Kiribati

Ribaberiki Kiribati (Kiribati) Republic of Kiribati (English)
Republic of Kiribati
flag coat of arms
Motto : Te Mauri, Te ao Te Raoi Tabomoa (Kiribati for health, peace and prosperity )
Official language	Kiribati and English
Capital	South Tarawa
Form of government	republic
Government system	representative democracy with parliament-bound executive power
Head of state , also head of government	President Taneti Maamau
surface	811 km²
population	110,136 (2015)
Population density	136 inhabitants per km²
Population development	▲ +1.75% (2015)
gross domestic product Total (nominal) Total ( PPP ) GDP / inh. (nominal) GDP / inh. (KKP)	2017 $ 186 million ( 190. ) $ 222 million ( 189. ) 1,721 USD ( 146. ) 1,976 USD ( 172. )
Human Development Index	0.623 ( 132nd ) (2018)
currency	Kiribati dollar (KID) Australian dollar (AUD)
independence	July 12, 1979 (from the UK )
National anthem	Teirake Kaini Kiribati
Time zone	UTC + 12 to UTC + 14
License Plate	KIR
ISO 3166	KI , KIR, 296
Internet TLD	.ki
Telephone code	+686

Kiribati ( Kiribatian pronunciation: [ˈkiɾibæs] (native pronunciation of the former name of the Gilberts ), German: [kiʁi'ba: ti] , often also [ˈkiʁibas] ; officially in Kiribati Ribaberiki Kiribati , German Republic of Kiribati) is an island nation in the Pacific . The national territory extends over a large number of islands of Micronesia and Polynesia , which are scattered over a wide area north and south of the equator .

Kiribati is particularly threatened by climate change . According to calculations by the World Bank , most of the island nation could no longer be habitable by 2050 and be flooded by 2070 at the latest.

Kiribati national holiday is July 12th, the anniversary of independence from the United Kingdom in 1979.

geography

expansion

The national territory has an extension (as the crow flies) of 4567 km from the easternmost island in the Caroline Atoll to the westernmost island of Banaba and from the northernmost island of Teraina ( Washington Island ) to the southernmost island of Flint Island an extension (as the crow flies) of 2051 km with a total area of around 5.2 million square kilometers. In terms of its size, Kiribati is one of the largest countries in the world (Australia: 7.7 million square kilometers). Of this area, only 811 square kilometers are island land, making Kiribati a small state .

location

The national territory is about halfway between Hawaii and Australia in Micronesia . Since both the equator and the 180th degree of longitude run through the state , the state is the only one in the northern, southern, western and eastern hemisphere of the earth . Until the end of 1994, the international date line with the 180th degree of longitude ran between the Gilbert and Phoenix Islands . In the interests of a uniform date throughout the national territory, the date line was moved to the east on January 1, 1995, with Kiribati to the west. The easternmost of the Line Islands , Caroline Island , has been called Millennium Island since January 1, 2000 , because the first sunrise of the year 2000 was observed on this island.

Archipelagos

Typical island in Kiribati

The island state consists of 32 atolls in three archipelagos and the island of Banaba.

	Banaba	1 island 6.3 km² 268 inhabitants
	Gilbert Islands	16 atolls 281.1 km² 99,365 inhabitants
	Phoenix Islands	8 atolls 27.8 km² 20 inhabitants
	Line Islands	8 atolls 495 km² 10,483 inhabitants

Most of the country is less than two meters above sea level with the exception of the volcanic island of Banaba, which is the highest point in the island state at 81  meters . This should make Kiribati one of the first countries to largely sink into the sea as a result of climate change.

Overview of the most important islands and atolls

location	Island / atoll	Area in km²	Population (2015)	Remarks
	Kiritimati ( Christmas Island Christmas Island )	375	6456	Kiritimati has the largest land area of ​​any coral island in the world.
	Tabuaeran ( Fanning Island )	33.7	2315	The atoll was originally named after its American explorer Edmund Fanning .
	Teraina ( Washington Island )	14.2	1712	The atoll was also discovered by Fanning, who named it after US President George Washington .
	Banaba ( Ocean Island )	6th	268	In 1900 the entire rock consisting of petrified bird droppings ( guano ) was discovered. Banaba was the second island in the western Pacific, along with Nauru , on which large phosphate deposits were found.
	Tarawa	32	56,284	The atoll was the main atoll of the former British colony of Gilbert Islands and is now the main atoll of the Republic of Kiribati.
	Abariringa ( Canton Island )	9	20th	The English name of the atoll is due to the fact that the whaler Canton ran aground in front of the island in 1854 .

