Gender equitable language

Gender equitable language describes a language that aims to express gender equality . This also includes suggestions for changing the language system in terms of vocabulary , spelling or even grammar . “ Gender ” is used when a text is created or rewritten according to the specifications of gender-equitable formulation. To avoid the ambiguous word “gender” ( linguistic / biological ), the designation gender-appropriate language is increasingly used (see gender and gender identity ), including gender-sensitive , gender - inclusive , gender- neutral and non-sexist language .

The terminology was shaped in particular by feminist linguistics and supplemented with concrete proposals for language and writing reform. The most influential representatives in the German-speaking area since the 1970s have been Luise F. Pusch and Senta Trömel-Plötz , who together with Marlis Hellinger and Ingrid Guentherodt published “Guidelines for Avoiding Sexist Use of Language” in the early 1980s. Some of the demands of these theorists have found their way into the language change of the last decades; many linguistic conventions that are criticized by the (quite heterogeneous) feminist language criticism , however, persist to this day.

In a gender-appropriate language, two main paths are taken:

• Visualization calls always express the biological gender , even if the female designation by Movierung from the male word gives (teachers); no order is given (students) .
• Neutralization avoids any reference to the biological sex of refereed people (teachers, students) .

Theoretical foundations in German

Parts of this and the following paragraph have been out of date since 2018 and will be updated by the end of August 2020.

→ Main article : Discrimination against women with and in language

A basic thesis of feminist language criticism is that the dominance of men in society is also expressed in the structure and vocabulary of a language. In the relationship between men and women, feminist linguists observe a "fundamental asymmetry" and therefore describe the German language "in its structure and its lexicon [as] sexist and androcentric ". This male dominance in the language in turn consolidates the subordinate position of women. In this regard, a change in language is considered necessary in order to advance the equality of women in society on the path of a linguistically triggered change in awareness (compare the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis ). The main aim here is to make women “visible” in language and thus help them to be adequately represented in linguistic communication.

The conventional generic masculine ( nouns with masculine gender and the article "der") are used in the singular to designate a man, a specific person of unknown gender or an indefinite person of any gender - who can also be a woman - and in the plural to designate groups, that are purely male or mixed sexes. In many cases, there are also derived ( movierte ) word forms with the morpheme { -in (nen) } for such masculine nouns , which specifically designate a female person or a group of women. An example of the generic masculine noun is “ salesperson ”, because this word can both specifically mean a male salesperson and can also be used generically , i.e. regardless of gender - while “saleswoman (s)” refers exclusively to persons of the female gender.

There are in the German language no generic feminine for men - feminine words such as person, teacher, hostage or orphan can not be used in a generic way because they inherently linguistically unrelated to biological gender ( sex ) of Referentierten produce. In order to identify the biological gender of the person concerned, an adjective must be added: a female person, the male teacher, several different-gender hostages .

This "asymmetry" (difference of sides) between the generalizing use of masculine personal names and the absence of feminine personal names is criticized primarily by feminist linguists as androcentric (the man as the norm ). Gender-equitable language should avoid this asymmetry or eliminate it entirely. Its aim is to achieve linguistic equality between the sexes either by making all genders visible or by neutralizing gender aspects. In the case of visualization or "both naming" (pair form, double naming), the masculine and feminine designations are always used together and, if necessary, in alternating order. This is the preferred method even for separate lexemes (“Dear Sir or Madam”). The neutralization already given in some languages ​​is achieved through the choice or creation of words or word forms that are not identical with the designation for a gender and are therefore neutral in the narrower sense of the word. In this way, the sexualities of people are made invisible.

In the pioneering days of feminist linguistics, the empirically verifiable question of whether women really did not feel “included” by the generic masculine was not pursued, but this was postulated as a basic assumption. In psycho- and sociolinguistic experiments it was later proven several times that readers and listeners, largely regardless of their gender, think prototypically of a man and not of a gender-indeterminate person when a masculine word stimulus (such as “a doctor”) is used; however, the effect also occurs, albeit less strongly, with a neutral (such as “a child”) or almost neutral stimulus (such as “a person” or “a person”). This suggests that the sexism criticized in linguistic usage is not, or at least not primarily, based on the language system, but rather lies in the experience and acceptance of social reality; so it is more a sociological than a linguistic phenomenon. The gender bias disappears with the explicit mention of both (a doctor) and with separate lexemes (a man or a woman) ; however, this does not apply, or only to a limited extent, to short forms of all kinds ("medical practitioner", "medical practitioner", "medical practitioner", "medical practitioner", "medical practitioner", "medical practitioner", "medical practitioner ( m / f) "). The full pair form should be used for lawyers . However, the written interior I and the pronounced shortening could lead to a feminine bias.

The linguist Gisela Klann-Delius explains that the results of the studies on the generic masculine as a whole indicate that the generic masculine is interpreted as masculine, although the reason for this generally gender-specific interpretation of the generic masculine is not yet clearly known, and that It cannot be asserted with certainty that these studies, which were carried out almost exclusively with student subjects, could be generalized to other groups. Studies carried out on other subjects (such as children or people with a non-university background) also came to the conclusion that the generic masculine is not understood as “generic” or gender-neutral, but rather as gender-specific masculine. See generic masculine #androcentrism .

According to the linguist Gabriele Diewald , empirical studies from linguistics , cognitive psychology, psycholinguistics , educational science, media and text studies, which were carried out with different methods over the course of 30 years, all came to similar results. “By using the so-called generic masculine, women are not represented mentally, or not adequately. Men appear in the mental representation as prototypical copies of the respective content of the personal designation. "

See also : Critique of the Basic Assumptions of Feminist Linguistics

Gender Equitable Language Strategies

Visualization

Reminder of gender-sensitive language on the lectern of the Lanzenkirchen parish church in Lower Austria (2017): “Sisters and brothers!
Brothers and sisters!"

The "visualization" tries to make the intended genders recognizable and to name them explicitly. Here, the designation of both names is more common than pair form or double name. In the case of both names, a separate personal name is usually given and linked for the male and female gender: women and men - teachers - dear reader - firefighters and firefighters . Feminine terms usually have feminine suffixes, often translated with -in .

Various abbreviations have developed in the use of script. Because articles and adjectives in the plural are not gender-dependent, the formulation is often simplified compared to two different singular forms. The zero plural , as is the case with Nomina Agentis on … er (the teacher: the teacher) , makes abbreviations such as the teacher or teacher easier - except in the dative - compared to other forms in which the plural suffix is ​​considered must be like for the professors / inside or the professor (inn) s .

The repeated mention of both genders in full form is sometimes perceived as "clumsy and difficult to read" ( e.g. employees ). The Duden editorial team provides 2011 on the possible reduction of Beidnennung only the slash with omission line (staff / -inside) or bracketing : employee (s) . In contrast, the guidelines of the Swiss Federal Chancellery from 2009  do not consider bracketing the feminine ending - e.g., teacher - to be an appropriate solution, because brackets usually contain information that is not necessary for immediate understanding and can therefore be overlooked. It is also said that personal designations with graphic characters such as slashes, ellipses or inner I are less suitable for continuous texts, in contrast to concise text passages, incomplete sentences or informal texts.

Grammatical correctness is not always clarified when using such abbreviations. For example, the Duden editorial team in 2011 recommends that the form employees should be preferred to employees because the variant without an ellipsis would be "incorrect". In 2009, the Federal Chancellery listed both spellings in their guidelines on gender-equitable wording in German , but recommends using the spelling without a hyphen for official publications.

Both naming

When naming both sexes (including full pair form, double naming), an attempt is made to avoid ambiguity by explicitly naming both sexes : all students, dear colleagues .

In several studies it could be shown that the test persons associate both names with female persons more than it is the case with generic masculines. The Duden editorial team also supports the naming of the forms .

Abbreviations

Bracket notations

Spellings with brackets are particularly common when the movement suffix does not appear at the end of the word, but inside the word: Kolleg (inn) en , Lehrer (inside) training . However, they are also used at the end of the word: teacher . The Duden indicates that they can only be considered if the word variant that is not in brackets is spelled as correctly as the entire word; Spellings like * doctor or * doctor are therefore not permitted.

Slash spellings

Spellings with a slash (students) were most widespread in the mid-1970s. The Duden editors consider it admissible only if the feminine is actually formed by simply adding the movement suffix. For words like colleague (male form with its own suffix) or doctor (female form with umlaut), both forms must be written out in full. In 2009 the Swiss Federal Chancellery recommends the spelling with a slash for official publications, but only in shortened text passages, especially in tables.

One study showed that slash spellings rather than generic masculine or internal I evoke an equal distribution of female and male speakers.

Inland I

→ Main article : Inland I

The Binnen-I (teachers) is associated with left and feminist positions in German and is therefore often not accepted for official use of the script. Among the most widespread newspapers in whose articles the Binnen-I is used are the left-wing Swiss weekly WOZ ; the Berlin daily taz used the spelling in the 1980s.

A study from 1993 shows that the internal I in test subjects rather than the generic masculine leads to the naming of female speakers. From 1999 on, however, it was repeatedly shown in studies that the use of the Binnen-I in test subjects led to an overrepresentation of female speakers. The psychologist Lisa Irmen suspects that the internal I is processed by the readers like a feminine, and has therefore argued that in this respect it is by no means a gender-neutral alternative.

Gender sign

The gender gap (teachers) became popular as an alternative to the Binnen-I from 2003; the underscore is intended to create “a place” between the male and female word forms for other genders and gender identities .

The gender asterisk (teachers) has been spreading since 2010 and is used like a wildcard to address and include all genders . A further development from 2019 is the gender colon : teachers .

Other forms

The feminist linguist Luise F. Pusch  - pioneer of gender equitable language - has been advocating the sole use of the generic feminine in personal designations since 1980 : “The feminine also visibly contains the masculine: teacher is clearly contained in teacher. The feminine is the basic form, the masculine the shrinking form ”(see also Pusch's criticism of the gender star ). As of 2012, some groups and authorities have exclusively introduced feminine designations in certain areas of application.

As of 2014, Lann Hornscheidt proposed an alternative “gender x”: einx gutx Lehrx (a good teacher) or 2019 dex Radfahrex (the cyclist); Hornscheidt claims the gender-neutral title Profex Drex ( Prof. Dr. ) for himself .

Comparison and problem

The following overview compares different forms of writing, naming both genders, using examples with companions and problem cases:

designation	an official	the witness	every lawyer	the judge	the teachers	a good farmer
Both names (pair form)	a civil servant	the witness	every lawyer	the judges	the teachers	a good farmer
	a civil servant	the witness	every lawyer	the judges	the teachers	a good farmer
slash	a civil servant	the witness	every lawyer	the judges	the teachers	a good farmer
	a civil servant	the witness	every lawyer	the judges	the teachers	a good farmer
Bracket	a civil servant	the witness	every lawyer	the judges	the teacher n	a good farmer
Gender gap (underscore)	a civil servant	the witness	every attorney	the judges	the teachers	a good ba. u er_in_n
Gender asterisk	a civil servant	d * witness * in	every lawyer,	the judges	the teachers	a good builder
Inland I	an officer	the witness	every lawyer	the judges	the teachers	a good farmer

Even where nouns allow a short spelling, they can lead to problems, because the articles or pronouns in front of masculine and feminine nouns in the singular differ in their inflection in all cases. The optional adjectives in between, however, sometimes have the same ending , such as the employee responsible . With heavily inflected adjectives, personal designations are mostly in the plural, e.g. responsible clerks . The same applies to personal pronouns (he / she) as to the other pronouns, only in the genitive they differ, in that they have the ending -er in both sexes , but different stems.

