Denmark at the Eurovision Song Contest

Balance sheet

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Broadcasting company

First participation

1957

Number of participations

48 (as of 2019)

Highest ranking

1 ( 1963 , 2000 , 2013 )

Highest Score

281 (2013)

Lowest Score

2 ( 1962 )

Points average (since first post)

62.79 (as of 2019)

Average points per voting country in the 12-point system

2.50 (as of 2019)

This article deals with the history of Denmark as a participant in the Eurovision Song Contest .

Regularity of participation and successes in competition

Grethe & Jørgen Ingmann 1963 were Denmark's first winners

Emmelie de Forest won the ESC 2013 for Denmark

Denmark took part for the first time in 1957 and thus already in the second edition of the Eurovision Song Contest. Denmark actually wanted to take part in the first edition in 1956, but missed the registration deadline. The 1957 debut was nevertheless a complete success. Denmark took 3rd place out of ten participants. In 1958, with 8th place, a rather poor result followed, as only ten countries took part at the time. In 1959 and 1961, a good result was achieved with 5th place, while the country only achieved 10th place in 1960 and 1962. In 1963, the couple Grethe & Jørgen Ingmann won the entire competition with their song Dansevise and thus won Denmark's first victory. After this success, the country was also able to achieve a place in the top ten in 1964 and 1965 with 9th and 7th place. In 1966, however, Denmark only came 14th out of 18, which is a rather poor result. In 1967 Denmark voluntarily decided not to participate and for the first time failed to participate in the competition.

Denmark then voluntarily refused to participate until 1977, before returning in 1978. But here, too, the result was a rather poor result with position 16 out of 20. It was not until 1979 that Tommy Seebach was able to achieve a place in the top ten again with 6th place. From 1980 onwards Denmark was not very successful in the competition. In 1980 and 1981 only average results were achieved with 11th and 14th place, while Brixx was only penultimate in 1982 and thus achieved Denmark's worst result so far. Also in 1983 only an average result was achieved with 17th place. After this unsuccessful time, Denmark had a successful time in competition from 1984.

The duo Hot Eyes took fourth place in 1984, Denmark's best result since winning in 1963, so the duo took part again in 1985. With 11th place, this time only an average place was achieved. In 1986 and 1987, Denmark took 6th and 5th place again, placing them in the top ten. In 1988 and 1989 the country even took third place in the competition twice in a row. In 1990, with 8th place, a place among the top ten was achieved again. From 1991, however, Denmark's rankings fluctuated greatly.

After the successful years, a disappointing result followed in 1991 with place 19 out of 22. In 1992, 12th place was again an average result. In 1993, with 22nd place out of 25, the result was just as bad as in 1991, so that Denmark had to sit out of the competition in 1994. The return in 1995 was very successful. Aud Wilken took 5th place and thus the best placement in six years. In 1996 Denmark then failed in the internal qualifying round of the EBU, so that the country had to forego participation again. In 1997, an average place was taken with 16th place, so that Denmark had to sit out again in 1998. From 1999 to 2001, however, Denmark achieved very good results.

In 1999 Michael Teschl & Trine Jepsen were able to get 8th place and place themselves again in the top ten. Denmark's second win in the competition followed in 2000. The Olsen Brothers got with their song Fly On the Wings Of Love next to place 1 also Denmark's highest score in the competition with 195 points. In their own country, Denmark almost won again in 2001. In the end, however, Rollo & King took second place, another very good place for Denmark. Then came the disappointment in 2002. Malene Mortensen ended up in last place and got Denmark's worst place in the competition. The country thus missed the qualification for 2003 and had to sit out again. The return in 2004 was not very successful either. For the introduction of the semi-finals, Denmark could not qualify for the final with position 13 out of 22 and thus missed the final again. It was not until 2005 that they were placed in the top ten again. Jakob Sveistrup achieved the best Danish result since 2001 with 10th place in the final. From 2006 to 2009 Denmark was less successful. Sidsel Ben Semmane took an average place with 18th place. In 2007, the country failed to qualify for the final for the second time. In 2008 and 2009 only average places were achieved with 15th and 13th place, despite Simon Mathew reaching 3rd place in the semifinals in 2008. From 2010, however, Denmark was again very successful.