See also : List of Places in Kiribati

climate

Tarawa
Climate diagram
J F. M. A. M. J J A. S. O N D.     271   31 25th     218   31 25th     204   31 25th     184   31 25th     158   31 26th     155   31 25th     168   31 25th     138   31 25th     120   31 25th     110   31 25th     115   31 25th     212   31 25th Temperature in ° C ,  precipitation in mm Source: wetterkontor.de

Monthly average temperatures and rainfall for Tarawa Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Max. Temperature ( ° C ) 30.7 30.6 30.7 30.7 30.8 30.8 30.9 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 30.9 O 30.9 Min. Temperature (° C) 25.3 25.3 25.2 25.3 25.5 25.3 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.4 25.3 O 25.3 Precipitation ( mm ) 271 218 204 184 158 155 168 138 120 110 115 212 Σ 2,053 Hours of sunshine ( h / d ) 7.1 6.8 6.7 6.7 7.4 7.3 7.4 8.3 8.1 8.4 8.0 6.1 O 7.4 Rainy days ( d ) 15th 12 14th 14th 15th 14th 13 12 11 8th 9 14th Σ 151 Water temperature (° C) 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 29 29 29 29 28 O 28.3 Humidity ( % ) 81 80 81 82 81 81 80 79 77 77 79 81 O 79.9 Source: wetterkontor.de

Threat from climate change

The road embankment between Bairiki and Betio as a suspected cause of diverted ocean currents

Due to climate change and rising sea levels around the world , Kiribati is estimated to be submerged in the sea by the beginning of the 21st century, 2060 to 2070. President Anote Tong said it is painful to prepare for the day when he no longer has a land of his own, but that is exactly what must be done. Tong asked neighboring New Zealand to accept more than around 100 migrants from Kiribati annually (as of 2010). The Kiribati government is in talks with the Fiji government to buy land and relocate some of the population.

Part of the problem arises from the overpopulation in South Tarawa and from the residents themselves. The extraction of sand when houses are no longer built in the traditional style causes the sea to lose its barrier. Due to the road connection between Bairiki and Betio, a diverted current led to the sinking of the Bikeman Island.

In 2009 Tong took part with a delegation at the UN climate conference in Copenhagen . In the run-up to the UN Climate Change Conference in Cancun (COP 16), the Ambo Declaration was adopted at the Tarawa Climate Change Conference on November 10, 2010 in Ambo, which was adopted by Australia, Brazil, China, Cuba, Fiji, Japan, Kiribati, the Maldives, the Marshall Islands, New Zealand, the Solomon Islands and Tonga.

In 2012, Kiribati bought about 24 square kilometers of land for $ 8.8 million in the Pacific Ocean. According to the government, the 110,000 islanders could, in the worst case, relocate to the approximately 2,000 kilometers away, Fiji island of Vanua Levu , but this should be avoided as it is still "an almost too small piece of land for all residents".

As of 2016, New Zealand is accepting a small quota of young climate refugees; the older part of Kiribati's population has decided to stay. Fiji , about a 3-hour flight away, was the only state willing to accept future climate refugees from Kiribati.

The first case of the Kiribati, Ioane Teitiota, who fled to New Zealand in 2007 and was deported to his homeland in 2015 after his visa expired, caused a worldwide sensation. The government cited the reason that although Kiribati is at risk from the climate, the UN convention says that the criterion for recognition as a refugee is that the applicant must fear persecution in his home country. This is not the case with Teitiota.

According to then President Tong's plans from 2016, the first evacuation of the population should begin in 2020.

On the purchased land in Fiji there is a village with 261 inhabitants who are being prepared by the government for a welcoming culture.

On January 18, 2017, the government of President Taneti Maamau announced that the cultivation of vegetables and kava had started on the acquired land in Fiji. On this occasion he also visited the residents of the village of Naviavia and announced that “no drastic change in the country is to be feared” and that he was looking forward to “spending time together as good neighbors who help one another”. He also stated that climate change is not a problem, but rather a serious threat to all Pacific island states. The government is still looking for more land.