Inflection of German nominal attributes in masculine and feminine

case	(	d [ies] - + weak						/	[_] a - + mixed						/	strong		)	noun		↤	pronoun
Nom		- he	⸚ e	[	- e		]		-∅	- e	[	- he	- e	]		- he	- e		-∅ / - n	-∅		e r	si e
Acc		- en			- en	- e			- en			- en				- en			-∅			ih n
Date		- em	- he		- en				- em	- he		- en				- em	- he		-∅ / - e	-∅		ih m	your r
gene		- it							- it							- en			- s / - n			be him	you he

Some lexemes (possibly as the right part of compounds) and derivative morphemes do not allow the usual movement with -in or offer alternatives to it.

The following overview shows borderline and special cases of visualization:

designation	Gender obscured	Gender visible
Lexeme replacement	Nurse	Nurse (next to nurse )
Lexeme distinction	midwife	Obstetrician (next to midwife )
	whore	Hustler (neither Stricherin nor a sodomite )
	stupid donkey	stupid cow
Partial lexeme distinction	Merchant	clerk
	Hostel father (hostel parents)	Hostel mother
attribute	apprentice	female apprentice
	Engineers	male engineers
Symbolic attribute	Admin	Admin (f)
	Temporary help	Aushilfe (m)
	AU Pair	Aupair ♀
Abbreviation suffix	Prof. (Professor)	Prof. in
	Ltr. (Head)	Ltr. In
	BM (Mayor)	BMin
Separate acronyms	FA (specialist doctor)	FÄ
	WC	D.
symbol	?	?
Hypercorrection	Azubi (trainees)	Trainee
	human	Human
	Refugee, bully	Refugee, bully
	Fool, assholes	Fools, assholes
	Orphan, whore	Waisin, Hurin
Hyper-parallelization	one; anyone; someone	woman; every woman; jefraud
Morphematic reactivation	Magister	Magistra
	doctor	Doctrix
	Muslim	Muslim woman
Alternate	The participants liked it a lot. ... None of the participants regretted it. ... The participants want to come back.	The participants liked it a lot. ... None of the participants regretted it. ... The participants want to come back.
designation	Gender obscured	Gender visible

With the alternating form, you can switch between the female and the male form by sentence, paragraph or chapter.

Since consistently replacing the generic masculine with both names can reduce the legibility of texts, linguistic creativity with more skilful formulations is often recommended instead. There are handouts that contain many examples of gender-neutral formulations, such as a brochure from the Ministry of Justice, Women, Youth and Family of the State of Schleswig-Holstein.

Generic use of masculine with explicit explanation

Some authors note at the beginning of their text (often in a footnote ) that the masculine used by them should be understood as generic masculine. Such clauses are consistently rejected in feminist linguistics as unsuitable for gender-equitable language. The psychologist Lisa Irmen believes that this is by no means gender-neutral either.

neutralization

As an alternative to the generic use of grammatically masculine person names, neutralization through the use of gender-neutral expressions is suggested. A distinction is made between different types:

• grammatically neutral nouns ( neuter ): the individual
• non-differentiating plural forms: the employees, the students
• Designations of persons that have a grammatical gender ( gender ) but are non- gender specific in terms of content ( semantically sex- indifferent): the person, the person, the teacher, the staff, the staff

After the introduction of the third gender option “ diverse ” (2018 in Germany and 2019 in Austria), both names are increasingly being avoided in favor of gender-neutral formulations: teachers (instead of teachers ). Diverse-sex people with non-binary gender identity should not feel excluded by pair formulas with masculine and feminine word forms ( inclusion ). Gender-neutral personal designations and descriptive formulations are supported by the Duden Handbook Gender Equitable Language 2020.

Reformulation

We also recommend replacing formulations with a generic masculine (we wish all employees ...) with unmistakable formulations: We wish (you) all ...

In 2005, ETH Zurich recommends in the eighth of its Twelve Language Rules: "If you work out a text first in the male form and only add the female form later, it usually looks boring, artificial and cumbersome." A sentence should not start with The Participants the seminar entitled ... and then reformulated into the participants of the seminar are entitled ... but be formulated equal neutral: participation in the seminar entitled ... .

In 2006, the Goethe-Institut recommended creativity in order to achieve “good gender equitable language” on the one hand and to avoid “gender grotesque language errors” that become “caricatures” and destroy the flow of language on the other.

According to the still valid 2009 guidelines of the Swiss Federal Chancellery, unfamiliar and less widespread formations from the participle I such as pedestrians should be avoided.

The following list shows gender-neutral alternatives for conventional formulations with masculine word forms - by neutralizing or paraphrasing any reference to gender is omitted:

method	conventional masculine formulation	gender-neutral reformulation
Noun adjectives	the alcoholics	the alcohol addicts
substantiated participles I	students	Students
	Participants, trainers, spacemen	Participants, trainers, space travelers
substantiated participles II	the workers , the parliamentarians	the employees , the MPs
past participle	Publisher: ..., Sender: ..., Author: ...	published by ..., sent by ..., written by ...
Function designation	the managing director	The Board
	Contact Person	Contact person , contact
abstraction	the businessman	the merchants
	the teacher	the teacher
	the colleagues	the college
	Director and writer	Direction and script
synonym	the team	the team
	the listeners	the public
	Maiden name	Birth Name
Adjectives	Wheelchair access	Wheelchair-accessible, ground-level or barrier-free access
attributed generics	the person concerned, the person entitled to vote	the person concerned, the voting member
description	Customer service, pedestrian walkway	Customer advice, sidewalk
Acronym , abbreviation	college student	Studi
	professor	Prof.
	the employee	d. Employees
	Pupils	SuS
Passive form	The employee receives the child allowance with the wages.	The child allowance is paid with the wages.
combination	the farmer	the agricultural person

Comprehensibility of alternative formulations

"Against gender-fair alternatives to the generic masculine, the objection is often that they impair the quality and cognitive processing of texts."

In some social and linguistic studies, the acceptance and comprehensibility of gender-sensitive language were examined. The subjective assessment of the intelligibility of gender-equitable forms of language can be rated as high in all studies. Rothmund and Christmann found no significant differences in terms of the subjective intelligibility of the various forms of language.

Rothmund, Christmann (2002)

In a study from 2002, 220 people rated texts in terms of three comprehensibility measures (legibility, linguistic conciseness , content interest) and linguistic aesthetics as another aspect of text quality. There were no significant differences between generic masculine and different alternative forms (such as both naming, use of the word “persons”, mixture with generic masculine) in terms of subjective intelligibility. There was only a significant effect with regard to the subjective assessment of the linguistic aesthetics, which turned out to be worse when using both names in combination with the replacement by the word “person” than when using the generic masculine.

Braun et al. (2007)

In order to empirically investigate this question, a study by Braun and others from 2007 examined how well the test participants processed and reproduced the content of a text which, in terms of the form of the personal designation - generic masculine, denomination with neutralization, internal I - varied. In addition, the test subjects rated the text with regard to various characteristics of the text quality (understandability, quality of the wording and legibility). With regard to the criterion of processing and memory, there were no differences: female and male participants showed a similarly good processing and memory performance in all three forms of language. According to the authors of this study, the results show that gender-sensitive texts can be processed as successfully as texts with generic masculine names. According to the authors, a special feature of the study is that "not only - as in previous studies - the subjective assessment of various features of text quality was recorded, but also the ability to remember information in the text as an objective criterion for successful information processing."

Blake, Klektiven (2010)

In 2010, Blake and Klektiven had 204 test subjects read a message text and subject it to a subjective assessment of readability and text aesthetics. In addition, the required reading time per character was measured as a further indicator of readability. The message text used either generic masculine personal names, pair forms, internal I-forms or gender-neutral formulations. With regard to the respondents' subjective legibility assessments and their assessment of the linguistic aesthetics, there were no significant differences between the generic masculine and the three alternative forms of personal designation. The reading time per character was identical for the generic masculine and the pair forms with gender-neutral formulations (each 57.8 milliseconds per character). The exception was the reading time for the Binnen-I variants, which were read on average 4.6 milliseconds per character slower than the other person names. The results were replicated in a second study on 325 test persons .

Guidelines and guides

The first guidelines for avoiding the use of sexist language in German were written by the four linguists Senta Trömel-Plötz , Marlis Hellinger , Ingrid Guentherodt and Luise F. Pusch and published in 1980 in the specialist journal Linguistic Reports . On six pages, the authors juxtaposed many examples of “sexist language” with “gender-equitable alternatives”. They named institutions that teach language, such as schools and universities, and those that spread language, such as the media and publishing houses, as target groups.

In Austria, public discussions about the principle of equal treatment in job advertisements resulted in the Federal Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs entrusting the linguist Ruth Wodak with an empirical study. It should examine the problem and make recommendations from a sociolinguistic and linguistic point of view. The brochure Linguistic Equal Treatment of Women and Men , published in 1987, was aimed at a broad public and is considered the first linguistic application aid for linguistic equality in Austria.

At the international level, “sexist use of language” was discussed at the 24th general conference of UNESCO in 1987. This was followed by a resolution that advocated making women visible in language. In 1989 brochures appeared with guidelines for non-sexist language use in French and English, which the linguist Marlis Hellinger and the Romance scholar Christine Bierbach implemented on behalf of the German Commission for UNESCO with the brochure One Language for Both Sexes in 1993.

In 1993, the linguist Ingrid Guentherodt developed practical explanations with examples of linguistic equal treatment and making women visible in German legal language and in legal texts .

According to a research report by the University of Geneva from 2017, recommended literature on the use of gender-sensitive language has grown steadily in Switzerland since 1990 . Each university and technical college has its own set of guidelines, numerous city administrations, companies and other institutions provide application aids or publish advice. Recommended texts are not binding per se. With language-regulating texts, for example for authorities, they have the common purpose of establishing gender-equitable use of language within administrations.

Universities, authorities and equal opportunities offices in Germany and Austria also publish language guides for gender-sensitive spelling. Suggestions for gender-equitable or gender-inclusive personal designations are made, which include people who see themselves as intersex or as queer in terms of self-designation . The suggested abbreviations include the gender gap (student ) and the gender asterisk (student) in appropriate places in the text. At universities, the guidelines generally apply to internal and external communication and job advertisements, but not to academic work. According to the head of the Duden editorial team, Kathrin Kunkel-Razum , gender-sensitive writing is now required for bachelor's theses in humanities subjects .

