Wagner-Bürckel campaign

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The Wagner-Bürckel-Aktion refers to the deportation of over 6,500 Jews from Baden and the Saar-Palatinate to the French internment camp Gurs on October 21 and 22, 1940.

State Mémorial, memorial in Gurs

prehistory

The deportation of Jews from southwest Germany was a systematically and meticulously prepared mass deportation of over 6,500 Jews as early as 1940. Historically, this action must be in connection with previous measures for the exclusion and persecution of Jews in the Reich, with the expulsion of 20,000 Alsatians Jews to unoccupied France and the deportations of Jews from Austria and the " Altreich " to the Generalgouvernement as well as the subsequent deportation of Jews from Germany from October 1941 to ghettos , labor and extermination camps in Eastern Europe. The French government had to react to the action within a few hours, as it had not been informed beforehand, and made the decision to send the deportees to the Gurs camp at the foot of the Pyrenees , which had been established in 1939 for Spanish civil war refugees .

Politics of the exclusion and persecution of the Jews in the "Third Reich"

The National Socialist regime gradually radicalized the anti-Semitic repression policy. Between the Nazis' takeover of power in 1933 and 1935, Jews were defamed by anti-Semitic propaganda and economically excluded. The first anti-Semitic measures were the call for a boycott of Jewish businesses on April 1, 1933 and the Law to Restore the Civil Service of April 7, 1933 , whereby “non-Aryan” civil servants were retired; war veterans were excluded. Jewish teachers and professors as well as Jewish schoolchildren and students were systematically excluded from schools and universities, doctors, lawyers and entrepreneurs were urged to give up their practice or business due to the repressive measures. On September 15, 1935, a further step in radicalization followed with the enactment of the Nuremberg Laws , whereby Jewish citizens lost basic rights such as the right to vote and " mixed marriages " were forbidden. In 1939 the exclusion and persecution of Jews was intensified, because with the pogrom in November 1938 physical violence was used: Jewish shops were destroyed and synagogues were set on fire. As a result of the November pogrom, around 30,000 Jewish men were imprisoned by the National Socialist regime in the Buchenwald , Dachau and Sachsenhausen concentration camps, which the National Socialists justified with so-called protective custody . At a conference on November 12, 1938, convened by Hermann Göring , an ordinance was passed to eliminate Jews from German economic life , with which all German Jews are largely expropriated, excluded from cultural life and the public and forced to emigrate should. The overriding goal was to make the German Reich “free of Jews” in the Nazi parlance at the time. At this conference, plans for the deportation of Reich German Jews abroad and for ghettoization were discussed for the first time. In January 1939, Reinhard Heydrich received an order from Göring to solve the " Jewish question " through forced emigration or - in the disguised Nazi language as "evacuation" - deportation, for which purpose the Reich Central Office for Jewish Emigration was founded under Heydrich's direction. This Reich Central Office for Jewish Emigration was to be built on the model of the Central Office for Jewish Emigration in Vienna , which was founded shortly after the annexation of Austria in August 1938 by the Reich Commissioner for the "annexed Austria", Josef Bürckel , who was also Gauleiter of the Saar Palatinate was headed by Adolf Eichmann .

