1936 Summer Olympics / Athletics

Athletics at the 1936 Summer Olympics
information
venue	Berlin
Competition venue	Olympic Stadium , Maifeld , AVUS
Nations	43
Athletes	776 (678 , 98 )
date	August 2-9, 1936
decisions	29
← Los Angeles 1932 London 1948 →

At the XI. Olympic Games 1936 in Berlin were 29 competitions in Athletics held. There were 23 competitions for men and 6 for women.

Berlin officially hosted the Games in 1931, before the so-called seizure of power by the National Socialist government in Germany. After initial deliberations on even giving back the orientation, the regime used the games as a means of trivializing the external representation of the situation in Germany, which came as it was called.

The stadium newly built for this event offered excellent conditions for good performance. It had a 400-meter cinder track, which in the meantime had become common in this standardized form.

There were no changes to the competition offer compared to 1932 . In other words, there was an almost identical program for men compared to today, in 1936 only a second walking competition was missing . The women, on the other hand, had to be satisfied with a thin range of six disciplines. There were the 100 meters , the 80 meter hurdles and the 4 x 100 meter relay in running , the high jump in jumping and the discus and javelin throwing disciplines .

Balance sheet

Medal table

space	country				total
1	United States	14th	7th	4th	25th
2	German Empire	5	4th	4th	13
3	Finland	3	5	2	10
4th	Great Britain	2	5	-	7th
5	Japan	2	2	3	7th
6th	Italy	1	2	2	5
7th	New Zealand	1	-	-	1
	Hungary	1	-	-	1
9	Poland	-	2	1	3
10	Canada	-	1	3	4th
11	Switzerland	-	1	-	1
12	Netherlands	-	-	2	2
	Sweden	-	-	2	2
14th	Australia	-	-	1	1
	Latvia	-	-	1	1
	Philippines	-	-	1	1
total		29	29	29	87

Medalist

Men

discipline	gold	silver	bronze
100 m	Jesse Owens ( USA )	Ralph Metcalfe ( USA )	Martinus Osendarp ( HOL )
200 m	Jesse Owens ( USA )	Mack Robinson ( USA )	Martinus Osendarp ( HOL )
400 m	Archie Williams ( USA )	Godfrey Brown ( GBR )	James LuValle ( USA )
800 m	John Woodruff ( USA )	Mario Lanzi ( ITA )	Phil Edwards ( CAN )
1500 m	Jack Lovelock ( NZL )	Glenn Cunningham ( USA )	Luigi Beccali ( ITA )
5000 m	Gunnar Höckert ( FIN )	Lauri Lehtinen ( FIN )	Henry Jonsson ( SWE )
10,000 m	Ilmari Salt Mines ( FIN )	Arvo Askola ( FIN )	Volmari Iso-Hollo ( FIN )
marathon	Son Kitei ( JPN )	Ernie Harper ( GBR )	Nan Shōryū ( JPN )
110 m hurdles	Forrest Towns ( USA )	Don Finlay ( GBR )	Fritz Pollard ( USA )
400 m hurdles	Glenn Hardin ( USA )	John Loaring ( CAN )	Miguel White ( PHI )
3000 m obstacle	Volmari Iso-Hollo ( FIN )	Kalle Tuominen ( FIN )	Alfred Dompert ( GER )
50 km of walking	Harold Whitlock ( GBR )	Arthur Tell Schwab ( SUI )	Adalbert Bubenko ( LAT )
high jump	Cornelius Johnson ( USA )	Dave Albritton ( USA )	Delos Thurber ( USA )
Pole vault	Earle Meadows ( USA )	Nishida Shūhei ( JPN )	Ōe Sueo ( JPN )
Long jump	Jesse Owens ( USA )	Luz Long ( GER )	Tajima Naoto ( JPN )
Triple jump	Tajima Naoto ( JPN )	Harada Masao ( JPN )	Jack Metcalfe ( AUS )
Shot put	Hans Woellke ( GER )	Sulo Bärlund ( FIN )	Gerhard Stöck ( GER )
Discus throw	Ken Carpenter ( USA )	Gordon Dunn ( USA )	Giorgio Oberweger ( ITA )
Hammer throw	Karl Hein ( GER )	Erwin Blask ( GER )	Fred Warngård ( SWE )
Javelin throw	Gerhard Stöck ( GER )	Yrjö Nikkanen ( FIN )	Kalervo Toivonen ( FIN )
Decathlon	Glenn Morris ( USA )	Bob Clark ( USA )	Jack Parker ( USA )
4 × 100 m relay	United States Jesse Owens Ralph Metcalfe Foy Draper Frank Wykoff	Italy Orazio Mariani Gianni Caldana Elio Ragni Tullio Gonnelli	German Empire Wilhelm Leichum Erich Borchmeyer Erwin Gillmeister Gerd Hornberger
4 × 400 m relay	United States Freddie Wolff Godfrey Rampling Bill Roberts Godfrey Brown	Great Britain Harold Cagle Robert Young Edward O'Brien Alfred Fitch	German Empire Helmut Hamann Friedrich von Stülpnagel Harry Voigt Rudolf Harbig

Women

discipline	gold	silver	bronze
100 m	Helen Stephens ( USA )	Stanisława Walasiewicz ( POL )	Käthe Krauss ( GER )
80 m hurdles	Trebisonda Valla ( ITA )	Anni Steuer ( GER )	Elizabeth Taylor ( CAN )
high jump	Ibolya Csák ( HUN )	Dorothy Odam ( GBR )	Elfriede Kaun ( GER )
Discus throw	Gisela Mauermayer ( GER )	Jadwiga Wajs ( POL )	Paula Mollenhauer ( GER )
Javelin throw	Tilly Fleischer ( GER )	Luise Krüger ( GER )	Maria Kwaśniewska ( POL )
4 × 100 m relay	United States Harriet Bland Annette Rogers Betty Robinson Helen Stephens	Great Britain Eileen Hiscock Violet Olney Audrey Brown Barbara Burke	Canada Dorothy Brookshaw Mildred Dolson Hilda Cameron Aileen Meagher

Sporting successes

The performances were at an excellent level, even if the record flood of the previous games in Los Angeles was not reached. There were five world records and fifteen Olympic records were also set.

With 14 gold, 7 silver and 4 bronze medals, the US team was again the most successful in the athletics competitions. After great efforts to promote sport against the background of the National Socialist dictatorship in Germany , in which sport played a major role as a means of external representation, Germany was the next most successful team with five gold medals. Behind them came Finland , which with three gold medals no longer had the great successes of previous years, as well as Great Britain and Japan with two Olympic victories each.

