of Ludwig Senfl in 1523 marked the beginning of the history of the Bavarian State Orchestra . The visit of Emperor Charles V in Munich on June 10, 1530 with numerous cardinals, bishops, princes, count palatine, nobles and knights, when he came from Bologna via Innsbruck after his imperial coronation by the Pope to travel on to the Reichstag in Augsburg , became one of the most splendid events of the 16th century.

In 1520 the armory was built, which today houses the city ​​museum . In 1525 the oldest still existing town house, the Weinstadl in Burgstrasse, was built. Wilhelm IV finally moved the court from the Old Court to the Neuveste .

Duke Albrecht V was the first to turn Munich into an art city

In 1522, Wilhelm's first decree against Protestant teaching was issued . During the Reformation , Protestants in Munich were persecuted and some of them left the city, which led to a large loss of tax revenue. As early as 1524 and 1531, further harsh decrees were issued against Lutheran teaching. Even more decisive action was taken against the Reformation Anabaptists , who had founded a congregation in Munich as early as 1527. The first death sentences were passed in the same year. One of the first Anabaptist martyrs was executed in February 1527 in the Frauenkirche. The last beheading of a Munich Baptist took place in September 1586.

In 1555, Duke Albrecht V (1550–1579) banned Protestantism entirely. Under him, Munich became a center of the Counter Reformation . The Jesuits , who were called to Munich in 1559 , founded the first Munich grammar school a year later, the Jesuit grammar school, later the Wilhelm grammar school . Under the massive pressure of the ducal religious policy and under the influence of the Jesuit order, the evangelical movement in Bavaria and its capital was almost completely exterminated from the beginning of the 1570s.

Cultural life was given a new boost by the appointment of the composer Orlando di Lasso to Munich. The Duke built the Alte Münze building for his art collections .

Renaissance Church of St. Michael

From 1558 a number of central authorities were created. The Bavarian State Library , the ecclesiastical council in 1556 and the court chamber in 1570. In addition, the renovation of the “Neufeste” began in 1560 and its extension to today's Residenzstrasse. The residence with the courtyard garden was built here as the apartment and government headquarters of the coming dukes, electors and kings. This can be partially visited today.

In 1568 one of the most elaborate weddings of the time took place between the later Duke Wilhelm V and Renata of Lorraine . The wedding is also represented in the carillon at Munich City Hall.

On behalf of Wilhelm V (1579–1597), the Michaelskirche and the old academy were built for the Jesuits from 1583 on Neuhauser Strasse (now a pedestrian zone) . It was not only the largest church in the Renaissance style north of the Alps , but also has the largest barrel vault in the world after St.Peter's Basilica in Rome and set the trend for the early Baroque in southern Germany. Munich also became a center of sculpture that was shaped by Hubert Gerhard and Hans Krumpper . Hans von Aachen and Peter Candid , among others, worked as painters at Wilhelm's court .

In order to become more independent from expensive imports, Duke Wilhelm V. founded the Hofbräuhaus on today's Sparkassenstrasse in 1589 for the brewing of brown beer and in 1607 the white Hofbräuhaus (for brewing wheat beer ) was built on the Platzl . The brewery was relocated from the city center in 1890 and the Hofbräuhaus am Platzl has only been a restaurant since then .

Marienplatz, circa 1642
Munich - Merian engraving from around 1642

In 1591 Wilhelm V had the Italian “gold maker” Marco Bragadino executed on Schrannenplatz (wine market) for fraud and sorcery. He had promised the Duke, who was in constant financial difficulties, that he could make gold out of lead. In 1596 the Duke founded a pheasant farm between Moosach and Feldmoching in the area of ​​today's Fasanerie-Nord .

1597 was Bayern become final before the insolvency , and the Duke abdicated in favor of his son Maximilian I from. There is an increase in the persecution of witches with cruel executions under both dukes . As the first absolutist ruler in Bavaria, Maximilian I (1597–1651) had the Munich residence expanded and expanded. Now the so-called Old Residence was built on the west side with the imperial court. The history of the Munich court garden at today's location began as early as 1560 under Duke Albrecht V with the construction of a new Renaissance garden with a (not preserved) pleasure house north of an older complex from the early 16th century. 1613–1617 Maximilian I expanded the complex to its present size. With the appointment of the Capuchin Order to Munich (1601), another monastery building was added to the monasteries, churches and chapels. Their monastery stood outside the former city ​​wall on the site of today's Lenbachplatz . When Maximilian had the wall fortifications built, part of the outside facilities of the monastery was included in a bastion , which was therefore given the name Capuchin Bastion . Many of these monasteries were destroyed in the secularization , including this one. The remaining buildings give an idea of ​​the building activities of the orders. In 1609 the Catholic League was founded in Munich and from 1619 at the beginning of the war a new fortification belt was laid out, the construction of which, however, progressed very slowly.

Thirty Years' War

Marian column on Marienplatz

In the Treaty of Munich of October 8, 1619, at the beginning of the Thirty Years' War between Emperor Ferdinand II and Duke Maximilian I, Bavaria assured, among other things, that the Catholic estates would intervene on the emperor's side in the fight against rebellious Bohemia . On November 8, 1620, the battle of the White Mountain took place near Prague , in which the Bohemian estate army was severely defeated by the general Karl Bonaventura Count von Buquoy and the League army under Maximilian's general Johann t'Serclaes von Tilly . For his further involvement in the Thirty Years' War, the Bavarian duke received the title of elector in 1623 and Munich was made an electoral residence city . 1626 laid down a dress code for what the four different classes of citizens were allowed to wear in clothing and jewelry.

After Denmark, a Baltic power, had later left the Thirty Years' War, Gustav II Adolf of Sweden saw the chance to assert his hegemonic claims in north-eastern Europe in 1630 and intervened in the war. On May 17, 1632, King Gustav II Adolf and his troops, accompanied by some Protestant German princes from Ismaning , approached Munich and made a solemn entry into the city. It is said that in the area around the Maximilianeum Munich mayor Ligsalz, kneeling, awaited the king with the city key. The city escaped through surrender without a fight, the payment of the immense sum of 300,000 Reichstalers and by being held hostage from a pillage by the Swedes. After the occupation of Munich by his troops in May 1632, King Gustav Adolf had a Protestant service celebrated in the residence. By the end of May 1632, Gustav Adolf left Munich and moved on. Nevertheless, he carried a lot of booty with him: many valuable items were taken from the library and the picture collection of the elector. The king is even said to have said that if the residence were on wheels, he would roll it to Stockholm.

After the devastating defeat of the Swedish and Saxon troops in the Battle of Nördlingen (September 6, 1634), the Swedes had to evacuate Bavaria. In addition to the already existing ducal hospital, the neighboring Josephspital was built during the war on behalf of Elector Maximilian I and his wife Elisabeth as another of the court's hospitals and supply houses from 1626 to 1632 . As thanks for the sparing of the royal cities of Landshut and Munich , Maximilian I had the Marian Column built on Marienplatz .

In 1634 Italian troops under the Spanish flag reached the city, who could not be refused billeting despite the risk of epidemics, shortly afterwards the plague broke out in the city . A third of the population at that time fell victim to this and a second epidemic in 1635. The number of inhabitants drops briefly from 22,000 to 9,000. In 1635 the Swedish hostages returned to Munich from their captivity in Augsburg.

1638–1645 the fortification of the city was expanded. The battle of the Bavarian and Austrian troops under Johann von Werth with the Swedes under Carl Gustav Wrangel between Allach and Dachau at the gates of Munich in October 1648 was the last fighting of the war. In the Peace of Westphalia on October 24, Bavaria finally won the electoral dignity and the Upper Palatinate , after Upper Austria had previously been temporarily pledged to Elector Maximilian I for a few years.

Age of Absolutism

After the end of the war, the city's trade was in ruins and was now heavily dependent on the court, an important prerequisite for the implementation of the Elector's absolutism . The city was slow to recover. In 1651 the Paulaner monks began serving Salvator . The Munich Opera was opened in 1657, and the city opened up to the Italian Baroque under the influence of Electress Henriette Adelheid of Savoy . From 1657 to 1795 (when the building became too small), Munich's first public opera house, the Salvator Theater, stood on Salvatorplatz .

Theatine Church

In 1663, Elector Ferdinand Maria (1651–1679) had the Theatine Church built in gratitude for the birth of the long-awaited ancestor Maximilian II Emanuel . It is the first church north of the Alps to be built in the style of Italian high baroque. Also under his rule the construction of the Nymphenburg Palace, which at that time was located far outside the city gates, began .

In 1664 the first post office in Munich was set up with a contract with the Count of Thurn and Taxis, with postal services to Augsburg , Regensburg , Wels , Salzburg and Innsbruck .

A city map was published in 1667 and the first apartment buildings were built in the city in 1669. In 1674 a devastating fire broke out in the residence.

1706: Execution of participants in the Oberland peasant uprising on Schrannenplatz in Munich

In 1683, Elector Max Emanuel (1679–1726) participated in the liberation of Vienna from the Turks and in 1688 conquered Belgrade. In the course of the Turkish wars , numerous Turkish prisoners of war came to Munich. Although Max Emanuel as governor of the Spanish Netherlands had been out of the country since 1692, he began building the new palace in Schleissheim in 1701 in anticipation of the imperial crown outside the city . At the same time, the north Munich canal system was expanded . Until the Peace of Karlowitz in 1699, the huge earthworks for these canal stretches were carried out in part by the Turks who were prisoners of war and then mainly by troops from the Munich garrison .

During the War of the Spanish Succession , Munich was occupied by Austria from 1705 to 1714 . Max Emanuel had allied himself with France and lost the battle of Höchstädt in 1704 . First of all, his wife Therese Kunigunde was given control of the Munich Rent Office by Poland , before the Habsburgs took over management here in 1705, breaking the Treaty of Ilbesheim . At the same time, on May 16, 1705, Munich was occupied by 3,200 men of the imperial and Palatinate troops. In 1705 a civil administration was introduced with the " Imperial Administration ", which lasted until 1715. Maximilian Karl zu Löwenstein was appointed administrator of the Electorate of Bavaria. An uprising by the Bavarians against the harsh occupation regime failed bloody on December 25, 1705 during the Sendlinger Murder Christmas and the subsequent battle of Aidenbach . In 1706 all of the elector's followers were dismissed from court services. During the occupation, both the Bürgersaal and the Dreifaltigkeitskirche , the first late baroque church in the city, were built. The Habsburgs wanted to bind Bavaria more closely to themselves and Munich was given the title of "Imperial Capital in Bavaria". Many Munich residents, first and foremost their mayor Vacchiery, even got along well with the occupation and the imperial governor Löwenstein.

In 1715 Max Emanuel returned to Munich after the peace treaty and devoted himself to the expansion of the Nymphenburg and Schleißheim palace complexes outside of Munich. With his architects Joseph Effner and later François de Cuvilliés , the French influence in court architecture increased.