There were deportations before the “Wagner-Bürckel Action”. At the end of October 1938, as a result of Heydrich's Poland action, around 17,000 Polish Jews were deported to Bentschen , Konitz in Pomerania and Bytom in Upper Silesia . This action was triggered by an ordinance of the Polish government, according to which Jews would have lost their Polish citizenship by October 30, 1938, unless they had an audit certificate from the Polish consulate, which would have been issued on the condition that a connection had been made in the last five years to Poland could have been proven. The Polish border authorities had not previously been informed of this compulsory deportation. Emigration of Jews reached a high point in 1938/1939 and with the outbreak of the Second World War and the quick victory over Poland and France, the National Socialist efforts accelerated to promote the elimination of Jews from the German Reich. Between 1938 and 1940, the Federal Foreign Office and the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) discussed expulsion and deportation to the colonial French island of Madagascar . In September 1940 the plan was put aside for the time being, as an overseas deportation seemed initially unrealizable due to British resistance. In addition, there were also considerations of resettling Jews in the Generalgouvernement, but this met with resistance from Governor General Hans Frank . These two resettlement ideas can be assigned to the deportations as a result of the Nisko Plan , the collective deportations from the “Altreich” and the Wagner-Bürckel campaign. Between October 19 and 20, 1939, Jews from Mährisch-Ostrau , Vienna and Kattowitz were deported and brought to Nisko , where a “Jewish reservation” was to be established. Further transports from Vienna and Katowice followed on October 27, 1939, but in the following year the operations were stopped because the Wehrmacht and Heinrich Himmler claimed means of transport for the settlement of the "ethnic Germans" from the occupied territories. In April 1940 the camp was closed and the surviving Jews sent back. The Central Office for Jewish Emigration in Vienna played a key role in organizing the deportation of Viennese Jews to the Generalgouvernement. On February 13, 1940, 1,107 Jews were deported from Stettin to Lublin "for economic reasons", as stated in the RSHA meeting on January 30, 1940 . The deportation of the more than 6000 Jews from Baden and the Saar-Palatinate in the course of the Wagner-Bürckel campaign on 22/23. October 1940 to Gurs in France is also one of the early deportations before summer 1941. On July 31, 1941 Hermann Göring instructed Reinhard Heydrich to prepare for a “total solution to the Jewish question” in the German sphere of influence in Europe.

Armistice with France

With the signing of the armistice between the German Reich and France on June 22, 1940, the German campaign in France ended and, as a result of the defeat, France was divided into an area occupied by the German military in the north and west of France and an unoccupied French area in the south. The French government in Etat français ( "French State") was after the Armistice by Marshal Philippe Pétain , the popular winner of Verdun in World War I , as well as Pierre Laval performed and the name of the seat of government and spa Vichy as Vichy regime called. The Vichy regime replaced the Third French Republic with the Enabling Act to amend the Constitution of July 10, 1940 .

Jewish policy in the Vichy regime

The Vichy regime implemented a number of anti-Jewish measures. On July 17, 1940, just a few days after the establishment of the État Français , the Vichy regime passed a law according to which Jews were only allowed to work in the public service if their father was French. This rule was extended to the liberal professions such as doctors and lawyers in the following month. The repressive policy of the Vichy regime intensified in October 1940. On October 3, 1940 the “Jewish Statute” was issued, which defined what was meant by “Jew”: “Any person who is descended from three grandparents of Jewish race or by two grandparents of Jewish race, if their spouse is also Jewish. ”This statute also included a list of other professions that were forbidden for those who fell under the definition above. On October 4, 1940, a law was passed legalizing the internment of foreign Jews: "After this law has become legally binding, Jews of foreign origin can be interned in special camps by decision of the prefect of their department of residence."

Establishment of a storage system in the south of France

A large number of camps in the south of France were set up in the spring of 1939 under the government of Édouard Daladier and before the outbreak of the Second World War. These camps were set up in the course of the Spanish Civil War as temporary accommodation for refugees and resistance fighters in this civil war, for example the Barcarès camp in the Eastern Pyrenees or the Gurs camp in the Western Pyrenees near the Spanish border. As a result of the war with Germany, the French government set up additional camps, about one per department, to intern foreign Jews and foreigners living in France who came from countries with which France was at war, such as the camp at Les Milles . The history of these camps can be divided into different phases, depending on the group of people interned.