In a statement from November 2018, the German Spelling Council recommended a number of basic requirements for gender-sensitive texts, whereby attention should be paid to the different target groups and functions of texts. Gender equitable texts should:

• be factually correct
• understandable and legible his
• be readable (especially for visually impaired or blind people and in relation to screen readers or Braille displays )
• Ensure legal certainty and clarity
• be transferable with regard to German-speaking countries with several official and minority languages
• Ensure that readers or listeners have the opportunity to concentrate on the essential facts and key information

Colleges

Many universities of the three DA-CH -countries published own voice guidance with partly different proposals on gender- equitable or -neutral language to avoid the generic masculine . One of the first in Germany in 1999 was the guideline on gender equality language - is this really unimportant? from the Equal Opportunities Officer at the University of Passau . One of the earliest is the 32-page guide to gender equality in language and image from the University of Linz from January 2009 . A study from 2011 examined 12 university equality concepts awarded by the German Research Foundation and assessed 95 to 99% of the terms used in them as “gender-equitable” (denomination, slash, neutralization); Gender equitable wording was found on the websites of the universities concerned in 82% of all cases.

In 2017, the research project “Gender Equitable Language in Theory and Practice” (headed by Gabriele Diewald ) examined the 80 German language guides that universities and technical colleges had published up to then (30 to 40% of all universities). As a rule, the guidelines did not have the character of a binding service order, but were advice on gender-appropriate formulation options. While the early guides were written by linguists , this was subsequently done by the equality bodies themselves; It was not always clear who had developed the proposals. There was no uniformity in linguistic practice.

Gender-appropriate, gender-sensitive language

After the constitutional rulings on the third gender option " diverse " in Germany in 2017 and Austria in 2018, many equal opportunities officers, in consultation with management bodies and specialist departments, adapted their internal recommendations and guidelines in order to also take into account other genders and gender identities in official communication (" Inter- und Trans * -People"). Accordingly, terms such as “gender-sensitive” or “gender-sensitive language” are increasingly being used to illustrate social inclusion .

Almost all publicly published university guidelines now recommend gender-neutral formulations (students ... everyone who studies) , and in some cases they emphasize this. While many guidelines still recommend the use of both ( students , or the other way around ), others reject this as a bisexual solution, as well as the slash or the internal I. Some universities give special recommendations for abbreviated spellings, especially for short texts - many recommend the gender asterisk to make all genders visible, including the Association of the Nine German Universities of Technology ( TU9 ). The following list contains a selection of the recommendations, sorted by country (as of May 2020):

• Gender star : employees *inside  24 = 80% of 30 guides
• Colon : employees :inside  0 2 = 07%
• Gender Gap : employees _inside q 16 = 53%
• Slash : Employees /inside  0 9 = 30%
• 000 Inland I : employees Innen 0rr 5 = 17%

University	Recommendation for abbreviations	since	*	:	_	/	i	...
University of Aachen (RWTH)	Employees Professors the students the officers	09/30/2017	*		_	/	i
ASH Berlin	Employees Women * commissioned, male *, students	01/24/2017	*		_
University of Berlin (HU)	User regulations Speaker's desk ff-  Bisexual: out of date	December 01, 2019	*		_			m / f
University of Berlin (TU)	one research assistant, women the dean, graduates ff-  nothing bisexual	02/05/2020	*		_			m / f
Bielefeld University	something for everyone, the teacher	07/01/2019	*
University of Bonn	PhD students, experts	02/11/2019	*
University of Darmstadt (TU)	Staff, one student Employees, a scientist	03/01/2017	*		_
University of Dresden (TU)	Employees: inside ff-  nothing bisexual	January 15, 2020		:				m / f
University of Düsseldorf	Scientists, the author Students, one student Employees, the head of the department	07/01/2017	*		_	/
Erlangen-Nuremberg University	Employees, everyone, speakers	July 31, 2019				/
University of Frankfurt	the viewer, expert status	09/20/2016	*
Greifswald University	the student, a student ff-  nothing bisexual	09/01/2019	*					m / f
University of Hamburg	Lecturers ff-  nothing bisexual	05/01/2019	*					m / f
University of Kassel	the student, staff the student, staff ff-  nothing bisexual	04/01/2019	*		_			m / f
University of Cologne	Student newspaper  (preferred) Female students the author, the professors	02/19/2020	*		_	/
University of Constance	Speakers  (in exceptional cases)	01/22/2020	*
University of Leipzig	central equal opportunities officer: colleagues Basic order 2013: generic feminine for functions	23/10/2019			_			F.
University of Lueneburg	the employees, employees  (recommended)	04/30/2020	*
University of Marburg	the dean Interns Female students Addressees	10/01/2016	*		_	/	i
University of Munich (TU)	Female students Female students	01/01/2020	*		_
University of Potsdam	Female students Employees Senate Rules of Procedure 2013: generic feminine for functions	05/11/2020	*		_			F.
University of Stuttgart	Actors, the cooperation partner	March 24, 2020	*
University of Vechta	Teachers, teachers  (recommended) Teacher, teachers	28.03.2018	*		_
University of Weimar (Bauhaus)	one student, doctoral candidate  (recommended) every student Student: in ff-  nothing bisexual	April 27, 2020	*	:	_			m / f
University of Wuppertal	Colleagues, every student  (recommended)	October 01, 2019	*
Austrian Ministry of Education	a student, the conductor	11/21/2018				/
University of Graz (Medicine.)	Patients, patients Patients	08/01/2014				/	i
University of Linz	Supervisor, all colleagues one student, all colleagues	01/01/2009				/	i
University of Vienna	Readers  (recommended) Readers Readers ( apostrophe ) ff-  nothing bisexual	December 01, 2019	*		_			m / f
University of Bern	Employees  (only if space is limited) of the professor (only with both names)	03/01/2017				/	i
University of Zurich	Researcher (with or without internal I ) Employees Professors	05/01/2018	*		_	/
University	Recommendation for abbreviations	since	*	:	_	/	I	...

Legal situation

→ Main article : Laws and official regulations on gender-equitable language

For the use of language in the public service and in the school service, the use of gender-neutral forms is mandatory in some German federal states (in the state of Berlin since 1991). According to European law , job advertisements must be formulated “gender neutral”; in long versions of splitting forms, the female form is usually given first. In addition to personal pronouns and personal designations, the declined adjectives and articles are occasionally used as bisexuals. European equal treatment laws such as the German General Equal Treatment Act follow an EU directive and stipulate the job titles in job advertisements to be “gender-neutral”. "Controller (m / f / d)" is used especially in English terms such as "Controller", even if the movied form "Controllerin" would be possible with sufficient German.

Until a few years ago, the discussion focused on the differentiation between male and female through masculine and feminine forms in language and writing, but the legal gender of intersex people moved into the focus of the public through two decisions: in Germany through a decision of the Federal Constitutional Court of October 10, 2017, in Austria by ruling by the Constitutional Court on June 15, 2018, which confirmed the right to recognition of a third gender in the civil status register. According to the German Spelling Council, the right of people who do not feel they belong to either the male or the female sex to be appropriately described in language and in writing is “a matter that should also be reflected in the written language”. The testing phase of various names of the third gender proceeds at different speeds and intensities in the countries of the German-speaking area. Since December 22, 2018, the law to change the information to be entered in the birth register has been in force in Germany, which has introduced the new category “ diverse ” for intersex people . For job advertisements this means that they must be written in a gender-neutral manner.

Acceptance of gender-sensitive language

The feminist linguist Marlis Hellinger found in 1983 that "only 10–15% of those surveyed were willing" to adopt the guidelines for gender-equitable formulation (paired formulations, gender-neutral personal names) "without restriction in their own language use."

In 1997, Eichhoff-Cyrus and Dietrich examined the acceptance of certain forms of formulations in legal texts in a representative opinion poll. They found that 42% of the more than 700 respondents preferred neutral formulations, 37% preferred terms and 19% preferred the generic masculine term.

On the initiative of the Austrian government, the Austrian national anthem was supposed to be changed in 2005 and the words “Heimat are you big sons” and “Vaterland” replaced by “Heimat big daughters, sons” and “Heimatland” in the song. A survey by the Austrian opinion research institute OGM, which was carried out in 2005 on behalf of the daily newspaper Kurier , showed that 70% of the population rejected a change in the Austrian national anthem. In November 2011, the amendment of the Austrian national anthem was finally decided by parliament.

In the context of legal texts, Steiger and Irmen 2007 also examined the acceptance of generic masculine, gender-neutral and both names. The results show a broad acceptance of gender-neutral forms of designation, which were judged to be more gender-fair than the other two alternatives. In 2011, the study by Steiger and Irmen was repeated on three groups of test subjects : lawyers, people over the age of 60 and people without an academic background. The result of the 2007 study was confirmed. The participants showed a high level of acceptance for gender-neutral designations (such as those entitled to vote ).

An English-language study showed that the good acceptance of gender-equitable language positively influences the assessment of people who use gender-equitable formulations. Participants read transcripts from a counseling session in which counselors used either the generic he or the inclusive phrase she or he . The participants rate the counselors who use gender equitable forms as “less sexist” and show more willingness to seek out these counselors.

In July 2014, around 800 people, including university professors, teachers and journalists, criticized the gender-sensitive language in an open letter to the Austrian Minister of Education and Women's Affairs and the Austrian Minister of Science. The signatories, including the German publicist Bastian Sick , call for a "return to linguistic normality" and call on the ministers to "put a stop to the proliferation of linguistic 'gendering'".

According to a survey carried out by the opinion research institute Unique research in 2014 for the news magazine profil , 55% of the Austrian population are in favor of gender-equitable language, 40% are against.

A study by Julia Wesian at the Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster in 2007 came to the result: “There is a clear tendency for both sexes to not use gender-equitable formulations in the private sector in the future either. With 81.1%, even more test persons than test persons (76.2%) answered the question in the negative. ”According to this, 81.2% of the women surveyed stated that they had never been unsure about being spoken to, and 82.4% said they would never felt discriminated against by language. "The acceptance of gender-sensitive language is lower among younger people than among older people."

