List of the longest tunnels in Germany

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This list shows the longest road and rail tunnels in Germany.

Road tunnel

  • over 1.0 kilometers in length
  • If there are several tubes, the longest tube is decisive for the specified tunnel length
  • If an opening date (commissioning) is documented by sources, the year of completion is not mentioned here, but the year of opening
  • Column R indicates whether it is a two-tube tunnel or a single-tube (with two-way traffic)
# tunnel state Length
(meters)
Completion
/
opening
 R. 
Course of the route
1 Rennsteig tunnel Thuringia 7,916 2003 two A 71
2 Hirschhagen Tunnel (under construction since 2013) Hesse 4,204 2022 two A 44
3 Kramer tunnel (under construction since 2010) Bavaria 3,609 2024 a B 23
4th New Elbe tunnel Hamburg 3,325 1975 four A 7
5 Königshainer Berge tunnel Saxony 3,281 1999 two A 4
6th Jagdberg tunnel Thuringia 3,074 2014 two A 4
7th Oberau tunnel (under construction since 2015) Bavaria 2,971 2021 two B 2
8th Berg Bock tunnel Thuringia 2,738 2002 two A 71
9 Saukopf tunnel Baden-Wü. / Hessen 2,715 1999 a B 38
10 Michael tunnel Baden-Württemberg 2,544 1989 a B 500
11 Engelberg tunnel Baden-Württemberg 2,530 1999 two A 81
12 Tunnel Tiergarten Spreebogen (TTS) Berlin 2,392 2006 two B 96
13 Farchant tunnel Bavaria 2,390 2000 two B 2
14th Coschützer tunnel Saxony 2,332 2004 two A 17
15th Heslacher tunnel Baden-Württemberg 2,300 1991 a B 14
16 Gmünder unicorn tunnel Baden-Württemberg 2,230 2013 a B 29
17th Bad Godesberg tunnel North Rhine-Westphalia 1,950 1999 two B 9
18th Wattkopf tunnel Baden-Württemberg 1,950 1994 a L 562
19th Aubinger tunnel Bavaria 1,935 2005 two A 99
20th Rheinufertunnel (Düsseldorf) North Rhine-Westphalia 1.928 1993 two B 1
21st Disk summit tunnel Baden-Württemberg 1.910 2017 a B 312
22nd Hornberg tunnel Baden-Württemberg 1,885 2006 a B 33
23 Starnberg Tunnel (under construction since 2018) Bavaria 1,878 2026 a B 2
24 Burgholz tunnel North Rhine-Westphalia 1,865 2006 two L 418
25th Kirchberg Tunnel Schiltach Baden-Württemberg 1,840 1991 a B 294
26th Branich tunnel Baden-Württemberg 1,796 2016 a L 536
27 Weserauentunnel North Rhine-Westphalia 1,733 2002 two B 61
28 Tunnel decorations Thuringia 1,729 2008 two A 71
29 Heidkopf tunnel Thür. / Lower Saxony 1,724 2006 two A 38
30th Boyneburg Tunnel (under construction since 2019) Hesse 1,714 2024 two A 44
31 Britz motorway tunnel Berlin 1,713 2000 two A 100
32 Master tunnel Baden-Württemberg 1,684 1997 a L 351