Planning the deportation

These "resettlement plans" in a reserve in eastern Poland from 1939 and the early mass deportations from Pomerania and southwest Germany represent a marginalized research area in historical research and have long been underestimated as "regional special cases". Due to a disparate source situation and contradictions in traditional sources, there has not yet been a clear consensus among historians as to who can be identified as the author of the deportation of Jews from Baden and the Saar-Palatinate to the former French internment camp of Gurs, which thus became a concentration camp . In the older research it is emphasized that the two Gauleiter Robert Wagner (Baden) and Josef Bürckel (Saarpfalz) were the initiators of this action. The two Gauleiter became " Chefs der Zivilverwaltung " (CdZ) of the Alsace and Lorraine regions on August 2, 1940 , with Alsace going to Wagner to form a new Gaus "Upper Rhine" and Lorraine to Bürckel to form a new Gaus " Westmark ". In older literature, we find the statement that the two Gauleiter Wagner and Bürckel decided in a coordinated action the deportation of Jews from Alsace and Lorraine in the southwest German Reich expand surviving Jews. The historian Gerhard J. Teschner was able to show that there was no agreement with the French government or the German Armistice Commission in Wiesbaden to expel Jews from Alsace and Lorraine. Both before and after the deportation of the Jews to France, France complained about the deportation measures taken by the two Gauleiter, who had previously also met French-minded residents of Alsace and Lorraine. Based on the sources, it is not possible to clearly clarify whether the deportation order was issued “by order of the Fuehrer”, as a letter from Heydrich to Martin Luther from the Foreign Office of October 29, 1940 testifies, or “at the request of the two Gauleiter”, as stated in is mentioned in an anonymous report dated October 30, 1940 from Karlsruhe and "was approved by the Führer", as Franz Rademacher of the Foreign Office put it on December 7, 1940. Teschner concluded, in agreement with Jacob Toury , that it seems likely that the initiators of the deportation were Gauleiter Wagner and Bürckel, after they had Hitler's approval at a joint meeting on the administration and Germanization of Alsace and Lorraine, on September 25, 1940. For the personnel ( Gestapo ) and technical implementation (special trains), they would have cooperated with the RSHA, Heydrich and in particular Adolf Eichmann, who headed the “ Judenreferat ”, and with whom Bürckel had previously worked on the implementation of the “Nisko Plan”. However, Teschner admits that this assumption cannot be supported by meaningful sources:

"Ultimately, the question of Wagner or Bürckel as the main initiator of the 'Bürckel-Aktion' must remain open, since the positions of even the most convinced contemporaries do not create an absolute fact and, on the other hand, according to the current state of knowledge, there is no single document clear assignment of the authorship for the October deportation to one of the two Gauleiter. One should therefore assume that it was a joint action intended by both Gauleiter and carried out together with the support of the Reich Security Main Office. "

The historian Wolf Gruner confirmed once again that there has not yet been a consensus in research, denying the two Gauleiter the role of initiating this plan and blaming Himmler for it: “Himmler initiated this new action on Hitler's orders and not those there Gauleiter, as is often assumed. But these were involved in their state functions as Reich Governors. "

deportation

On the night of October 21-22, 1940, at the end of the Jewish Feast of Tabernacles , the Jewish population was asked to get ready to travel within a short time (30 minutes to two hours), with the order to be deported from their homes. collected and taken away by buses. The order affected all “fully transportable Jews ” from children to old men; in the end there were 6,504 Germans of Jewish origin. Only a few were spared, including the Jews living in " mixed marriages ". Only 50 kg of luggage and cash of 100 Reichsmarks were allowed . Seven railway trains from Baden and two trains from the Palatinate drove with the deportees via Chalon-sur-Saône into unoccupied France. The journey via Avignon and Toulouse took three days and four nights until the displaced persons were finally loaded onto trucks at the foot of the Pyrenees in Oloron-Sainte-Marie and most of them were taken to the French internment camp Gurs . Some elderly people had already died on the trip due to the exertion. On October 23, Wagner reported to Berlin that his Gau was the first Gau in the Reich to be “ judenrein ”. Adolf Eichmann had organized the transports in consultation with the Reich Ministry of Transport and was himself bathed in sweat in his car at the crossing on the demarcation line in Chalon-sur-Saône until the last of nine trains reached unoccupied France. His superior, the head of the RSHA Reinhard Heydrich, noted with satisfaction that the deportations went “smoothly and without incidents” and “were barely noticed by the population”. When the Vichy regime repeatedly verbally opposed the unannounced transports of Jews a few days later and in a protest note to the Armistice Commission in Wiesbaden demanded that the German side "report the facts and instructions", Reich Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop ordered the request for information " dilatory [ to treat". The Foreign Office “did not criticize the deportations in principle”, but called for future participation “in the decision-making process”. After all, it was a matter of “coordinating future measures with the Foreign Office, taking into account foreign policy considerations”.