Amalienburg, rococo jewel in the Nymphenburg palace gardens

In 1724 the Lehel was the first suburb to be fully under the jurisdiction of the city, which had already been part of the Munich truce . In 1727 the foundation stone was laid for the St. Anna im Lehel monastery church , the first rococo church in Bavaria. In 1728 the construction of the Nymphenburg Palace Rondell began, the ten palaces of which for court servants were to become the starting point for the construction of a villa settlement in the Munich area a century and a half later ( Nymphenburg ).

Munich 1740.
City view of Munich from the south with the La-Rosée- Schlössel in the foreground, 1749

From 1733 the night city was illuminated with oil lamps. In the same year a church was built next to a residential building on Sendlinger Strasse. Egid Quirin Asam built with its own funds and his brother Cosmas Damian Asam, also for the canonization of the martyr Johann Nepomuk Asamkirche . The church, which was badly damaged in the Second World War and then restored, is a masterpiece of late Baroque art. In 1733, Johann Baptist Gunetzrhainer also began the construction of the women's abbey church . From 1735 St. Michael in Berg am Laim was built by Johann Michael Fischer , a major work of the Bavarian Rococo. Berg am Laim itself was the seat of a court marque of the electoral bishopric of Cologne , which, like Bavaria, was ruled by Wittelsbachers. More and more aristocratic palaces were now being built in the city, of which today, after the destruction of the Palais Piosasque de Non in the Second World War, the Palais Holnstein is considered the most important of this time.

As part of the War of the Austrian Succession , between 1742 and 1744, after the coronation of Elector Karl Albrecht (1726–1745), Munich was again occupied by Austria for several longer periods. Also there were the Pandurs , a kind of guerrilla force made up of Serbian and Hungarian mercenaries , who raged terribly, especially in Lehel. From April to June 1743 the emperor resided in Munich and in October 1744 a new alliance between Karl Albrecht and Prussia forced the Austrians to withdraw again. For a short time Munich was again the imperial residence, in 1745 Karl Albrecht died as Emperor Karl VII in the Munich residence. One of the few evidence of the second imperial era are the rococo frames with the emperor's coat of arms in the pilgrimage church of St. Anna in Harlaching, which Charles VII donated to the church at that time. His son Maximilian III. In the same year Joseph (1745–1777) finally gave up the great power politics of his predecessors, made peace with Austria and began a policy of internal reforms.

Old residence theater

As early as 1747, the elector founded the Nymphenburg porcelain manufactory , which soon became world famous thanks to Franz Anton Bustelli . In 1753 the residence theater was completed . The theater saw many major opera performances, such as the world premiere of Mozart's Idomeneo in 1781 . In 1754, the widow of the empress Maria Amalia founded a religious house with a hospital for the Elisabeth women who settled in Munich on her initiative. This first modern hospital in Munich, which no longer saw itself as an infirmary, was dedicated to nursing and training lay helpers. Around 1750 around a quarter of the entire urban area was Klostergrund. Nevertheless, the city now had 32,000 inhabitants, had caught up with Augsburg for the first time, overtook Nuremberg and was preparing to become the largest city in southern Germany. In 1759 the Bavarian Academy of Sciences was founded. The construction of a silk filatorium (textile factory) at the Munich court garden by Lespilliez took place in 1762. In 1770 the house numbers were introduced. In the same year, multiple crop failures caused great famine. As a relief, the elector had grain from court estates distributed, took out credit in Holland and even sold some of the jewels in the treasury. In 1775 the city's first café was established, the Tambosi at the Hofgarten.

From 1774 the new landscape building was built as a meeting place for the Bavarian state estates; the new building was built to replace the old landscape building on Marienplatz. However, the elector was in a permanent conflict with the landscape ordinance as a representative of the estates. Advised by his former teacher Ickstatt , he tried twice in vain to remove this body.

With the death of Elector Maximilian III. Joseph died out in 1777, the Bavarian line of the Wittelbacher and Karl Theodor (1777–1799) from the Palatinate line was his successor. Bavaria is the Palatinate united to that in personal union also the Rhenish duchies of Jülich and Berg were. After the merger, the area was called Pfalz-Baiern and was at that time the third largest country complex in the empire .

Larder scene : artistically exaggerated depiction of a historical beer tasting on the Nockherberg in Munich (on April 2nd between 1778 and 1795). Paulaner master brewer Frater Barnabas gives Elector Karl Theodor a mug of Salvator strong beer. The inscription at the bottom of the picture reads: “Salve pater patriae ” (German: “Greetings, Father of the Fatherland”), Eduard Ille , after 1890. Karl Theodor did not like beer and asked for wine - it has never had anything like that before given.

The new ruler moved with his court from Mannheim to Munich in 1778, but soon became extremely unpopular in Bavaria, especially after his failed exchange project , with which he wanted to cede parts of Bavaria to the Habsburgs first against Austria and then against the Austrian Netherlands . In 1785 these plans finally failed. Nevertheless, the elector and his minister, Count Rumford, introduced important reforms.

Chinese tower in the English garden

The first Pope to visit the Bavarian capital was Pope Pius VI in 1782 . On the way home from his visit to Emperor Joseph II in Vienna, he stopped in Munich. In 1785 the Pope set up a nunciature in Munich , against which the archbishops of Cologne , Trier , Mainz and Salzburg protested.

In 1788 Karl Theodor moved the residence to Mannheim in a dispute with the Munich council over a grain ban demanded by the population. Although the elector returned to Munich the following year, a new scandal broke out on May 21, 1791: The members of the city council, which had published a revolutionary brochure, were forced to kneel in the Maxburg in front of a portrait of Karl Theodor's apology afford to.

In 1780, Karl Theodor opened the court garden to the public, which until then had only been open to the court. In 1789 the English Garden was laid out in the Isar floodplains in front of the city. The bastion in front of the Karlstor was laid down in 1791 and the demolition of the city walls and part of the city gates began. In front of the Karlstor a square was laid out, which in 1797 was named Karlsplatz after the Elector Karl Theodor. The people called it simply Stachus after Eustachius Föderl , who owned an inn on the corner with the name Stachus-Garten or Stachus-Wirt. A well-known department store now stands on the site of the restaurant . Overall, the population increased in the three hundred years between 1500 and 1800 from around 13,500 to just under 40,000, with around a quarter belonging to the court and the electoral officials . Even more people would have moved to Munich had it not been for the restrictive rules of the craft guilds, which, for example, limited the number of masters and businesses, had greatly reduced the chances of naturalization. Nevertheless, Munich had caught up with Augsburg as early as 1750 and overtook Nuremberg.

In 1796 Munich was bombed by French troops during an artillery battle on the Gasteig . The Elector's policy was between Austria and revolutionary France . In the Munich Treaty of November 1798, the Bavarian Army was even subordinated to Austria in the war against France. When Karl Theodor died of a stroke in the Residenz in February 1799, public cheers broke out in the city.

Capital of the Kingdom of Bavaria

Napoleonic era and reforms: Max I. Joseph

Karl Theodor's successor, Elector Maximilian IV. Joseph (1799–1825) from a Palatine branch of the Wittelsbach family, was welcomed with joy in the city. In June 1800, however, Munich was occupied by French troops, the Austro-Bavarian troops withdrew behind the Inn. In December the Bavarians and Austrians lost the Battle of Hohenlinden . In 1805, the Austrian Lieutenant Field Marshal Karl Philipp zu Schwarzenberg invaded Nymphenburg Palace with 200 hussars and, with ultimate threats, demanded the connection of the Bavarian to the Austrian troops, but did the opposite. After Bavaria had entered into an alliance with France, Napoleon I came to Munich on October 24, 1805 . In 1806 Munich became the capital of the Kingdom of Bavaria . On January 1, 1806, Max IV Joseph assumed the title of king as Max I Joseph. The viceroy of Italy , Eugène de Beauharnais , recently adopted by Napoleon, married on January 13, 1806 secular and a day later church in Munich at the direction of Napoleon and in the presence of the French imperial couple, the 17-year-old Princess Auguste Amalie of Bavaria and was thus the son-in-law of the Bavarian king.

National theater and royal building of the residence, engraving from the middle of the 19th century
Karolinenplatz , Brienner Strasse 1914

Towards the end of the 18th century, the city experienced an enormous increase in inhabitants and developed into one of the largest cities in Europe. The city grew rapidly, especially after the city fortifications were abandoned. The Maxvorstadt was designed between 1805 and 1810 under King Maximilian I Joseph, after whom it is also named, as the first planned city expansion by Friedrich Ludwig von Sckell and Karl von Fischer . The expansion of the Fürstenallee to Nymphenburg with its palace and aristocratic palace (palace rondel) to the splendid Brienner Strasse began here. On the arterial road to Schwabing, new houses were built outside the medieval city ring, which was razed in 1795, as old paintings show (e.g. “Am Schwabinger Tor”). The representative and splendid expansion on Odeonsplatz and Ludwigstrasse did not take place until later. As in later times of rapid change, many old buildings fell victim to the new era, including the Franciscan monastery, the Lorenz Chapel of the Old Court and the dominant Schöne Turm . In 1807 the Viktualienmarkt was established by royal decree . In 1811 the construction of the National Theater began right next to the Residenz Theater, based on the model of the Paris Odeon .

Prince Carl Palais

In 1810, on the occasion of the wedding of Crown Prince Ludwig and Princess Therese Charlotte Luise von Sachsen-Hildburghausen, a folk festival with horse races was celebrated on a meadow (since then called Theresienwiese ), from which the Oktoberfest emerged . The Augustiner beer garden was the first of many to be opened in 1812; the name Augustiner comes from the cellar of the same name, built in 1807, of the city's oldest brewery , in which the beer was cooled with ice.

The worst flood disaster in Munich occurred on September 13, 1813: The Schwanenbrücke in the Au collapsed and over 100 onlookers fell with it into the raging floods of the Isar. Only years later does the architect Leo von Klenze start building a new and more magnificent bridge . An agricultural crisis due to poor harvests in the year without a summer and a failed state policy led to another famine in Bavaria in 1816/17 . The natural sciences experienced an upswing in Munich during this time, Alois Senefelder invented lithography , Fraunhofer , Reichenbach and Utzschneider made the city a center of the optical industry while Schelling entered the Bavarian civil service.

In the Treaty of Munich in April 1816, the final borders of post-Napoleonic Bavaria were determined. Munich became the capital of a state that had doubled in size within a few years. Large parts of Franconia , Swabia and the Rhine district on the left bank of the Rhine fell to Bavaria, but Salzburg was left to the Habsburgs, as was the previous Tyrol . As a result, many Palatinate and Franconians settled in the capital, including many Protestants. The naturalization ban for Protestants was lifted as early as 1801. Karoline von Baden , Max Joseph's wife, had brought her own Protestant pastor with her in 1799, the cabinet preacher Ludwig Friedrich von Schmidt , a sensation in the strictly Catholic city. In 1801 the wine owner Johann Balthasar Michel was the first Protestant to receive Munich citizenship. In the course of secularization in 1803, numerous monasteries in Munich were dissolved. In 1817, however, a concordat was made with the Pope . It was also determined that the bishopric, which had been orphaned since 1803, would be moved from Freising to Munich and that the diocese was elevated to the status of the Archdiocese of Munich-Freising . As a result, the Munich Frauenkirche became the archbishop's cathedral (Dom).