33 Holstein Tunnel (under construction since 2019) Hesse 1,647 2024 two A 44
34 Weser tunnel Lower Saxony 1,646 2003 two B 437
35 Neuhof tunnel Hesse 1,610 2014 two A 66
36 Kappelberg tunnel Baden-Württemberg 1,585 1992 two B 14
37 Malberg tunnel Rhineland-Palatinate 1,540 2006 a B 260
38 Luise Kiesselbach Tunnel Bavaria 1,530 2015 two B 2R
39 Gernsbach tunnel Baden-Württemberg 1,527 1997 a B 462
40 Richard Strauss Tunnel Bavaria 1,500 2010 two B 2R
41 Petuel tunnel Bavaria 1,473 2002 two B 2R
42 A 27 port connection tunnel (under construction since 2014) Bremen 1,471 2021 a Bremerhaven
43 Josef Deimer Tunnel Bavaria 1,470 1999 a Landshut
44 Bürgerwaldtunnel Baden-Württemberg 1,435 1997 a A 98
45 Wambel tunnel North Rhine-Westphalia 1,420 1991 two B 236
46 Kriegstrasse Tunnel (under construction since 2017) Baden-Württemberg 1,403 2022 two B 10
47 Tunnel kitchens Hesse 1,372 2018 two A 44
48 Arlinger Tunnel Pforzheim (under construction since 2019) Baden-Württemberg 1,335 2023 a B 463
49 Berghofen tunnel North Rhine-Westphalia 1.310 2008 two B 236
50 Füssen border tunnel Bavaria 1,284 1999 a A 7
51 Nollinger Berg tunnel Baden-Württemberg 1,268 2005 two A 861
52 Reutherberg tunnel Baden-Württemberg 1,257 1993 a B 294
53 Kappler tunnel Baden-Württemberg 1,230 2002 two B 31
54 Feuerbacher tunnel Baden-Württemberg 1,200 1995 a B 295
55 Ursula mountain tunnel Pfullingen Baden-Württemberg 1,180 2003 a B 312
56 Döggingen tunnel Baden-Württemberg 1,170 1999 two B 31
57 Kappler tunnel Baden-Württemberg 1,156 2002 two B 31
58 Pörzberg tunnel Thuringia 1,145 2010 a L 1048
59 Hugenwald tunnel Baden-Württemberg 1,135 1985 a B 294
60 Eichelberg tunnel Thuringia 1,123 2005 two A 71
61 Weser Tunnel Bremen (under construction since 2019) Bremen 1,095 2024 two A 281
62 Hausach summer mountain tunnel Baden-Württemberg 1,085 1995 a B 33
63 Menschenbach tunnel Baden-Württemberg 1,080 2009 two B 14
64 Lohberg tunnel Hesse 1,080 2007 a B 426
65 Airport tunnel (Düsseldorf) North Rhine-Westphalia 1,070 1992 two A 44
66 Dolzschen tunnel Saxony 1,070 2004 two A 17
67 Rosenstein tunnel (under construction since 2015) Baden-Württemberg 1,060 2022 two B 10
68 Hochwald tunnel Thuringia 1,056 2003 two A 71
69 Staufer Tunnel Annweiler am Trifels Rhineland-Palatinate 1,038 1997 a B 10
70 Allach tunnel Bavaria 1,030 1998 two A 99
71 University tunnel Düsseldorf North Rhine-Westphalia 1,026 1983 two A 46
72 Fellbach city ​​tunnel Baden-Württemberg 1,022 1997 a L 1193
73 Rastatt tunnel Baden-Württemberg 1,021 1992 a L 77a
74 Ruhr expressway tunnel North Rhine-Westphalia 1.005 1970 two A 40