Gurs

The internment camp was completely unprepared for the approximately 6000 newly arriving deportees. Due to the poor supply situation, the catastrophic hygienic conditions, rain and cold, many deportees died soon after their arrival in Gurs. In some cases it was distributed to neighboring camps (internment camps Noé , Le Vernet , Les Milles , Rivesaltes , and Récébédou ).

The deportees were helpless and destitute in a foreign country. According to the Gauleitung in Baden, the Madagascar Plan was in force and, “as far as is known here, the French government planned to forward the deportees to Madagascar immediately after the opening of the sea routes.” The Swedish Foreign Ministry looked up the issue of passports for emigration South America before. A few managed to emigrate to safe third countries from 1941 onwards through international aid organizations and personal contacts .

From August 1942, the 3,907 people from Baden, who were then still in southern France, were deported to the German extermination camps , most of them to the Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp , at the request of Theodor Dannecker (Eichmann's representative) via the Drancy assembly camp near Paris , and murdered there. With this, the National Socialists in a Nazi Gau had in fact achieved the “ final solution to the Jewish question ” within two years .

The following is known about the further fate of the 826 people deported from the Palatinate: 203 died in French camps, 338 had been transported to Eastern European concentration camps since August 1942 and murdered there, 78 were able to legally emigrate or go into hiding, 112 survived in French camps or hospitals and became exempt there, no information is available for 94 people.

Origin of the deportees

Baden communities of origin

Memorial on the square of the Old Synagogue in front of the University of Freiburg , designed like a current German road sign

On the basis of the transport lists published by the Baden State Library , Jews were deported from the following Baden towns and districts on October 22, 1940:

Since no lists of names were available for the following cities and districts when the list was drawn up, there are deviations from the total number of 5,603 reported deportees: cities of Mannheim and Karlsruhe ; Districts of Freiburg , Emmendingen , Mosbach and Müllheim (in the latter, the local Jewish families had left the city earlier and appear on the lists of other places).

Palatinate places of residence

The printed directory of the Jews deported from the Palatinate on October 22, 1940 names 826 people - mostly older men and women - with their surname, first name, date of birth, last place of residence and some with street and house number. The following places of residence are listed:

Saarland places of residence

The printed list of the Jews deported from Saarland on October 22, 1940 names 134 people - mostly older men and women - with their surname, first name, date of birth, last place of residence and each with street and house number. The following places of residence are listed:

Historical classification

The measures were the first of their kind in the Third Reich. The US-American Holocaust researcher Christopher R. Browning emphasized the smooth interaction of different authorities in the planning and implementation, from the Reich Security Main Office to the Ministry of Transport, in these early Jewish deportations, which, however, led to "diplomatic and political complications", so that it became clear “That there were limits to the expulsion policy in the West.” According to the German historian Peter Steinbach , the deportation of Jews from southwest Germany was paradigmatic for the later deportations from all over Germany.

Memorials

Signpost to Gurs at Mannheim Central Station

A memorial for deported Jews from Baden was erected in Neckarzimmern between 2002 and 2005 : On October 24, 2005, the foundation plate and the first memorial stones were inaugurated in the former labor camp, now a Protestant youth recreation center. It is a 25 by 25 meter Star of David laid in the ground, on which individual memorial stones are placed for the victims from one place. The floor sculpture of the Star of David was created for 138 deportation locations in Baden, 109 stones were completed in October 2015. In the meantime, the relatives of victims and the initiative met several times at this location.

In Mannheim , a sign on the forecourt of the main train station reminds of the deportation and subsequent murder of these residents of the city by the National Socialists.