The communication scientist Christoph Klimt said: “The frequently [...] expressed demand for gender-sensitive text design and especially for linguistic gender equality contrasts with a blatantly reluctance of many authors to integrate such forms into their journalistic, scientific or other texts. "

In a representative survey by the opinion research institute INSA-Consulere , which was carried out in March 2019 on behalf of the German Language Association , the majority of those questioned rejected the gender-neutral language. According to this, 80% of the respondents do not use gender language privately, 74.6% also not at work. More than 50% perceive such regulations as annoying and 75.3% reject legal regulations on gender-neutral language . When asked how important gender language is for gender equality , more than 60% responded with “very unimportant” or “rather unimportant”. Even among the Green supporters, 60% answered “very unimportant” or “rather unimportant”. The information is similar across all genders, levels of education and federal states, although the rejection of the gender-neutral language increases slightly with the level of education. Among the FDP supporters, 87.3% think that gender language is discussed too much; 74.5% reject it, which is more than among AfD supporters. Among the Greens voters, 83.4% think that the gender-neutral language is being discussed too much; 52% reject it, although politicians from this party use such forms particularly often. The director of the Institute for German Language , Henning Lobin , does not consider these results to be sustainable. With the question "How important or unimportant is gender-sensitive language for equality of women in Germany in your opinion?" One does not learn anything about the acceptance of gender-fair formulations. One can see the use of gender-equitable language as desirable without believing that it is particularly important for the equality of women. Lobin also criticized the fact that in Heike Schmoll's contribution to the survey in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , “large parts of what was to appear shortly afterwards in the VDS press release were reproduced verbatim”.

Use in the media

In 2009 within the Second German Television a leaflet tips for a modern language on ZDF distributed with an accompanying word of the director Markus Schachter : "For 15 years the practice if you viewers true gender equitable language for official texts in the ZDF [...] and Want to reach viewers - then speak to both of you. ”At the end of 2014, Bayerischer Rundfunk published an internal flyer Faire Sprache with advice on avoiding the generic masculine in television and radio broadcasts and on websites.

In February 2019, Norddeutsche Rundfunk published the internal guideline Language creates awareness with “Suggestions for contemporary and fair language in the NDR. To be applied to texts of regulations, official communication and, if necessary, to editorial texts. ”In addition to gender-neutral or generalizing formulations, the use of gender asterisks is recommended. TV editors and moderators are advised to use both names and neutral names.

In March 2019, the public multi-country radio station Deutschlandradio distributed internal guidelines on gender-sensitive language in order to take a "further step towards freedom from discrimination and gender sensitivity ". It contains suggestions for internal communication as well as the three nationwide radio programs Deutschlandfunk , Deutschlandfunk Kultur and Deutschlandfunk Nova , for example: "Instead of: 'parliamentarians' - fair: 'members of parliament'". Artistic director Stefan Raue explained that the guideline is not mandatory, “but at the same time everyone should think about how we can better represent diversity ”. Former Family Minister Kristina Schröder criticized the guideline and remarked: “ Gender also leads to absurd contortions, such as B. 'deceased students'. "

The presenter Anne Will changed in her ARD talk show with a voiceless glottic stroke when pronouncing personal names , which a Spiegel commentary in May 2020 recorded positively (“Shareholders: inside”, see also gender colon ). Will tweeted that she had been gendered for a long time, but that it only seemed to attract attention since then, "Doctors" has been clearly spoken of in the film recordings. At the beginning of 2018, Will caused a sensation by incorrectly gendering “members” - the feminine word ending -in is never appended to a plural form deviating from the singular, and a grammatically neutral person name such as “the member ” cannot be used in a feminine form. In fact, this wrong expression can be found in numerous documents, for example in February 2020: "Dear members of Hertha BSC ". A use has already been proven for 2011, when even the German Association of Germanists used the word formation.

A project on gender-sensitive language has been running at ARD Tagesschau since mid-2019. Radio Bremen only changes with both names (pair forms), the SWR recommends them and neutral formulations; Both stations do not want any abbreviated forms with a pause in speech ( gender gap ) when speaking . The news anchors Ingo Zamperoni and Claus Kleber have repeatedly used gender formulations. To this end, the Nordkurier asked ARD and ZDF in June 2020 whether and since when there had been official resolutions on gender in their programs. Such did not exist, but for years the editorial offices had been discussing the possibilities of gender-neutral or gender-neutral wording; Ultimately, it would be left to the parties involved in individual cases. The ZDF talk show host Markus Lanz declared that he deliberately did not use gender language.

In May 2020 Infratest dimap carried out a survey for Welt am Sonntag with the title reservations about gender-neutral language . Telephone interviews were conducted with 1008 people to the question: "How do you feel about the use of such gender language in the press, radio and television as well as on public occasions?" Two examples were given: the form with interior I in the word "voters" with short Speech pause before the capital "i" and as a neutral form "the listeners". 56% of the respondents tend to (26%) or completely (30%) reject such use - 35% are more or less in favor (19%) or completely (16%). Opposition was highest among the over-64s (62%), men (61%) and those with a medium level of education (60%) - support was highest among 18- to 39-year-olds (48%) ), among women (39%) and among people with a high level of education (49%). Regarding party supporters, the FDP had the highest rejection (76% to 24% pro), followed by CDU / CSU (64% to 30%) and AfD (64% to 16%) and the SPD (54% to 42%). Greens (37% versus 56%) and leftists (41% versus 59% pro) had the lowest rejection . Die Welt am Sonntag launched its online article under the heading Majority of women don't want gender asterisks with the statement: “The majority of Germans refuse to compulsively feminize the German language” and put the word gender language in quotation marks .

At the beginning of 2020, the media company news aktuell carried out an online survey of German press offices and PR agencies : a total of 53% of the 415 communicators surveyed rated the use of gender-sensitive language as "somewhat or completely unimportant" - 45% rated it as "somewhat or very much." important ". 92 communicators were surveyed in Switzerland, the results in detail:

German	Swiss	regulation
53%	-	rather unimportant: 36%, completely unimportant: 17%
45%	-	rather important: 29%, very important: 16%
45%	32%	have no uniform regulation
38%	70%	formulate gender-neutral (employees, students)
36%	60%	write out masculine and feminine form ( both naming )
19%	21%	use brackets / slashes (volunteer)
18%	21%	use Binnen-I (Voluntary)
14%	13%	use gender asterisks (volunteer)
02%	-	without specification
01 %	00%	use gender gap (volunteer)
12%	03%	do not use gender-sensitive language

Use in contemporary German literature

In contemporary German literature , gender-sensitive language is only used sporadically. In June 2018, the newspaper Die Zeit published a survey among 15 well-known authors from the German-language literary scene, in which the majority spoke out against the use of the inner I, asterisk or participles :

• Eva Menasse , Ingo Schulze , Thomas Hettche , Feridun Zaimoglu , Sibylle Lewitscharoff , Marcel Beyer , Martin Mosebach , Durs Grünbein and Marion Poschmann stated that they did not use anything of the kind in their literature.
• Sasha Marianna Salzmann , Fatma Aydemir , Kathrin Röggla , Thomas Meinecke , Clemens J. Setz and Ursula Krechel generally spoke out in favor of usability, but not in favor of exclusive use.

The Austrian writer Ann Cotten uses experimental forms of gendered language, which she calls “Polish gendering”. "All letters required for all genders come at the end of the word in any order". In 2019 she used the method in her novel Lyophilia and points out that the poet Monika Rinck also uses Polish gendering. "Greisenni", "Teilnehmernnie", "Betrachterni" and "Oberunterösterreichernnnie" appear in Cotten's novel. The arbitrary endings create an aesthetic alienation of gender-sensitive language.

In 2019, the science fiction novel Wasteland by Judith C. Vogt and Christian Vogt consistently uses gender-equitable formulations in fantasy literature . In an essay, the author explains that avoiding the generic masculine was a conscious experiment.

criticism

See also : Critique of the theoretical foundations of the concept of "gender-sensitive language"

Comprehensibility and style

A major objection to gender-equitable language is that texts based on its principles are often more difficult to understand than texts that use the generic masculine, especially when the genders are named. Another problem is that, due to the use of typeface-related design elements such as slashes and interior I, rendered texts are not very suitable for oral presentations.

It is also criticized that in gendered texts, the gender aspect often comes to the fore in a way that detracts from the intended core message. Example of a conventional formulation: Doctors see the therapist at best as a comforter for their patients. Gender-equitable variant: Doctors grant the therapeutic profession a comforting function at best. The linguist Gisela Klann-Delius stated in 2005 that essential "nuances of expression disappear" and that "the concrete content of the utterance (therapist as comforter) is sacrificed to a gender-equitable, but not very lively and concrete method of representation".

Linguistic theoretical and linguistic pragmatic inaccuracy

In 2011, the Romanist Hartwig Kalverkämper accused feminist linguistics of not clearly distinguishing between signs (words) and what is designated (men and women) and between the gender of words and the sex of people. In linguistics , the relationship between gender and sex is controversial. The psychologist Lisa Irmen researched the generic masculine as early as the 1990s and made it clear in 2003: “The gender of the nouns with which people are named, especially that of the relatives , generally agrees with the natural gender (sex) Person match: the father, the mother; ...  the man, the woman; the teacher, the teacher; the servant, the maid. "

Some linguists and writers reject the use of the substantiated participle I to form substitute words (students, participants, teachers, dancers) for grammatical reasons. According to this, such a word formation usually describes a person who is doing something. The linguist Wolfgang Klein clarified the difference in 2019: “The driver and the driver, for example, that is something else. The driver is the one who is driving. The dancer does not necessarily have to dance, but the dancer does. "Accordingly, in the opinion of the critics, the word formation students is related to an activity currently being carried out, while the participle ( studens , from studere ) already substantiated in Latin in the word" student " denotes a status . Not all students are always “studying” (busy with their studies) and not all who are currently studying are inevitably also students. The writer Max Goldt said in 2002: “How ridiculous the term student is becomes clear when it is combined with a present participle. You can't say: there are beer-drinking students sitting in the pub . Or after a massacre at a university: the population mourns the dying students . Nobody can die and study at the same time. "

The use of equivalent words, by forming the participle II are formed, criticized the linguist Peter Eisenberg 2017: "A refugee can be one that eludes a downpour or a pesky seminar, a refugee contrast fleeing war, violence or political persecution. "

Counterproductive emphasis on social differences

Another objection is that gender-equitable language reinforces the “relevance of gender as a social categorization”, although the intention of the concept of equality actually aims in the opposite direction.

The psycholinguist Wolfgang Klein sums up 2008 in Bild der Wissenschaft : Sexism, which is actually supposed to be fought, is first introduced into the language with the gender-appropriate spelling. The two names would only now underline that a female professor can only be a professor - and possibly no women could be meant when politicians are mentioned.

In 2013, the ethnologist Ingrid Thurner asked in a contribution to Die Welt whether "the continued emphasis on what is actually taken for granted, namely multisexuality, has not only not softened, but even cemented social inequalities." According to Thurner, "linguistic justice is offered to women by men as a gift, but it is only a diversionary maneuver". Alternative forms such as the Binnen-I would not have changed anything in terms of the actual inequalities in Thurner's view. Men “do not see their supremacy threatened by the inflationary use of a few special characters”.