In 1818, after the fall of Minister Maximilian von Montgelas the previous year, Bavaria received a constitution . In addition, an edict was published on the entire Protestant community, which regulated citizenship law. Munich became the seat of the Bavarian State Parliament . In the same year, Munich received self-government with two mayors and two councils, after the city's magistrate had been repealed in 1810. However, the royal municipal edict, which was valid until 1869 and expressly placed the royal seat under “the special curatel and supervision of the state”, left the mayors and the magistrate very little room for maneuver.

March and Revolution: Ludwig I.

Equestrian monument to Ludwig I on Odeonsplatz
Domenico Quaglio: The Residenzstrasse against Max-Joseph-Platz in 1826 (acquired by the king in the same year)
Ludwigstrasse when Princess Marie of Prussia moved in in 1842

Under the reign of King Ludwig I (1825–1848), Munich became a well-known city of art. The classicists Leo von Klenze and Friedrich von Gärtner designed Ludwigstrasse with the Feldherrnhalle in front of Odeonsplatz and the Siegestor (which is the only Siegestor that does not celebrate a real victory), as well as Königsplatz and the extension buildings of the Residenz . Klenze built the Hall of Fame on Theresienwiese and Ludwig Schwanthaler set up the Bavaria . The royal ore foundry in Munich achieved great importance. The Glyptothek on Königsplatz was opened in 1830 with a collection of antique sculptures and vases bought by King Ludwig I. The Alte Pinakothek and the Neue Pinakothek were also built in 1836 . The king had to push through some building projects against fierce opposition in the city, at times he even threatened the city council with moving the residence from Munich to Bamberg. Among other things, the city fathers wanted to push through a shortening of Ludwigstrasse, since in their opinion Munich would not grow up to 1 km beyond the city wall at that time in 100 years. In 1828 the dispute between the heavily indebted city and the king over the construction of the Ludwig Church had escalated even further. The king's sponsorship of art (through the construction of the Pinakothek and influence on the academy) made the Munich School a leading art direction in the 19th century.

The university founded in Ingolstadt by Duke Ludwig the Rich of Bavaria-Landshut , which was relocated to Landshut in 1800 under Elector Max IV Joseph and was named Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität there , was brought to Munich by Ludwig I in 1826. Its main building is being built on Ludwigstrasse, the arterial road to Schwabing (at that time both a rural community and country seat of the lower nobility as well as a retreat for distinguished educated citizens, later elevated to the status of a town; see Schwabing, history).

In 1826, in the presence of the king, a synagogue was inaugurated again on Westenriederstrasse for the first time . In 1827 , the foundation stone was laid for Munich's first Protestant church, the Matthäuskirche on Sonnenstrasse. This is the predecessor of today's St. Matthew's Church on Sendlinger-Tor-Platz. Under the ultra-montane minister Karl von Abel , the relationship between Catholics and Protestants deteriorated. In 1841 the funeral of the Protestant Queen Karoline von Baden turned into a scandal.

Evangelical St. Matthew Church in Munich in the 1830s, lithograph by Carl August Lebschée

Since 1837 Munich has been the capital of Upper Bavaria again , King Ludwig had all districts (as the districts were called at the time) renamed, including the Isar district . The seat was initially in the old landscape building on Marienplatz.

Meanwhile, the industrialization of Bavaria was now also advancing rapidly in Munich. In 1835 the Bayerische Hypotheken- und Wechselbank was founded . With the train to Augsburg Munich got its first rail connection in 1839. The line built by the Munich-Augsburger Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft led from Augsburg to Lochhausen , which was then outside Munich. The Hirschau ironworks , founded by Joseph Anton Maffei in 1838 , built its first steam locomotive in 1841 . Maffei was taken over by Krauss & Co. in 1931 and the company changed to Krauss-Maffei . After that, further technically well-equipped production facilities such as the locomotive factories and the Rathgeber wagon factory were built in the capital of the kingdom , but an industrial monoculture like in other regions of Germany did not develop on the Isar. Medium and small businesses remained typical of the city for a long time. In addition to the breweries, the optical and graphics industries also had a good reputation. In 1838 the first planning for the train station in Munich began. After the first train station was initially located on the Marsfeld , the Bavarian king decided in April 1847 that the new Central train station should be built on the site of today's central train station . With the advent of the railroad, the importance of the centuries-old shipping soon declined. Before that, the city had a large inland port with several raft lands on the Isar. Since the 17th century, in addition to wood and lime, goods such as tropical fruits, spices, cotton and silk have been transported from the Venetian market in Mittenwald across the Isar to Vienna and Budapest. At the height of rafting in the 19th century, over 8,000 rafts landed in Munich each year.

1844 occurred in the pre-March to the Munich beer revolution . The affair between Ludwig I and Lola Montez then led to the king's abdication in March 1848 as part of the general unrest in Germany. Before that, the brother of King Prince Karl of Bavaria had succeeded in calming down the rebellious citizens who had already stormed the arsenal.

Ludwig continued his building activity even after his abdication. The Neue Pinakothek was only opened in 1853, and in the following year Ludwig commissioned the construction of the Propylaea . The Temple of Apollo on the shores of Lake Badenburg was not even built until 1862–65 on Ludwig's behalf.

Liberalization: Max II. Joseph

Maximilianstrasse, around 1900

During the reign of King Max II (1848–1864), there was a political liberalization. In 1848 the meetings of the magistrate became public. In the same year the Münchner Latest News appeared for the first time. Under the government of Max II, the state parliament announced liberal reforms in the areas of state election law, press censorship , assembly and association law and the judiciary, as did the liberation of peasants . However, implementing these reforms took a long time. Maximilian's plan for a law to emancipate Jews met with strong popular opposition. In 1860 the gymnastics club 1860 Munich , which was founded in 1848 and shortly afterwards forbidden because of "republican activities", was re-established; the football department did not follow until 1899.

At the invitation of the King, many North German writers and scholars came to Munich to the displeasure of some Munich residents. Among these are luminaries such as the chemist Justus von Liebig , the historian Heinrich von Sybel , the cultural historian Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl and the poet Emanuel Geibel . Since 1854, the Bavarian King has also held weekly symposia with Munich's intellectual elite. In 1856 the group of poets Die Krokodile was created . The king, on the other hand, officially included traditional costume wearers in his court ceremony, wore traditional jackets with lederhosen himself when hunting and wrote in 1849 that he saw the preservation of national costumes as "of great importance" for national sentiment, since then the traditional costume was acceptable in Munich. In Die Fliegende Blätter , a humorous magazine that appeared in Munich from 1844, the philistine " Gottlieb Biedermeier " was parodied in 1850 , who personified the weaknesses of his time and later the time from the end of the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to the beginning of the bourgeois revolution of 1848 Names. In 1857, according to a legend, the Munich white sausage was invented. The Bavarian anthem was first performed by the Munich Citizens' Singer Guild on December 15, 1860.

Munich, plan 1858

The architectural style changed fundamentally under King Maximilian. Many of Munich's greatest buildings were created in the Maximilian style , such as Maximilianstrasse under the direction of the architect Friedrich Bürklein or as a then new type of glass-cast-iron structure such as the Glass Palace (designed by August von Voit ). This was the arterial road to the poor craftsmen's settlement, which previously did not belong to Munich, and the seat of Count von Preysing, Haidhausen . At its end, in the immediate vicinity of the craftsmen's houses, the Maximilianeum scholarship college was built. In 1855 the King founded the Bavarian National Museum , which at that time was still located on Maximiliansstrasse.

Munich train station, ca.1854

From the middle of the century, Munich grew rapidly. In 1854 the previously independent town of Vorstadt Au was incorporated east of the Isar with the districts of Haidhausen , Giesing and Au , at that time mainly inhabited by the lower social class. With that, Munich passed the 100,000-inhabitant mark. In the same year, the rise to a trade fair city began with the 1st General German Industrial Exhibition. Today's exhibition center (opened in 1998) is located on the site of the former Munich-Riem Airport and has some internationally important events, such as B. ISPO to show. In 1849 the reception building of the Munich Central Station was completed, in 1854 the Munich – Starnberg railway with the Pasinger Bahnhof and the Munich – Großhesselohe railway opened .

Since the Augsburg settlement of June 14, 1158, regarding the destruction of the Oberföhringer bridge to the detriment of Otto von Freising on behalf and by the forces of Henry the Lion and its construction of a new Isar bridge at his Bavarian settlement 'ad Munichen', Munich's nucleus, the community had a Third of the bridge tariff to be paid to the Hochstift Freising , after its dissolution in 1803 to the Bavarian state. After 694 years, the payments could finally be stopped in 1852 against a compensation payment.

Founding period: Ludwig II.

Under King Ludwig II (1864–1886), musical life experienced a controversial heyday with Richard Wagner's several stays from 1864 and the world premiere of some of his operas in the Munich National Theater. In the same year Richard Strauss was born in Munich.

The Munich Festival Hall on the Isar, planned by Semper in 1865 but not realized
Historical map of Munich (1888)
Old town hall at the end of the 19th century.

The king himself preferred to stay in the Alps, his building frenzy hardly left any traces in Munich. After he had not been able to enforce his planned Wagner Festspielhaus on the Isaranhöhe in 1866 , the king turned away in disappointment. The planning by Gottfried Semper with the conception with two monumental festival staircases as transverse wings, which is unusual in theater construction, was instead taken up for the later construction of the Vienna Burgtheater. Nevertheless, during the time of Ludwig II, further large buildings were built, but now without a royal planning concept, such as the Academy of Fine Arts and the State Theater on Gärtnerplatz , which the king later saved from bankruptcy. The building of the page education institute is a certain exception . In 1867, the New Town Hall was built in the neo-Gothic style. The third and final phase of construction was not completed until 1906. In 1877 St. Markus in the Maxvorstadt was consecrated, the second Protestant church in Munich. Since 1880, the low-light apartment blocks of the Wilhelminian era , such as in Isarvorstadt , Schwanthalerhöhe and in the Ostbahnhof district in Haidhausen, have brought about a strong compression of the building fabric .

In 1871 Bavaria joined the new German Empire and Munich was no longer the capital of an independent kingdom. Nevertheless, Bavaria was able to secure important reservation rights, which were then also emphasized in representative buildings in the following period, for the army museum founded by the king in 1879 , the transport ministry and the main customs office . Most of the foreign ambassadors stayed in the city because of Bavaria's continued foreign policy competence. So later the Anglican Church of St. Willibrord for the embassy staff of the British legation was created . It was not until the First World War that many embassies closed and after the end of the war they were no longer opened due to Bavaria's loss of these competencies.