In 2010 the duo Chanée & Tomas N'Evergreen reached 4th place, while in 2011 the band A Friend reached 5th place in London and even finished second in the semifinals. Both results were the best results since 2001. In 2012 Soluna Samay only took 23rd place out of 26. That was only a small low point, because in 2013 Emmelie de Forest was able to take Denmark's third victory. With 281 points, she even got Denmark's highest number of points in the competition. Besides the final, Denmark also won the semi-finals. Denmark was also successful in 2014 and achieved another very good position with 9th place. From 2015, however, there was a low point in Denmark's ESC history since 2010. In 2015, Denmark failed to qualify for a final for the first time since 2007. Denmark also missed the final in 2016 and only took penultimate place in the semi-finals. For the first time since 2003 and 2004, Denmark was not represented in the ESC final for two years. Denmark did not reach the final again until 2017, even if it was very close with 10th place in the semifinals. But with 20th place in the final there was again only one disappointing place. In 2018 Rasmussen managed to get Denmark's first place in the top ten since 2014. With 9th place, the result of 2014 was even repeated. In 2019, Denmark was able to place itself on the left side of the table and took 12th place.

A total of 24 of the 48 entries ended up in the left half of the table. Overall, Denmark was eliminated only four times in the semi-finals and ended up in last place only once. In addition, the country was able to win the competition three times, once in second place and three times in third place. Denmark is thus one of the average successful countries in competition.

List of posts

Color legend: - 1st place. - 2nd place. - 3rd place. - Equal points with last place. - Eliminated in the semifinals / in the qualification / in the Eastern European preliminary decision. - no participation / not qualified. - Cancellation of the Eurovision Song Contest.      