Criticism as an ideological language policy

In 2016, German and Roman studies scholar Roland Kaehlbrandt considers gender-fair language to be the product of a “paternalistic society”, whose actors pursued their language-political agenda with “exaggerated self-confidence” and thereby brought about a kind of “moral German”. He also cites aesthetic arguments against “Justice German” and states artificiality and the loss of linguistic beauty: “The linguistic contortions that reach the public from the academic milieu testify to commitment to the cause, but unfortunately also to unworldliness and a lack of it Feeling for language. "

The linguist Josef Bayer believes in 2019 that linguistics "can bring the wrong path of supposedly gender-sensitive language to light more easily" than any other discipline. The proposals for this language reform come “primarily from the universities”, but “as a rule it is not linguists who promote the gender-speaking project”. He does not place himself “in the ranks of the indignant who complain about a linguistic decline”, but belongs “to those who recognize an unstoppable historical change in language as a quasi-natural”. The problem is that gender language does not represent an evolution that emerges from the language itself , but rather is "a little reform put on from outside". “Gender language has nothing to do with natural language change”. The gender language follows a "crude functionalism that seeks an essential 'meaning' for humans in everything that the language offers". A “ gender system” is not there to say something about men and women in a society, but at most to establish a relationship between words that is called “ congruence ” (the regular agreement). Renaming would never have done anything to the real facts. Since gender-equitable language is nothing more than a “wrongly motivated renaming of certain designations”, it will “produce nothing positive and certainly nothing progressive apart from a lot of stylistic and aesthetic lapses”.

In July 2020, the editor-in-chief of the marketing magazine Horizont , Uwe Vorkötter , criticized the use of gendered language with participles on Deutschlandfunk and described the increased glottic stroke as an “artificial speech defect”. Because the language does not correspond to the linguistic usage of a large majority of the population, its use in a contribution-financed public service program cannot be justified. Vorkötter called it "Newsspeak", alluding to George Orwell's expression " Newspeak ". Tobias Singer, editor of the media service Meedia , replied to the article with the view that the “courage to leave gaps” was an opportunity for change. [Hörer ʔ innen]

Prominent writers as critics

The poet Reiner Kunze takes a stand against “language genderism” and its ideology . In the “Passauer Neue Presse” Kunze is quoted as follows: “Language genderism is an aggressive ideology that is directed against the German language culture and the world literary heritage that has emerged from this culture.” As an example of the defacements caused by “language genderism ", Kunze cites, among other things, a text passage from an Austrian lower-level German book for school use:" One is the listener, the other is the reader. One person reads out the section, the listener sums up what has been heard. "Accordingly, Kunze demands:" You never write what you cannot speak or what leads to a crippling of the spoken language (Professx, student, trans * Authors, actors [gender-appropriate spelling according to Prof. Dr. phil Lann Hornscheidt, née Antje Hornscheidt, Humboldt University Berlin]). In the Austrian school book one has printed for children what cannot even be read fluently. "

Other languages

English

In the English language about a hundred years after the advent of - there is since the 14th century plural - pronouns  - even the indefinite use of the plural pronoun They in the singular importance for a single person, as a neutral alternative to the gender pronouns he and she (see singular "they" in English ). From the mid-2010s, the singular they spread for non-binary people . In addition, there are always suggestions for gender indeterminate pronouns such as xe , ze or das ze / hir by Norrie May-Welby . However, none of these has yet achieved significant dissemination or acceptance. Sometimes s / he appears as a slash . Since gender has otherwise almost completely disappeared from English grammar, phenomena other than agreement with biological gender ( sex ) play a greater role in public discourse than, for example, in German (see also Moving in English ).

As gender-neutral salutation is Mx emerged (pronounced "mix" or "Max"), while the endings of male salutation is Mr ( Mister "Lord") and the female form Mrs ( Mistress "woman") or Ms by an x replaced. In December 2015, the Oxford English Dictionary adopted the form of address Mx .

Recently, gender- specific names have also been changed: mailman / mailwoman becomes mail carrier .

French

See also : Moved feminine terms in French

In the French language , in contrast to German, there are different personal pronouns for the two genders, also in the plural form: The German phrase “they sing” means ils chantent for male and elles chantent for female. The masculine form is used for mixed groups of people.

For some job titles there are gender-neutral nouns , so-called épicènes , for example l'architecte (the architect) le / la pianiste (the pianist), le / la sécretaire (the secretary). As new gender-neutral names (nouveaux épicènes) there are names like le / la juge (the judge) and le / la ministre (the minister): For example, in French politics towards the end of the 20th century, the Salutation Madame la Ministre largely removes the previously used form of address Madame le Ministre .

As early as 1984, Yvette Roudy , Minister for Women's Rights, set up a commission for the formulation of job and function titles that are appropriate for women. In 1986 , the outgoing socialist Prime Minister Laurent Fabius sent their suggestions on female denominations, titles and ranks to the relevant departments for consideration ( Circulaire du 11 mars 1986 relative à la féminisation des noms de métier, fonction, grade ou titre ) .

In 2017, a textbook was published in which gender-equitable spelling was implemented with the help of the mediopoint , for example les deputé · e · s et les électeur · rice · s (“MPs and voters”). Prime Minister Édouard Philippe immediately instructed the state authorities not to use this so-called écriture inclusive ("inclusive notation") in official texts . The state administration must "adhere to the grammatical and syntactic rules for reasons of comprehensibility and clarity". The French blind association had previously spoken out against écriture inclusive , as it made it almost impossible for the visually impaired to use reading programs ( screen readers ). The Académie française , on the other hand, had rejected all forms of gender-equitable language, even female endings for job titles; However, the Prime Minister did not follow this, but declared it expressly desirable.

As early as 1999, the Center national de la recherche scientifique compiled a list of female job titles and suggested, for example, the feminine form écrivaine (" women writers"). The Académie française had always rejected these spellings or both names: The generic masculine is the neutral, unmarked form. In February 2019, the Académie stated with only two votes against that there are no fundamental obstacles to using professional titles, job titles , titles and academic degrees in the female form in the French language .

Icelandic and Finnish

The Icelandic language has the gender-neutral pronoun hán as a summary of "he / she" (similar to the new Swedish hen ). It has been taught at the University of Iceland since 2016 and was formed from the Finnish hän . The Finnish language, for its part, has no grammatical gender ( gender ).

Portuguese and Spanish

In the Portuguese and Spanish languages , due to the most common gender marking of a word with the ending -o or -a , some use the @ sign as a combination of both letters: "Caras amigas e caros amigos" (Dear friends) > "Car @ s amig @ s". In many Romance languages, adjectives are declined according to gender, as seen in the example and, unlike in German, also in the plural.

Rumantsch

In the written language Rumantsch Grischun a distinction is made between masculine and feminine nouns: il scolar, the student; la scolara, the schoolgirl; ils scolars, the students, if they are male students or a mixed group of male and female students; las scolaras if it is a group of schoolgirls. As in German, a grammatical gender is used. For example, it is called la gruppa da scolars, the student group (feminine), although the group consists of male students, but il chor da scolaras, the choir of female students (masculine).

Swedish

In the Swedish language since the turn of the millennium there has been, in addition to the personal pronouns han and hon ("he" and "she"), the gender-neutral hen (not to be translated, most likely: "sier"). For example, it can describe a person with a neutral gender identity or a person of unknown or indefinite gender. By 2012 appeared hen in language use and spread so quickly that the Swedish Academy , the word in 2014 recorded in their word list. In April 2015 hen was also included in the official dictionary of the Swedish language, the Svenska Akademiens ordlista .

See also : Moving in Swedish

Thai

The Thai language has no grammatical gender . Certain nouns have a gender-specific meaning, such as chai ชาย "man" - ying หญิง "woman" - pho พ่อ "father" - mae แม่ "mother" - racha ราชา "king" - rachini ราชินี "queen". Most nouns, on the other hand, are gender-neutral in their lexical meaning, such as khon ( คน "person"), khru ( ครู "teacher") or nakrian ( นักเรียน "student", literally "person-learn"). If the gender of the person also be specified, so this is done by word composition , such nakrian-chai ( นักเรียน ชาย "students", literally "person-learn-man") and nakrian-ying ( นักเรียน หญิง "student" learning person-literally " -Woman"). Even some terms for family members are gender-neutral in their basic form, such as phi ( พี่ "older sibling") and nong ( น้อง "younger sibling"). If, on the other hand, it is to be stated whether it is a brother or a sister, a combination is again required, for example phi-sao ( พี่ สาว "older sister") and nong-chai ( น้อง ชาย "younger brother").

With regard to groups of different sexes, the gender-neutral basic form is usually used. When addressing an audience, gender-neutral terms are mostly used, for example than phu mi kiat ( ท่าน ผู้ มี เกียรติ "honored guests") instead of "ladies and gentlemen". Only when it is particularly important to emphasize that people of both sexes belong to a group are the gender-specific compositions used.

See also

• Gender linguistics (sub-area of ​​sociolinguistics)