In 1872 the actress Adele Spitzeder was arrested for running a private bank in the city and in just under two years cheated 31,000 citizens for a total of 8 million guilders.

In 1880, with the help of the industrialist and financier Theodor von Cramer-Klett and his confidants, above all Wilhelm von Finck and Hermann Pemsel , as well as the Darmstadt Bank for Trade and Industry , Carl von Thieme founded the Munich Reinsurance Company , which is now a world leader in its sector is. In 1890, Allianz Versicherungs-AG , founded a year earlier in Munich, began its business activities in Berlin. Almost all members of the supervisory board of the Munich Reinsurance Company acted as founders.

Rapid technical progress continued to determine the development of the city. The Technical University was founded in 1868 . The first tram in Munich ran in 1876 . In 1877 Sendling , which had developed from a rural to an important industrial suburb (including with Siemens AG ), was incorporated with the Westend to Munich. In 1882 for the 1st German electricity exhibition, Oskar von Miller carried out the world's first power transmission from Miesbach to Munich. Electric lighting was generally introduced in Munich. The city's rail network was expanded rapidly. In 1871 there was the opening of the Munich Südring with the Südbahnhof and the Ostbahnhof as well as the Munich – Mühldorf railway with the Riem station and the Munich – Rosenheim railway with the Trudering station .

The physician Max von Pettenkofer (1818–1901) became the first director of the 'Institute for Hygiene' in 1865. Pettenkofer became known as a pioneer in hygiene and public health. He analyzed the cholera epidemics in Munich (1836/37 and 1853/54) and convinced Ludwig II that the soil quality can be improved significantly by centralizing the sewage system and the drinking water supply . The epidemic of 1853 had claimed over 3,000 lives. The benefits of Pettenkofer's measures became apparent when cholera raged in Hamburg in 1892 , but spared Munich. Before that, Munich was one of the dirtiest cities in Europe until the last quarter of the 19th century, so that the focus of Mayor Alois von Erhardt's work was on improving hygienic conditions.

From 1878 onwards, Prince Otto , the king's brother, was officially incapacitated and imprisoned in the Fürstenried hunting and pleasure palace , along with Bernhard von Gudden , his students and colleagues such as Emil Kraepelin and Franz Nissl , and the newly developing psychiatry in Munich is also gaining international importance. After Ludwig's death in 1886, Otto was named his successor.

Fin de siècle: Prince Regent Luitpold

Munich experienced a tremendous economic and cultural boom in the fin de siècle under Prince Regent Luitpold (1886–1912).

National Museum on Prinzregentenstrasse, around 1900

Under Luitpold, among other things, the Prinzregentenstrasse was built as an arterial road to the former, independent Grafensitz Bogenhausen, along with the Prinzregententheater on Prinzregentenplatz, and subsequently, in keeping with the rich aristocracy of the place, one of the most glamorous urban districts of Munich with stately villas ( Villa Stuck ) and particularly magnificent town houses. In 1887 the main synagogue on Herzog-Max-Strasse was inaugurated. In 1890 the construction of the Palace of Justice on Stachus began, to which the New Justice Building had to be added in 1905 . As at the beginning of the 19th century, valuable old buildings fell victim to the rapid urban development, such as some of the baroque facades on Theatinerstraße .

Karlsplatz (Stachus) with the Palace of Justice, around 1900

In 1899, the municipality of Nymphenburg was incorporated into Munich with the palace. In 1901 Munich crossed the 500,000 population limit and was the third largest city in the German Empire after Berlin and Hamburg . Alone on the 17 km² of the core city area from before 1854 - one fifth of the city area from 1900 - more than 300,000 inhabitants crowd. This increase was only partially due to the incorporation of Neuhausen, Schwabing, Bogenhausen, Nymphenburg and Forstenried, but the increase was due to the rural exodus and many northern German immigrants. In 1900, only 36% of Munich residents were born in Munich. Sometimes serious housing misery was part of everyday life for many poor Munich residents. In order to remedy the dire housing shortage and to further improve hygiene standards, Mayor Wilhelm von Borscht was involved in founding housing cooperatives. In 1900/02 Lenin lived in Munich and published two revolutionary magazines. In 1907 Ludwig Quidde organized the 16th World Peace Congress in Munich.

Nevertheless, the city became richer and richer with new attractions for the residents. The elephant catastrophe in 1888 then claimed 2 lives. From 1890 to 1916, the Volksgarten Nymphenburg was located 200 meters east of the palace on Romanplatz , which was the largest amusement park in Germany at the time .

In November 1899, the first two municipal companies for the municipal supply, the electricity works and the gas station were created, this was the beginning of the Stadtwerke München . 1899 was also an important year for automobile traffic: the world's first driving test with the issue of driving licenses and the first registration numbers took place in Munich. In that year, only 25 car owners with driving licenses were registered in Munich, by 1910 1,300 cars and 483 motorcycles were already registered on Munich's streets. The core brand BMW goes back to the Rapp Motorenwerke founded in 1913 by Karl Rapp in Munich. In addition to the future importance of Munich as an automobile city, it was already becoming apparent at the beginning of the 20th century that top-class sport would also shape the life of the city. In 1900 the FC Bayern Munich club was founded . The men's competition of the World Figure Skating Championships in 1906 was held in Munich. The stadium on Grünwalder Strasse is the oldest in Munich, it was opened in 1911. The Mullerian Volksbad was on its completion in 1901, the largest and most expensive swimming pool in the world and the first public indoor pool in Munich.

German museum

The Munich Secession was founded in 1892 . In 1896 the Munich cultural magazine “ Die Jugend ” appeared for the first time , which gave its name to Art Nouveau . At the turn of the century, numerous art nouveau buildings were built, especially in Schwabing . Schwabing was flourishing around this time as an artists' quarter, in which numerous important writers and painters of the time frequented (“ Munich shines ”). Schwabing had already been considerably upgraded in the 19th century by the construction of the Ludwig Maximilians University and the Art Academy , after the former Munich suburb, first in a poor suburb and finally after being incorporated into a trendy Art Nouveau district and a preferred artist residential area Wahnmoching was converted. This gentrification , which cannot be separated from urbanization , was accompanied and processed in a large number of literary documents. However, there were still considerable conflicts in the 20th century. The German Theater in Schwanthalerstraße was opened in September 1896, the Kaim-Saal the year before. In 1901 the Schauspielhaus was built in competition with the Hofschauspiel and in 1906 the Münchner Kammerspiele were brought into being, before the much later move to the Schauspielhaus in its own theater. From 1900 to 1903 there was the literary cabaret " Die Elf Scharfrichter ". The Theater am Platzl opened in 1901. The Munich Opera Festival also took place in 1901 for the first time. The legendary Simpl pub opened in 1903. Peter Ostermayr founded his feature film production in 1907 (Filmstadt Geiselgasteig ). In the same year, the Gabriel cinema opened on Dachauer Straße, which was last considered the oldest cinema in the world. After Kaiser Wilhelm II caused irritation as a distinguished guest in 1891 by entering "Suprema lex regis voluntas! Wilhelm, German Emperor and King of Prussia" in the Golden Book of the City of Munich ("The king's will as supreme command" ), and in 1902 with the Swinemünder telegram was scandalized in Bavaria, he left in 1909 as a legacy of the collection Schack by Max Littmann , a new gallery building on the Prinzregentenstraße build that with the Prussian legation was connected. Two years later, in 1911, the Munich artists' association “ Der Blaue Reiter ” was founded. With the Tschudi donation , a protest against the prevailing art policy, the latest French impressionists and post-impressionists also made their way to the Neue Pinakothek in Munich for the first time . In February 1912 then the Dresden artist group placed the bridge in the gallery Goltz together in the second exhibition of Der Blaue Reiter in Munich their images. Franz Kafka held his only reading outside of Prague in the Goltz bookstore.

Munich was also a focal point of technical and scientific innovation; many researchers and inventors, including several Nobel Prize winners , worked in the city. In 1903 the Deutsches Museum was founded on Oskar von Miller's initiative and initially moved to temporary rooms in the National Museum. In 1906 the foundation stone was laid for the museum building on Museum Island, which was not completed until 1925. In 1906, the Munich adult education center was launched. In 1910 the construction of the new botanical garden began , which was relocated to Nymphenburg and was completed after four years. Hellabrunn Zoo , the first in the world to be arranged according to geographical criteria, was opened in 1911. In 1912 the Munich wholesale market hall was built.

First World War and November Revolution

On April 14, 1914, King Ludwig III received (1912–1918) still the Austro-Hungarian heir to the throne Franz Ferdinand as a state guest in Munich. With the outbreak of the First World War after its murder , Schwabing largely lost its importance as an artists' quarter. Munich as a place of the avant-garde in modern art also ended with the dissolution of the Blue Rider at the beginning of the war.

Demonstration on the Theresienwiese on November 7, 1918

The declaration of war on August 1, 1914, was celebrated enthusiastically by many Munich residents. Patriotic rallies took place in front of the Feldherrnhalle. Even the hotel “Englischer Hof” had to be renamed because the enemy appeared in its name. The city had the second largest garrison in the Reich after Berlin and thus became a hub for mobilization . At the beginning of August 1914, King Ludwig III spoke. from the balcony of the Wittelsbacher Palais to the population. From the main station the trains drove the soldiers towards the front. In the first phase of the war, when an imminent victory was generally hoped, the last local elections of the monarchy took place in Munich.

In the following years of war, new armaments industries sprang up in the city, especially on the northern periphery. The Krupp gun factories founded in 1916 were even transplanted from the Ruhr area to Munich. An attack by a French aircraft on November 21, 1916 caused only minor damage to the building after four of the six bombs dropped exploded. The First World War never posed an immediate threat to Munich, but in the course of time it led to a devastating supply crisis due to the economic blockade of the Entente powers , which led in particular to a shortage of food and clothing .

When the war finally turned into a positional war , there was no longer any trace of the enthusiasm in Munich. Hunger and hardship prevail in the city ; Food is rationed , and shopping becomes a bureaucratic obstacle because of the many food brands. At the same time, more and more wounded reach the city; Operating theaters are set up in schools and beer cellars. As early as 1916 the first hunger demonstrations took place due to the increasing food shortage . In the inns there are only reduced menus and limited opening times. The simmering conflict between farmers and townspeople in the wake of the food shortage was also fought between the parties in the state parliament and led to ministers resigning in December 1916. In 1917 there was also a cold and coal shortage in winter. In 1918, the Spanish flu also broke out in Munich , claiming 626 deaths by the end of the year, and more than 5000 schoolchildren fell ill.

At the beginning of 1918 massive strikes took place in the Munich armaments industry, above all the workers of the Krupp gun works in Freimann protested . When the strike collapsed, the leaders were arrested. The increasingly poor supply situation of the population and the "Nibelung loyalty" to Berlin made the government of Ludwig III. increasingly unpopular. In the middle of the year the völkisch - anti-Semitic Thule Society was founded , which soon gained influence. In July 1918, the Bavarian finance minister managed to bring the Reichsfinanzhof to Munich, which is still located on the Isar as the federal taxation .