year	Interpreter	Song Music (M) and Text (T)	language	translation	final		Semi-final / qualification		National preliminary decision
					space	Points	space	Points
1957	Birthe Wilke & Gustav Winckler	Skibet should be included in M: Erik Fiehn; T: Poul Sørensen	Danish	The ship sets sail tonight	3/10	10	Direct participation		Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 1957
1958	Raquel Rastenni	Jeg rev et blad ud af min dagbog M / T: Sven Ulrik, Harry Jensen	Danish	I tore a sheet of paper from my diary	8/10	3			Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 1958
1959	Birthe Wilke	Uh, jeg ville ønske, jeg var dig M: Otto Lington ; T: Carl Andersen	Danish	Oh i wish i was you	5/11	12			Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 1959
1960	Katy Bødtger	Det var en yndig tid M: Vilfred Kjær; T: Sven Buemann	Danish	It was a nice time	10/13	4th			Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 1960
1961	Dario Campeotto	Angelique M / T: Aksel V. Rasmussen	Danish	Angelique	5/16	12			Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 1961
1962	Ellen Winther	Vuggevise M: Kjeld Bonfils ; T: Sejr Volmer-Sørensen	Danish	Lullaby	10/16	2			Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 1962
1963	Grethe & Jørgen Ingmann	Dansevise M: Otto Francker ; T: Sejr Volmer-Sørensen	Danish	Dance song	1  /16	42			Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 1963
1964	Bjørn Tidmand	Sangen om dig M: Aksel V. Rasmussen; T: Mogens Dam	Danish	The song about you	9/16	4th			Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 1964
1965	Birgit Bruel	For din skyld M: Jørgen Jersild; T: Poul Henningsen	Danish	Because of you	7/18	10			internal selection
1966	Ulla Pia	Stop - mens put he go M / T: Erik Kåre	Danish	Stop when it's at its best	14/18	4th			Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 1966
1967 to 1977	No participation
1978	Mabel	Boom boom M / T: Peter Nielsen, Andy Kulmbak, Michael Trempenau, Christian Have	Danish	Boom boom	16/20	13	Direct participation		Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 1978
1979	Tommy Seebach	Disco Tango M: Tommy Seebach; T: Keld Heick	Danish	Disco tango	6/19	76			Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 1979
1980	Bamses Venner	Tænker altid on dig M: Bjarne Gren Jensen; T: Flemming Jørgensen	Danish	I always think of you	14/19	25th			Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 1980
1981	Debbie Cameron & Tommy Seebach	Krøller eller ej M: Tommy Seebach; T: Keld Heick	Danish	Curl or not	11/20	41			Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 1981
1982	Brixx	Video, video M / T: Jens Brixtofte	Danish	Video, video	17/18	5			Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 1982
1983	Gry	Kloden drejer M: Flemming Gernyx, Lars Christensen, Christian Jacobsen; T: C. Jacobsen, F. Gernyx, Billy Cross	Danish	The globe turns	17/20	16			Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 1983
1984	Hot eyes	Det 'lige det M: Søren Bundgaard; T: Keld Heick	Danish	It is easy	4/19	101			Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 1984
1985	Hot eyes	Sku 'du spørg' fra no'en? M: Søren Bundgaard; T: Keld Heick	Danish	Mind your own business?	11/19	41			Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 1985
1986	Trax	You er fuld af løgn M / T: John Hatting	Danish	You are so lying	6/20	77			Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 1986
1987	Anne Cathrine Herdorf & Bandjo	En lille melodi M: Helge Engelbrecht; T: Jacob Jonia	Danish	A little melody	5/22	83			Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 1987
1988	Kirsten & Søren	Ka 'du se hva' jeg sa '? M: Søren Bundgaard; T: Keld Heick	Danish	Didn't I tell you	3/21	92			Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 1988
1989	Birthe Kjær	Vi painter byen rød M: Søren Bundgaard; T: Keld Heick	Danish	We're painting the city red	3/22	111			Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 1989
1990	Lonnie Devantier	Hello hello M: John Hatting, Torben Lendager; T: Keld Heick	Danish	-	8/22	64			Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 1990
1991	Not so Frandsen	League of the hvor hjetzt slår M / T: Michael Elo	Danish	Right where the heart beats	19/22	8th			Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 1991
1992	Kenny Lübcke & Lotte Nilsson	Old som ingen ser M / T: Carsten Warming	Danish	Everything that nobody sees	12/23	47			Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 1992
1993	Tommy Seebach Band	Under stjernerne på himlen M: Tommy Seebach; T: Keld Heick	Danish	Under the stars in the sky	22/25	9			Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 1993
1994	Not qualified