Portal women: gender language  - current materials

Portal: Language  - Wikipedia content on languages

Portal: Linguistics  - Wikipedia content on linguistics

literature

• 2020: Gabriele Diewald , Anja Steinhauer : Duden Handbook Gender Equitable Language: How to Gender Appropriately and Understandably. Published by the Duden editorial team. Dudenverlag, Berlin April 2020, ISBN 978-3-411-74517-3 .
• 2020: Hilke Elsen: Gender - Language - Stereotypes: Gender sensitivity in everyday life and teaching. Uni-Taschenbücher, Tübingen 2020, ISBN 978-3-8252-5302-8 ( reading sample in the Google book search).
• 2019: Gabriele Diewald, Anja Steinhauer: Duden: Gendern - very easy! Published by the Duden editorial team. Dudenverlag, Berlin March 2019, ISBN 978-3-411-74335-3 ( reading sample on duden.de).
• 2019: Hanna Acke: Language change through feminist language criticism: Gender-equitable use of language at Berlin universities. In: Journal of Literary Studies and Linguistics. Springer, April 2019, pp. 1–18 (University of Turku; full text: doi: 10.1007 / s41244-019-00135-1 ).
• 2019: Gabriele Diewald: Linguistic criteria and arguments for gender-equitable use of language. In: Sabine Berghahn , Ulrike Schultz (Hrsg.): Legal handbook for women and equality officers. Loose-leaf collection. Dashöfer, Hamburg 2001-2019, ISBN 978-3-931832-44-5 , basics 1.3.
• 2018: Helga Kotthoff , Damaris Nübling : Gender Linguistics - An Introduction to Language, Conversation and Gender. Narr Francke Attempto, Tübingen December 2018, ISBN 978-3-8233-7913-3 ( presentation on uni-mainz.de).
• 2018: Gabriele Diewald: For discussion: Gender equitable language as a topic of German linguistics - exemplarily exercised on the dispute over the so-called generic masculine. In: Journal for German Linguistics. Volume 46, Issue 2, September 2018, pp. 283–299 ( doi: 10.1515 / zgl-2018-0016 ; download page ).
• 2018: Anatol Stefanowitsch : A question of morals: Why we need politically correct language. Dudenverlag, Berlin 2018, ISBN 978-3-411-74358-2 ( interview in DLF, interview on ze.tt ).
• 2017: Anja Steinhauer, Gabriele Diewald: Gender correctly: How to write appropriately and understandably. Published by the Duden editorial team. Dudenverlag, Berlin 2017, ISBN 978-3-411-74357-5 .
• 2017: Antje Baumann, André Demokratie (Eds.): The devil is in the details: on the debate about gender and language. Kadmos, Berlin 2017, ISBN 978-3-86599-287-1 (collection of articles).
• 2016: Duden editorial team: gender equitable use of language. In: Duden - The dictionary of linguistic doubtful cases: Correct and good German (=  Duden. Volume 9). 8th, completely revised edition. Dudenverlag, Berlin 2016, ISBN 978-3-411-04098-8 , pp. 387-395 ( full text in the Google book search; see also in the Duden newsletter from March 2017: Gender equitable language use - asterisk and underscore ).
• 2015: Tomas Kubelik: Enough gendered! A critique of feminist language. Projects, Jena 2015, ISBN 978-3-945971-02-4 (essay).
• 2014: WG Feminist Language Action (including Lann Hornscheidt ): What to do? Language action - but how? Words instead of inaction. 2nd edition 2014/2015. Center for transdisciplinary gender studies, Humboldt University Berlin (first edition: October 2014; AG-Info ; PDF: 25 MB, 69 pages on feminist-sprachhandeln.org).
• 2014: Luise F. Pusch : Justice and Gender: new linguistic critical glosses . Wallstein, Göttingen 2014, ISBN 978-3-8353-1428-3 .
• 2012: Susanne Günthner, Dagmar Hüpper, Constanze Spieß (eds.): Gender linguistics: Linguistic constructions of gender identity (=  linguistics - impulses & tendencies. Volume 45). de Gruyter, Berlin 2012, ISBN 978-3-11-027287-1 ( table of contents ; reading sample in the Google book search).
• 2004: Karin M. Eichhoff-Cyrus (Hrsg.): Adam, Eva and the language: Contributions to gender research. Dudenverlag, Mannheim a. a. 2004, ISBN 3-411-04211-7 .
• 2001: Dagmar Stahlberg, Sabine Sczesny: Effects of the generic masculine and alternative forms of language on the mental inclusion of women . In: Psychological Rundschau . tape 52 , no. 3 , 2001, p. 131–140 ( PDF: 1.3 MB, 10 pages at fh-muenster.de ).
• 1993: Elmar Schafroth: Job titles for women in France - language policy measures and linguistic reality . In: Living Languages . No. 2 , 1993 ( PDF: 434 kB, 4 pages on uni-duesseldorf.de ).
• 1992: Senta Trömel-Plötz : father language, mother country: observations on language and politics . Frauenoffensive, Munich 1992, ISBN 3-88104-211-3 ( searchable in the Google book search).
• 1984: Luise F. Pusch: German as a men's language . Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt / M. 1984, ISBN 3-518-11217-1 .

Guidelines, guides

• 2020: Duden language knowledge: gender-equitable use of language. In: Duden.de . August 2020.
• 2020: Society for German Language : Guidelines of the GfdS on the possibilities of gendering. In: The Language Service. No. 1–2, 2020 ( online at gfds.de ).
• 2018: Council for German Spelling : Report and proposals of the working group “Gender Equitable Spelling” for the meeting of the Council for German Spelling on November 16, 2018 - Revised version…. November 16, 2018 ( PDF: 455 kB, 11 pages onrechtschreibrat.com; press release ).
• 2013: Swiss Federal Chancellery , Zurich University of Applied Sciences : Gender Equitable Language: Guide to Gender Equitable Formulation in German. 2nd, completely revised edition. Zurich 2009, version of July 31, 2013 ( PDF: 1.1 MB, 192 pages at bk.admin.ch ).
• 1999: UNESCO , UN Women : Guidelines on Gender-Neutral Language. 3rd edition. Paris 1999 (English; PDF: 2.8 MB, 58 pages at uni-graz.at; 1st edition 1987: Guide to Non-Sexist Language ).
• 1993: Marlis Hellinger , Christine Bierbach: One language for both sexes: guidelines for a non-sexist use of language. German UNESCO Commission , Bonn 1993, ISBN 3-927907-32-4 ( PDF: 37 kB, 13 pages on unesco.de ).
• 1982: Senta Trömel-Plötz , Ingrid Guentherodt , Marlis Hellinger , Luise F. Pusch : Guidelines for Avoiding Sexist Use of Language. In: Magdalene Heuser (Ed.): Women - Language - Literature: Scientific research approaches and didactic models and experience reports for German lessons (=  ISL information on language and literature didactics . Volume 38). Schöningh, Paderborn u. a. 1982, ISBN 3-506-74088-1 , pp. 84-90 ( searchable in the Google book search; first published in Linguistic Reports. Issue 71, 1980, pp. 1-7).

Web links

Platforms:

• Journalist Association : Genderleicht.de (funded by the Federal Ministry of Women ).
• Johanna Usinger: Gender skillfully - the gender dictionary. (Support for the use of gender-sensitive language).

Press article:

• Sabine Rennefanz : Column: Gender does not change the discrimination against women. In: Berliner-Zeitung.de . May 16, 2020.
• Damaris Nübling in conversation: Professors: “If we gender, then do it properly”. In: 20min.ch . March 9, 2020.
• Jan Lindenau vs. Sabine Mertens ( VDS ): Gender-sensitive language: annoying or necessary? In: ZDF.de . January 13, 2020.
• Gabriele Diewald : Conference report "Thinking - Speaking - Gender", Hanover, 10. – 11. October 2019. In: GabrieleDiewald.de. October 2019 (research reports of the Hannover project).
• Luise F. Pusch : Gender - gladly, but how? A ride through feminist language history and practical tips. In: Neues-Deutschland.de . 23 October 2019.
• Anne Wizorek vs. Hannah Lühmann ( world editor): Gender-appropriate language? Per! - Gender-appropriate language? Cons! In: NDR.de . September 13, 2019 (Comments).
• Serif Sanli (linguist) vs. Josef Kraus : Society: Zefix *! Bavaria's authorities and gender-sensitive language. In: Süddeutsche.de . 19th August 2019.
• Helga Kotthoff vs. Josef Bayer : Gender equitable language: "Students" and gender asterisks - does that help us in the fight for gender equality? In: Südkurier.de . August 6, 2019.
• Henning Lobin : The rejection of “gender language” - produced by the media. In: SciLogs.spektrum.de . April 8, 2019.
• An interview with Kathrin Kunkel-Razum : Gender-appropriate language: “There doesn't have to be one solution for everyone”. In: Börsenblatt.net . March 20, 2019 (Head of Dictionary Editing Duden ).
• Gabriele Diewald , Peter Eisenberg , Lann Hornscheidt , Steffen Herrmann: Debate: Language and Gender. In: bpb.de . August 8, 2018.

Individual evidence

• ( D ) Gabriele Diewald , Anja Steinhauer : Duden Handbook for Gender Equitable Language: How to gender appropriately and understandably. Published by the Duden editorial team. Dudenverlag, Berlin April 2020, ISBN 978-3-411-74517-3 (2019: ISBN 978-3-411-74335-3 ; 2017: ISBN 978-3-411-74357-5 ).

1. ↑ ^{a b c} Duden Handbuch 2020, pp. 118–122: Detailed denomination: pupils .
2. ↑ Duden Handbuch 2020, pp. 129-138.