In August 2020, the government announced that Chinese investments would be used to gain land through dredging. President Maamau stressed that the Chinese aid had a purely financial background and that he would not allow the Chinese government to set up a base nearby. Parts of the investment will also flow into a research project with the New Zealand National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research , which is working on a strategic solution to save the coast. Maamau is sticking to its "20-year-vision", a strategy to save the country by landfill work instead of relocating the population. The project was most recently heavily criticized by its predecessor Anote Tong .

population

composition

The population of Kiribati is ethnically very homogeneous. Over 96% are Micronesians . In addition, 1.2% Europeans, 1% Polynesians and 0.5% Chinese live in Kiribati.

language

The residents call themselves “I-Kiribati” in the singular and plural. The adjective of nationality and language is referred to as "Kiribati" without the prefix 'I'.

See also : Kiribati language

Population development

According to the 2015 census, the population was 110,136 people. In 2015, the population density averaged 136 per square kilometer for all islands, but 3574 per square kilometer for urban South Tarawa , making it one of the highest in the world.

Population development for the years 1931–2015

census	1931	1947	1963	1968	1973	1978	1985	1990	1995	2000	2005	2010	2015
total	29,751	31,513	43,336	47,735	51,926	56,213	63,883	72,335	77,658	84,494	92,533	103.058	110.136

health

The population of Kiribati had a life expectancy of 66.5 years (64 men, 69.1 women) in 2017 and an infant mortality rate of 32 deaths per 1000 live births. A woman had an average of 2.4 children. Tuberculosis is common in the country.

The government spent $ 268 (purchasing power parity) per capita in 2006. From 1990 to 2007 there were 23 doctors per 100,000 people. With the arrival of Cuban doctors, infant mortality has dropped significantly.

46% of the population are obese, which is among the highest rates in the world.

religion

A large part of the population professes the Christian faith. The 2015 census showed the following:

• 57.3% Catholics (Roman Catholic, RC) ,
• 31.3% Protestants (Kiribati Uniting Church, KUC) ,
• 05.3% Mormons ( Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ) ,
• 02.1% Baha'i ,
• 01.9% Seventh-day Adventists ,
• 02.1% other,
• 00.04% atheists

history

Early history

The islands that together form Kiribati were settled by a single ethnic group of Micronesians as early as 2000 to 3000 years ago. The following incursions by Samoans, Fijis, and Tongans added Polynesian elements to the established Micronesian culture. A multitude of mixed marriages resulted in a population that is quite homogeneous in appearance, language, and tradition.

Colonial times

As early as 1606 the Portuguese navigator Pedro Fernández de Quirós was the first European to discover the Gilbert Islands. It was not until 1765 that the islands were gradually approached by English sailors, for example by James Cook in 1777 and by Captain Thomas Gilbert in 1788 , after which the archipelago was made up of Baltic Admiral Adam von Krusenstern , who was in Russian service in 1820, and the French Captain Louis Isidore Duperrey was named.

In the 19th century, whalers , slavers and traders came to Kiribati in large numbers. The resulting upheaval fueled local tribal conflicts and the Europeans brought European diseases that were dangerous for the locals. In 1837 the first permanent European settlers arrived and in 1857 Christian proselytizing began . The northern atolls of the Gilbert group were evangelized mainly by Catholic missionaries from France, the southern by Samoan missionaries of the strongly puritanical London Missionary Society . Even today there is a clear difference in the way people think about life: people in the north are seen as fun-loving and cheerful, while in the south a strict attitude prevails.

Flag of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands from 1937 to 1979

In an effort to restore order, the Gilbert Islands were declared together with the nearby Ellice Islands to the British Protectorate of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands in 1892 , but remained without administration. Banaba ( Ocean Island ) was annexed in 1901 after the discovery of phosphate-rich guano deposits . Together with Fanning and Washington Island , which were annexed in 1888, the protectorate became a British colony in 1916 at the request of the islanders . Most of the Lineage Islands, including Kiritimati ( Christmas Island ), the Phoenix Islands and the Union Islands, today's Tokelau , were gradually incorporated over the next 20 years, most recently in 1937. The area was under until 1976, the jurisdiction of the High Commissioner for the Western Pacific Territories , but the actual administration was in the hands of a Standing Commissioner (Resident Commissioner).

