List of heads of state 1778
Overview
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Africa
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Ethiopia
- Emperor : Solomon II (1777–1779)
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Burundi
- King : Mwambutsa III. Syarushambo Butama (approx. 1767 – approx. 1796)
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Morocco ( Alawid Dynasty )
- Sultan : Mulai Muhammad (1757–1790)
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Tunisia ( Husainid dynasty )
- Sultan : Ali II. Al-Husain (1759–1782)
America
Angloamerica
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United States
- President of the Continental Congress : Henry Laurens (1777–1778)
- President of the Continental Congress: John Jay (1778–1779)
- Governors of the 13 independent states:
- Connecticut : Governor Jonathan Trumbull (1769–1784)
- Delaware : President George Read (1777–1778), followed by Caesar Rodney (1778–1781)
- Georgia : Governor John A. Treutlen (1777–1778), followed by John Houstoun (1778–1779)
- Maryland : Governor Thomas Johnson (1777–1779)
- Massachusetts : Governor not yet elected
- New Hampshire : President Meshech Weare (1776–1785)
- New Jersey : Governor William Livingston (1776–1790)
- New York : Governor George Clinton (1777–1795)
- North Carolina : Governor Richard Caswell (1776–1780)
- Pennsylvania : President Thomas Wharton Jr. (1777–1778), followed by George Bryan (1978) and Joseph Reed (1778–1781)
- Rhode Island : Governor Nicholas Cooke (1775–1778), followed by William Greene (1778–1786)
- South Carolina : President John Rutledge (1776–1778) followed by Rawlins Lowndes (1778–1779)
- Virginia : Governor Patrick Henry (1776–1779)
- Vermont : Governor Thomas Chittenden (1778–1789)
Latin America
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Viceroyalty of Brazil
- Viceroy : Luís de Almeida Silva Mascarenhas (1769–1778)
- Viceroy: Luís de Vasconcelos e Sousa (1778–1790)
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Viceroyalty of New Granada
- Viceroy : Manuel Antonio Flores (1776–1782)
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Viceroyalty of New Spain
- Viceroy : Antonio María de Bucareli y Ursúa (1771–1779)
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Viceroyalty of Peru
- Viceroy : Manuel de Guirior (1776–1780)
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Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
- Viceroy : Pedro Antonio de Cevallos Cortés y Calderón (1777–1778)
- Viceroy: Juan José de Vértiz y Salcedo (1778–1784)
Asia
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Abu Dhabi
- Sheikh: Dhiyab bin Isa (1761–1793)
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Afghanistan
- King: Timur Shah (1772–1793)
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China ( Qing Dynasty )
- Emperor: Qian Long (1735–1796)
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Japan
- Emperor : Go-Momozono (1771–1779)
- Shogun ( Tokugawa ): Tokugawa Ieharu (1760–1786)
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Persia ( Zand dynasty )
- Vakīl : Karim Khan (1750–1779)
Europe
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Andorra
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Co-princes :
- King of France : Louis XVI. (1774–1792)
- Bishop of Urgell : Joaquín de Santiyán y Valdivielso (1772–1779)
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Co-princes :
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Denmark and Norway
- King : Christian VII. (1766–1808)
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France
- King : Louis XVI. (1774–1792)
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Great Britain and Ireland
- Head of State: King George III. (1760–1801) (1801–1820 King of the United Kingdom, 1760–1806 Elector of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, 1814–1820 King of Hanover)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Frederick North, Lord North (1770–1782)
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Holy Roman Empire
- King and Emperor : Joseph II. (1765–1790) (1780–1790 King of Bohemia, 1780–1790 Duke of Milan, 1780–1790 Duke of Mantua, 1780–1790 Archduke of Austria, 1780–1790 King of Hungary)
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Electoral College
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Archbishopric of Cologne
- Elector : Maximilian Friedrich von Königsegg-Rothenfels (1761–1784) (1762–1784 Bishop of Münster)
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Archbishopric Mainz
- Elector : Friedrich Karl Joseph von Erthal (1774–1802) (1774–1802 Bishop of Worms)
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Archbishopric Trier