• Other documents

1. ↑ Gisela Schoental: Personal designations in German as an object of feminist language criticism. In: Journal for German Linguistics. Volume 17, Issue 3, online: October 28, 2009, pages 296-314, here p. 301 ( doi: 10.1515 / zfgl.1989.17.3.296 ).
2. ↑ Peter Eisenberg , interviewed by Hans-Joachim Wiese : The generic masculine: "I call that language police airs". In: Deutschlandfunk Kultur . March 13, 2018, accessed May 25, 2020; Quote: "'The [difference] is that there is the generic masculine in German and the generic feminine does not exist.'"
3. ^ Ingrid Samel: Asymmetries in the language system and use of language. In: Same: Introduction to Feminist Linguistics. Erich Schmidt, Berlin 1995, ISBN 3-503-03709-8 , pp. 49-52, here p. 50.
4. ^ Gisela Schoenthal: Personal designations in German as an object of feminist language criticism. In: Journal for German Linguistics. Volume 17, No. 3, January 1989, pp. 296-314 ( doi: 10.1515 / zfgl.1989.17.3.296 ).
5. ^ Federal Chancellery Austria , Ombud for Equal Treatment: Recommendation of the Ombud for Equal Treatment. Gender equitable language. 2011 (?), P. 3 ( PDF: 185 kB, 4 pages on Gleichbehandlungsanwaltschaft.at ( Memento from May 1, 2011 in the Internet Archive )).
6. ↑ Stahlberg / Sczesny u. a.
7. ↑ Gisela Klann-Delius : Language and Gender: An Introduction. Metzler, Stuttgart / Weimar 2005, ISBN 3-476-10349-8 , p. 55 ( page preview in the Google book search); Quote: “Overall, the results of the studies on the generic masculine indicate that the generic masculine is interpreted as masculine, presumably because this is the more likely case in many contexts. Whether this is an effect of language, life-world experience and circumstances or an effect of a general stereotype cannot be clearly decided at the moment. Since the studies on the generic masculine were carried out almost exclusively with student test subjects, it cannot be said with certainty that they can be generalized to other groups. "
8. ↑ For studies on (small) children cf. for example: Vervecken, Hannover and Wolter (2013, doi: 10.1016 / j.jvb.2013.01.008 ); Conkright, Flannagan and Dykes (2000, doi: 10.1023 / A: 1007167432657 ).
   For studies with non-student samples, cf. for example: Gabriel and Mellenberger (2004, doi: 10.1024 / 1421-0185.63.4.273 ), who examined adults recruited from sports clubs ; Braun, Sczesny and Stahlberg (2005, doi: 10.1515 / comm.2005.30.1.1 ) used non-student samples in experiments 1 and 3; Blake and Klektiven (2010, doi: 10.1007 / s11616-010-0093-2 ) examined mixed groups consisting of both students and people with a non-university background.
9. ↑ Gabriele Diewald : For discussion: Gender equitable language as a topic of German linguistics - exemplarily exercised on the dispute over the so-called generic masculine. In: Journal for German Linguistics. Volume 46, Issue 2, 2018, p. 295
10. ↑ ^{a b c} Duden editorial: Duden newsletter from January 7th, 2011 ( Memento from June 16, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) In: Duden.de. January 7, 2011, last section: Correctly addressing both genders , accessed on May 15, 2020.
11. ↑ ^{a b c} Swiss Federal Chancellery , Zurich University of Applied Sciences : Gender Equitable Language: Guide to gender equitable formulation in German. 2nd, completely revised edition. Zurich 2009, p. 22 ( download page ).
12. ↑ ^{a b} Brigitte Scheele, Eva Gauler: Do scientists choose their problems differently than scientists? The gender-sex problem as a paradigmatic case of the linguistic relativity thesis . In: Language & Cognition . tape 12 , no. 2 , 1993, p. 59-72 ( abstract ).
13. ↑ ^{a b} Dagmar Stahlberg, Sabine Sczesny: Effects of the generic masculine and alternative forms of language on the mental inclusion of women . In: Psychological Rundschau . tape 52 , no. 3 , 2001, p. 131-140 , doi : 10.1026 // 0033-3042.52.3.131 ( online [PDF]).
14. ↑ ^{a b} Jutta Rothmund, Brigitte Scheele: Personal designation models on the test bench . In: Journal of Psychology . tape 212 , no. 1 , 2004, p. 40-54 , doi : 10.1026 / 0044-3409.212.1.40 ( abstract ).
15. ↑ ^{a b} Christopher Blake, Christoph Klektiven: Gender equitable formulations in news texts . In: Journalism . tape 55 , no. 3 , 2010, p. 289-304 , doi : 10.1007 / s11616-010-0093-2 .
16. ↑ ^{a b} Elke Heise ( TU Braunschweig ): Are women included? An empirical study to understand the generic masculine and its alternatives . In: Language & Cognition . tape 19 , no. 1-2 , 2000, pp. 3-13 , doi : 10.1024 // 0253-4533.19.12.3 ( abstract ).
17. ^ Frederike Braun, Sabine Sczesny, Dagmar Stahlberg: Cognitive effects of masculine generics in German: An overview of empirical findings . In: Communications . tape 30 , no. 1 , 2005, p. 1–21, here: p. 4 , doi : 10.1515 / comm.2005.30.1.1 ( Online [PDF]).
18. ↑ Katrin Nussmayr: The sexual I without the icing on the cake. July 15, 2014, accessed August 7, 2018 . 
19. ↑ Katja Müller, Sandra Reinmuth, Katrin Lindner, Rainer Greifeneder: Effects of Gender Equitable Language on Answering Opinion Polls. 1999 ( PDF; 69 kB on uni-mannheim.de ( memento from January 8, 2005 in the Internet Archive )).
20. ↑ Elke Heise: Even sensitive students are men: The generic masculine and the mental representation of people . In: Behavioral Therapy & Psychosocial Practice . tape 35 , no. 2 , 2003, p. 285-291 ( abstract ).
21. ↑ ^{a b} Lisa Irmen: Discrimination and Language (PDF; 893 kB). Lecture at the University of Bern, May 22, 2003, slide 35 f.
22. ↑ Luise F. Pusch : Do you feel that you are meant! In: Emma.de . December 12, 2018, updated: February 5, 2019, accessed on March 25, 2020 ("the feminist linguist Luise F. Pusch advocates a completely different solution. Namely for the 'generic feminine'").
23. ↑ Luise Pusch: Gender - gladly, but how? In: Neues-Deutschland.de . October 23, 2019, accessed on March 25, 2020 (“A ride through feminist language history and practical tips”).
24. ^ WG Feminist Language Action (including Lann Hornscheidt ): What to do? Language action - but how? Words instead of inaction. 2nd edition 2014/2015. Center for transdisciplinary gender studies, Humboldt University Berlin (first edition: October 2014; AG-Info ; PDF: 25 MB, 69 pages on feminist-sprachhandeln.org).
25. ↑ Lann Hornscheidt , interviewed by Nadine Lange: “Let's say goodbye to gender”. In: Tagesspiegel.de . July 23, 2019, accessed July 19, 2020; Quote: “The system with the X is much simpler than the current one with its three gender forms. But it's not about adding an X to everything or introducing new rules, but about regaining language. "
26. ↑ Self-presentation: Lann Hornscheidt. Own website, December 2019, accessed on July 19, 2020 (photo from 2013).
27. ↑ Hannelore Mabry : "First, I make no distinction between men and women, secondly, must in some cases be somewhat clearly stated in the public interest, and thirdly, I have not assholes , but assholes Interior said." Content across. Der Spiegel 6/1987
28. ^ Friederike Braun: More women in language . Ed .: Ministry for Justice, Women, Youth and Family of the State of Schleswig-Holstein. December 2000, ISSN  0935-4646 ( PDF ).
29. ^ Frederike Braun, Sabine Sczesny, Dagmar Stahlberg: Cognitive effects of masculine generics in German: An overview of empirical findings . In: Communications . tape 30 , no. 1 , March 2005, p. 1–21, here p. 3 , doi : 10.1515 / comm.2005.30.1.1 (English, online at ac.uk ).
30. ↑ ETH Zurich , Office for Equal Opportunities: Rule 8. ( Memento of July 24, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) In: equal.ethz.ch. August 19, 2005, accessed July 13, 2020.
31. ↑ Bettina Levecke: German language = men's language? From attempting a "sex change". ( Memento from July 5, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) In: Goethe-Institut . September 2006, accessed on July 13, 2020 (freelance journalist).
32. ↑ Swiss Federal Chancellery , Zurich University of Applied Sciences : Gender Equitable Language: Guide to gender equitable formulation in German. 2nd, completely revised edition. Bern 2009, version of July 31, 2013, p. 30 (first edition 1996, 1995 acknowledged by the Federal Council ; PDF: 1.1 MB, 192 pages on bk.admin.ch; info page ).
33. ↑ ^{a b c d} Friederike Braun, Susanne Oelkers, Karin Rogalski, Janine Bosak, Sabine Sczesny: "For reasons of comprehensibility ...": The influence of generic masculine and alternative personal names on the cognitive processing of texts (PDF; 60 kB). In: Psychological Rundschau . Volume 53, No. 3, 2007, pp. 183-189. doi: 10.1026 / 0033-3042.58.3.183
34. ↑ ^{a b c} Andreas Beelmann, Kai J. Jonas: Discrimination and Tolerance: Psychological Basics and Application Perspectives . Springer VS, Wiesbaden 2009, ISBN 978-3-531-91621-7 , p. 204 .
35. ↑ Prentice 1994; Frank-Cyrus and Dietrich 1997; Guyatt et al. 1997; Parks and Robertson 2000; Rothmund and Christmann 2003; Steiger and Irmen 2007; Braun et al. 2007
36. ^ ^{A b} Sascha Demarmels and Dorothea Schaffner: Gender-sensitive language in company texts. In: Sascha Demarmels, Wolfgang Kesselheim (Hrsg.): Textsorten in der Wirtschaft. Springer VS, Wiesbaden 2011, ISBN 978-3-531-17869-1 , p. 109.
37. ↑ Jutta Rothmund, Ursula Christmann: In search of a gender-equitable use of language: Does the replacement of the generic masculine lead to an impairment of text quality? In: Mutterssprache , 112, Nr. 4, 2002, pp. 115-135.
38. ↑ Senta Trömel-Plötz , Ingrid Guentherodt, Marlis Hellinger , Luise F. Pusch : Guidelines for Avoiding Sexist Use of Language. In: Magdalene Heuser (Ed.): Women - Language - Literature. Scientific research approaches and didactic models and experience reports for German lessons (=  ISL information on language and literature didactics . Volume 38). Schöningh, Paderborn u. a. 1982, ISBN 3-506-74088-1 , pp. 84-90 (first published in Linguistic Reports. Issue 71, 1980, pp. 1-7).
39. ↑ ^{a b c d} Leyla Movahedi: Gender equitable language - the ORF and linguistic equal treatment based on the program "concrete - the ServiceMagazin". Diploma thesis University of Vienna 2009, pp. 64–96: Guidelines - an overview (supervised by Johanna Dorer , Faculty of Social Sciences; download page ).
40. ↑ Ruth Wodak, Gert Feistritzer, Silvia Moosmüller, Ursula Doleschal: Linguistic equal treatment of men and women. Linguistic recommendations for the linguistic equal treatment of women and men in the public sector (job titles, titles, forms of address, job titles, job advertisements). Published by the Federal Ministry for Social Affairs, Vienna 1987.
41. ↑ Marlis Hellinger , Christine Bierbach: One language for both sexes: guidelines for a non-sexist use of language. German UNESCO Commission , Bonn 1993, ISBN 3-927907-32-4 ( PDF: 37 kB, 13 pages on unesco.de).
42. ↑ Ingrid Guentherodt: Linguistic Equal Treatment: Recognize and Realize. Practical explanations and examples of German legal language. In: Marianne Grabrucker: Father State has no mother tongue. Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag, Frankfurt a. M. 1993, ISBN 978-3-596-11677-5 , pp. 246-262.
43. ↑ Daniel Elmiger, Verena Tunger, Eva Schaeffer-Lacroix: Gender-neutral authorities lyrics. Linguistic research and voices for implementation in multilingual Switzerland. University of Geneva 2017, ISBN 978-1-365-70544-1 , p. 94 f.
44. ↑ Kathrin Kunkel-Razum , interviewed by Sabine van Endert: Gender-appropriate language: “There doesn't have to be one solution for everyone”. In: Börsenblatt. March 20, 2019, accessed July 19, 2020.
45. ^ Council for German Spelling (RdR): Report and proposals of the working group "Gender Equitable Spelling" for the meeting of the Council for German Spelling on November 16, 2018 - Revised version ... November 16, 2018, pp. 8–9 ( PDF: 455 kB, 11 pages onrechtschreibrat.com ).
46. ↑ University of Passau , Equal Opportunities Officer: Equal Opportunities Language - Is This Really Unimportant? Passau 1999 ( online at doku.net).