With four gold medals, Jesse Owens was the most successful athlete at the Olympic Games in Berlin and at the same time the outstanding athlete. Owens was Olympic champion in the 100 meters , 200 meters , in the long jump and as the starting runner of the 4 x 100 meter relay . Apart from Owens, only compatriot Carl Lewis , who was successful in 1984 in exactly the same disciplines as Jesse Owens in 1936 , has won four gold medals at a single Olympic event in athletics .

Helen Stephens was the only female athlete to win two gold medals in these athletics competitions. She won over 100 meters and as the final runner in the 4 x 100 meter relay .

Results men

100 m

→ Main article : 1936 Summer Olympics / Athletics - 100 m (men)

space	country	athlete	Time (s)
1	United States	Jesse Owens	10.3
2	United States	Ralph Metcalfe	10.4
3	HOL	Martinus Osendarp	10.5
4th	United States	Frank Wykoff	10.6
5	GER	Erich Borchmeyer	10.7
6th	SWE	Lennart Strandberg	10.9

12 preliminary runs: August 2nd, from 10:00 a.m. / 4 intermediate runs on August 2nd, from 3:00 p.m. / 2 semi-finals, August 3rd, from 3:00 p.m.
Final: August 3rd, 5:00 p.m.
Participants: 63 athletes from 30 countries

Jesse Owens ran an Olympic record with 10.3 seconds . In the interim he was able to improve his time to 10.2 s, but this record was not recognized because of the strong tailwind. In the final, too, the tailwind was too strong for the winning time to be recognized as an Olympic record.

In this final, the exceptional athlete Owens was after fifty meters well ahead of his main competitor Ralph Metcalfe, who had already won silver in 1932. Metcalfe came dangerously close, but Owens became Olympic champion. In third place, the Dutchman Martinus Osendarp was the only one to break into the phalanx of US runners.

200 m

→ Main article : 1936 Summer Olympics / Athletics - 200 m (men)

space	country	athlete	Time (s)
1	United States	Jesse Owens	20.7 OR
2	United States	Mack Robinson	21.1
3	HOL	Martinus Osendarp	21.3
4th	SUI	Paul Hänni	21.6
5	CAN	Lee Orr	21.6
6th	HOL	Wil van Beveren	21.9

8 preliminary runs: August 4th, from 10:30 a.m. / 4 intermediate runs, August 4th, from 3:30 p.m. / 2 semi-finals, August 5th, from 3:00 p.m.
Final: August 5th, 6:00 p.m.

Jesse Owens ran the Olympic record with 21.1 s in the preliminary and intermediate runs , which Mack Robinson also achieved in his semi-finals. Although Mack was just as quick in the finals, like all other runners, Owens demoted him to an extra. The star of these games, who had already won gold over 100 meters and in the long jump , came out of the curve with a clear lead and won his third gold medal. He improved the Olympic record to 20.7 s. Behind them, Mack reached second place and the Dutchman Martinus Osendarp won the bronze medal like he did in the 100 meters.

400 m

→ Main article : 1936 Summer Olympics / Athletics - 400 m (men)

Archie Williams wins the 400m

space	country	athlete	official time (s)	electron. (s)
1	United States	Archie Williams	46.5	46.66
2	GBR	Godfrey Brown	46.7	46.68
3	United States	James LuValle	46.8	46.84
4th	GBR	Bill Roberts	46.8	46.87
5	CAN	William Fritz	47.8	k. A.
6th	CAN	John Loaring	48.2

8 preliminary runs: August 6th, from 10:30 a.m. / 4 intermediate runs on August 6th, from 3:15 p.m. / 2 semi-finals, August 7th, from 3:00 p.m.
Final: August 7th, 5:30 p.m.
Participants: 42 athletes from 25 countries

The American Archie Williams had a lightning career. In 1935, his best time was over 49 seconds. In 1936 it improved to 47.4 s in April, then via another stopover to the world record of 46.1 s. His compatriots were only a few tenths of a second behind him with their best performances. Harold Smallwood could no longer compete due to an illness in the intermediate run, so that the US runners were only two in the final. This final turned out to be more exciting than expected. Archie Williams and James LuValle set a very high starting pace, but the two British runners in particular caught up in the second half of the race. Williams was just able to make it to the finish line as an Olympic champion, with Godfrey Arthur Brown behind. LuValle ran wafer-thin ahead of Bill Roberts in third place.

For a better classification of the intervals, the unofficial electronically timed times are listed in the table on the left.

800 m

→ Main article : 1936 Summer Olympics / Athletics - 800 m (men)

space	country	athlete	Time (min)
1	United States	John Woodruff	1: 52.9
2	ITA	Mario Lanzi	1: 53.3
3	CAN	Phil Edwards	1: 53.6
4th	POLE	Kazimierz Kucharski	1: 53.8
5	United States	Charles Hornbostel	1: 54.6
6th	United States	Harry Williamson	1: 55.8
7th	ARG	Juan Carlos Anderson	k. A.
8th	OUT	Gerald Backhouse

6 preliminary runs: August 2nd, from 4:00 p.m. / 3 intermediate runs on August 3rd, from 5:15 p.m. / 2 semi-finals, August 7th, from 3:00 p.m.
Final: August 4th, 5:45 p.m.
Participants: 43 athletes from 24 countries

John Woodruff came up with an enormous jump in performance over 800 meters in the Olympic year , similar to what Archie Williams did over 400 meters . Woodruff improved from 1: 55.1 min in 1935 as the winner of the US Olympic eliminations to 1: 49.9 min. So he traveled to Berlin as a co-favorite . In the final, the Canadian Phil Edwards, Olympic champion in 1928 and bronze medalist in 1932 , was there again. In the past he had always re-designed his races at high speed. This time he took the lead again, but contrary to his usual practice he ran at the speed of a slow train. So there were a few minor bumps in the field. The 400 meter mark was passed in 57.4 s. Woodruff was the first to take the initiative, took the lead with a strong acceleration and immediately put a few meters between himself and the rest of the field. The Italian Mario Lanzi now sprinted past his opponent from far behind, but could no longer reach Woodruff. There was gold for Woodruff, silver for Lanzi and again bronze for Edwards.

1500 m

→ Main article : 1936 Summer Olympics / Athletics - 1500 m (men)

space	country	athlete	Time (min)
1	NZL	Jack Lovelock	3: 47.8 WR
2	United States	Glenn Cunningham	3: 48.4
3	ITA	Luigi Beccali	3: 49.2
4th	United States	Archie San Romani	3: 50.0
5	CAN	Phil Edwards	3: 50.4
6th	GBR	Jerry Cornes	3: 51.4
7th	HUN	Miklós Szabó	3: 53.0
8th	FRA	Robert Goix	3: 53.8

4 heats: August 5th, from 5:00 p.m.
Final: August 6th, 4:15 p.m.
Participants: 43 athletes from 27 countries

There was a smaller group of favorites for this competition. These included the Italian Olympic champion of 1932 Luigi Beccali, the American Glenn Cunningham, the New Zealander Jack Lovelock - Cunningham and Lovelock were also in the final at the 1932 Games - and the Briton Sydney Charles Wooderson . The Brit started injured at the prelim and was eliminated there. In the final, a race developed at high speed. Above all, the Briton Jerry Cornes did the lead work at the beginning, at 400 meters - running time 61.5 s - Cunningham took over first and then the Swede Eric Ny , who ran the 800 meters in 2: 05.0 minutes. after 1000 meters, Cunningham pulled on a long sprint that only Lovelock could follow. At 1200 m - through time 3: 05.0 min - Lovelock was already in front and ran towards the Olympic victory with a new world record . He had mastered the final lap in a very strong 56.8 seconds. Beccali was third behind Cunningham.