- Elector : Clemens Wenzeslaus of Saxony (1768–1801) (1768–1803 Bishop of Augsburg, 1763–1768 Bishop of Freising, 1763–1768 Bishop of Regensburg, 1787–1802 Provost of Ellwangen, 1768–1794 Abbot of Prüm)
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Bavaria and Palatinate
- Elector : Karl Theodor (1777–1799) (1742–17 Elector of the Palatinate, 1742–1799 Duke of Jülich and Berg)
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Kingdom of Bohemia
- Queen : Maria Theresa (1740–1780) (1740–1780 Duchess of Milan, 1740–1780 Archduchess of Austria, 1740–1780 Duchess of Parma, 1740–1780 Queen of Hungary)
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Margraviate of Brandenburg
- Elector : Friedrich II. (1740–1786) (1740–1786 King of Prussia)
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Duchy of Brunswick-Lueneburg
- Elector : George III. (1760–1803) (1760–1801 King of Great Britain and Ireland, 1801–1820 King of the United Kingdom, 1814–1820 King of Hanover)
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Duchy of Saxony
- Elector : Friedrich August I (1763–1806) (1806–1827 King of Saxony)
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Archbishopric of Cologne
- spiritual imperial princes
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Hochstift Augsburg
- Bishop : Clemens Wenzeslaus of Saxony (1768–1803) (1768–1801 Archbishop of Trier, 1763–1768 Bishop of Freising, 1763–1768 Bishop of Regensburg, 1787–1802 Provost of Ellwangen, 1768–1794 Abbot of Prüm)
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Bamberg Monastery
- Bishop : Adam Friedrich von Seinsheim (1757–1779) (1755–1779 Bishop of Würzburg)
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Hochstift Basel
- Bishop : Ludwig von Wangen-Geroldseck (1775–1782)
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Prince Provost Berchtesgaden
- Provost : Franz Anton Josef von Hausen-Gleichenstorff (1768–1780)
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Brixen monastery
- Bishop : Leopold von Spaur (1747–1778)
- Bishop: Ignaz von Spaur (1778–1779)
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Hochstift Chur (territory 1648 federal, bishop imperial class without immediate land)
- Bishop : Franz Dionys von Rost (1777–1793)
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Corvey Abbey
- Abbot : Johann Karl Theodor von Brabeck (1776–1794) (from 1792 bishop)
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Balleien of the Teutonic Order
- Grand Master : Karl Alexander of Lorraine (1761–1780)
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Eichstätt Monastery
- Bishop : Raymund Anton von Strasoldo (1757–1781)
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Prince Provost Ellwangen
- Provost : Anton Ignaz von Fugger-Glött (1756–1787) (1769–1787 Bishop of Regensburg)
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Hochstift Freising
- Bishop : Ludwig Joseph von Welden (1768–1788)
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Fulda Abbey
- Bishop : Heinrich von Bibra (1759–1788)
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Hildesheim Monastery
- Bishop : Friedrich Wilhelm von Westphalen (1763–1789) (1782–1789 Bishop of Paderborn)
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Prince Abbey of Kempten
- Abbot : Honorius Roth von Schreckenstein (1760–1785)
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Constance monastery
- Bishop : Maximilian Christoph von Rodt (1775–1799)
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Hochstift Lübeck (1555–1803 Protestant administrators)
- Bishop : Friedrich August von Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf (1750–1785) (1773–1774 Count of Oldenburg, 1774–1785 Duke of Oldenburg)
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Liège Monastery
- Bishop : Franz Karl von Velbrück (1772–1784)
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Monastery of Münster
- Bishop : Maximilian Friedrich von Königsegg-Rothenfels (1762–1784) (1761–1784 Archbishop of Cologne)
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Hochstift Osnabrück (1662–1802 alternating between Catholic and Lutheran bishops)
- Bishop : Friedrich August von Hannover and Albany (1764–1802)
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Paderborn Monastery
- Bishop : Wilhelm Anton von der Asseburg (1763–1782)
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Passau bishopric
- Bishop : Leopold Ernst von Firmian (1763–1783) (1748–1758 Bishop of Trient)
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Regensburg Monastery
- Bishop : Anton Ignaz von Fugger-Glött (1769–1787) (1756–1787 Provost of Ellwangen)
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Archbishopric Salzburg