In October 1918 Munich became increasingly turbulent and political events both in beer cellars and in the open air were very popular. For the first time on November 3, 1918, on the initiative of the USPD, a good thousand people came together on Theresienwiese to demonstrate for peace and to demand the release of imprisoned strike leaders. The Bavarian monarchy was the first to fall in Germany. Their support had waned to the point that all Munich barracks, police stations and newspapers were taken by the rebels without a shot. More than 13,000 residents of Munich were killed in the First World War.

Capital of the Free State of Bavaria

Between the wars and the Nazi dictatorship

On November 8, 1918, Kurt Eisner declared the Wittelsbach house to be deposed. He proclaimed the Bavarian Republic and, among other things, introduced women's suffrage . In December there was a Munich newspaper coup . Eisner fell victim to an assassination attempt by Count Arco on February 21, 1919 . Thereupon left-wing revolutionary forces proclaimed the Soviet republic . In April 1919 it was an attempt to enforce a socialist republic for Bavaria based on the model of council democracy in the Free State of Bavaria, which had been proclaimed five months earlier . On April 13, 1919, the main train station became the center of the fighting during the so-called Palm Sunday coup . The putschists of the Republican Protection Force , who were attacking the Munich Soviet Republic , had withdrawn to the main station and were finally defeated by Red Guards under the command of the revolutionary sailor and Munich city commander Rudolf Egelhofer after firefights that killed 21 people. As early as May 1919, the Soviet Republic's experiment was brutally ended by the Reichswehr and Freikorps . In June, Eduard Schmid, a social democrat, was elected first mayor of the city for the first time.

However, after the bloody suppression of the Soviet Republic, Munich and Bavaria developed into the conservative-nationalist " regulatory cell " in Germany during the Weimar Republic , in which the "breeding grounds" of National Socialism arose. The German Workers' Party (DAP) was founded in the Fürstenfelder Hof bar in January 1919 . It later developed into the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP). Police chief from the beginning of May 1919 was Ernst Pöhner . He did not hide his aversion to Jews, Socialists and the Republic any more than Wilhelm Frick , whom he appointed to head the Political Department.

NSDAP meeting in the Bürgerbräukeller, around 1923

The general economic situation was difficult. According to the provisions of the Versailles Peace Treaty, the German Reich had to pay high reparations . The government tried to solve this problem by printing more money. Together with the difficult economic situation, this led to hyperinflation in 1923 , from which workers, salaried employees and pensioners in particular suffered.

Feldherrnhalle - last station of the Hitler putsch

On November 8, 1923, Adolf Hitler called for a putsch against the incumbent Reich government in the Bürgerbräukeller . The next morning a march started moving. It ended around noon when the Bavarian state police opened fire on the demonstrators in front of the Feldherrnhalle. Four police officers and 16 participants were killed. Hitler received only five years of imprisonment from the court with the possibility of early release after nine months. The  party headquarters of the NSDAP, which existed from 1930 to 1945, was then located in the Brown House at Brienner Straße 34 . Hitler's private apartment was at Thierschstrasse 41 from 1920 to 1929 and then at Prinzregentenplatz .

June 1919 marked the beginning of scheduled and regular flight service in Munich; There had already been individual passenger flights before, between Munich and Friedrichshafen and with a connection to the Zeppelin traffic. In 1919 the flight was still on Oberwiesenfeld , a military area in the north of the city, where drills and weapons were experimented with as early as the 18th century.

The city's cultural life slowly recovered. The first Kronebau was built in 1919 as the permanent home of the Krone Circus . Personalities like Lion Feuchtwanger , Bertolt Brecht , Peter Paul Althaus , Stefan George , Ricarda Huch , Joachim Ringelnatz , Oskar Maria Graf , Annette Kolb , Ernst Toller , Hugo Ball , Klaus Mann shaped this time. In 1924 Karl Valentin and Liesl Karlstadt performed the play "Robber Baron of Munich" in the Kammerspiele . From 1925 Otto Falckenberg worked at the Kammerspiele. In 1928, Josephine Baker's first guest appearance in a banana skirt excited the audience in the Deutsches Theater . In 1929 Bertolt Brecht's “ Threepenny Opera ” was first performed in the Schauspielhaus. The world's first television program was shown in 1931 in the Deutsches Museum , which moved to a new building on Museum Island in 1925. In the same year, a fire destroyed the Munich Glass Palace .

Already in 1927 there were almost 50,000 unemployed in Munich, in 1931 there were over 70,000 unemployed in the wake of the global economic crisis . In the Reichstag election in March 1933 , the NSDAP achieved 37% of the vote in Munich. The seizure of power in Munich and Bavaria took place on March 9, 1933. On this day the democratically elected Held government was driven out of office by the assault department of the NSDAP. On March 9, the swastika flag was also hoisted at the New Town Hall in Munich. The Bavarian government officially resigned on March 15, and Mayor Karl Scharnagl was also forced to resign on March 22 . After this local seizure of power, many offices were filled with party members ( conformity ). Heinrich Himmler became police chief of Munich . Numerous intellectuals like Thomas Mann left the city.

In nearby Dachau , the SS set up the first German concentration camp , the Dachau concentration camp .

On May 10, 1933, a propaganda book burning in the spirit of National Socialism took place on Königsplatz . In mid-1934 Hitler got rid of his inner-party rivals in the SA in the so-called Röhm Putsch . In a later so-called " Night of the Long Knives " (June 30 / July 1, 1934) Ernst Röhm and other SA leadership officials who had been summoned at Tegernsee on Hitler's instructions were arrested and - in some cases on the same night - in the correctional facility Stadelheim murdered.

House of Art

In the years 1935 to 1945 Munich was the “ Capital of Movement ”. In 1937 it was also given the title “ Capital of German Art ”. While art according to the ideas of the regime was exhibited in the newly opened Haus der Kunst , the National Socialists denounced so-called “ degenerate art ” in an exhibition in the Hofgarten . Buildings from the time that are still preserved today include the former NSDAP headquarters (today the music academy ), the Haus der Kunst and the Luftgaukommando (today the State Ministry for Economic Affairs) in Prinzregentenstrasse, the Nordbad and the Oberfinanzdirektion (Sophienstrasse).

Hitler with Mussolini in Ludwigstrasse
Synagogue, Herzog-Rudolf-Straße, destroyed in the Night of the Reichspogrom

In 1937/38 the Aryanization of Jewish companies began on a large scale . The first approaches to this had been made in 1933; they were based on a specially created "Jewish business card index".

On December 1, 1937, the Lebensborn race organization moved into Thomas Mann's house, which was at the corner of what was then Föhringer Allee (since 1955: Thomas-Mann-Allee) and Poschingerstraße. The headquarters of the SS organization remained in the building until December 31, 1939.

The city was to be extensively converted into a " Führerstadt ", the architect responsible for this was Hermann Giesler . This project was cheered by Munich's Lord Mayor Karl Fiehler , who held his office from 1933 to 1945. He said: “Through the creation of Greater Germany, Munich has moved even more into the center of the Reich.” He also welcomed the expansion of the city limits and explained to the neighboring communities: “I am convinced that they are happy to make the sacrifice of their independence in order to get on with them Way to contribute to the success of the Fiihrer's work. ”In 1938, extensive areas were incorporated in the west of Munich, including that of the previously independent city of Pasing with its arts and crafts school and teacher training institute - due to the importance of this new district, however, with its own, only the mayor of Munich subordinate district administration. Construction of the motorway to Salzburg began as early as 1934 . Munich-Riem Airport opened in October 1939 .

Munich Agreement. From left: Chamberlain, Daladier, Hitler, Mussolini, and the Italian Foreign Minister Count Galeazzo Ciano

In mid-1938, the Gauleiter Adolf Wagner ordered the demolition of the Protestant parish church of St. Matthew on Sonnenstrasse not far from Stachus , allegedly in order to be able to widen the Sonnenstrasse to Berlin dimensions. The actual cause is presumed to be the smoldering animosity of the Nazi regime against the Bavarian regional bishop Hans Meiser , who tried to prevent the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Bavaria from being brought into line by the German Christians and thus from merging into the “Reich Church”. Other significant buildings such as the Herzog-Max-Palais were demolished at that time or, like the Elvira studio, demolished. Not only the destruction of the monastery wing of Nymphenburg Palace goes back to the notorious functionary Christian Weber , but also the Night of the Amazons , which was held there several times .

On September 29, 1938, the Munich Agreement was signed in the Führerbau on Arcisstrasse . The British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and the French Prime Minister Édouard Daladier agreed to the separation of the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia ; the Wehrmacht occupied it within ten days.

The Munich synagogues were destroyed weeks before the actual Reichspogromnacht . The main synagogue on Lenbachplatz, for example, fell victim to looting and arson, as it "annoyingly" caught Hitler's eye during a visit to an event in the neighboring Künstlerhaus . It was the first synagogue in Germany to fall victim to barbarism. It can therefore be assumed that the National Socialist leadership also wanted to test how the population would react to such an act. There were no noteworthy protests outside the Jewish community in Munich. On November 9, 1938, Joseph Goebbels gave a speech in the Old Town Hall , which is considered the prelude to the Reichskristallnacht . During the Reichskristallnacht, the synagogues in Herzog-Rudolf-Straße and Reichenbachstraße were also destroyed by arson and numerous shops and apartments belonging to Jewish Munich residents were devastated and looted in front of the police. The wealthy male Jewish residents were then deported to concentration camps in order to force them to emigrate and confiscate their property. Several Jewish citizens died in connection with these events.

World War II and devastating air raids

Memorial for the White Rose in front of the LMU Munich

When the Second World War began on September 1, 1939 , there was no war euphoria and national exuberance as in 1914. The daily newspapers ran a massive campaign against Poland and other later war opponents. To prepare for war, they wanted to swear the population to the will of the leadership, and to do so, they were campaigning. In the summer the first men were called up, the requisitioning of private trucks began, rationing was arranged and a coupon system for goods was introduced. On September 19, the city's cultural office hosted a meeting on cultural life during the war. Meanwhile, on October 8th, 360 wounded German soldiers arrived in Munich on a transport train. The Oktoberfest was canceled from 1939 due to the war.

On November 8, 1939, Georg Elser's attempt to assassinate Adolf Hitler in the Bürgerbräukeller failed . Because Hitler's planned return flight to Berlin was canceled due to fog and instead had to take a special train, he spoke much shorter than usual and left the building with his management staff 13 minutes before Elser's time bomb exploded. On June 18, 1940, after the campaign in the west , Hitler met Benito Mussolini again in Munich to discuss the offer of the French Marshal Pétain to extend arms.