1995	Aud Wilken	Fra Mols til Skagen M: Lise Cabble , Mette Mathiesen; T: Lise Cabble	Danish	From Mols to Skagen	5/23	92	Qualified directly for the final		Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 1995
1996	Martin Loft & Dorthe Andersen	Kun med dig M: Jascha Richter; T: Keld Heick	Danish	Only with you	Not qualified qualifying round		25/29	22nd	Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 1996
1997	Kølig Kaj	Stemming i with liv M: Lars Pedersen; T: Thomas Lægård	Danish	The voice in my life	16/25	25th	Qualified directly for the final		Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 1997
1998	Not qualified
1999	Michael Teschl & Trine Jepsen	This Time I Mean It M / T: Ebbe Ravn	English	This time I mean it too	8/23	71	Qualified directly for the final		Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 1999
2000	Olsen Brothers	Fly on the Wings of Love M / T: Jørgen Olsen	English	Fly with the wings of love	1  / 24th	195			Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 2000
2001	Rollo & King	Never Ever Let You Go M: Søren Poppe; T: Thomas Brekling, Stefan Nielsen	English	Never let you go	2/23	177			Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 2001
2002	Malene Mortensen	Tell Me Who You Are M / T: Michael Ronson	English	Tell me who you are	24/24	7th			Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 2002
2003	Not qualified
2004	Tomas Thordarson	Shame on You M: Ivar Lind Greiner; T: Iben Plesner	English	You should be ashamed of yourself	Eliminated		13/22	56	Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 2004
2005	Jakob Sveistrup	Talking to You M / T: Andreas Mørck, Jacob Launbjerg	English	I'm talking to you	10/24	125	3/25	185	Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 2005
2006	Sidsel Ben Semmane	Twist of Love M / T: Niels Drevsholt	English	Twist of love	18/24	26th	Qualified directly for the final		Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 2006
2007	DQ	Drama Queen M / T: Simon Munk, P. Andersen, Claus Christensen	English	Drama queen	Eliminated		19/28	45	Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 2007
2008	Simon Mathew	All Night Long M / T: Nis Bøgvad, Svend Gudiksen, Jacob Launbjerg	English	The whole night long	15/25	60	3/19	112	Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 2008
2009	Niels Brinck	Believe Again M / T: Lars Halvor Jensen, Martin M. Larsson, Ronan Keating	English	Believe again	13/25	74	8/19	69	Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 2009
2010	Chanée & Tomas N'Evergreen	In a Moment Like This M: Thomas G: son, Henrik Sethsson, Erik Bernholm; T: Thomas G: son, Henrik Sethsson	English	At a moment like this	4/25	149	5/17	101	Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 2010
2011	A friend in London	New Tomorrow M: Lise Cabble; T: Jakob Schack Glæsner	English	New morning	5/25	134	2/19	135	Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 2011
2012	Soluna Samay	Should've Known Better M / T: Remee , Chief 1, Isam B. (from Outlandish )	English	Should have known better	23/26	21st	9/18	63	Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 2012
2013	Emmelie de Forest	Only Teardrops M / T: Lise Cabble, Julia Fabrin Jakobsen, Thomas Stengaard	English	only tears	1  / 26th	281	1/16	167	Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 2013
2014	Basim	Cliché Love Song M / T: Lasse Lindorff, Kim Nowak-Zorde, Daniel Fält, Basim	English	Cliché love song	9/26	74	Qualified directly for the final		Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 2014
2015	Anti social media	The Way You Are M / T: Remee , Lars "Chief 1" Pedersen	English	The way you are	Eliminated		13/16	33	Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 2015
2016	Lighthouse X	Soldiers of Love M / T: Sebastian F. Ovens, Daniel Lund Jørgensen, Katrine Klith Andersen, Søren Bregendal, Johannes Nymark, Martin Skriver	English	Soldiers of love	Eliminated		17/18	34	Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 2016
2017	Anja Nissen	Where I Am M / T: Anja Nissen, Angel Tupai, Michael D'Arcy	English	Where I am	20/26	77	10/18	101	Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 2017
2018	Rasmussen	Higher Ground M / T: Niclas Arn, Karl Eurén	English	Higher floor	9/26	226	5/18	204	Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 2018
2019	Leonora	Love Is Forever M / T: Lise Cabble, Melanie Wehbe, Emil Lei	English, French , Danish, German	Love is forever	12/26	120	10/18	94	Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 2019
2020	Ben & Tan	YES M / T: Emil Lei, Jimmy Jansson, Linnea Deb	English	Yes	Cancellation due to the COVID-19 pandemic by the EBU				Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 2020
2021									Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 2021