- Archbishop : Hieronymus von Colloredo (1772–1803)
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Speyer Monastery
- Bishop : August of Limburg-Stirum (1770–1797)
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Stablo-Malmedy Abbey
- Abbot : Jacques de Hubin (1766–1786)
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Strasbourg Monastery
- Bishop : Louis César Constantin de Rohan-Guéméné (1756–1779)
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Hochstift Trento
- Bishop : Peter Michael Vigil von Thun and Hohenstein (1776–1800)
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Hochstift Worms
- Bishop : Friedrich Karl Joseph von Erthal (1774–1802) (1774–1802 Archbishop of Mainz)
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Würzburg Monastery
- Bishop : Adam Friedrich von Seinsheim (1755–1779) (1757–1779 Bishop of Bamberg)
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Hochstift Augsburg
- secular imperial princes
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Principality of Anhalt
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Anhalt-Bernburg
- Prince : Friedrich Albrecht (1765–1796)
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Principality of Anhalt-Dessau
- Prince : Leopold III. Friedrich Franz (1751–1817) (1751–1758 under guardianship) (from 1807 duke)
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Principality of Anhalt-Köthen
- Prince : Karl Georg Lebrecht (1755–1789)
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Anhalt-Zerbst
- Prince : Friedrich August (1747–1793) (1747–1752 under guardianship)
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Anhalt-Bernburg
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Arenberg
- Duke : Karl Maria Raimund (1754–1778)
- Duke: Ludwig Engelbert (1778–1803)
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Margraviate of Baden
- Margrave : Karl Friedrich (1771–1803) (1738–1746 under guardianship) (1738–1771 Margrave of Baden-Durlach, 1803–1806 Elector of Baden, 1806–1811 Grand Duke of Baden)
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Brandenburg-Ansbach
- Margrave : Karl Alexander (1757–1791) (1769–1791 Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth)
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Brandenburg-Bayreuth
- Margrave : Karl Alexander (1769–1791) (1757–1791 Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach)
- Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel
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Hessen-Darmstadt
- Landgrave : Ludwig IX. (1768–1790)
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Hessen-Kassel
- Landgrave : Friedrich II. (1760–1785)
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Hohenzollern-Hechingen
- Prince : Josef Friedrich Wilhelm (1750–1798)
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Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
- Prince : Karl Friedrich (1769–1785)
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Jülich and Berg
- Duke : Karl Theodor (1742–1799) (1777–1799 Elector of Bavaria, 1742–1799 Elector of the Palatinate, 1742–1799 Duke of Palatinate-Neuburg)
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Liechtenstein
- Prince : Franz Josef I (1772–1781)
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Mecklenburg
- Mecklenburg-Schwerin
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Mecklenburg-Strelitz
- Duke : Adolf Friedrich IV. (1752–1794)
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Nassau
- Ottonian line
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Walramic line
- Nassau-Saarbrücken
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Nassau-Usingen
- Prince : Karl Wilhelm (1775–1803)
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Nassau-Weilburg
- Prince : Karl Christian (1753–1788)
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Oldenburg
- Duke : Friedrich August (1774–1785) (1773–1774 Count of Oldenburg, 1750–1785 Bishop of Lübeck)
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Austria
- Archduchess : Maria Theresa (1740–1780) (1740–1780 Queen of Bohemia, 1740–1780 Duchess of Milan, 1740–1780 Duchess of Parma, 1740–1780 Queen of Hungary)
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Pfalz-Neuburg
- Duke : Karl Theodor (1742–1799) (1742–1777 Elector Palatinate, 1777–1799 Elector Palatinate-Bavaria, 1733–1799 Duke of Palatinate-Sulzbach, 1742–1794 / 99 Duke of Jülich and Berg)
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Pfalz-Sulzbach
- Duke : Karl Theodor (1733–1799) (1742–1777 Elector Palatinate, 1777–1799 Elector Palatinate-Bavaria, 1742–1799 Duke of Palatinate-Neuburg, 1742–1794 / 99 Duke of Jülich and Berg)