Jack Lovelock's success was all the more astonishing since he could only contest a very few races each year. He suffered from insomnia and claustrophobia, repeatedly accompanied by severe dizziness, which cost him his life in 1949 when he fell under a subway in a fit of dizziness.

5000 m

→ Main article : 1936 Summer Olympics / Athletics - 5000 m (men)

Józef Noji, Gunnar Hockert and Ilmari Salminen in the 5,000 m race

space	country	athlete	Time (min)
1	FIN	Gunnar Höckert	14: 22.2 OR
2	FIN	Lauri Lehtinen	14: 25.8
3	SWE	Henry Jonsson	14: 29.0
4th	JPN	Kōhei Murakoso	14: 30.0
5	POLE	Jozef Noji	14: 33.4
6th	FIN	Ilmari salt mines	14: 39.8
7th	ITA	Umberto Cerati	14: 44.4
8th	United States	Louis Zamperini	14: 46.8

3 heats: August 4th, from 6:00 p.m.
Final: August 7th, 3:15 p.m.
Participants: 41 athletes from 23 countries

The Finnish long distance runners were the favorites again . One of their main opponents was the American Donald Lash , who had improved Paavo Nurmi's world record over 3000 meters in June . But Lash had gained six kilograms overweight when he arrived on the ship, which he tried to force off again at short notice. Then it was all about its form. In the final, the two Finns Lauri Lehtinen and the 10,000 meter Olympic champion Ilmari Salminen led first - 1000 meters in 2: 49.0 minutes. Lash replaced it, but had to tear it off at 2000 meters - 5: 45.6 min. Now, like over 10,000 meters, the Japanese Kōhei Murakoso, who led a top group of six, appeared - 3000 meters in 8: 40.0 min and 4000 meters in 11: 37.5 min. Here the Finn Gunnar Höckert tightened as if unleashed. His two compatriots Lehtinen and Salminen collided while trying to keep up with them immediately and a gap quickly opened up between Höckert and the rest of the leading group. Salminen had even fallen and lost a lot of time, the decision had been made. With a new Olympic record, Höckert became Olympic champion in 14: 22.2 minutes before Lehtinen. The Swede Henry Jonsson secured the bronze medal in the sprint, Murakoso finished fourth like over 10,000 meters.

10,000 m

Volmari Iso-Hollo, Arvo Askola, Ilmari Salminen and Kohei Murakoso in the 10,000 meter run

→ Main article : 1936 Summer Olympics / Athletics - 10,000 m (men)

space	country	athlete	Time (min)
1	FIN	Ilmari salt mines	30: 15.4
2	FIN	Arvo Askola	30: 15.6
3	FIN	Volmari Iso-Hollo	30: 20.2
4th	JPN	Kōhei Murakoso	30: 25.0
5	GBR	Alec Burns	30: 58.2
6th	ARG	Juan Carlos Zabala	31: 22.0
7th	GER	Max Gebhardt	31: 29.6
8th	United States	Donald Lash	31: 39.4

Date: August 2nd
Participants: 30 athletes from 18 countries

The three Finns Arvo Askola, Volmari Iso-Hollo and Ilmari Salminen took the lead right after the start of the race and initially controlled the action. But the Japanese Kōhei Murakoso quickly took over the lead and hit a high pace - 5000 meters in 15: 00.9 min. The three Finns accelerated at 6000 meters, the Briton Alec Burns, who was the only one to keep up with Murakoso, now fell back. But the Japanese couldn't be shaken off and kept up until the beginning of the last lap. Here the Finns pushed again and now they have won the medals. Iso-Hollo could no longer follow the sprint of his compatriots and won the bronze medal. The fight for gold remained tense until the very end. Salminen finally became Olympic champion, Askola won silver.

marathon

→ Main article : 1936 Summer Olympics / Athletics - marathon (men)

space	country	athlete	Time (h)
1	JPN	Son Kitei	2: 29: 19.2  OR
2	GBR	Ernie Harper	2: 31: 23.2
3	JPN	Nan Shōryū	2: 31: 42.0
4th	FIN	Erkki Tamila	2: 32: 45.0
5	FIN	Väinö Muinonen	2: 33: 46.0
6th	ZAF	John Coleman	2: 36: 17.0
7th	GBR	Donald Robertson	2: 37: 06.2
8th	ZAF	Jackie Gibson	2: 38: 04.0

Date: August 9th, 3:00 pm
Participants: 56 athletes from 27 countries / route length 42.15 km
The route led from the Olympic Stadium over the Maifeld to Heerstrasse, which was crossed at the Pichelsdorfer Bridge. The next eight kilometers went south through the Grunewald via Schildhorn and Kaiser-Wilhelm-Turm . After around twelve kilometers, the runners turned onto the AVUS , which led straight ahead ten kilometers. The turning point was at the north curve, from where it went back on the same course.

The Berlin marathon has another component besides the sporty one. The two Japanese runners Son Kitei and Nan Shōryū appear in first and third place in the official result lists. However, these two runners were only forced to start for Japan. They were actually Koreans and their names were different too. The winner's real name was son Kee-chung, and the third's correct name was Nam Sung-yong. The background is the nationalist politics of Japan at that time. The country of Korea was invaded and annexed by the Japanese. The two marathon runners were promising candidates for the games in Berlin , so their names were simply 'Japaneseized'. Both turned away demonstratively when the Japanese flag was hoisted at the award ceremony - a sad Olympic chapter that fit into National Socialist Germany at the time.

In the race itself, the 1932 Olympic champion Juan Carlos Zabala tried to repeat his victory, led from the start and was soon alone in front at a fast pace. But he had overtaken himself and had to give up the race after thirty kilometers. At 35 km his son Kee-chung then shook off his last rival Ernie Harper and won the gold medal. Nam Sung-yong finished third behind Harper.