Planned road tunnels

The realization of the following tunnel projects is very likely. If these tunnels are built, they would move up this list:

Railway tunnel

  • If there are several tubes, the longest tube is decisive for the specified tunnel length
  • For later extensions and extensions of a tunnel, the length specification refers to the time after the extension
  • If an opening date (commissioning) is documented by sources, the year of completion is not mentioned here, but the year of opening
# tunnel state Length
(meters)
Completion
or opening
comment
1 Landrückentunnel Hesse 10,779 1988 High-speed line from Hanover to Würzburg
2 Mündener tunnel Lower Saxony 10,525 1991 High-speed line from Hanover to Würzburg
3 Fildertunnel (under construction since 2014) Baden-Württemberg 9,468 2025 Project Stuttgart 21
4th Katzenberg tunnel Baden-Württemberg 9,385 2012 Expansion and new construction of the Karlsruhe – Basel line
5 Boßler tunnel (under construction since 2013) Baden-Württemberg 8,806 2022 New Wendlingen – Ulm line
6th Bleßberg tunnel Thuringia 8,326 2017 High-speed line from Nuremberg to Erfurt
7th Albvorland tunnel (under construction since 2016) Baden-Württemberg 8,176 2022Template: future / in 2 years New Wendlingen – Ulm line
8th Euerwangtunnel Bavaria 7,700 2006 High-speed line Nuremberg – Ingolstadt
9 Silberberg tunnel Thuringia 7,407 2017 High-speed line from Nuremberg to Erfurt
10 Dietershan tunnel Hesse 7,375 1991 High-speed line from Hanover to Würzburg
11 Irlahüll tunnel Bavaria 7,260 2006 High-speed line Nuremberg – Ingolstadt
12 Finne tunnel Thuringia 6,965 2013 New Erfurt – Leipzig / Halle line
13 Freudenstein tunnel Baden-Württemberg 6,824 1991 Mannheim – Stuttgart high-speed line
14th Bibra tunnel Saxony-Anhalt 6,467 2012 New Erfurt – Leipzig / Halle line
15th Alb descent tunnel (under construction since 2014) Baden-Württemberg 5,940 2022 New Wendlingen – Ulm line
16 Obertürkheim tunnel (under construction since 2014) Baden-Württemberg 5,730 2025 Project Stuttgart 21
17th Mühlberg tunnel Bavaria 5,528 1986 High-speed line from Hanover to Würzburg
18th Hainrode tunnel Hesse 5,370 1991 High-speed line from Hanover to Würzburg
19th Pfingstberg tunnel Baden-Württemberg 5,360 1987 Mannheim – Stuttgart high-speed line
20th Rauhub tunnel Lower Saxony 5,210 1991 High-speed line from Hanover to Würzburg
21st Steinbühl Tunnel (under construction since 2013) Baden-Württemberg 4,847 2022 New Wendlingen – Ulm line
22nd Long field tunnel Baden-Württemberg 4,632 1991 Mannheim – Stuttgart high-speed line
23 School forest tunnel Hesse 4,500 2002 High-speed route Cologne – Rhine / Main
24 Rastatt Tunnel (under construction since 2016) Baden-Württemberg 4,270 2025 Expansion and new construction of the Karlsruhe – Basel line
25th Kaiser Wilhelm Tunnel Rhineland-Palatinate 4,242 1879 and 2014 Moselle route , expanded by a second tube in 2014
26th Airport tunnel (Cologne) North Rhine-Westphalia 4.210 2004 Airport loop Cologne
27 Schlueter tunnel Hesse 3,995 1914 and 2011 Kinzig Valley Railway , extended by a second tube in 2011
28 Schönrain tunnel Bavaria 3,942 1994 Nantenbacher curve
29 Kirchheim tunnel Hesse 3,820 1991 High-speed line from Hanover to Würzburg
30th Eierberge tunnel Bavaria 3,756 2017 High-speed line from Nuremberg to Erfurt
31 Escherberg tunnel Lower Saxony 3,687 1991 High-speed line from Hanover to Würzburg
32 Richthof tunnel Hesse 3,510 1991 High-speed line from Hanover to Würzburg
33 Bad Cannstatt Tunnel (under construction since 2013) Baden-Württemberg 3,507 2025 Project Stuttgart 21
34 Tunnel north-south long-distance railway Berlin 3,453 2006 North-South long-distance line , four-track main line
35 Dernbach tunnel Rhineland-Palatinate 3,305 2002 High-speed route Cologne – Rhine / Main
36 Rolleberg tunnel Baden-Württemberg 3,303 1991 Mannheim – Stuttgart high-speed line
37 Geisberg tunnel Bavaria 3,289 2006 High-speed line Nuremberg – Ingolstadt
38 Fahrnau tunnel Baden-Württemberg 3,169 1890 Wehratalbahn (no longer in operation)
39 Krähberg tunnel Hesse 3,100 1882 Odenwaldbahn
40 Fire control tunnel Thuringia 3,039 1884 Neudietendorf – Ritschenhausen railway line
41 Feuerbach tunnel (under construction since 2015) Baden-Württemberg 3,026 2025 Project Stuttgart 21
42 Long-distance railway airport tunnel BER Berlin 3,009 2011 Railway line Glasower Damm Ost – Bohnsdorf Süd
43 Kriebergtunnel Lower Saxony 2,994 1987 High-speed line from Hanover to Würzburg
44 Reitersberg tunnel Bavaria 2,975 2016 High-speed line from Nuremberg to Erfurt
45 Egge tunnel North Rhine-Westphalia 2,880 2003 Hamm – Warburg railway line
46 Schalkenberg tunnel Hesse 2,834 1991 High-speed line from Hanover to Würzburg
47 Landmark tunnel Baden-Württemberg 2,814 1991 Mannheim – Stuttgart high-speed line
48 Sengebergtunnel Hesse 2,807 1991 High-speed line from Hanover to Würzburg
49 Niedernhausen tunnel Hesse 2,765 2002 High-speed route Cologne – Rhine / Main
50 Wildsberg tunnel Hesse 2,708 1991 High-speed line from Hanover to Würzburg
51 Rudersdorf Tunnel Hesse / North Rhine-Westphalia 2,652 1915 Dill range
52 Falkenberg tunnel Bavaria 2,623 2017 Main-Spessart Railway
53 Treiser tunnel Rhineland-Palatinate 2,565 1923 Right Moselle route (not in operation)
54 Siegauen tunnel North Rhine-Westphalia 2,502 2002 High-speed route Cologne – Rhine / Main