Such a signpost also exists in Freiburg im Breisgau . In addition, some stumbling blocks , a memorial plaque on Annaplatz and on the square of the Old Synagogue and a memorial on the Wiwili Bridge remind of the deportation of Freiburg's Jews.

literature

  • Anonymous: The city without men. In the assembly camp for 18,000 women. In: Basler Nachrichten . July 22, 1940.
  • Archive Directorate Stuttgart (Ed.): The Victims of the National Socialist Persecution of Jews in Baden-Württemberg 1933 - 1945. Stuttgart 1968.
  • Archive Directorate Stuttgart (ed.): Documents on the persecution of Jewish citizens in Baden-Württemberg by the National Socialist regime 1933–1945. 2 volumes. Stuttgart 1966. Compilation by Paul Sauer . Volume 2 on the Wagner-Bürckel campaign
  • Christopher R. Browning : Unleashing the "Final Solution". National Socialist Jewish Policy 1939–1942. With a contribution by Jürgen Matthäus. Propylaea, Berlin 2006, ISBN 3-549-07187-6 .
  • Ulrich P. Ecker : The deportation of the Freiburg Jews to Gurs on 22./23. October 1940. In: Schau-ins-Land. 119, pp. 141-151.
  • Alfred Gottwaldt , Diana Schulle: The "Deportations of Jews" from the German Reich from 1941–1945. An annotated chronology. Marix, Wiesbaden 2005, ISBN 978-3-86539-059-2 .
  • Claude Laharie: Le camp de Gurs, 1939–1945, un aspect méconnu de l'histoire de Béarn. Societé Atlantique d'Ímpression, Biarritz 1989, ISBN 2-84127-000-9 (French).
  • Claude Laharie: Gurs 1939–1945. An internment camp in south-west France. From the internment of Spanish republicans and volunteers in the international brigades to the deportation of the Jews to the Nazi extermination camps. Evangelical Church in Baden, Karlsruhe 2007, ISBN 978-3-00-020501-9 .
  • Max Lingner : Gurs. Report and appeal. Drawings from a French internment camp. Dietz, Berlin 1982, ISBN 3-87682-757-4 .
  • Hans Maaß: Gurs. Stopover on the way to Auschwitz or Israel. In: Community of Evangelical Educators in Baden (Ed.): Contributions to educational work. Volume 53, Issue 4, 2010, pp. 36–56 ( full text. (PDF file; 360 kB)).
  • Gabriele Mittag: There are only damned people in Gurs. Literature, culture and everyday life in an internment camp in the south of France. 1940-1942. Attempo, Tübingen 1996, ISBN 3-89308-233-6 (also dissertation at the Free University of Berlin , 1994).
  • Lili Reckendorf: We went in silence and without tears. Jewish images of life and suffering. Memories of the deportation on October 22, 1940 from Freiburg to Gurs. In: Commons . No. 45, 1995, ISBN 3-86142-059-7 , pp. 110-131.
  • Kurt Schilde : Research report on the October deportation 1940. (Review). In: Newsletter on the history and impact of the Holocaust. No. 25, Fall 2003 ( Online ( Memento from September 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive )).
  • Hanna Schramm : People in Gurs. Memories of a French internment camp (1940–1941). Heintz, Worms 1977, ISBN 3-921333-13-X .
  • Peter Steinbach : The suffering - too heavy and too much. On the significance of the mass deportation of Southwest German Jews. In: Tribüne - magazine for the understanding of Judaism . 49th year, issue 195 (3rd quarter 2010), pp. 109–120 ( digital version (PDF; 81 kB)).
  • Gerhard J. Teschner: The deportation of the Baden and Saar-Palatinate Jews on October 22, 1940. Prehistory and implementation of the deportation and the further fate of the deportees up to the end of the war in the context of German and French Jewish policy. Peter Lang, Frankfurt 2002, ISBN 3-631-39509-4 .
  • Jacob Toury : The history of the development of the expulsion order against the Jews of the Saar-Palatinate and Baden (October 22/23, 1940 - Camps de Gurs). In: Tel Aviver yearbook for German history . Volume 15, 1986, pp. 431-464.