110 m hurdles

→ Main article : 1936 Summer Olympics / Athletics - 110 m hurdles (men)

space	country	athlete	Time (s)
1	United States	Forrest Towns	14.2
2	GBR	Don Finlay	14.4
3	United States	Fritz Pollard	14.4
4th	SWE	Håkan Lidman	14.4
5	GBR	John Thornton	14.7
6th	CAN	Larry O'Connor	15.0

6 preliminary runs: August 5th, from 4:30 p.m. / 2 intermediate runs on August 6th, from 3:00 p.m.
Final: August 6th, 5:45 p.m.
Participants: 31 athletes from 20 countries
The rule according to which records are only recognized could, if no hurdle was broken, was now abolished.

In the interim, Forrest Towns set his own existing world record with 14.1 s . This Forrest Towns had actually wanted to be a high jumper and had built a high jump facility in the garden at home. At the age of 19 he jumped 1.83 m, which earned him a scholarship. However, the track and field coach at college persuaded him to switch to hurdles , where Towns improved to 14.4 s within two years by 1935. Before the games he even ran a new world record with 14.1 seconds. In the final, Fritz Pollard led up to the third hurdle, but Towns was clearly the best hurdle sprinter with his excellent hurdle technique. With a lead of two tenths of a second, he won ahead of the British Donald Finlay and Pollard, who had to let Finlay pass when he broke a hurdle.

400 m hurdles

→ Main article : 1936 Summer Olympics / Athletics - 400 m hurdles (men)

space	country	athlete	Time (s)
1	United States	Glenn Hardin	52.4
2	CAN	John Loaring	52.7
3	PHI	Miguel White	52.8
4th	United States	Joseph Patterson	53.0
5	BRA	Sylvio Padilha	54.0
6th	GRE	Christos mantikas	54.2

6 preliminary runs: August 3, from 3 p.m. / 2 intermediate runs on August 4, from 3 p.m.
Final: August 4, 5:30 p.m.
Participants: 32 athletes from 20 countries

The American Glenn Hardin crowned his career in this race. At the Olympic Games in 1932 he had won silver and set the still existing Olympic record of 52.0 s. - Back then the rule still applied was that records were only recognized if no hurdle had been broken. - In 1934 Hardin had set the world record with 50.6 s in Stockholm . And now he won the gold medal in Berlin . However, it was tighter than expected. The Canadian John Loaring was only three tenths of a second behind him, Miguel White of the Philippines was only four tenths. For both of them there was silver and bronze. Fourth was just behind the American Joseph Patterson.

3000 m obstacle

Volmari Iso-Hollo

→ Main article : 1936 Summer Olympics / Athletics - 3000 m obstacle (men)

space	country	athlete	Time (min)
1	FIN	Volmari Iso-Hollo	9: 03.8 WR
2	FIN	Kalle Tuominen	9: 06.8
3	GER	Alfred Dompert	9: 07.2
4th	FIN	Martti Matilainen	9: 09.0
5	United States	Harold Manning	9: 11.2
6th	SWE	Lars Larsson	9: 16.6
7th	LAT	Voldemārs Vītols	9: 18.8
8th	United States	Glen Dawson	9: 21.2

3 heats: August 3rd, from 6:00 p.m.
Final: August 8th, 4:00 p.m.
Participants: 28 athletes from 13 countries

World records have not yet been officially set because the placement of the obstacles on the route has not yet been standardized. The clear favorite role was played by the three Finnish runners, especially the 1932 Olympic champion Volmari Iso-Hollo. The German participant Alfred Dompert was actually just an embarrassment report from the German Athletics Association , Dompert had missed the Olympic standard over 1500 meters and did not take part in the German championships over 3000 meters obstacle . In the final, Iso-Hollo set a high pace from the start, initially only the owner of the unofficial world record, Harold Manning (USA), the Finn Martti Matilainen and, completely surprisingly, Alfred Dompert. Then the third Finn Kalle Tuominen worked his way up to the top group, which stayed together until two laps before the end. At this point, Iso-Hollo pushed hard and set himself apart from everyone else. Manning clearly fell behind. Tuominen was in second place, followed closely by Dompert and Matilainen, who then had to be pulled down. The runners crossed the finishing line in this order, gold for Iso-Hollo with a new Olympic record , silver for Tuominen and a completely unexpected bronze medal for Dompert.

4 × 100 m relay

→ Main article : 1936 Summer Olympics / Athletics - 4 × 100 m (men)

The winning US season: Jesse Owens, Ralph Metcalfe, Foy Draper and Frank Wykoff (left to right)

space	country	Athletes	Time (s)
1	United States	Jesse Owens Ralph Metcalfe Foy Draper Frank Wykoff	39.8 WR
2	Italy	Orazio Mariani Gianni Caldana Elio Ragni Tullio Gonnelli	41.1
3	German Empire	Wilhelm Leichum Erich Borchmeyer Erwin Gillmeister Gerd Hornberger	41.2
4th	Argentina	Juan Lavenás Antonio Sande Carlos Hofmeister Tomás Beswick	42.2
5	Canada	Sam Richardson Bruce Humber Lee Orr Howard McPhee	42.7
	Netherlands	Tjeerd Boersma Wil van Beveren Christiaan Berger Martinus Osendarp	DSQ

3 heats: August 8th, from 3:00 p.m.
Final: August 9th, 3:15 p.m.
Participants: 60 athletes from 15 countries

No other season could do anything against the superiority of the US season, which, contrary to previous practice, had the best cast. The USA set the existing world record in advance . In the final, the team ran even faster and was the first season ever to stay below the 40-second mark with 39.8 seconds. Italy was clearly beaten second. The Dutch were in third place, but the final runner Martinus Osendarp lost the baton, so that the German relay got a bronze medal. The gold relay world record was not beaten until twenty years later at the 1956 Olympic Games in Melbourne .

4 × 400 m relay

→ Main article : 1936 Summer Olympics / Athletics - 4 × 400 m (men)

space	country	Athletes	Time (min)
1	Great Britain	Freddie Wolff Godfrey Rampling Bill Roberts Godfrey Brown	3: 09.0
2	United States	Harold Cagle Robert Young Edward O'Brien Alfred Fitch	3: 11.0
3	German Empire	Helmut Hamann Friedrich von Stülpnagel Harry Voigt Rudolf Harbig	3: 11.8
4th	CAN	Marshall Limon Phil Edwards William Fritz John Loaring	3: 11.8
5	Sweden	Sven Strömberg Per Edfeldt Olof Danielsson Bertil von Wachenfeldt	3: 13.0
6th	Hungary	Tibor Ribényi Zoltán Zsitva József Vadas József Kovács	3: 14.8

3 heats: August 8th, from 4:30 p.m.
Final: August 9th, 3:45 p.m.
Participants: 49 athletes from 12 countries

As in the 1932 Olympic Games over 4 x 400 meters , the Americans did not use their strongest runners in this competition, Olympic champion Archie Williams and Olympic third-party James LuValle . They assumed that their understudy would also win the gold medal without any problems. But this time she had miscalculated. After the starting runners, the Canadians surprisingly led the USA and Great Britain, who took the lead in front of the USA and Canada on the second change. On the third leg, the British increased their lead over the US Americans and Germany was now well ahead of Canada in third place. This order did not change with the final runners. Great Britain went gold by a clear margin over the US season. In a tough fight with the Canadians, the German relay narrowly claimed the bronze medal.