National preliminary decisions

DMGP logo from 2010 to 2014

Almost all Danish contributions were selected in a national preliminary decision under the title Dansk Melodi Grand Prix , only Birgit Brüel and her song were nominated directly by the DR in 1965. Over the years, the preliminary round took place in various forms:

System 1957 and 1959

In 1957 Birte Wilcke and Gustav Winckler presented a total of six titles, two of them each as solo artists and two together as a duo. A similar procedure was followed in 1959, when three artists presented the six titles in different combinations as soloists and duos.

"Classic preliminary decision" system

In the years 1958, 1960 to 1964, 1966 and 1978 to 2006, and therefore by far the most common, a "classic" preliminary decision was carried out. Between five and seventeen artists usually presented one title each (note: only Raquel Rastenni had two titles in the competition in 1958), and in the end the favorites were voted on.

2007 and 2008

In 2007, for the first time in Denmark - as has been the case in the other Scandinavian countries for years - preliminary rounds were held before the grand finals. A total of two semi-finals with eight singers each took place, of which the best four qualified for the final. The eliminated candidates still had a chance: two "last chance" rounds were held on the radio, in which the artists were able to secure the last two final tickets.

Since 2009

In 2009 the preliminary rounds were abolished and a single show was used as a preliminary decision. Ten performers at a time compete and three of them reach the superfinal, where the winner is then selected. This system made it into the finals every year up to 2015 and 2016. In addition, Denmark achieved three top 5 placements and a total of five top 10 placements.

Voting modes

In the early years, voting was usually carried out by a - mostly regionally split - jury. In 1964, for the first time, the audience was able to decide for themselves about the Danish contribution, as postcards were used to vote. The first telephone vote took place in 1992 and votes have also been held exclusively by televoting in 1996 and since 2004. In 1993 and 1999 to 2002, a mixture of jury and televoting was used to vote. In 2015 regional juries will be introduced again.

languages

Since Denmark did not take part in the first few years when there was no official language regulation (1973–1976), the country was able to have a contribution sung in English for the first time in 1999. From 1999 to 2018, all Danish contributions were presented entirely in English. In 2019, the song for the first time contained lines in English as well as lines in French. The song also contained a few lines in Danish and one line in German. It was the first time since 1997 that the Danish language appeared again in the Song Contest. It was also the first time that the Danish contribution contained German.

In the years 1999 to 2005 the rule was that all songs had to be presented completely in Danish in the preliminary round, so that there is also a Danish version of each of these years.

An English version of the majority of the songs was also recorded, especially in the second phase of participation from 1978, in which there are only four contributions, of which only one Danish version exists (1990, 1993, 1995 and 1997). Some songs were also recorded in German and in other Scandinavian languages.

Commercial success

The second Danish winning title -  Fly on the Wings of Love  - was commercially the most successful Danish contribution of all time internationally and reached the top 10 of the singles charts in some countries and number one in Denmark. The first Danish winning title was also a number one hit in its own country, but could not convince internationally, although the German version (with the original as B-side) reached number 49 in the charts in Germany. Jörgen Ingmann had some top 10 hits in Germany before and after he took part. Kun med dig , eliminated in the qualifying round in 1996, was a hit in the English version (Paint My Love) in some countries - especially in Asia. Emmelie de Forest reached number 5 in the German charts with her winning title, Soluna Samay at least number 51 and in Denmark always number 1.

List of conductors

year	conductor
1957	Kai Mortensen 2
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965	Arne Lamberth
1966
1967 to 1977	No participation
1978	Helmer Olesen
1979	Allan Botschinsky
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984	Henrik Krogsgård
1985	Wolfgang Beetle
1986	Egil Monn-Iversen
1987	Henrik Krogsgård
1988
1989	Henrik Krogsgård, Benoît Kaufman 1
1990	Henrik Krogsgård
1991
1992
1993	George Keller
1994	Not qualified
1995	Frede Ewert
1996	Not qualified
1997	Jan Glæsel
1998	Not qualified

¹ During the performance of the Danish contribution, Kaufman stepped up to the conductor's desk to replace Krogsgård, who was "invited" on stage by Birthe Kjær.

²Mortensen was also music director in 1964.

Competitions held

year	city	venue	Moderation
1964	Copenhagen	Tivolis Concert Hall	Lotte Wæver
2001		Parking stadium	Natasja Crone & Søren Pilmark
2014		B&W Hallerne	Nikolaj Koppel , Lise Rønne & Pilou Asbæk

DR also hosted the show on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the ESC:

year	city	venue	Moderation
2005	Copenhagen	Forum Copenhagen	Katrina Leskanich & Renārs Kaupers

Scoring

The following countries received the most points from or gave the most points to Denmark (as of 2019):

Most of the points awarded in the final space country Points 1  Sweden 349 2  Germany 193 3  Norway 170 4th  United Kingdom 153 5  Ireland 136

Most in the final received points space country Points 1  Norway 221 2  Sweden 214 3  Iceland 198 4th  Netherlands 142 5  Ireland 124

Most of the points awarded space country Points 1  Sweden 449 2  Norway 277 3  Germany 193 4th  Netherlands 192 5  Ireland 187

Most total obtained points space country Points 1  Sweden 307  Norway 307 3  Iceland 248 4th  Netherlands 218 5  Ireland 195

Award of the highest rating

Since 1978 Denmark has given the highest number of points to 13 different countries, including 13 times to Sweden. In the semifinals, on the other hand, Denmark awarded the maximum number of points to nine different countries, five of which went to Norway and Sweden.