Planned rail tunnels

The realization of the following tunnel projects is very likely. If these tunnels are built, they would move up this list:

There are project studies or requests from citizens' initiatives for the following tunnel projects, the realization of which is still uncertain:

S-Bahn tunnels and other rail tunnels

  • Underground and light rail tunnels are not taken into account, as different building regulations apply to them
  • Duplicate entries in comparison to the railway tunnel section are possible if the S-Bahn tunnel is also used by regional or long-distance trains
  • For branches in the tunnel (side branches), the total length of the tunnel (total coverage including the side branches) is given in the separate column
  • For later extensions and extensions of a tunnel, the length specification refers to the time after the extension
  • If an opening date (commissioning) is documented by sources, the year of completion is not mentioned here, but the year of opening
# tunnel state
Main
strand length
(meters)

Total
coverage length
(meters)
Prepared
position
or
opening
comment
1 S-Bahn trunk line and Hasenberg tunnel
(Stuttgart, extension has been under construction since 2017)
Baden-Württemberg 8,788
9,818
10,988 1985
2025
Connection train / S-Bahn Stuttgart
2 Tunnel of the second trunk line (under construction since 2017) Bavaria 7.008 2026 S-Bahn Munich
3 City S-Bahn Hamburg Hamburg 5,752 1979 S-Bahn Hamburg
4th North-South Tunnel (Berlin) Berlin 5,656 5,884 1939 S-Bahn Berlin
5 City tunnel Frankfurt Hesse 5,446 6.361 1992 Rhein-Main S-Bahn
6th Zugspitze Tunnel (near Garmisch-Partenkirchen ) Bavaria 4,466 1930 Zugspitzbahn ( rack railway )
7th Harburg S-Bahn tunnel Hamburg 4,422 1983 S-Bahn Hamburg
8th Tunnel of the first trunk line (Munich) Bavaria 4,343 1972 S-Bahn Munich
9 Airport tunnel (Cologne) North Rhine-Westphalia 4.210 2004 S-Bahn Cologne
10 Tunnel airport (Stuttgart) Baden-Württemberg 4.120 1993 S-Bahn Stuttgart
11 S-Bahn airport tunnel Frankfurt
(including the Gateway Gardens extension)
Hesse 2,235
4,034
1972
2019
Rhein-Main S-Bahn
12 Offenbach City Tunnel Hesse 3,860 1995 Rhein-Main S-Bahn
13 Munich airport tunnel
(extension for ring closure has been under construction since 2018)
Bavaria 1,811
3,367
1992
2022
S-Bahn Munich
14th City tunnel Leipzig Saxony 3,187 3,645 2013 S-Bahn Central Germany
15th Hamburg S-Bahn airport tunnel Hamburg 2,528 2008 S-Bahn Hamburg
16 S-Bahn airport tunnel Berlin Berlin 2,425 2011 S-Bahn Berlin
17th Cologne-Chorweiler S-Bahn tunnel North Rhine-Westphalia 2,238 1977 S-Bahn Cologne
18th S-Bahn tunnel Cologne-Kreuzberg North Rhine-Westphalia 1,992 1985 S-Bahn Cologne
19th Ismaning S-Bahn tunnel Bavaria 1,669 1992 S-Bahn Munich
20th Unterföhring S-Bahn tunnel Bavaria 1,426 2005 S-Bahn Munich
21st S-Bahn tunnel Dortmund University North Rhine-Westphalia 1,352 1983 Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn
22nd S-Bahn tunnel Dortmund-Lütgendortmund North Rhine-Westphalia 1,236 1993 Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn
23 S21 (Berlin) , section Nordring - Hauptbahnhof
(first construction phase under construction since 2012)
Three tunnels with a length of 609, 410 and 190 meters
Berlin 609 1,209 2021 S-Bahn Berlin