50 km of walking

→ Main article : 1936 Summer Olympics / Athletics - 50 km walk (men)

space	country	athlete	Time (h)
1	GBR	Harold Whitlock	4: 30: 41.4 OR
2	SUI	Arthur Tell Schwab	4: 32: 09.2
3	LAT	Adalbert Bubenko	4: 32: 42.2
4th	TCH	Jaroslav Štork	4: 34: 00.2
5	NOR	Edgar Bruun	4: 34: 53.2
6th	GER	Fritz lead white	4: 36: 48.4
7th	SUI	Karl Reiniger	4: 40: 45.0
8th	FRA	Étienne Laisné	4: 41: 40.0

Date: August 5, 13:00
Participants: 49 athletes from 12 countries
The track was nearly identical to the marathon , the only difference was that the walkers to the north curve on the AVUS still an eight-kilometer loop in Grunewald complete had to.

Due to the small rain showers before the race and temperatures around 18 ° Celsius, the participants did not have to deal with the heat of the previous Olympic event. After changing tours in the initial phase, the Briton Harold Whitlock took the lead from kilometer 32.5. He created a gap between himself and his pursuers, which he slowly but steadily widened to the goal. With a new Olympic record , he became Olympic champion. His lead over second Arthur Schwab from Switzerland was almost a minute and a half at the finish. Another 33 seconds behind, the Latvian Adalberts Bubenko won the bronze medal.
Harold Whitlock improved the Olympic record by more than nineteen minutes and only missed the world record by about four minutes.

high jump

→ Main article : 1936 Summer Olympics / Athletics - high jump (men)

space	country	athlete	Height (m)
1	United States	Cornelius Johnson	2.03 OR
2	United States	Dave Albritton	2.00
3	United States	Delos Thurber	2.00
4th	FIN	Kalevi Kotkas	2.00
5	JPN	Yada Kimio	1.97
6th	JPN	Asakuma Yoshirō	1.94
	FIN	Lauri Kalima	1.94
	JPN	Tanaka Hiroshi	1.94
	GER	Gustav Weinkötz	1.94

Qualification: August 2nd, from 10:30 am - Qualification height: 1.85 m
Final: August 2nd, 3:00 pm with 22 qualified athletes
Participants: 40 athletes from 24 countries

The top favorite was the US world record holder Cornelius Johnson. The second world record holder Dave Albritton - both had jumped 2.07 m - was there in Berlin . Johnson was the only one to jump the Olympic record height of 2.03 m and thus won the gold medal. The ranking in places two to four was decided by a playoff, which was extremely exciting. Albritton finally finished second ahead of Delos Thurber and European Champion Kalevi Kotkas. All three jumpers had mastered 2.00 m regularly.

A racist scandal caused by the ideology of the National Socialists occurred when the award ceremony was about to take place. Adolf Hitler refused to shake hands with the African-American gold medalist Johnson. The IOC asked Hitler to either congratulate all the winners or not to anyone. Hitler decided not to give congratulations in the stadium in the future. It was later falsely reported that Hitler refused to shake hands with four-time Olympic champion Jesse Owens . In fact, it was Cornelius Johnson, which does not make this act appear in a better light.

Pole vault

→ Main article : 1936 Summer Olympics / Athletics - pole vault

space	country	athlete	Height (m)
1	United States	Earle Meadows	4.35 OR
2	JPN	Nishida Shuhei	4.25
3	JPN	Ōe Sueo	4.25
4th	United States	William Sefton	4.25
5	United States	William Graber	4.15
6th	AUT	Josef Haunzwickel	4.00
	ITA	Danilo Innocenti	4.00
	AUT	Alfred Proksch	4.00
	JPN	Kiyoshi Adachi	4.00
	POLE	Wilhelm Schneider	4.00
	CAN	Syl Apps	4.00
	SWE	Bo Ljungberg	4.00
	HUN	Péter Bácsalmási	4.00
	TCH	Jan Korejs	4.00
	GBR	Richard Webster	4.00
	HUN	Viktor Zsuffka	4.00

Qualification: August 5th, from 10:30 am - Qualification height: 3.80 m
Final: August 5th, 4:00 pm with 25 qualified athletes
Participants: 30 athletes from 21 countries

The pole vault competition lasted until 9:00 p.m., between 6:15 p.m. and 6:35 p.m. it had to be interrupted due to rain. When the medals were jumped, it was already so dark that the headlights were switched on. Together with the external coolness, these conditions were not easy for the jumpers. Again there was a fight between the Americans and Japanese, in which Nishida Shūhei and William Graber were involved, as in 1932 . After several unsuccessful attempts at lower heights, the American Earle Meadows was ultimately the only one to cross the Olympic record height of 4.35 m. The ranking in places two to four was decided by a playoff. Shūhei, like his compatriot Sueo, reached a height of 4.25 m. Since William Sefton, who was also involved in the jump-off, had since retired, the two Japanese agreed not to continue.

The Japanese team management then determined that Shūhei should receive the silver and Sueo the bronze medal, because Shūhei had one failed attempt less. The two athletes disagreed with this decision. On their return they cut up their medals and put them back together with the other half. The resulting medals are referred to in English-speaking countries as the “Medal of Eternal Friendship”. Of course, dividing the medals did not change the official ranking. However, it already seems a bit strange that a national team management and not the judges determine the official ranking.

Sixth place was awarded a total of eleven times with a jump of 4.00 m. There was no stinging here.

Long jump

→ Main article : 1936 Summer Olympics / Athletics - long jump (men)

Jesse Owens in the long jump

space	country	athlete	Width (m)
1	United States	Jesse Owens	8.06
2	GER	Luz Long	7.87
3	JPN	Tajima Naoto	7.74
4th	GER	Wilhelm Leichum	7.73
	ITA	Arturo Maffei	7.73
6th	United States	Bob Clark	7.67
7th	United States	John Brooks	7.41
8th	FRA	Robert Paul	7.34

Qualification: August 4th, from 10:30 am - Qualification distance: 7.15 m
Final: August 4th, 4:30 pm with 16 qualified athletes
Participants: 43 athletes from 27 countries

The long jump was one of the outstanding competitions in these games. The two Germans Luz Long and European Champion Wilhelm Leichum had qualified for the final with their first jump, while the big favorite Jesse Owens allegedly only had one attempt left. Long is said to have encouraged him and Owens is said to have made it effortlessly. This is where a sports friendship allegedly began, which, however , is said to have had obstacles under the auspices of National Socialism in Germany. This story was later refuted and revealed as a legend founded by Owens himself. In fact, he also qualified with the first jump. The semi-finals and finals in the afternoon turned out to be absolutely high-class. World record holder Owens immediately took the lead with 7.74 m, Naoto Tajima was second just behind, followed by Long, who drew level with Owens in the next attempt. But the American improved to 7.87 m. Tajima also managed 7.74 m in the third attempt and was on par with Long. Rounds five and six brought the decision. Like Owens, Long came to 7.87 m, but he succeeded in round six with 8.06 m, the only eight-meter jump of this competition. All these distances were extremely high class, but could not be officially included in the leaderboards due to strong tail winds. An exchange between Long and Owens is said to have taken place again and again during the competition, which is said to have brought the German bitter criticism of the National Socialist regime in Germany. However, this was also later refuted, by Owens himself.