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Pfalz-Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld
- Duke : Charles II August (1775–1795)
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Reuss older line (1778 from Reuss-Greiz)
- Prince : Heinrich XI. (1778–1800) (1723–1768 Count of Reuss-Obergreiz, 1768–1778 Count of Reuss-Greiz)
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Duchy of Saxony
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Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
- Duke : Ernst Friedrich (1764–1800)
- Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
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Saxony-Hildburghausen
- Duke : Ernst Friedrich III. (1745–1780) (1745–1748 under guardianship)
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Saxony-Meiningen
- Duke : Karl (1763–1782) (1763–1775 under guardianship)
- Duke: Georg I (Sachsen-Meiningen) (1763–1803) (1763–1782 under guardianship)
- Regent: Charlotte Amalie von Hessen-Philippsthal (1763–1782)
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Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
- Duke : Karl August (1758–1828) (1758–1775 under guardianship, 1815–1828 Grand Duke)
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Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
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Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
- Prince : Ludwig Günther II. (1767–1790)
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Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
- Prince : Christian Günther III. (1758–1794)
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Waldeck-Pyrmont
- Prince : Friedrich Karl August (1763–1805) (1805–1812 Prince of Waldeck)
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Württemberg
- Duke : Karl Eugen (1737–1793)
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Principality of Anhalt
- other imperial estates (selection)
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lip
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Lippe-Biesterfeld
- Count : Friedrich Karl August (1736–1781)
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Lippe-Detmold
- Count : Simon August (1734–1782)
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Lippe-Biesterfeld-Weißenfeld
- Count : Ferdinand Ludwig (1736–1781)
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Lippe-Biesterfeld
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Ortenburg
- Count : Karl Albrecht (1776–1787)
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Reuss
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Reuss older line
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Reuss-Greiz (1778: Principality of Reuss becomes older line)
- Count : Heinrich XI. (1768–1778) (1723–1768 Count of Reuss-Obergreiz, 1778–1800 Prince of Reuss older line)
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Reuss-Greiz (1778: Principality of Reuss becomes older line)
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Reuss younger line
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Reuss-Ebersdorf
- Count : Heinrich XXIV. (1747–1779)
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Reuss-Gera
- Count : Heinrich XXX. (1748–1802)
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Reuss-Lobenstein
- Count : Heinrich II. (1739–1782)
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Reuss-Schleiz
- Count : Heinrich XII. (1744–1784)
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Reuss-Ebersdorf
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Reuss older line
- Schaumburg-Lippe
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lip
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Italian states
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Genoa
- Doge : Giuseppe Lomellini (1777–1779)
- Papal States
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Milan (1706–1800 to Austria)
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Duchess : Maria Theresa (1740–1780) (1740–1780 Queen of Bohemia, 1740–1780 Archduchess of Austria, 1740–1780 Duchess of Parma, 1740–1780 Queen of Hungary)
- Governor : Ferdinand Karl von Österreich-Este (1771–1796)
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Duchess : Maria Theresa (1740–1780) (1740–1780 Queen of Bohemia, 1740–1780 Archduchess of Austria, 1740–1780 Duchess of Parma, 1740–1780 Queen of Hungary)
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Massa and Carrara
- Duchess : Maria Teresa Cybo-Malaspina (1731–1790) (until 1744 under guardianship)
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Modena and Reggio
- Duke : Francesco III. d'Este (1737–1780) (1754–1771 Governor of Milan)