Second World War

In the years 1942 to 1943 the Japanese army occupied part of the islands in order to form an island defense with them. From November 20 to 23, 1943, the Tarawa Atoll was the site of one of the most violent fighting between the Japanese and the Americans in the Pacific War . This battle with the defeat of the Japanese was a turning point in the war for the Allies .

See also : Battle of the Gilbert Islands

The way to independence

In the 1960s, the UK began expanding self-rule on the islands. The first House of Representatives was opened in 1963, and the first party (National Party) was founded in 1965. Prior to independence, under British administration, the electoral law ( Gilbert & Ellice Islands Colony Electoral Provisions Order , 1967) and the Constitution on November 15, 1967 gave women universal active and passive suffrage .

In 1974, after a referendum, the Ellice Islands separated from the colony to establish the independent state of Tuvalu in 1978. The Gilbert Islands gained internal autonomy in 1977 and, after elections were held in February 1978, became an independent nation within the Commonwealth on July 12, 1979 under the name Kiribati. Ieremia Tabai became the first president . After independence in 1979, the active and passive right to vote for women was confirmed.

The original name for the country was "Tungaru". It still occurs occasionally in names such as "Air Tungaru" (the national airline) or "Tungaru Central Hospital".

The name Kiribati is actually the Gilbertese pronunciation of the name Gilberts (the somewhat sloppy form of the English speaking of the Gilbert Islands). There is no 'G', 'L' or 'S' in Gilbertian. These sounds are replaced by 'K', 'R' and 'TI' (pronounced 's' at the end of the word). If the island name 'Kiribati' is pronounced quickly, the word 'Gilberts' can be heard. It is similar with Christmas Island: Kiritimati = Christmas.

With independence in 1979 , the United States also gave up all claims to the sparsely populated Phoenix Islands. Eight of the eleven line islands also became part of the Kiribati Territory. In 1985, the island nation ended with the signing of the Treaty of Rarotonga of nuclear-free zone of the South Pacific on. After French nuclear testing resumed in 1995 , Kiribati suspended diplomatic relations with France . In September 1999 the island nation was admitted to the UN .

politics

Administrative division

• Kiribati is divided into three administrative units (units)
  • Gilbert Islands
  • Line Islands
  • Phoenix Islands
• and the six districts (Districts)
  • Banaba
  • Central Gilberts
  • Line Islands
  • Northern Gilberts
  • Southern Gilberts
  • Tarawa

For each of the 21 inhabited islands there is an Island Council as a local administrative authority: Abaiang , Abemama , Aranuka , Arorae , Banaba , Beru , Butaritari , Kanton , Kiritimati , Kuria , Maiana , Makin , Marakei , Nikunau , Nonouti , Onotoa , Tabiteuea , Tabuaeran , Tamana , Tarawa , Teraina

Political system

The Parliament of Kiribati ( English House of Assembly , officially Maneaba ni Maungatabu ) is elected every four years and consists of 46 members (44 elected MPs, an appointed member of Banaba and the General Prosecutor ex officio ). The elections in the 23 single and multi-person constituencies are carried out in two rounds according to majority voting: If no candidate achieves an absolute majority in the first round, the three (four or five in the case of two or three seats to be allocated, four or five) candidates with the most votes in one Runoff ballots against each other according to the Borda electoral system .

The state president is both head of government and foreign minister and is called Te Beretitenti (Gilbert's spelling for "President"). He is elected from the ranks of the members of parliament of the Maneaba ni Maungatabu and forms the cabinet with up to ten ministers. Since 2003 the country has been ruled by Anote Tong , who was re-elected into his third term on January 13, 2012. On January 17, 2012, he was able to swear in his third cabinet . His deputy is the Kauoman-ni-Beretitenti (Vice President). After Tong could not run again after three terms in office, Taneti Maamau was elected as his successor on March 11, 2016.

The island state is characterized by a system of strong local self-government due to the great differences between the individual island groups. The island of Banaba, whose inhabitants are under minority protection , enjoys a special status . The political parties in Kiribati are still heavily influenced by a traditional system of chiefs.