Triple jump

→ Main article : 1936 Summer Olympics / Athletics - Triple Jump (Men)

space	country	athlete	Width (m)
1	JPN	Tajima Naoto	16.00 WR
2	JPN	Harada Masao	15.66
3	OUT	Jack Metcalfe	15.50
4th	GER	Heinz Wöllner	15.27
5	United States	Rolland Romero	15.08
6th	JPN	Ōshima Kenkichi	15.07
7th	GER	Erich Joch	14.88
8th	United States	Dudley Wilkins	14.83

Qualification: August 6th, from 10:30 am - qualification distance: 14.00 m
Final: August 6th, 4:30 pm with 23 qualified athletes
Participants: 31 athletes from 19 countries

In the two previous games, Japanese athletes had won the triple jump . The Australian Jack Metcalfe had chased away the world record of 15.74 m. The Japanese triple jumpers and Metcalfe competed here as top favorites. In round four, Tajima Naoto, who had already won bronze medal in the long jump two days earlier, made the first jump over 16.00 meters in history. He won the gold medal in front of his compatriot Harada Masao, who reached 15.66 m. Metcalfe jumped 15.50 m to the bronze medal. In contrast to the long jump, the tailwind for this competition allowed the performance to be included in the leaderboard.

Shot put

→ Main article : 1936 Summer Olympics / Athletics - Shot Put (Men)

space	country	athlete	Width (m)
1	GER	Hans Woellke	16.20 OR
2	FIN	Sulo Bärlund	16.12
3	GER	Gerhard Stock	15.66
4th	United States	Sam Francis	15.45
5	United States	Jack Torrance	15.38
6th	United States	Dimitri Zaitz	15.32
7th	TCH	František Douda	15.28
8th	EST	Arnold Viiding	15.23

Qualification: August 2nd, from 11:00 a.m. - Qualification distance: 14.50 m
Final: August 2nd, 5:30 p.m. with 15 qualified athletes
Participants: 22 athletes from 14 countries

World record holder Jack Torrance was not in a position to push for gold due to health problems. With 15.38 m he managed a fifth place. Until the fifth round, the Finn Sulo Bärlund led the way, with 16.03 m the only 16-meter stroke so far. And in the fifth attempt he improved to 16.12 m. In this round, however, the German Hans Woellke increased to the Olympic record distance of 16.20 m and thus won the gold medal in front of Bärlund. Third was the German Gerhard Stöck, who was supposed to achieve even greater things in the javelin throw , with 15.66 m.

Discus throw

→ Main article : 1936 Summer Olympics / Athletics - Discus throw (men)

space	country	athlete	Width (m)
1	United States	Ken Carpenter	50.48 OR
2	United States	Gordon Dunn	49.36
3	ITA	Giorgio Oberweger	49.23
4th	NOR	Reidar Sørlie	48.77
5	GER	Willy Schröder	47.93
6th	GRE	Nikolaos Syllas	47.75
7th	SWE	Gunnar Bergh	47.22
8th	SWE	Åke Hedvall	46.20

Qualification: August 5th, from 10:30 am - Qualification distance: 44.00 m
Final: August 5th, 5:30 pm with 13 qualified athletes
Participants: 31 athletes from 17 countries

The German world record holder Willy Schröder is mentioned again and again as the top favorite, especially because one of his main opponents, the Swede Harald Andersson , got stuck in the qualification due to a boil on his throwing hand. But Schröder's world record came from the previous year and the Americans Kenneth Carpenter and Gordon Dunn had already cracked the 50-meter mark in the Olympic year. It was Carpenter in the final who reached his top form and was the only thrower to throw more than fifty meters with the Olympic record distance of 50.48 m. With a width of more than 49 m, Dunn and the Italian Giorgio Oberweger took second and third place. Schröder was still fifth.

Hammer throw

→ Main article : 1936 Summer Olympics / Athletics - hammer throw (men)

space	country	athlete	Width (m)
1	GER	Karl Hein	56.49 OR
2	GER	Erwin Blask	55.04
3	SWE	Fred Warngård	54.83
4th	FIN	Gustaf Koutonen	51.90
5	United States	William Rowe	51.66
6th	United States	Donald Favor	51.01
7th	GER	Bernhard Greulich	50.61
8th	EST	Koit Annamaa	50.46

Qualification: August 3, from 9:00 a.m. - qualification distance: 46.00 m
Final: August 3, 3:00 p.m. with 17 qualified athletes
Participants: 27 athletes from 16 countries

Unfortunately, Pat O'Callaghan , the 1932 Olympic champion , was condemned to watch these games because his Irish federation was no longer recognized by the IOC . In Germany the hammer throw had led a wallflower existence until 1934 and had only become a high-quality discipline through targeted association actions. In the final, Erwin Blask first surpassed the old Olympic record set by US American Pat Ryan from 1912 with his second attempt . With his third and again improved fourth attempt, the Swede Fred Warngård was in second place, until Karl Hein den in the last round set the Olympic record to 56.49 m. So there was a German double victory here.

Javelin throw

→ Main article : 1936 Summer Olympics / Athletics - Javelin Throw (Men)

space	country	athlete	Width (m)
1	GER	Gerhard Stock	71.84
2	FIN	Yrjö Nikkanen	70.77
3	FIN	Kalervo Toivonen	70.72
4th	SWE	Lennart Atterwall	69.20
5	FIN	Matti Järvinen	69.18
6th	United States	Alton Terry	67.15
7th	POLE	Eugeniusz Lokajski	66.39
8th	HUN	József Várszegi	65.30

Qualification: August 6th, from 10:30 am - qualification distance: 60.00 m
Final: August 6th, 3:15 pm with 16 qualified athletes
Participants: 28 athletes from 19 countries

The world rankings of 1936 were led by the Finn Matti Järvinen with his world record of 77.23 m by a clear margin. Behind them were throwers from Finland, Germany, Poland and Sweden with a narrow gap between them. Järvinen, also Olympic champion from 1932 , was not in the condition for very long distances because of a back injury and ended up in fifth place. World number two, Yrjö Nikkanen, was the first to surpass the 70-meter mark in the second round, which his compatriot Kalervo Toivonen also did in the fifth attempt. But Gerhard Stöck, who had already won the bronze medal in the shot put , also caught a good wind in round five and used the conditions for a throw at 71.84 m, which brought him the Olympic victory in third place in the world, ahead of the two Finns.