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Naples (1735–1806 personal union with Sicily)
- King : Ferdinand I (1759–1799, 1799–1806, 1815–1816 ) (King of Sicily 1759–1816, King of both Sicilies 1816–1825)
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Parma and Piacenza
- Duchess : Maria Theresa (1740–1780) (1740–1780 Queen of Bohemia, 1740–1780 Duchess of Milan, 1740–1780 Archduchess of Austria, 1740–1780 Queen of Hungary)
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Piombino
- Prince : Antonio Boncompagni Ludovisi (1777–1801)
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Sardinia (personal union with Savoy)
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King : Viktor Amadeus III. (1773–1796) (1773–1796 Duke of Savoy)
- Viceroy : Francesco Ventimiglia Lascaris (1777–1780)
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King : Viktor Amadeus III. (1773–1796) (1773–1796 Duke of Savoy)
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Savoy (personal union with Sardinia)
- Duke : Viktor Amadeus III. (1773–1796) (1773–1796 King of Sardinia)
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Sicily (1735–1806 in personal union with Naples)
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King : Ferdinand III. (1759–1816) (1759–1799, 1799–1806, 1815–1816 King of Naples, 1816–1825 King of the Two Sicilies)
- Viceroy : Marcantonio Colonna (1774–1780)
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King : Ferdinand III. (1759–1816) (1759–1799, 1799–1806, 1815–1816 King of Naples, 1816–1825 King of the Two Sicilies)
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Tuscany
- Grand Duke : Leopold I (1765–1790) (1790–1792 Emperor, 1790–1792 King of Bohemia, 1790–1792 Duke of Milan, 1790–1792 Archduke of Austria, 1790–1792 King of Hungary)
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Venice
- Doge : Alvise Mocenigo IV. (1763–1778)
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Genoa
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Khanate of Crimea
- Khan : Sahin Giray (1777–1782, 1782–1783 )
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Courland
- Duke : Peter von Biron (1769–1795)
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Malta
- Grand Master : Emmanuel de Rohan-Polduc (1775–1797)
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Moldova (under Ottoman rule)
- Prince : Constantin Moruzi (1777–1782)
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Monaco
-
Prince : Honoré III. (1732–1793)
- Governor General: Antoine Grimaldi (1732–1784)
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Prince : Honoré III. (1732–1793)
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Netherlands
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Republic of the Seven United Provinces
- Inheritance holder : Wilhelm V (1751–1795) (1751–1806 Prince of Nassau-Diez)
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Austrian Netherlands (formally part of the Holy Roman Empire until 1714/95)
- Governor : Karl Alexander von Lothringen (1744–1780) (1761–1780 Grand Master of the Teutonic Order)
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Republic of the Seven United Provinces
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Ottoman Empire
- Sultan : Abdülhamid I (1774–1789)
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Poland
- King : Stanislaus II August Poniatowski (1764–1795)
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Ottoman Empire
- Sultan: Abdülhamid I , Sultan (1774–1789)
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Poland
- King : Stanislaus II August (1763–1795)
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Portugal (1777–1786 joint rule)
- King : Peter III. (1777–1786)
- Queen: Maria I (1777–1816) (1815–1816 Queen of Brazil)
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Prussia
- King : Friedrich II. (1740–1786) (1740–1786 Elector of Brandenburg)
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Russia
- Empress : Catherine II (1762–1796)
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Sweden
- King : Gustav III. (1771–1792)
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Spain
- King : Charles III. (1759–1788) (1735–1759 King of Naples, 1731–1735 Duke of Parma, 1735–1759 King of Sicily)
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Hungary
- Queen : Maria Theresa (1740–1780) (1740–1780 Queen of Bohemia, 1740–1780 Duchess of Milan, 1740–1780 Archduchess of Austria, 1740–1780 Duchess of Parma)
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Wallachia (under Ottoman rule)
- Prince : Alexander Ypsilantis (1774–1782, 1796–1797 ) (1786–1788 Prince of Modau)