  • Rolf Weinstock : The real face of Hitler's Germany. Prisoner no. 59000 tells of the fate of 10,000 Jews from Baden, the Palatinate and the Saar region in the hells of Dachau, Gurs-Drancy, Auschwitz, Jawischowitz, Buchenwald 1938–1945. Volksverlag, Singen 1948.
  • Erhard Roy Wiehn (Ed.): Camp de Gurs. On the deportation of the Jews from southwest Germany in 1940. Hartung-Gorre, Konstanz 2010, ISBN 978-3-86628-304-6 .
  • Richard Paid: Dr. Johanna Geissmar . From Mannheim to Heidelberg and across the Black Forest through Gurs to Auschwitz-Birkenau 1877–1942. In memory of a Jewish doctor 60 years later. Hartung-Gorre, Konstanz 2001, ISBN 3-89649-661-1 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. [1]
  2. "I don't know if we can write again." On lpb-bw.de
  3. a b "... it happened in broad daylight!" On lpb-bw.de
  4. See: Document 1816-PS in: The Nuremberg Trial against the Major War Criminals. (Reprint) Volume XXVIII, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-7735-2522-2 , pp. 499-540.
  5. ^ The deportation of Polish Jews from the German Reich in 1938/1939 and their records in the memorial book of the Federal Archives
  6. ^ Nisko and Lublin Plan on yadvashem.org
  7. Stettin to Lublin on statistik-des-holocaust.de
  8. The deportation of the Jews from Germany to the East on yadvashem.org
  9. a b Quoted from: Claude Laharie: The internment camps in France in the Vichy period (1940–1944). In: Edwin M. Landau, Samuel Schmitt (Ed.): Camp in France. Survivors and their friends. Evidence of emigration, internment and deportation. Mannheim 1991, pp. 11–34, here: p. 14.
  10. Les Milles 1936–1942 on raederscheidt.com
  11. Over 200 camps, 600,000 prisoners on nzz.ch
  12. Wolf Gruner : From the collective expulsion for the deportation of Jews from Germany. New perspectives and documents (1938–1945). In: The deportation of the Jews from Germany. Plans, Practice, Reactions 1938 - 1945. (= Contributions to the History of National Socialism , Volume 20) Göttingen 2004, pp. 21–62, here: p. 21.
  13. Gerhard J. Teschner: The deportation of the Baden and Saar-Palatinate Jews on October 22, 1940. Prehistory and implementation of the deportation and the further fate of the deportees until the end of the war in the context of German and French Jewish policy. Lang, Frankfurt [a. a.] 2002, pp. 79-84; 94.
  14. ^ Gerhard J. Teschner: The deportation of the Jews from Baden and the Saar-Palatinate on October 22, 1940. 2002, pp. 90-100.
  15. Quoted from: Gerhard J. Teschner: Die Deportation der Baden und Saarpfälzischen Jews on October 22, 1940. 2002, p. 100.
  16. Wolf Gruner: From the collective expulsion for the deportation of Jews from Germany. New perspectives and documents (1938–1945). In: Birthe Kundrus , Beate Meyer (ed.): The deportation of Jews from Germany: Plans - Practice - Reactions 1938-1945. Göttingen 2004, pp. 21–62, here: p. 41.
  17. a b c Landesarchivverwaltung Rheinland-Pfalz in connection with the Landesarchiv Saarbrücken (ed.): Documentation on the history of the Jewish population in Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland from 1800 to 1945. Vol. 6, Koblenz 1974, report of October 31, 1940 , P. 475 f. A report of October 30, 1940 (ibid., P. 474 f.) Names higher numbers: “approx. 6300 "from Baden and 1150 from Saar-Palatinate and speaks of twelve sealed railroad trains, cf .: VEJ 3/113 = The persecution and murder of European Jews by National Socialist Germany 1933-1945 (source collection) Volume 3, Munich 2012, ISBN 978- 3-486-58524-7 , p. 299. In Note 9 on page 299, the editors describe this figure as excessive and give 6500 as a total. The document from October 30th is also online as an audio file , duration 5 min.