Kiribati Parliament Buildings since 2000, Ambo, South Tarawa

Distribution of seats in the 11th parliament of Kiribati after the elections on December 30, 2015/7. January 2016

Political party	be right	%	Seats
Tobwaan Kiribati Party (TKP) (ruling party, leader: Taneti Maamau )			19th
Boutokaan Te Koaua (BTK) / The Pillars of Truth (opposition party, leader: Anote Tong )			25th
Attorney General, ex officio			1
total			46

See also : List of Presidents of Kiribati

See also : Kiribati Presidential Election 2012

See also : Current Cabinet of Ministers for the legislative period 2012 to 2015

Membership in international organizations

Kiribati is a member of the following organizations: ADB , AKP , Commonwealth , ESCAP , IBRD , IDA , FAO , IFRCS , IMF , PIF , Sparteca , SPC , UNO , UNESCO , WHO .

Military and police

Police bus in Betio, Tarawa

According to the constitution, Kiribati does not have its own army , but enjoys military protection from Australia and New Zealand . There is a police force that maintains at least one small post on each of the islands and performs police and paramilitary tasks.

Foreign policy

Kiribati opened the first diplomatic mission in 2002 in the capital, Suva , Fiji . In addition to the High Commission of Kiribati in Fiji , Kiribati maintains honorary consulates in Sydney , Tokyo , Auckland , Honolulu , Seoul , Hamburg and London . An embassy was established in Taipei , Taiwan , and a permanent mission to the United Nations in New York in 2013 .

See also : List of Kiribati diplomatic missions abroad

economy

General

Kiribati has few natural resources. The commercially interesting phosphate depots were already exhausted by the time independence was achieved. At least the state still receives interest from a fund that the British left behind when they withdrew in 1979 as compensation for the complete depletion of all phosphate deposits on Banaba Island. The most important sources of income are the granting of fishing rights, fishing and processing, the export of shark fins and algae and the (deficit) copra production with the cultivation of coconuts .

The economy fluctuates greatly, so its development is limited by the lack of skilled workers, poor infrastructure and the great distance to international markets.

Since joining the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in 2003, Kiribati has an exclusive economic zone of 3.5 million square kilometers of sea area. Since 1967 there has been a state-owned seaman's school (Marine Training Center Tarawa) on Betio , an island in the main atoll of Tarawa. The approximately 100 graduates are very often employed on German merchant ships. The Kiribati seafarers on German ships are of great importance to the Kiribati economy; they send home over $ 5 million annually. These payments represent - together with the granting of fishing licenses - the largest sources of foreign currency income in the country. German shipping companies provide training staff at the seaman's school in the capital South Tarawa and maintain a placement office for Kiribati seafarers. More than 5,000 of them are currently placed with German shipping companies.

Tourism, with around 3500 visitors annually, represents more than a fifth of the gross domestic product (GDP). The main trading partners are Australia, Japan, New Zealand and the USA. Foreign financial assistance, largely from the UK and Japan, is a crucial complement to GDP; it was equivalent to around 25% to 50% of GDP in recent years.

See also : Tourism in Kiribati

currency

Business on the outer islands is rather simple

The Kiribati Dollar is the currency of Kiribati. The first coins were minted and issued in 1979. The Kiribati dollar does not have its own banknotes, Australian banknotes are in circulation, as the Australian dollar is also valid currency in Kiribati. A traditional cashless, formalized system of neighborhood help , the Bubuti system, has been preserved on the islands of the Gilbert Group .

State budget

The state budget in 2005 comprised expenditures of the equivalent of 59.71 million US dollars , which was set against income of the equivalent of 55.52 million US dollars. This results in a budget deficit of 3.6% of GDP .

In 2006, the share of government expenditure (as a percentage of GDP) was as follows:

• Health : 13.1%
• Education : 17.8% (2002)
• Military : 0.0% (Kiribati has no military)

Education

University of South Pacific on Tarawa

From the age of 6 to 15 there is a nine-year compulsory education, with school attendance being free. The majority of the primary schools and ten of the 13 secondary schools are funded by the churches.

The University of the South Pacific has had a branch in Bairiki since 1976, which was elevated to the USP Kiribati campus in 2006 with just over 3000 students enrolled. The seat has been Teaoraereke on Bairiki since 1978 .