Of the 12,000 Jews in Munich , around 7,500 had fled by the beginning of the Holocaust . In November 1941, the first mass deportation of 999 people persecuted and captured as Jews from the city began directly to the site of the mass murder in occupied Lithuania. Another 42 transports followed with a total of around 3,000 people. The SS murdered many of those affected; the end of the war prevented them from achieving their goal of extermination. After the liberation of Munich, the American army found only 84 surviving Jews in the city. Between 1941 and 1942 the so-called Milbertshofen Jewish camp existed for camouflage , and the Berg am Laim assembly camp until 1943 .

More and more forced laborers and prisoners of war came to the city. During the Second World War, numerous camps for Nazi forced labor existed in the Munich area (sub-camps and sub-camps, prisoner-of-war camps and civilian labor camps).

The destroyed Victory Gate

The Nazi rulers sentenced Hans and Sophie Scholl as well as Christoph Probst from the " White Rose " resistance group to death in Munich in 1943 . Together with a small group of fellow students and lecturers at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, the students called for resistance to National Socialism. In February, a caretaker observed the Scholl siblings during an action at Ludwig Maximilians University, denounced them and had them arrested. The trial before the People's Court took place in the Munich Palace of Justice , the execution in the Munich-Stadelheim prison . The comrades-in-arms Alexander Schmorell , Willi Graf and Kurt Huber also paid for their resistance against the National Socialists with their lives.

In 1942, Aubing and Langwied were the last time surrounding communities were incorporated into the city. Like all major German cities, Munich was also the target of Allied air raids during World War II . They mainly applied to industry and important railway systems. However, area bombing also hit the civilian population hard and destroyed many cultural monuments ( air raids on Munich ). Because of the city's geographic location, Munich was initially spared almost entirely from air raids for a long time, which earned the city the name of the “Reich Air-raid Shelter”. However, air raid exercises began in Munich as early as 1933, and on March 10, 1940, the British launched an air raid on Munich for the first time. The British Royal Air Force only began massive attacks in September 1942. From the spring of 1944 on, US Army Air Force units , which started from Italy and England , increasingly participated . On July 12th and the following day, up to a thousand American aircraft appeared and bombed Schwabing, Milbertshofen, Bogenhausen and the Au in particular. 25 Munich clinics were hit. The RAF caused the heaviest damage on the night of January 7th to 8th, 1945, when around 2000 tons of bombs fell on downtown Munich in two waves. Around 82,000 apartments were destroyed. Of the 824,000 inhabitants Munich had in 1939, 400,000 fled the city at times, either in the course of evacuations or of their own accord. The Kinderlandverschickung was at the instigation of Gauleiter Paul Giesler only from August 1943 for the Munich school children everyday life. At the end of the war, the Munich daily newspapers controlled by the Nazi regime made headlines that were supposed to encourage courage, and sometimes atrocity propaganda.

On April 30, 1945, the anniversary of Hitler's death, units of the 7th US Army occupied Munich: Without encountering any significant resistance, American troops marched into the city from all directions in the afternoon and the town hall was handed over to them at 4:05 p.m. The highest-ranking Munich National Socialists, such as Gauleiter Paul Giesler and Lord Mayor Karl Fiehler, were already on the run, which is why a lower-ranking city representative, the senior lawyer Dr. Master, had to do this job. Hitler wanted his “capital of the movement” to defend itself to the extreme. Unlike in Nuremberg, however, there were only a few skirmishes, many residents were very relieved, women decorated the GI's jeeps with Easter primroses. Meanwhile, some Americans in search of trophies broke into Hitler's now vacant private apartment on Prinzregentenplatz. Some Munich residents were now demonstratively portraying themselves as Bavarian patriots, white and blue flags hung from many windows, and NSDAP devotional objects that had been thrown away lay on the streets. Shortly thereafter, there was also looting by the population and soldiers who cleared entire wine cellars.

This ended the Nazi era in Munich. The Commander-in-Chief of the Western Allies and US General Eisenhower then noted in his order of the day: "The entire Allied Force congratulates the 7th Army on taking Munich, the cradle of the Nazi beast."

Shortly before that, Bavaria's freedom campaign had failed: two days before the Allies occupied Munich, the resistance organization, which consisted of military and civilian people, called on local broadcasting stations to rise up against National Socialist rule. The uprising of the freedom campaign was ended on the same day by an SS unit. In 1947 the former Feilitzschplatz was renamed Munich Freedom in honor of the resistance movement .

By the end of the war, 90% of the historic old town and 50% of the city as a whole had been destroyed by 73 air raids. Over 6,000 people were killed in air raids and around 15,000 were injured. The number of Munich residents who died in World War II is estimated at at least 33,000. As a result of evacuation and flight, the population fell from 824,000 in 1939 to 479,000 immediately after the end of the war.

Post War and Reconstruction

Flight over Munich shortly after the end of the war

Munich belonged to the American zone of occupation . On May 4, 1945, Dr. Karl Scharnagl ( now CSU ) reinstated as Lord Mayor of the city by the American occupation forces. After the Second World War, reconstruction began in Munich. The writer Eugen Roth (“Ein Mensch…”), who had just been “bombed out” himself, had already thought about how in the article that appeared on January 13, 1945 under the heading “Munich as Eternal Property” in the Münchner Neuesten Nachrichten and which says: “There will still be a city in the future that is not only called Munich, but is also Munich, just as Rome is Rome today and always. The old Munich will probably no longer be, it can, yes it should no longer be. Because we lived in a city that has grown over the centuries, we don't want to live in a city that looks 'almost deceptively' like it used to. How and what can be preserved and rebuilt is a question that cannot be answered before peace. Some things will be brought to bearable levels surprisingly quickly. What remains to us and that we can worthily repair again, we will preserve as the most precious legacy. "

At the primary schools in Munich, classes were resumed in September 1945, but because of the ongoing denazification process , only 400 teachers were available. Since half of the school buildings were destroyed in the war, classes could only be given in groups. For the first time there was also the subject of English. History lessons, on the other hand, should remain limited to local studies "until a new basis is created in this area".

800 years of Munich, fireworks on the Theresienwiese in 1958

Thomas " Dammerl " Wimmer , Munich mayor from July 1948-1960, called the (proverbial) dialectal words rama dama (in High German as " cleaning up we do ") the population to clear away the debris and ruins of World War II. In the reconstruction of the cityscape - unlike in many other German cities - it was important not to change the historic street layout and to restore all important buildings as true to the original as possible.

Cuff of eighteen postcards with motifs of destroyed Munich churches. These should encourage the population to raise funds. As “building blocks for the reconstruction” they were published by the publishing house Katholische Kirche Bayerns in different series and were illustrated with watercolors by G. Reitz.

Even if many buildings were restored, at least externally, the face of the city was changed in many places by some demolitions and construction measures such as the Altstadtring ( second destruction of Munich ). Some architecturally very important buildings have been lost, such as the Palais Piosasque de Non , historically important buildings such as the Wittelsbacher Palais , as well as structures that once helped determine the silhouette of the city, such as the large dome of the Ministry of Transport .

Political, cultural and economic life quickly began to normalize. On June 6, 1947, the conference of all German Prime Ministers took place in Munich. In 1949 the Bavarian State Parliament took its seat in the Maximilianeum . The currency reform in 1948 and an economic upswing from around 1950 played a decisive role here. Large companies such as Siemens , BMW and MAN made Munich one of the most important industrial cities in Germany in the post-war period. The first Oktoberfest after the war took place in September 1949 . Bavarian television officially started in 1954. Today, the television studios and those of the private competition are located outside Munich, in Unterföhring . In the same year there was the first town twinning with Edinburgh , six more were to follow ( Verona , Bordeaux , Sapporo , Cincinnati , Kiev and Harare ). In 1956 the Munich Lach- und Schießgesellschaft was founded.

On October 1, 1952, the city was downsized for the first time, and the Gröbenzell municipality, which was incorporated into the Langwied municipality in 1942, was spun off into the newly formed Gröbenzell municipality in the Fürstenfeldbruck district . Nevertheless, on December 15, 1957, Munich exceeded the one million population limit. With the birth of the Pasinger Thomas Seehaus, Munich became a city of millions. His godfather was Lord Mayor Thomas Wimmer . After signing a recruitment agreement on December 20, 1955, Italians were the first guest workers of the post-war period to come to Munich.

Underground construction in Ludwigstrasse (1967)

In 1960 Hans-Jochen Vogel (SPD) became mayor as successor to Thomas Wimmer (SPD). The event of the World Eucharistic Congress in 1960 was significant for Munich as the first major international event of the post-war period. In the 1960s, new satellite cities such as Neuperlach and Hasenbergl emerged . From 1962 by Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist Schmenzin founded Munich Wehrkundetagung went the Munich Conference on Security Policy forth. The annual conference venue is the Hotel Bayerischer Hof . In 1966 the University of Television and Film Munich was founded .

The steep upswing in Munich due to the economic miracle of the post-war period was, however, also overshadowed by numerous accidents and acts of violence. In March 1952, a parcel addressed to Federal Chancellor Konrad Adenauer exploded in the Munich police headquarters and killed the police officer Karl Reichert. When it became clear in the course of the investigation that the traces led to splinter groups of the Jewish partisan and underground organization Irgun , which was dissolved in 1948 , the federal government decided to keep the evidence secret so as not to provoke anti-Semitic reactions in the public. In 1959 the Ukrainian politician in exile Stepan Bandera was murdered in Munich. On February 6, 1958, there was a tragic plane crash at what was then Munich-Riem Airport . Manchester United football team was among those killed in the accident . Another serious accident occurred on December 17, 1960 , when a passenger plane brushed against the tower of St. Paul's Church and then fell onto a full tram. For the first time, the two disasters raised calls for the relocation of Munich-Riem Airport . In Schwabing, in the course of the student movement, there were repeated student and youth riots ( Schwabing riots ). After the riots, the Munich police developed a concept that, for the first time in Germany, relied on approaches to de-escalation in order to avoid future events of this kind (“ Munich Line ”). Nevertheless, two people were killed in Munich during the Easter riots in 1968. As a result of the 1968 movement, the terrorist Red Army Faction (RAF) was founded around Munich's Andreas Baader , as well as Gudrun Ensslin and Ulrike Meinhof . In 1970 there was an arson attack on the old people's home of the Israelitische Kultusgemeinde . In 1971 the first bank robbery with hostage-taking and ransom demand occurred in post-war Germany on Prinzregentenstrasse.

Special stamp of the Deutsche Bundespost with the Olympic site for the 1972 Olympic Games

In 1972 the XX. Summer Olympics take place in the newly built Olympic Park on the site of the former Oberwiesenfeld Airport . The games were planned as the "cheerful games" as a deliberate contrast to the propaganda games of the National Socialists in 1936. However, this impression of carefree and peaceful games was suddenly destroyed by the hostage-taking of Munich on September 5th by members of the Palestinian terrorist organization Black September Israeli athletes have been taken hostage. The attempt at liberation by the German authorities in Fürstenfeldbruck ended in disaster: all eleven Israeli hostages, one police officer and five Palestinian terrorists died.