Planned S-Bahn tunnels

The following S-Bahn tunnel projects are to be implemented in the coming years:

  • Existing tunnel at Stuttgart Airport : It is planned to extend the Stuttgart-Rohr – Filderstadt railway line by 3.9 km to Neuhausen auf den Fildern . This would also extend the existing tunnel by around 500 meters to the east, i.e. to a length of around 4.62 km. Construction is scheduled to start in 2022.
  • Tunnel Erding , length: 2.295 km (main line) or 3.017 km (total coverage including side branch "Tunnel Wasserturm" = connection to Walpertskirchner Spange), part of the Erdinger Ringschluss project . The start of construction is planned for 2022, the completion for 2028 (main line) and 2030 (side branch).
  • Tunnel for the Nordmainische S-Bahn , side branch with a length of 1.77 km, which unthreads from the existing line ( City-Tunnel Frankfurt ) east of the Frankfurt (Main) Konstablerwache station, construction will start around 2022.
  • Tunnel for the S21 line (Berlin) , total extension length after all three planned construction phases have been completed: 2.8 km, starting (north portal) around 600 meters north of Berlin Central Station , south portal at the level of Mendelssohn-Bartholdy-Park underground station; Route: Nordring - Perleberger Brücke - Hauptbahnhof - Potsdamer Platz - Gleisdreieck underground station - Berlin Yorckstraße station , completion of the first construction phase from Nordring to the main station (three tunnels with a length of 609, 410 and 190 meters): 2021, completion of the entire route: approx 2035.
  • (So ​​far only in the preliminary planning stage :) Englschalking Tunnel: Length approx. 3 km between Munich-Daglfing and Munich-Johanneskirchen, part of the four-track expansion of the S-Bahn line to Munich Airport .
  • (So ​​far only in the preliminary planning stage :) Second Leipzig City Tunnel (east-west tube): length approx. 7 km.
  • (So ​​far only in the preliminary planning stage :) S-Bahn tunnel from Hamburg Hauptbahnhof to Hamburg-Altona .

See also

annotation

  1. The tunnel on the main S-Bahn line in Stuttgart is divided into the following sections: The section from the main train station to the Neckar Bridge or to the Stuttgart North station is an extension of the existing tunnel of the connecting line (8,788 meters) as part of the Stuttgart 21 project and is currently under construction. On the section currently under construction, the tunnel coming from the main train station merges into a trough at the Stuttgart Mittnachtstraße train station . To the northeast of the station is the Rosenstein S-Bahn tunnel with a length of 1,170 meters. Due to the fact that the tunnel is interrupted by the trough at the Mittnachtstraße station, only the section Österfeld - Mittnachtstraße (= 9,818 meters) is considered as an independent tunnel in this list. This length of the main line results from the addition of 5625 m + 3163 m + 1149 m, minus 119 m = 9818 m. Because the end of the previous tunnel of the connecting line (the existing tunnel ending shortly after the main train station before the Stuttgart 21 project was implemented ) is at a distance of −0.498 kilometers. The connection of the new tunnel in the direction of the new Mittnachtstraße station takes place at route kilometers −0.379, so that the difference between 498 and 379 has to be deducted for the calculation of the main line length. Together with the Rosenstein S-Bahn tunnel, this results in a total tunnel distance of 9,818 + 1,170 = 10,988 meters. For the length information, the construction progress information from Deutsche Bahn and the planning approval documents for Stuttgart 21 (Section 1.5) were used.