The "Kiribati National Cultural Center and Museum" Te Umanibong is a folklore museum in Bikenibeu and shows around 250 exhibits on the material culture of the Gilbertese.

Sports

National stadium

Bairiki National Stadium

The Bairiki National Stadium is the only sports stadium in the state and is located on the island of the same name.

Olympic games

The weightlifter David Katoatau took part in the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing (China) as the flag bearer of his country and reached fifteenth place in the category up to 85 kg with 313 kg. The athlete Rabangaki Nawai competed as a sprinter over the 100-meter distance.

Commonwealth Games

In 2014, weightlifter David Katoatau became the first athlete in the country to win a gold medal in weightlifting at a major international event.

Infrastructure

Ships that operate between the islands can sometimes get quite full

Streets

Kiribati's road network has a length of 670 km.

Shipping

The main ports are Betio on the island of Betio and Bikenibeu on the island Bonriki (both islands of Tarawa Atoll). Various ships operate between the Gilbert Islands.

air traffic

The international airport Bonriki International Airport is located in the north of the island of Bonriki. The Air Kiribati is a national airline.

Personalities

→ Main article : List of Kiribati personalities

literature

• Barrie MacDonald: Cinderellas of the Empire: Towards a history of Kiribati and Tuvalu . Institute of Pacific Studies (University of the South Pacific), Suva 2001, ISBN 982-02-0335-X .
• Peter McQuarrie: Gilbert Islands in WWII. Masalai Press, Oakland CA 2012, ISBN 0-9714127-8-2 .
• Howard Van Trease (Ed.): Atoll Politics: The Republic of Kiribati .: Macmillan Brown Center for Pacific Studies (University of Canterbury) Christchurch, Institute of Pacific Studies (University of the South Pacific), Suva 1993, ISBN 982-02- 0081-4 .
• Kiribati. Aspects of history. Tarawa 1979.

See also

Portal: Kiribati  - Overview of Wikipedia content on the topic of Kiribati

Web links

Commons : Kiribati  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Wiktionary: Kiribati  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Wikimedia Atlas: Kiribati  - geographical and historical maps