As a result of this major event, the expansion of local public transport was significantly accelerated by the start of operations of the U-Bahn and S-Bahn in time for the Olympic Games: The Munich U-Bahn was only opened on October 19, 1971 and now covers a route network of more than 100 km. In the following year, the suburban railways were combined to form the Munich S-Bahn . In addition, the pedestrian zone was opened between Neuhauserstrasse and Kaufingerstrasse in downtown Munich . In 1974, Munich became one of the venues for the soccer world championship . In addition to other games, the final took place in the Olympic Stadium.

BMW Tower and Museum (1972)

The year 1975 marked the end of the Munich City Police . In 1978 wing battles of the Munich SPD enabled the election of the CSU candidate Erich Kiesl , who was replaced by his predecessor Georg Kronawitter (SPD) after one electoral term . Several major urban development projects were initiated in the period that followed. The new building of the Neue Pinakothek was opened in 1981 . In the same year the European Patent Office started its work in a new building on the Isar. However, plans to also bring the European Trademark Office to Munich fail. The 1983 International Horticultural Exhibition took place in the newly created Westpark . 1985 saw the opening of the controversial new cultural center on Gasteig .

At the beginning of the 1980s, political upheavals continued to alternate with major events. In an attack on September 26, 1980 at Oktoberfest , 13 people died and 218 were injured. The assassin, who came from the neo-Nazi environment, was killed in the attack himself. Since then, a memorial at the entrance to the Oktoberfest has been commemorating this incident. In the following year, a bomb attack was committed on Radio Free Europe , which had had its headquarters in Munich since 1950. In 1981, several attempted squatting by young people were ended after a short time, some of them violently. As a result, there are attacks by the Freizeit 81 group . In 1980 Pope John Paul II visited Munich. The 28th Eurovision Song Contest 1983 was held in the Rudi-Sedlmayer-Halle .

Since the end of the Second World War, the Glockenbachviertel has developed into a center of the gay movement , with numerous artists such as Rainer Werner Fassbinder and Freddie Mercury settling there. In 1988 the Munich Biennale was brought into being by Hans Werner Henze .

In 1984, Munich experienced an extremely severe hail storm. The total damage in and around Munich was estimated at around three billion DM. (→  hailstorm from Munich )

The end of the post-war period and the GDR was also noticeable in Munich's administration in 1989: Due to increased emigration and the mass exodus of GDR citizens via Hungary to the Federal Republic , many GDR citizens arrived in the city in the course of the autumn. After Munich was the only city in Bavaria in December that by the end of the year wanted to pay GDR visitors a municipal fee of 50 DM for a second visit in addition to the 40 DM welcome fee from the Free State, thousands of GDR citizens came to Munich every day and lined up in the queues in front of the paying offices, so that the municipal second welcome money was stopped with an emergency order before the end of the year.

Most recent past from 1990 to the present

After German reunification , the US Army withdrew from Munich and various facilities such as the former McGraw barracks were re-used.

In 1993 Christian Ude (SPD) became Lord Mayor of the city as Georg Kronawitter's successor. Starting in 1996, a government coalition of the SPD, the Greens and the Pink List was formed in the Munich city council for eighteen years .

In 1993, after a long dispute, the Bavarian State Chancellery was opened in the Hofgarten.

Aerial view of the city center with the Frauenkirche and the Peterskirche (photo 2009)

In the 1990s, too, urban development was advanced through several major projects. In 1992, after long arguments, the new Munich airport opened in Erdinger Moos. The old Munich airport in Riem was moved to the new area within one night. Munich developed into an important high-tech location. In the same year, the world economic summit took place in Munich. In 1998, the new trade fair was opened in the new trade fair town of Riem on the site of the former airport. Today the old tower of the airport, a red brick building, can still be seen there. On the site of the old trade fair near Theresienwiese, a comprehensive inner-city development program was continued, as part of which a new residential and business district was created. The traffic center of the Deutsches Museum can now also be found there. In 1996, the citizens of Munich intervened in political decisions themselves: With an initial referendum supported by 50.7 percent of voters, the city was forced to build three road tunnels on the Mittlerer Ring , which they responded to by increasing the trade tax . At the same time there were protests that went down in the city's history as the beer garden revolution.

From 2000 to 2011, the river landscape of the Isar in the eight kilometer long section in the area between Großhesseloher Brücke and the Deutsches Museum was designed with great effort under the motto " New Life for the Isar ". Another island on the Isar, the Willow Island, was created . In 2002 the Panzerwiese and the adjacent hardwood were designated a nature reserve and fauna and flora area.

Pinakothek der Moderne, Rotunda

In 2002 the Pinakothek der Moderne was opened in the Munich art area , which was subsequently expanded with the new buildings for the Brandhorst Museum and the State Museum of Egyptian Art, as well as the extension for the Lenbachhaus . On November 21, 2004, the people of Munich decided in a referendum that no high-rise buildings that exceed 100 meters (height of the towers of the Frauenkirche ) may be built in the city in the future. The occasion was the completion of a number of new, sometimes controversial, high-rise buildings such as Uptown Munich and the Highlight Towers .

Further large buildings enriched the cityscape at the beginning of the new millennium. On May 30, 2005, after a construction period of 30 months, the new football stadium, the Allianz Arena , was completed and inaugurated. On September 5, 2005, the Schrannenhalle near the Viktualienmarkt was reopened. The new main synagogue was inaugurated on November 9, 2006, three years after the foundation stone was laid for the Jewish Center on Jakobsplatz . The Jewish Center was finally completed in 2007. On October 20, 2007, BMW Welt was opened at the Olympic Park. From the end of 2006 a central bus station was built at the Hackerbrücke S-Bahn station near the main station and completed in 2009 after a three-year construction period.

From 2003 to 2008, Munich was the first major German city to largely convert its IT to Linux and free software, for which a separate Linux distribution called LiMux was developed. (See also Linux in government institutions ). Since 2006, both the Ludwig Maximilians University and the Technical University of Munich have been among the first, initially only three, German elite universities .

For Christopher Street Day, the Allianz Arena shone in rainbow colors.
BMW world

Even in the first decade of the new millennium, Munich experienced numerous major events. The BUGA 2005 - Federal Garden Show took place in 2005 in Munich near the Riem exhibition center. On June 9, 2006, the soccer World Cup in Germany opened in the new Allianz Arena in Fröttmaning . From 9th to 11th September 2006 Pope Benedict XVI visited as the third Pope Munich and held a church service at the exhibition center in Riem . The second Ecumenical Church Congress took place from May 12th to 16th, 2010 in Munich.

In 2010, the construction of the Sendling mosque failed for financial reasons. As was the case long before with the construction of Protestant churches ( St. Luke ) and synagogues ( Old Main Synagogue ), there were protests and the opponents' desire not to provide a prominent urban building site.

In the early Thursday morning of November 15, 2012, the power went out in large parts of the city. Up to 450,000 citizens were affected. Traffic lights failed, S-Bahn and U-Bahn were significantly disrupted in the timetable. In November 2013, the Schwabing art find also caused a sensation.

The government alliance in the city council made up of the SPD, the Greens and the Pink List was replaced by a grand coalition after the 2014 elections . In September 2015, due to the refugee crisis in Europe from 2015, thousands of refugees arrived at Munich Central Station overnight. At that time, they were spontaneously greeted with small gifts by numerous locals.

On July 22, 2016, nine people were killed and four injured in an attack , and at least 32 more people were injured in the panic.

In December 2016, the Free State and Deutsche Bahn agreed to plan the expansion of the Nordring and Sendlinger Spange for the S Bahn in addition to a second main line . At the end of 2016, the population reached a new record of one and a half million people. In 2016, 18,107 babies were born in Munich. That is almost 1000 more than the year before and also a new record.

Although new building areas continued to be developed, for example in the west of Freiham , as an urban expansion area of ​​around 350 hectares, or on the grounds of the Bayernkaserne, where the population in the Schwabing-Freimann district will grow by 15,000 within a few years, both property and rental prices reached a top German place. As a result, there were repeated party disputes in the city council over urban development measures (SEM) in the last large open spaces in the north and east of the city. Meanwhile, the gentrification of the city is progressing more and more ruthlessly: In October 2017, however, the city decided that the watchmaker's house in Giesing , which had been demolished despite a construction stop, should be rebuilt in its original form. The procedure around Kolbergerstrasse 5 was previously one of the numerous examples of demolishing older buildings in favor of more dense development despite monument protection. Because of its now well-maintained old buildings, the Glockenbachviertel is an attractive residential area and a very expensive trendy area. Rising prices mean that the alternative scene is moving more and more to the Westend and the gay scene is hardly represented any more, as many bars have been closed.

In 2017, the BMW Group began expanding its FIZ research and innovation center in the north of Munich. This should grow by around 50 percent by 2050 and then offer 41,000 jobs. In October 2017, the result of the planning for a new concert hall in the Werksviertel at Ostbahnhof was announced: In addition to a large concert hall for the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra with 1,800 seats, a smaller hall was originally to be installed on the site of the former Pfanni dumpling factory from early summer 2018 600 places were created before the project was delayed. The cost of the project by Cukrowicz Nachbaur Architekten is estimated at more than 300 million euros. In December, the winning design for the new Volkstheater on Zenettiplatz with a hall with 600 seats as before and a workshop stage was presented.

In the local elections in March 2020, the Greens were the strongest party in the city council for the first time, ahead of the CSU and SPD, both of which suffered heavy losses. Because the Greens became the strongest force in the local elections on March 15, the new alliance for the city government is called Green-Red. The Pink List and Volt are also involved in the alliance.

At the same time, the COVID-19 pandemic continued to spread. Throughout Germany, Bavaria and Munich were particularly badly affected, which led to high economic losses, including curfews for the population, the closure of restaurants and shops and the cancellation of numerous events including the Oktoberfest 2020.

An application for the 2022 Winter Olympics failed due to a referendum in November 2013. Munich had also previously failed with its application for the 2018 Winter Games. However, the city of Munich is one of the organizers of the 2021 European Football Championship , which has been postponed by one year due to the pandemic , which will be held simultaneously in 13 cities in different countries for the first time: four games will then take place in the arena in Fröttmaning, three preliminary round matches and a quarter-finals. Germany was awarded the contract for the 2024 European Football Championship , and games will then be held again in Munich. The 2022 Champions League final will also take place in the Allianz Arena again.