Individual evidence

  1. Tunnel construction for bypassing is delayed ; in: Südwestrundfunk from September 30, 2019
  2. Green light for the Auerberg tunnel ; in: Merkur.de from January 20, 2020
  3. Construction site for six years: idyll near Helsa has to give way for A44 tunnel ; in: Hessisch-Niedersächsische Allgemeine from November 18, 2018
  4. The A 52 comes with a tunnel ; in: lokalkompass.de from September 6, 2018
  5. Landshuter Allee: Will the tunnel get any longer? ; in: Abendzeitung München from July 2, 2018
  6. New tunnels are coming: Munich is jammed - these four tunnel construction sites will cause serious problems ; in: tz Online from December 18, 2018
  7. Port authority plans double tube - This is what the new Köhlbrand tunnel looks like ; in: bild.de on April 11, 2018
  8. Hamburg Senate is committed to A 26-Ost, Köhlbrandtunnel and airport ; in: Verkehrsrundschau from May 25, 2020
  9. First look at the A26 tunnel ; in: Bild Online from September 20, 2018
  10. Green light for Wilhelmsburg autobahn cover ; in: Elbe Wochenblatt from November 20, 2019
  11. A tunnel for through traffic: The B9 in Nierstein becomes a major construction site ; in: Allgemeine Zeitung from January 12, 2018
  12. The tunnel is in the first stage of implementation in the country - it will come as soon as possible ; in: Schwäbisches Tagblatt from March 22, 2018
  13. Ministerialdirigent promises the Falkensteig tunnel good chances ; in: Badische Zeitung from April 20, 2018
  14. Molldiete tunnel is priority ; in: Südwestrundfunk from March 21, 2018
  15. Plans for the Wanktunnel in Garmisch-Partenkirchen continue ; in: Bayerischer Rundfunk from October 1, 2018
  16. Frankenschnellweg expansion: new plaintiff appears ; in: nordbayern.de from May 13, 2018
  17. ^ Goodbye traffic chaos: the tunnel is coming ; in: Schwarzwälder Bote from March 23, 2018
  18. Planning for the valley bypass begins in the first half of 2019 ; in: Neue Rottweiler Zeitung from April 20, 2018
  19. ^ Nuremberg-Fürth line: a freight train tunnel to prevent traffic jams ; in: nordbayern.de from November 7, 2018
  20. The plans for the Offenburg railway tunnel are concrete ; in: Badische Zeitung from June 6, 2018
  21. Plans for the Erzgebirge railway tunnel are becoming more concrete ; in: Sächsische Zeitung Online from May 17, 2018
  22. ^ Bahn announces route for new Gelnhausen-Fulda line ; in: Frankfurter Neue Presse from June 15, 2018
  23. Frankfurt long-distance railway tunnel: 3.5 billion euros for 8-minute faster ICEs ; in: Hessenschau from November 22, 2018
  24. The long-distance railway tunnel across Frankfurt becomes concrete ; in: Frankfurter Neue Presse from January 31, 2019
  25. Where the tracks for the Brenner Base Tunnel could run ; in: Süddeutsche Zeitung from July 1, 2019
  26. Brenner northern inlet - complete map of all variants
  27. Web portal of the Brenner northern inflow planning department of DB Netz AG
  28. ↑ New route Frankfurt-Mannheim: Lampertheim gets a tunnel ; in: Frankfurter Rundschau from December 9, 2019
  29. Thomas Kantke / Stefan Baumgartner (2013): Additional proposals for railway measures for the Free State of Bavaria for the 2015 Federal Transport Infrastructure Plan
  30. The mega-solution against railway noise ; in: Südwestrundfunk, Landesschau aktuell from October 8, 2015
  31. Wissing wants to continue campaigning for alternative routes ; in: Südwestrundfunk from February 3, 2019
  32. ^ S2 extension - region approves route to Neuhausen ; in: Stuttgarter Zeitung of May 17, 2017
  33. approval despite criticism ; in: Stuttgarter Zeitung from December 12, 2019
  34. Tunnel comes, peace remains ; in: Merkur Online from April 13, 2018
  35. New north-south tunnel for Berlin - the next major construction site? ; in: Der Tagesspiegel from November 14, 2018
  36. Route found for a new S-Bahn tunnel at the Reichstag ; in: Berliner Morgenpost from January 3, 2020
  37. ^ S-Bahn Berlin S 21 - New construction of a route for the S-Bahn in the north-south axis via Berlin Central Station ; in: Construction project portal of the Deutsche Bahn AG
  38. Cost explosion for the S-Bahn route to the airport ; in: tz Online from July 11, 2018
  39. Is Leipzig's “City-Tunnel II” coming? ; in: Leipziger Volkszeitung from January 22, 2018
  40. Leipzig is planning a second city tunnel ; in: Sächsische SZ from December 13, 2018
  41. ↑ Senator of Transport welcomes S-Bahn tunnel idea ; in Welt.de from December 16, 2019