Decathlon

→ Main article : 1936 Summer Olympics / Athletics - Decathlon (men)

space	country	athlete	P - official value.	P - 85 value.
1	United States	Glenn Morris	7900 WR	7254
2	United States	Bob Clark	7601	7063
3	United States	Jack Parker	7275	6761
4th	GER	Erwin Huber	7087	6654
5	HOL	Reinds brasser	7046	6570
6th	SUI	Armin Guhl	7033	6618
7th	SWE	Olle Bexell	7024	6558
8th	GER	Helmut Bonnet	6939	6492

Date: August 7th, from 10:00 am / August 8th, from 10:00 am
Participants: 28 athletes from 17 countries

The world record holder Hans-Heinrich Sievert was even more unlucky than at the 1932 Games . Four years ago he was not in top form due to an injury, this year he was unable to compete because of another injury. So the Americans were unrivaled. The winner, Glenn Morris, performed outstandingly on the second day in particular and became Olympic champion with a new world record number of points . Well behind were his compatriots Bob Clark and Jack Parker. The German Erwin Huber increased his best performance significantly and achieved an excellent fourth place.

The new evaluation table from 1934 was used to determine the points.

For a better classification of the performance, the points converted according to the rating system from 1985 are given. According to this table, which is still valid today, there would have been a different order in places five and six. But these comparisons are only indicative, because the different standards of the time must apply as a basis. This is most noticeable in the pole vault , where people jumped with completely different poles than they do today.

Results women

100 m

→ Main article : 1936 Summer Olympics / Athletics - 100 m (women)

space	country	Athlete	Time (s)
1	United States	Helen Stephens	11.5
2	POLE	Stanisława Walasiewicz	11.7
3	GER	Käthe Krauss	11.9
4th	GER	Marie Dollinger	12.0
5	United States	Annette Rogers	12.2
6th	GER	Emmy Albus	12.3

6 preliminary runs: August 3, from 4:00 p.m. / 2 intermediate runs on August 3, from 5:30 p.m.
Final: August 4, 4:00 p.m.
Participants: 30 female athletes from 15 countries

Helen Stephens already ran 11.4 s and 11.5 s in the pre- and intermediate run, but all these times could not be recognized due to a strong tailwind. This also applied to the excellent times of the finalists. In the final, the high favorite Stephens was immediately in front and won the race by a clear margin. Behind them, Stanisława Walasiewicz, Olympic champion from 1932, and Käthe Krauß fought up to the 80-meter mark for the silver medal, which Walasiewicz then clearly secured ahead of Krauss.

Helen Stephens did not lose a single 100-meter race in her short two-year career.

80 m hurdles

→ Main article : 1936 Summer Olympics / Athletics - 80 m hurdles (women)

space	country	athlete	official time (s)	electron. (s)
1	ITA	Trebisonda Valla	11.7 OR	11.748
2	GER	Anni Steuer	11.7 OR	11.809
3	CAN	Elizabeth Taylor	11.7 OR	11,811
4th	ITA	Claudia Testoni	11.7 OR	11,818
5	HOL	Kitty ter Braake	11.8	11,832
6th	GER	Doris Eckert	12.0	12,190

6 preliminary runs: August 5th, from 3:30 p.m. / 2 intermediate runs on August 5th, from 5:30 p.m.
Final: August 6th, 5:30 p.m.
Participants: 22 athletes from 11 countries

Even before the final it was clear that it would be a very close race. And so it happened. However, it took some time until the order was clear after evaluating the target photo. The gold medal winner was the experienced Italian Trebisonda Valla, who was believed to have had the best of her career behind her. But she was in top shape to the minute. Silver went to the German Anni Steuer completely surprisingly, at the German championships with 12.3 seconds still second behind Doris Eckert, who came in sixth here. The Canadian Elizabeth Taylor came third, ahead of Valla's compatriot Claudia Testoni. The official times for the first four were all stopped at 11.7 seconds. The unofficial electronic measurement showed a difference of seven hundredths of a second between first and fourth place.

For a better classification of the intervals, the unofficial electronically timed times are listed in the table on the left.

4 × 100 m relay

→ Main article : 1936 Summer Olympics / Athletics - 4 × 100 m (women)

space	country	Athletes	Time (s)
1	United States	Harriet Bland Annette Rogers Betty Robinson Helen Stephens	46.9
2	Great Britain	Eileen Hiscock Violet Olney Audrey Brown Barbara Burke	47.6
3	Canada	Dorothy Brookshaw Mildred Dolson Hilda Cameron Aileen Meagher	47.8
4th	Italy	Lidia Bongiovanni Trebisonda Valla Fernanda Bullano Claudia Testoni	48.7
5	Netherlands	Kitty ter Braake Fanny Koen Alida de Vries Elisabeth Koning	48.8
	German Empire	Emmy Albus Käthe Krauß Marie Dollinger Ilse Dörffeldt	DSQ

2 preliminary runs: August 8th, from 3:30 p.m.
Final: August 9th, 3:30 p.m.
Participants: 32 athletes from 8 countries

In Berlin , the audience experienced a season drama. The German team ran a world record with 46.4 seconds . In the final, Germany led the last exchange with eight meters ahead of the US relay. Marie Dollinger's handover of the baton to Ilse Dörffeldt failed, the baton fell to the ground and the German team was disqualified. So the Americans won gold before the British and Finland. Germany's world record from the run-up remained untouched.

high jump

→ Main article : 1936 Summer Olympics / Athletics - high jump (women)

space	country	Athlete	Height (m)
1	HUN	Ibolya Csák	1.60
2	GBR	Dorothy Odam	1.60
3	GER	Elfriede Kaun	1.60
4th	FRA	Marguerite Nicolas	1.58
5	OUT	Doris Carter	1.55
	United States	Annette Rogers	1.55
	HOL	Fanny Koen	1.55
8th	CAN	Margaret Bell	1.50
	AUT	Wanda Nowak	1.50
	GBR	Nellie Carrington	1.50
	United States	Alice Arden	1.50
	United States	Kathlyn Kelley	1.50

without qualification
Final: August 9th, 3:00 pm
Participants: 17 athletes from 12 countries
The German Dora Ratjen took fourth place with 1.58 m. Two years later, she / he was found to have male genitals that had been tied upward during competition. As a result, he / she was deprived of all the results achieved and the right to start further women's competitions.