Highest rating (final) year country Place (final) 1978  Spain 9 1979  Germany 4th 1980  Ireland 1 1981  Ireland 5 1982  Germany 1 1983  Yugoslavia 4th 1984  Sweden 1 1985  Norway 1 1986  Ireland 4th 1987  Germany 2 1988  Yugoslavia 6th 1989  Sweden 4th 1990  Switzerland 11 1991  Sweden 1 1992  United Kingdom 2 1993  France 4th 1994 Not qualified 1995  Sweden 5 1996 Not qualified 1997  United Kingdom 1 1998 Not qualified 1999  Iceland 2 2000  Iceland 12 2001  Malta 9 2002  Malta 2 2003 Not qualified 2004  Sweden 6th 2005  Norway 9 2006  Finland 1 2007  Sweden 18th 2008  Iceland 14th 2009  Norway 1 2010  Germany 1 2011  Ireland 8th 2012  Sweden 1 2013  Norway 4th 2014  Sweden 3 2015  Sweden 1 2016  Ukraine (J) 1  Sweden (T) 5 2017  Sweden (J&T) 5 2018  Germany (J & T) 4th 2019  Sweden (J) 5  Norway (T) 6th 2020 Competition canceled

Highest rating (semi-finals) year country Place (semifinals) 2004  Bosnia and Herzegovina 7th 2005  Norway 6th 2006  Sweden 4th 2007  Hungary 2 2008  Sweden 12 2009  Norway 1 2010  Sweden 11 2011  Sweden 1 2012  Russia 1 2013  Russia 2 2014  Netherlands 1 2015  Belgium 2 2016  Australia (J) 1  Belgium (T) 3 2017  Norway (J) 5  Bulgaria (T) 1 2018  Australia (J) 4th  Norway (T) 1 2019  Sweden (J) 3  Norway (T) 7th 2020 Competition canceled

various

• Since the introduction of televoting, Denmark has given Sweden the most points on average , namely 10.3. Denmark received the most points in this phase from Iceland - an average of 10.5.
• DQ, winner of the Danish preliminary decision in 2007, did not even reach a place in the top five in the second semi-final and had to qualify via the “last chance”.
• In 1963, in Denmark's first year of winners, there was a small scandal in the evaluation: Norway had to read out its points twice, with the results being completely different: after the first evaluation, Switzerland would have won and only after the revision did Denmark make it to first place.

Impressions

• 

  Birthe Wilke & Gustav Winckler 1957

• 

  Raquel Rastenni 1958

• 

  DQ 2007

• 

  Simon Mathew 2008

• 

  Chanée & Tomas N'Evergreen 2010

• 

  A Friend in London 2011

• 

  Emmelie de Forest 2013

• 

  Basim 2014

• 

  Anti Social Media 2015

• 

  Lighthouse X 2016

• 

  Anja Nissen 2017

• 

  Rasmussen 2018

• 

  Leonora 2019

Individual evidence

1. ↑ 1956: Gran Premio Eurovisione Della Canzone Europea in Lugano. In: Eurovision website. NDR, accessed on May 15, 2015 . 
2. ↑ geocities.ws
3. ↑ geocities.ws
4. ↑ geocities.ws
5. ↑ geocities.ws
6. ↑ geocities.ws
7. ↑ geocities.ws
8. ↑ diggiloo.net
9. ↑ charts-surfer.de
10. ↑ Detailed overview: conductors for Denmark. Retrieved July 3, 2018 . 
11. ↑ geocities.ws

literature

• Jan Feddersen: A song can be a bridge . Hoffmann and Campe, 2002