  18. Jörg Schadt, Michael Caroli (Ed.): Mannheim in the Second World War . Mannheim 1993, ISBN 3-923003-55-2 , p. 55.
  19. After Gottwaldt, Eichmann traveled to Chalon-sur-Saône especially to give false information to the French authorities. In the days that followed, these deportees protested at the German Armistice Commission, which had no effect. Cf .: Alfred Gottwaldt, Diana Schulle: The "Deportations of Jews" from the German Reich from 1941–1945. P. 42 f.
  20. Christopher R. Browning: Unleashing the "Final Solution". National Socialist Jewish Policy 1939–1942. S. 144 / Letter from Heydrich = Document VEJ 3/112
  21. Christopher R. Browning: Unleashing the "Final Solution". National Socialist Jewish Policy 1939–1942. P. 145.
  22. Eckart Conze , Norbert Frei , Peter Hayes , Moshe Zimmermann : The office and the past. German diplomats in the Third Reich and in the Federal Republic. Karl Blessing Verlag, Munich 2010, p. 181.
  23. On the resolution in October 1942 see: Laurette Alexis-Monet: Les miradors de Vichy. Récébédou-Haute-Garonne 2001.
  24. ^ Alfred Gottwaldt, Diana Schulle: The "Deportations of Jews" from the German Empire from 1941–1945. P. 43.
  25. Note from November 18, 1940, see: Landesarchivverwaltung Rheinland-Pfalz in connection with the Landesarchiv Saarbrücken (Ed.): Documentation on the history of the Jewish population in Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland from 1800 to 1945. Vol. 6, Koblenz 1974 , P. 476.
  26. Landesarchivverwaltung Rheinland-Pfalz in connection with the Landesarchiv Saarbrücken (Ed.): Documentation on the history of the Jewish population in Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland from 1800 to 1945. Vol. 7: Documents des Gedenkens, Koblenz 1974, p. 114.
  27. See: Directory of the Jews expelled from Baden on October 22, 1940 at blb-karlsruhe.de
  28. Landesarchivverwaltung Rheinland-Pfalz in connection with the Landesarchiv Saarbrücken (ed.): Documentation on the history of the Jewish population in Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland from 1800 to 1945. Vol. 7: Documents des Gedenkens, Koblenz 1974, pp. 119–192 .
  29. Landesarchivverwaltung Rheinland-Pfalz in connection with the Landesarchiv Saarbrücken (Ed.): Documentation on the history of the Jewish population in Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland from 1800 to 1945. Vol. 7: Documents des Gedenkens, Koblenz 1974, pp. 115–118 .
  30. Christopher R. Browning: Unleashing the "Final Solution". National Socialist Jewish Policy 1939–1942. P. 144.
  31. Peter Steinbach: The suffering - too heavy and too much. On the significance of the mass deportation of Southwest German Jews. In: Tribüne - magazine for the understanding of Judaism. 49th year, issue 195 (3rd quarter 2010), pp. 109–120, here: p. 116.
  32. Church youth work in the Archdiocese of Freiburg ( Memento of the original from October 21, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / downloads.kja-freiburg.de
  33. Memorial plaques on the square of the old synagogue and on Annaplatz at freiburg-schwarzwald.de
  34. The document volumes are usually recorded bibliographically under Paul Sauer.
  35. In the book, the eyewitness Schramm describes the condition in which the deportees arrived and how the situation changed due to the overcrowding. Contrary to what the subtitle indicates, other short reports also deal with deportations from Gurs to Drancy and to Auschwitz for extermination, up to November 1942. List of names p. 151 ff.
  36. ↑ Brief version see web links
  37. According to the list of deportees made available to the city of Karlsruhe by the Council of the Israelites of Baden , as well as the list of deportees in: L. Bez, J. Grosspietsch: Gedenke.