47. ↑ ^{a b} University of Linz , Staff Department for Equal Opportunities Policy: Gender equality in language and images. Linz, January 2009 ( PDF: 672 kB, 34 pages at jku.at; info page ).
48. ↑ ^{a b} Elisa Merkel: Gender equitable language in university equality concepts - a comparative analysis. In: Journal Network Women and Gender Research NRW. No. 28, 2011, pp. 36–41, here pp. 36–38 ( PDF: 1.2 MB, 90 pages on netzwerk-fgf.nrw.de).
49. ↑ Christine Ivanov, interviewed by Christine Olderdissen: Language guides under the microscope. In: genderleicht.de. October 28, 2019, accessed May 20, 2020.
50. ↑ ^{a b} TU9 expert group on equality: TU9 handout : Recommendations on the gender-sensitive use of language. Berlin, September 2019 ( PDF: 151 kB, 3 pages on tu-darmstadt.de; info page ).
51. ↑ RWTH Aachen , Equal Opportunities Office: Gender Equitable Language - Handout. Aachen, September 2017 ( PDF: 1.4 MB, 16 pages at rwth-aachen.de; info page ).
52. ↑ Alice Salomon Hochschule Berlin , women * commissioned: Instructions and recommendations for gender-equitable language at the ASH Berlin. 2nd Edition. Berlin, April 2019 (decided by the Senate on January 24, 2017; PDF: 162 kB, 2 pages on ash-berlin.eu; info page ).
53. ^ Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Office of the Central Women's Representative: Language is diverse - HU guidelines for gender-equitable language. 2nd Edition. Berlin, December 2019 (first edition: 2000; PDF: 2.1 MB, 31 pages on hu-berlin.de; info page ).
54. ↑ Uta Deffke: About spoken pauses and respect: How gender-equitable language shapes us. In: Adlershof Journal . June 25, 2020, accessed July 3, 2020; Quote: "Ursula Fuhrich-Grubert [...] The Central Women's Representative of the HU has developed the guidelines, together with members of all status groups of the HU as well as the decentralized women's representative".
55. ↑ Technische Universität Berlin , Coordination Office for the Advancement of Women and Equal Opportunities: Gender-Sensitive Language - A Guide. 2nd updated edition. Berlin, February 5, 2020 (first edition: 2018; PDF: 946 kB, 28 pages on tu-berlin.de; info page ).
56. ↑ University of Bielefeld , Department of Media & News: Gender-sensitive language. In: uni-bielefeld.de. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
57. ↑ University of Bonn , Equal Opportunities Office: Recommendations on gender-equitable language. Bonn, February 11, 2019 ( PDF: 965 kB, 2 pages on uni-bonn.de; info page ).
58. ↑ Technische Universität Darmstadt , Equal Opportunities Officer: Formulate gender equality: Recommendations & tips. Darmstadt, March 2017 ( PDF: 1.1 MB, 4 pages on tu-darmstadt.de; info page ).
59. ↑ Technische Universität Dresden , Equal Opportunities Officer: AG Language: Status and Outlook. Dresden, January 15, 2020, p. 8 ( PDF: 208 kB, 12 pages on tu-dresden.de; info page ).
60. ↑ University of Düsseldorf , Central Equal Opportunities Commissioner: Gender- Equal Language: Guide to equitable and non-discriminatory language. Updated version. Düsseldorf, 2020 ( PDF: 200 kB, 20 pages on uni-duesseldorf.de; info page ).
61. ↑ University of Erlangen-Nuremberg , Office for Gender and Diversity: Communicating successfully: Recommendations for gender-sensitive language use Erlangen, July 31, 2019 ( PDF: 218 kB, 12 pages on gender-und-diversity.fau.de; info page ).
62. ↑ University of Frankfurt , Equal Opportunities Office: Recommendations for a diversity-sensitive media language. Frankfurt, September 20, 2016 ( PDF: 3.5 MB, 96 pages on uni-frankfurt.de; info page ).
63. ↑ University of Greifswald , Central Equal Opportunities Commissioner: Handout on gender-sensitive language. Greifswald, September 2019 ( PDF: 323 kB, 12 pages on uni-egoswald.de; info page ).
64. ↑ University of Hamburg , Equal Opportunities Officer: Recommendations on gender-equitable language. Hamburg, May 2019 ( PDF: 1.1 MB, 32 pages on gb.uni-koeln.de; info page ).
65. ^ University of Kassel , Women's and Equal Opportunities Office: Recommendations for the use of gender-reflective language. Kassel April 2019 ( PDF: 273 kB, 2 pages on uni-kassel.de; info page ).
66. ↑ University of Cologne , Equal Opportunities Office: Convincing Language: Guide to a gender-sensitive language. 6th, revised and expanded edition. Cologne, February 19, 2020 (first edition: 2009; PDF: 1.1 MB, 32 pages on gb.uni-koeln.de; info page ).
67. ↑ University of Konstanz , Equal Opportunities Office: Guideline on inclusive language. Konstanz, January 22nd, 2020 ( PDF: 84 kB, 1 page on uni-konstanz.de; info page ).
68. ↑ University of Leipzig - Press Release 2013/238: New basic order comes into force. In: Uni-Leipzig.de. August 6, 2013, accessed May 20, 2020;
    ibid: Basic Regulations of the University of Leipzig. August 6, 2013 ( PDF: 178 kB, 19 pages on uni-leipzig.de).
69. ↑ Benjamin Haerdle: University of Leipzig effeminate its basic order. In: duz. Magazine for researchers and science managers. May 31, 2013, accessed May 20, 2020.
70. ^ Franziska Hentsch: University of Leipzig: Violent reactions to the female form. In: Deutschlandfunk . August 8, 2014, accessed May 20, 2020.
71. ↑ Georg Teichert, Central Equal Opportunities Officer at Leipzig University since 2010: Equal Opportunities at Leipzig University. In: Gleichstellung.Uni-Leipzig.de. October 23, 2019, accessed May 20, 2020.
72. ↑ Leuphana University of Lüneburg , Equal Opportunities Office: Gender Equitable Language. In: Leuphana.de. April 30, 2020, accessed May 23, 2020.
73. ^ University of Marburg , Women's Representative: Recommendation of the Equal Opportunities Commission of the Philipps University for the use of gender-appropriate language. Marburg, January 2018 (first version: October 2016; PDF: 84 kB, 2 pages on uni-marburg.de; info page ).
74. ↑ Technical University of Munich , Equal Opportunities: Gender-Appropriate Language and Illustrations. In: chancengleichheit.tum.de. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
75. ↑ Jana Haase: Generic feminine at the University of Potsdam: “We're experiencing a shit storm here”. In: PNN.de . July 5, 2013, accessed on May 20, 2020.
    Silke Weber: Gender Discussion: Greens support generic feminine at universities. In: Tagesspiegel.de . July 6, 2013, accessed May 20, 2020.
76. ↑ University of Potsdam , coordination office for equal opportunities: Gender-appropriate language at the university. In: Uni-Potsdam.de. May 11, 2020, accessed May 20, 2020.
77. ↑ University of Stuttgart , Equal Opportunities Office: University of Stuttgart guidelines on the gender-sensitive use of language. March 24, 2020 ( PDF: 563 kB, 9 pages on uni-stuttgart.de; info page ).
78. ↑ University of Vechta , Office for Equality and Diversity: Recommendations on the use of gender-sensitive language at the University of Vechta. In: Uni-Vechta.de. May 18, 2020 (as of March 28, 2018), accessed on May 23, 2020.
79. ↑ Bauhaus University Weimar , Equal Opportunities Office: Changing language together: Suggestions for gender-sensitive formulation. Weimar, April 27, 2020 ( PDF: 484 kB, 3 pages on uni-weimar.de; info page ).
80. ↑ Bergische Universität Wuppertal , Office for Equality and Diversity: Gender Equitable Language. In: Uni-Wuppertal.de. October 2019, accessed May 23, 2020.
81. ↑ Federal Ministry of Education, Science and Research (BMBWF): Gender- equitable language: guidelines within the scope of the BMBWF. Vienna, November 21, 2018 ( PDF: 248 kB, 20 pages on bmbwf.gv.at; info page ).
82. ↑ Medical University of Graz , Working Group for Equal Treatment Issues, GENDER: UNIT: gender: sprache: Gender- equitable language at the Medical University of Graz. Graz, August 2014 ( PDF: 245 kB, 4 pages on medunigraz.at; info page ).
83. ↑ University of Vienna , Human Resources and the Advancement of Women: Gender-inclusive use of language in the administration of the University of Vienna: guidelines and recommendations for implementation. Vienna, December 2019 ( PDF: 150 kB, 3 pages on univie.ac.at; info page ).
84. ^ University of Bern , Department for Equality between Women and Men: Recommendations for the University of Bern: Gender- Equal Language. 2nd Edition. Bern, March 2017 ( PDF: 1.3 MB, 25 pages on unibe.ch; info page; PDF short version; interview ).
85. ↑ University of Zurich , Gender Equality Department: Guide: Gender Equality in Text and Images. Corrected version, Zurich, May 2018 ( PDF: 655 kB, 26 pages on Gleichstellung.uzh.ch; info page ).
86. ↑ State Anti-Discrimination Act (LADG) Berlin, December 31, 1990, replaced by the State Equal Opportunities Act (LGG) in the version dated September 6, 2002 (GVBl. P. 280), last amended by the Eighth Act amending the State Equal Opportunities Act of June 19, 2006 ( GVBl. P. 575)
87. ↑ Decision of the First Senate of the Federal Constitutional Court of October 10, 2017, 1 BvR 2019/16, Rn. 1–69 ( Principles and resolution in the procedure for the constitutional complaint on the BVerfG website, accessed on July 16, 2019).
88. ↑ Decision of the Constitutional Court of June 15, 2018, G 77/2018 ( PDF on the website of the Constitutional Court). / Legal Committee Lambda (RKL; Hrsg.): Inadmissibility of gender-related medical interventions in children clarified - VfGH: third gender with immediate effect. In: Jus Amandi, 02/2018, pp. 2–3 ( PDF on the RKL website). Both accessed on July 16, 2019.
89. ↑ Report and proposals by the “Gender Equitable Spelling” working group to the meeting of the Council for German Spelling on November 16, 2018. Revised version based on the Council's resolution of November 16, 2018 (pdf)
90. ↑ Report (dpa): Gender-equitable language: Spelling Council wants to continue to monitor gender language. In: The time . November 16, 2018, accessed May 30, 2020.
91. ↑ Civil status : Act to change the information to be entered in the birth register: RdSchr. d. BMI v. April 10, 2019 - V II 1 - 20103/27 # 17 - by email to interior ministries / senate administrations for the interior of the federal states. In: Circular Constitution, April 29, 2019. Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building and Home Affairs (ed.), Accessed on July 16, 2019.
92. ↑ Julia Klaus: Third gender: What changes with "diverse" , Zeit Online, February 7, 2019
93. ↑ Anja Kühne: Male, female, diverse. How the third gender changes the world of work , Der Tagesspiegel, November 22, 2018
94. ↑ Nadja Tausche: Not yet everywhere , Süddeutsche Zeitung, June 24, 2019
95. ↑ Marlis Hellinger, Beate Schräpel: About the linguistic equal treatment of women and men. In: Yearbook for International German Studies . No. 15 . Bern 1983, p. 60 .
96. ↑ Karin M. Eichhoff-Cyrus (at the time as Frank-Cyrus), Margot Dietrich: Linguistic equal treatment of women and men in legal texts. An opinion poll by the Society for the German Language. In: The Language Service . 41, No. 2, 1997, pp. 55-68.
97. ↑ Report on OGM survey: Large majority do not want the "daughters" in the anthem
98. ↑ Vera Steiger, Lisa Irmen: On the acceptance and psychological effect of generic masculine personal names and their alternatives in legal texts. In: Psychologische Rundschau , 58, No. 3, 2007, pp. 190–200. doi: 10.1026 / 0033-3042.58.3.190 .
99. ↑ Vera Steger, Lisa Irmen: Quite understandable and "gender-fair": How should people be referred to in official texts? A comparison of different groups of recipients on the acceptance of gender-equitable legal language. In: Linguistic Reports. 2011, No. 227, August 2011, pp. 297–326.
100. ^ Mark E. Johnson, Seana Dowling-Guyer: Effects of inclusive vs. exclusive language on evaluations of the counselor. In: Sex Roles. 34, No. 5-6, 1996, pp. 407-418. doi: 10.1007 / BF01547809
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102. ↑ [2]
103. ↑ Narrow majority according to the survey for inland I. Retrieved August 9, 2014 . 
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