A special chapter was the way the German sports associations deal with their Jewish athletes. This becomes particularly clear in the example of the high jumper Gretel Bergmann . Over and over again in previous years obstacles were put in her way in order to be able to practice her sport. Nevertheless, she managed to set the German record in the Olympic year with 1.60 m. But the National Socialist regime made sure that she was not allowed to participate in the German championships . Consequently, she was definitely not nominated for the Olympic Games. She soon emigrated to the United States, where she continued to practice her sport very successfully for two years.

The Olympic victory was determined in a playoff after three jumpers had mastered exactly the 1.60 m that Gretel Bergmann had jumped before the games. The Hungarian Ibolya Csák was the only one to make it 1.62 m. The British Dorothy Odam - later Dorothy Tyler - won silver, bronze went to the German champion Elfriede Kaun.

Discus throw

→ Main article : 1936 Summer Olympics / Athletics - Discus throw (women)

space	country	Athlete	Width (m)
1	GER	Gisela Mauermayer	47.63 OR
2	POLE	Jadwiga Wajs	46.22
3	GER	Paula Mollenhauer	39.80
4th	JPN	Ko Nakamura	38.24
5	JPN	Hide Mineshima	37.35
6th	SWE	Birgit Lundström	35.92
7th	HOL	To sneeze	35.21
8th	United States	Gertrude Wilhelmsen	34.43

Without qualification
Final: August 4th, 3:15 pm
Participants: 19 athletes from 11 countries

With her first attempt, Polish co-favorite Jadwiga Wajsowna clearly exceeded the existing Olympic record . The German world record holder Gisela Mauermayer also countered with her first attempt and thus established the final score. Both athletes were the outstanding discus throwers of those years and were clear favorites. This was also expressed in the result. The bronze medalist Paula Mollenhauer was almost six and a half meters behind Wajswowna, Mauermayer and the Pole were the only ones in this competition to surpass the 40-meter mark.

Javelin throw

→ Main article : 1936 Summer Olympics / Athletics - Javelin throw (women)

Tilly Fleischer at the award ceremony

space	country	Athlete	Width (m)
1	GER	Tilly Fleischer	45.18 OR
2	GER	Luise Kruger	43.29
3	POLE	Maria Kwaśniewska	41.80
4th	AUT	Herma Bauma	41.66
5	JPN	Sadako Yamamoto	41.45
6th	GER	Lydia Eberhardt	41.37
7th	United States	Gertrude Wilhelmsen	37.35
8th	HOL	Gien de Kock	36.93

without qualification
Final: August 2nd, 3:00 p.m.
Participants: 14 athletes from 10 countries

In the first competition of these Olympic Games, Tilly Fleischer and Luise Krüger implemented their excellent performances from the German championships in July. With her second attempt and a new Olympic record , Fleischer took the lead, which she was able to extend in the fifth round. Krüger improved to second place with her third litter. This order stayed that way until the end. The Polish Maria Kwaśniewska and the Austrian Herma Bauma in third and fourth place could no longer match the two leaders.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Olympic Games in Berlin: Propaganda and Spectacle , Berliner Morgenpost July 31, 2016 on morgenpost.de, accessed on August 13, 2017.
2. ↑ Nazi regime, domestic policy. The XI. Olympic Summer Games in Berlin 1936 from dhm.de, accessed on August 13, 2017.
3. ↑ Hoo Nam Seelmann: Olympic marathon winner Kee Chung Son. The saddest winner picture , NZZ from August 29, 2012, accessed on August 7, 2017.
4. ↑ Unknown photos from Olympia 1936 , on tagesspiegel.de, created on August 12, 2012, accessed on August 7, 2017.
5. ↑ SportsReference (English)
6. ^ ^{A b} Egg: Contemporary history: Jesse's fairy tales . In: Spiegel Online . tape 1 , December 29, 2014 ( spiegel.de [accessed August 18, 2019]).
7. ↑ Luz Long and Jesse Owens. How a friendship drove Hitler to white heat , Focus, July 29, 2016, accessed on August 10, 2017.
8. ↑ “Never hug a negro again!” Die Welt / N24, May 1, 2013, accessed on August 10, 2017.
9. ↑ Jewish Olympic Hope , Deutschlandfunk April 13, 2009, accessed on August 11, 2017.

literature

• Ekkehard zur Megede , The history of Olympic athletics, Volume 1: 1896–1936, Verlag Bartels & Wernitz KG, Berlin, 2nd edition 1970.

Web links

Commons : Athletics at the 1936 Summer Olympics  - Collection of Images, Videos, and Audio Files

• IOC website on athletics at the 1936 Olympic Games at olympic.org, accessed August 12, 2017
• Jesse Owens: Held von Berlin on sportschau.de, accessed on August 12, 2017
• Pictures that tell stories , Süddeutsche Zeitung on sz-photo.de, accessed on August 12, 2017
• Olympic Summer Games in Berlin 1936 , Federal Agency for Civic Education August 1, 2012 from bpb.de, accessed on August 12, 2017
• Three gold medals and a bitter encore , Der Tagesspiegel August 26, 2011 at tagesspiegel.de, accessed on August 12, 2017
• Ten truths from ... Gretel Bergmann , Spiegel Online August 25, 2009 at spiegel.de, accessed on August 12, 2017
• 80 Years - The Olympic Games in Berlin 1936 and the Olympiastadion Berlin II , Sports Museum July 29, 2016 from germanroadraces.de, accessed on August 12, 2017
• Day after day “live” from the Summer Olympics , ullstein bild July 20, 2016 at ullsteinbild.de, accessed on August 12, 2017
• Olympic Games 1936 Das Erbe , Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung August 1, 2011 on faz.net, accessed on August 12, 2017
• How "Kee Chung-son" won the Olympic marathon gold in 1936 in Berlin as "Kitei Son" , Berlin Marathon homepage February 16, 2003 at bmw-berlin-marathon.com, accessed on August 12, 2017
• Day after day “live” from the Summer Olympics , ullstein to July 20, 2016 at ullsteinbild.de, accessed on August 12, 2017

Videos

• The high jump final at the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin , published on April 17, 2012 on youtube.com, accessed on August 12, 2017
• Berlin 1936 - Olympics - Olympia - Jesse Owens - film-footage1 , published on October 7, 2015 on youtube.com, accessed on August 12, 2017
• 1936: Olympia in the Nazi Reich , published on August 26, 2011 on youtube.com, accessed on August 12, 2017
• (Documentary) ZDF-History: Olympia 1936 - the betrayed dream (HD) , published on March 2, 2017 on youtube.com, accessed on August 12, 2017
• Jesse Owens - The fastest man in the world (2012) - German Documentation / German Documentary , published on January 9, 2017 on youtube.com, accessed on August 12, 2017