• Official homepage of the Parliament of Kiribati
• Country information from the Federal Foreign Office on Kiribati
• Country profile on noonsite.com (English)
• Climate change on Kiribati (English) - Government Website: Climate Change in Kiribati (accessed on 3 April 2013)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d} The World Factbook
2. ↑ About Kiribati . Government of Kiribati. Archived from the original on June 26, 2010.
3. ↑ About Kiribati . Government of Kiribati. Retrieved November 15, 2019.
4. ↑ ^{a b c d e} 2015 Population and Housing Census. Volume 1. Bairiki, September 2016. (PDF; 2.8 MB). Retrieved December 26, 2017 (English).
5. ↑ Google Public Data Explorer. Google Inc. , accessed January 8, 2017 . 
6. ↑ [1] of the International Monetary Fund .
7. ↑ United Nations Development Program (UNDP): Overview: Human Development Report 2019 - Beyond income, beyond averages, beyond today: Inequalities in human development in the 21st century. UNDP, New York December 2019, pp. 22–25: Human development indices table (English; PFD: 1.7 MB, 40 pages on hdr.undp.org ).
8. ^ Duden Volume 6: The pronunciation dictionary, 6th edition, Duden-Verlag, 2005
9. ^ German pronunciation dictionary, De Gruyter Verlag, 2009
10. ↑ Mike Ives: A Remote Pacific Nation, Threatened by Rising Seas. In: The New York Times . The New York Times Company, July 2, 2016, accessed November 16, 2017 . 
11. ↑ Urs Wältin: Climate change threatens Kiribati: Pacific nation has to relocate. In: taz.de . taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH, May 22, 2012, accessed on November 16, 2017 . 
12. ↑ Natasha Lister, Ema Muk-Pavic: Sustainable artificial island concept for the Republic of Kiribati . In: Ocean Engineering . tape 98 . Elsevier , Amsterdam April 1, 2015, p. 78–87 , doi : 10.1016 / j.oceaneng.2015.01.013 (English, ucl.ac.uk [PDF; 1.1 MB ; accessed on November 16, 2017]).
13. ^ Population and No of Households by Island: 2010, 2015. Population and Housing Census, 2015.
14. ^ Island state Kiribati: A country is fleeing from climate change. Video, stern.de from March 10, 2012
15. ↑ Statement on article about Kiribati ( Memento of the original dated November 30, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Clarification by a documentary filmmaker, accessed November 23, 2014 
16. ↑ How the landscape in Kiribati Changed overtime? ( Memento of the original from September 19, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed November 24, 2014 
17. ↑ Climate Change in Kiribati ( Memento of the original dated December 30, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
18. ↑ Declaration of the World Conference of Nations on Climate Change and the Rights of Mother Earth 2010 (PDF; 89 kB)
19. ↑ To the Ambo conference at schattenblick.org
20. ↑ Text of the Ambo Declaration , accessed on November 23, 2017, in English.
21. ↑ Island state before the end: Kiribati prepares to move. In: N24 . WeltN24 , July 4, 2014, accessed November 10, 2016 . 
22. ↑ Dagmar Dehmer: Climate change and its consequences: On the run from the climate? In: Der Tagesspiegel . Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH, September 11, 2016, accessed on January 18, 2017 . 
23. ↑ Kiribati threatened by flooding: world's first climate refugee deported. n-tv , September 24, 2015, accessed January 18, 2017 . 
24. ↑ Island state will be evacuated from 2020. In: klimaretter.info . KJB KlimaJournalistenBüro UG, February 18, 2016, accessed on January 18, 2017 . 
25. ↑ Sabine Minninger: Kiribati buys land on the Fiji Islands. Bread for the World , September 27, 2016, accessed January 18, 2017 . 
26. ↑ Kiribati to start farming its land in Fiji. In: radionz.co.nz. Radio New Zealand, January 18, 2017, accessed January 18, 2017 . 
27. ↑ Serafina Silaitoga: Kiribati ready to work land. (No longer available online.) In: The Fiji Times . Fiji Times Limited January 18, 2017, archived from the original January 18, 2017 ; accessed on January 18, 2017 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
28. ↑ Christopher Pala: Kiribati's president's plans to raise islands in fight against sea-level rise . In: The Guardian . August 10, 2020, ISSN  0261-3077 ( theguardian.com [accessed August 12, 2020]).
29. ^ ^{A b c} CIA World Fact Book > Government> International organization participation ( online ). Accessed February 28, 2018.
30. ↑ WHO: Kiribati Tuberculosis profile , as of 2011: 354 cases. (English, accessed November 24, 2012.)
31. ↑ hdrstats.undp.org/en
32. ↑ Earthtrends: Public Health: Physicians per 100,000 people ( Memento June 15, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
33. ↑ www.rnzi.com: News
34. ↑ - New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. November 15, 1967, accessed October 3, 2018 . 
35. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 212.
36. ↑ ^{a b} Online text of the Kiribati constitution of July 12, 1979 . From the English Wikisource, accessed April 26, 2010
37. ^ ^{A b c} Kiribati System of Government Information , PacLII - Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute
38. ↑ Fiji Times of January 18, 2012 ( Memento of the original of July 30, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , English, accessed February 6, 2012. 
39. ↑ Taneti Maamau declared new president of Kiribati - Fiji Times Online. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on March 11, 2016 ; accessed on February 16, 2017 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
40. ↑ Source: IPU
41. ↑ The TKP emerged from a merger of the United Coalition Party (KTK) and the Maurin Kiribati Party (MKP)
42. ↑ Includes the representative of the exiled Kiribati living on Rabi.
43. ↑ Foreign Office: Foreign Office - Kiribati . In: Foreign Office DE . ( Auswaertiges-amt.de [accessed on May 5, 2018]).
44. ↑ Kiribati - Embassies and Consulates , accessed on May 11, 2014.
45. ^ Marine Training Center - Tarawa. Retrieved April 26, 2017 (American English). 
46. ↑ Foreign Office: Foreign Office - Relations with Germany . In: Foreign Office DE . ( Auswaertiges-amt.de [accessed on May 5, 2018]).
47. ^ The Fischer World Almanac 2010: Figures Data Facts, Fischer, Frankfurt, September 8, 2009, ISBN 978-3-596-72910-4 .
48. ^ Website USP Kiribati Campus. (Accessed April 26, 2010)

Coordinates: 3 °  S , 169 °  W