Personalities of the city's history

Artist

Munich, and Schwabing in particular , has long attracted major artists of all kinds. They created an endless number of large and small works of art, which can often be seen in museums or even shape the cityscape. Many names are immortalized in the street names. From the almost endless list of famous personalities who were born or worked there in Munich, here is a selection:

Erasmus Grasser , Hubert Gerhard , Johann Baptist Straub , Ignaz Günther , Hans Krumpper , Ludwig von Schwanthaler (sculptor), Johann Baptist Stiglmaier (sculptor and new founder of the monumental ore casting), Cosmas Damian Asam (painter and master builder) and Egid Quirin Asam (sculptor and Master builder), Johann Baptist Zimmermann (painter and plasterer), Giovanni Antonio Viscardi , Enrico Zuccalli , Joseph Effner , Johann Michael Fischer , François de Cuvilliés the Younger , Gustav Vorherr , Carl von Fischer , Leo von Klenze , Friedrich von Gärtner (master builder), Jan Polack , Peter Candid , Hans von Aachen , Carl Rottmann , Wilhelm von Kaulbach , Carl Spitzweg , Franz von Lenbach , Franz von Stuck , Wilhelm Leibl (painter), Paul Heyse , Henrik Ibsen (writer), Orlando di Lasso , Giovanni Battista Ferrandini , Giuseppe Antonio Bernabei , Pietro Torri , Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart , Richard Wagner , Richard Strauss , Franz Lachner , Max Reger , Carl Orff (composers).

Schwabing attracted a large number of artists around the turn of the century and during the Weimar Republic: in particular painters such as Paul Klee , Wassily Kandinsky , Alexej von Jawlensky , Gabriele Münter , Franz Marc , August Macke and Alfred Kubin , as well as writers such as Rainer Maria Rilke , Frank Wedekind , Franziska Countess zu Reventlow , Thomas Mann , Lion Feuchtwanger , Bert Brecht , Oskar Maria Graf , Marianne von Werefkin . The well-known artist association of the Expressionists, the Blue Rider, has its origin in Munich.

scientist

As early as the Middle Ages, Munich became an important place of intellectual life under Emperor Ludwig the Bavarian ; the theologians and philosophers Marsilius of Padua and Wilhelm von Occam , among others, had fled to his court . In the late 18th century, Benjamin Thompson, a renowned scientist from Munich, reorganized the Bavarian state.

Munich has been a center of science since the 19th century. Researchers and inventors such as Alois Senefelder , Joseph von Fraunhofer , Justus von Liebig , Carl von Linde , Rudolf Diesel , Oskar von Miller , Georg Simon Ohm , Emil Kraepelin , Alois Alzheimer worked in Munich and the young Albert Einstein attended the Luitpold-Gymnasium. There are numerous Nobel Prize winners who taught in Munich, from Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen in 1901 to Theodor Hänsch in 2005.

City leaders

The new town hall and the Marian column on Marienplatz

Since the 13th century, the city was run by the council, which had very different names ( Consules , Die Burger aus dem Haus , Die Rat ents ). At its head was a mayor, who also had different names over the years. At the beginning of the 19th century, the magistrate was in charge of the city administration. Two mayors presided over him. In 1810 there was a municipal council based on the model of the French Republic and, from 1818, again a magistrate. From then on, Munich was a first class city . Two mayors presided over the magistrate. In addition, there was a second chamber, the “municipality plenipotentiary”. This administrative system was reformed in 1869, but basically retained. It was only from 1919 that there was only a single-chamber system. Magistrate and municipal representatives were combined to form the city council. The city was run by the honorary 1st mayor elected by the citizens or, from 1924, by the municipal council, and a full-time 2nd mayor. From 1935, the First Mayor received the title of Lord Mayor . There were councilors at his side. After the Second World War , the city council and mayor were initially appointed by the American occupying forces, and from 1946 the city council was re-elected by the population. The mayor was also re-elected by the city's population from 1952 onwards.

The SPD has been the mayor of the city almost continuously since 1948, the only exception being Erich Kiesl (CSU) from 1978 to 1984. The current head of the city has been Dieter Reiter (SPD) since May 1, 2014 , and Christian Ude (SPD) after 21 years in office has replaced.

See also

literature

  • Reinhard Bauer, Ernst Piper: Munich . The story of a city. R. Piper GmbH & Co. KG, Munich, Zurich 1993, ISBN 3-492-03182-X .
  • Richard Bauer (Hrsg.): History of the city of Munich . C. H. Becksche Verlagsbuchhandlung , Munich 1992, ISBN 3-406-35946-9 .
  • Richard Bauer: History of Munich, From the Middle Ages to the Present. Special edition, Verlag C. H. Beck, Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-406-57288-3 .
  • Joachim Käppner , Wolfgang Görl , Christian Mayer (Eds.): Munich. The history of the city . Süddeutsche Zeitung Edition, Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-86615-622-7 .
  • Hans F. Nöhbauer: Munich . A history of the city and its citizens. tape 1 : from 1158 to 1854. Süddeutscher Verlag, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-7991-6427-8 .
  • Hans F. Nöhbauer: Munich . A history of the city and its citizens. tape 2 : from 1854 to the present. W. Ludwig Buchverlag, Munich 1992, ISBN 3-7787-2126-7 .
  • Paul-Moritz Rabe: The city and the money. Household and rule in National Socialist Munich . Wallstein, Göttingen 2017, ISBN 978-3-8353-3089-4 .
  • Alexander Rotter: Water and electricity for Munich. From a cholera nest to a shining metropolis. Anton H. Konrad Verlag, Weißenhorn 2018, ISBN 978-3-87437-585-6 .
  • Franz Schiermeier: City Atlas Munich, maps and models from 1570 to today. Published by the Munich City Archives and the Munich City Museum. 2003, ISBN 3-9809147-0-4 .
  • Helmuth Stahleder : Chronicle of the City of Munich. Edited for the Munich City Archives by Richard Bauer. Dölling and Galitz Verlag , Munich 2005.
  • City of Munich, Department for Urban Planning and Building Regulations (Ed.): Stadt Bau plan, 850 Years of Urban Development Munich, DVD for the exhibition in the Department for Urban Planning and Building Regulations. Franz Schiermeier Verlag, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-9811425-8-7 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ welt.de (Researchers find 3000 year old grave in Munich)
  2. ↑ a b muenchen.de (excavations in Freiham)
  3. ↑ boier.de (Boier in Bavaria)
  4. ↑ Where the Bavarians come from (SZ- Where the Bavarians come from)
  5. ↑ munichkindl.net (The Bavarian tribe emerges)
  6. ↑ munichkindl.net (foundation of Munich)
  7. ^ Wolf-Armin Freiherr von Reitzenstein : Lexicon of Bavarian place names. Origin and meaning. Upper Bavaria, Lower Bavaria, Upper Palatinate . CH Beck , Munich 2006, ISBN 978-3-406-55206-9 , Munich, p. 171 ( Google Books [accessed November 17, 2014]).
  8. ^ Michael Weithmann: Castles in Munich . Stiebner Verlag, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-8307-1036-4 , pp. 52-53 .
  9. ^ Bauer: History of Munich. 2008, p. 32.
  10. ↑ Latin city names ( Memento from July 14, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ) (Lexicum nominum geographicorum latinorum)
  11. ↑ sueddeutsche.de Everything to be found under the Marienhof, accessed on September 12, 2018
  12. ^ Conference report: Munich, Bavaria and the empire in the 12th and 13th centuries, March 10, 2008 - March 12, 2008 Munich, in: H-Soz-Kult, April 15, 2008
  13. ↑ munichkindl.net (foundation of Munich)
  14. ↑ Altmann, Regensburg 2008, page 4.
  15. ^ Helmuth Stahleder : Chronicle of the City of Munich . Ed .: Richard Bauer for the Munich City Archives. tape 1 : Duke and citizen city. The years 1157–1505. Heinrich Hugendubel Verlag, Munich 1995, ISBN 3-88034-835-9 , p. 28 f .
  16. ^ Christian Kolb: Cities - Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. In: heiliges-romanisches-reich.de, accessed on January 23, 2020 (private website).
  17. ^ Christian Hege: Munich (Free State of Bavaria, Germany) . In: Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online
  18. ↑ Anna Bauer-Wild: The pleasure house Albrechts V. and its ceiling paintings. In: Monuments at the Münchner Hofgarten Research and reports on planning history and historical buildings. Munich 1988, pp. 28-44. Michael Petzet: The arcades at the lower court garden and the Munich architecture of the Renaissance. In: Monuments at the Münchner Hofgarten Research and reports on planning history and historical buildings. Munich 1988. pp. 9-27.
  19. ↑ muenchen.de (The dream of the imperial residence)
  20. ↑ historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de (Foreign legations in Munich)
  21. ↑ www.mvp.uni-muenchen.de ( Memento from April 12, 2013 in the web archive archive.today )
  22. ↑ Psychiatric patient Otto I. Retrieved on August 11, 2017 .
  23. ↑ In 1910 there were 306,169 with a total population of 596,467 - Munich - city of museums with backyards. The time of the Prince Regent 1886 to 1912 , ed. v. Friedrich Prinz and Marita Krauss, CH Beck, Munich 1988, p. 330.
  24. ↑ br.de (Revolution in Bavaria)
  25. ↑ Florian Sepp: Palmsonntagsputsch, April 13, 1919 , in: Historisches Lexikon Bayerns (online at www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de, accessed on September 7, 2014)
  26. ^ Hans Fenske: Conservatism and right-wing radicalism in Bavaria after 1918 . Bad Homburg 1969, p. 167 ff. U.ö. Peter Longerich: The brown battalions. History of the SA . CH Beck, Munich 1989, pp. 11-15.
  27. ↑ Die Poschi - Das Thomas-Mann-Haus 1913–1952 by Dirk Heisserer  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Website Thomas Mann Förderkreis München e. V. Retrieved on November 14, 2010. Thomas Mann's Munich Villa: A German Real Estate Story ( Memento from March 9, 2018 in the Internet Archive ), in: Die Gazette , No. 6, June 2005.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.tmfm.de  
  28. ↑ http://www.stadtstrich.de/s/p3r/gnds/gnds-muenchen.htm Süddeutsche Zeitung November 30, 2013: An unfriendly act. On December 1, 1938, Solln lost its independence ...
  29. ↑ The staged outrage - November 9, 1938 pdf, Federal Agency for Civic Education, accessed December 27, 2014
  30. ^ The night when the synagogues burned , State Center for Political Education Baden-Württemberg, accessed December 28, 2014
  31. ↑ Forced labor camp , Münchenwiki, accessed December 28, 2014
  32. ↑ sueddeutsche.de: When the Americans liberated Munich
  33. ↑ Quoted in Munich, Ein Lesebuch. Insel taschenbuch 827, 1986, p. 315
  34. ↑ muenchen.de
  35. ^ Wilhelm Volkert (ed.): Handbook of Bavarian offices, communities and courts 1799–1980 . CH Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Munich 1983, ISBN 3-406-09669-7 , p. 466 .
  36. ↑ Andreas Unger: Das Millionerl . The daily mirror . December 17, 2007. Retrieved February 3, 2013.
  37. ↑ sueddeutsche.de: Birth record in Munich , accessed on January 22, 2017.
  38. ↑ sueddeutsche.de: The Uhrmacherhäusl is to be rebuilt , accessed on October 11, 2017.
  39. ↑ BMW Group invests 400 million euros in the expansion of FIZ Munich. Retrieved March 28, 2018 .
  40. ↑ sueddeutsche.de: This is what the new Volkstheater in Viehhof should look like , accessed on December 11, 2017.