Xinjiang

新疆维吾尔自治区
Xīnjiāng Wéiwú'ěr Zìzhìqū
( Pinyin )
شىنجاڭ ئۇيغۇر ئاپتونوم رايونى
Xinjang Uyƣur Aptonom Rayoni
( Uyghur )
Abbreviation : 新 ( Pinyin : Xīn)
Capital	Urumqi
surface - Total - share in the PRC	Rank 1 of 33 1,640,320 km² 17.3%
population - Total 2015 - density	Rank 26 out of 33 23,600,000 inhabitants 14.4 inhabitants / km²
Management type	Autonomous area
governor	Xɵⱨrət Zakir

ISO-3166-2 code	CN-XJ
District level	5 administrative districts, 5 autonomous districts, 4 cities
District level	61 districts, 26 cities, 13 urban districts, 6 autonomous districts
Community level	582 municipalities, 308 large municipalities, 145 street districts, 43 nationality municipalities , 1 district office

Xinjiang ( Chinese 新疆 , Pinyin Xīnjiāng , W.-G. Hsin-chiang ; Uighur شینجاڭ, obsolete after Post Sinkiang) is the slang term for the autonomous region of the Uighur nationality of the People's Republic of China . The official name is Uygur Autonomous Xinjiang ( 新疆維吾爾自治區 / 新疆维吾尔自治区 , Xinjiang Wéiwú'ěr zizhiqu , English Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous region ; Uygur شىنجاڭ ئۇيغۇر ئاپتونوم رايونى / Xinjang Uyƣur Aptonom Rayoni ). The region is an autonomous area predominantly populated by Uyghurs and Han , but also Mongols , in the extreme northwest of the People's Republic of China. The northern part of the area is also called Djungary .

The capital of the autonomous region is Ürümqi , a relatively young city compared to the historically rich cities such as Kaxgar , Shache ( Yarkant County ), Gulja or Gaochang . Other important places are the modern city Shihezi , the suburb Changji (Autonomous District Changji ) from Urumqi, the oil city Karamay , the Kazakh city of Altay at the foot of the mountain range of the same name, Korla , Yizhou (formerly Kumul), Manas (county Manas ) Aksu and Hotan (administrative region Hotan ), an ancient city in the south of the Tarim Basin .

geography

location

The autonomous region borders on the neighboring states of India , Pakistan , Afghanistan , Tajikistan , Kyrgyzstan , Kazakhstan , Russia and Mongolia . The border with India and Pakistan lies in the disputed region of Kashmir . The borderline of the autonomous area of 5,600 km corresponds to a quarter of the entire Chinese borderline.

Within China, Xinjiang borders the Gansu and Qinghai provinces and the Tibet Autonomous Region .

topography

The north is the Dzungaria formed, while the bulk of the region through the Tarim Basin with lying therein Taklamakan - desert dominated. Another basin landscape is the Turfansenke , the lowest point of which is 155 m below sea level. As a result, the climate there is particularly warm, which, in combination with the Turpan irrigation system , means that Turfan is known for its grapes. Mountains are the Altun and the Kunlun in the south, the Tianshan and the Altaikette in the north. In the southwest, the region also has shares in the Himalaya , Karakoram and Pamir mountain ranges .

The largest stagnant body of water in the area was once the Lop Nor , before it dried up from overuse of the Tarim and Konqi . The largest rivers in the area are or were the Tarim, the Hädik-gol with its lower reaches Konqi and Kum-darya as well as the Qarqan , all of which were once absorbed in Lop Nor, but are now completely overexploited and chemically polluted. Today Lake Bosten is the largest standing body of water.

The region is considered an earthquake prone area. In February 2003 the area was shaken by violent earthquakes up to magnitude 6.8 on the Richter scale . At least 261 people lost their lives, around 10,000 houses could not withstand the forces. Due to the remoteness of the region, however, little information about such disasters is released.

Administrative structure

Xinjiang is divided into four prefecture cities , five government districts and five autonomous districts. In addition, ten of the total of 26 independent cities are directly subordinate to the government of the autonomous region and are administered by it in cooperation with the Xinjiang (Bingtuan) production and construction corps .

Surname	Uighur (Ⱪona Yeziⱪ)	Latin '(Yengi Yeziⱪ)	Chinese ( short. )	Pinyin	Remarks
District-free cities
Urumqi	ئۈرۈمچى شەھرى	Urumqi Xəⱨiri	乌鲁木齐市	Wūlǔmùqí Shì
Karamay	قاراماي شەھرى	Ⱪarimay Xəⱨiri	克拉玛依市	Kèlāmǎyī Shì
Turpan	تۇرپان شەھرى	Turpan Xəⱨiri	吐鲁番市	Tǔlǔfān Shì
Cumul	قۇمۇل شەھىرى	Ⱪumul Xəⱨiri	哈密市	Hāmì Shì
directly subordinate independent cities
Aral	ئارال شەھرى	Aral Xəⱨiri	阿拉尔市	Ālā'ěr Shì	Managed jointly by the Government of the Autonomous Region and the Xinjiang Production and Development Corps
Contribute	بەيتۈن شەھىرى	Beitun Xəⱨiri	北屯市	Běitún Shì
Shihezi	شىخەنزە شەھرى	Xihənzə Xəⱨiri	石河子市	Shíhézǐ Shì
Shuanghe	قوشئۆگۈز شەھىرى	Ⱪoxɵgüz Xəⱨiri	双河市	Shuānghé Shì
Tiemenguan	باشئەگىم شەھىرى	Baxəgim Xəⱨiri	铁门关市	Tiěménguān Shì
Tumxuk	تۇمشۇق شەھرى	Tumxuⱪ Xəⱨiri	图木舒克市	Túmùshūkè Shì
Wujiaqu	ۋۇجياچۈ شەھىرى	Wujyaqu Xəⱨiri	五家渠市	Wǔjiāqú Shì
Kokdala	كۆكدالا شەھىرى	Kɵkdala Xəⱨiri	可克达拉市	Kěkèdálā Shì
Kunyu	قۇرۇمقاش شەھىرى	Ⱪurumⱪax Xəⱨiri	昆玉市	Kūnyù Shì
Huyanghe	خۇياڭخې شەھىرى	Huyanghe Xəⱨiri	胡杨河市	Húyánghé Shì
Administrative districts
Hotan	خوتەن ۋىلايىتى	Hotən wilayiti	和田地区	Hétián Dìqū
Aksu	ئاقسۇ ۋىلايىتى	Aⱪsu wilayiti	阿克苏地区	Ākèsū Dìqū
Kaxgar	قەشقەر ۋىلايىتى	Ⱪəxⱪər wilayiti	喀什地区	Kāshí Dìqū
Tacheng	تارباغاتاي ۋىلايىتى	Tarbaƣatay wilayiti	塔城地区	Tǎchéng Dìqū	Ili subordinated
Altay	ئالتاي ۋىلايىتى	Altay wilayiti	阿勒泰地区	Ālètài Dìqū	Ili subordinated
Autonomous counties
Kizilsu Autonomous District	قىزىلسۇ قىرغىز ئاپتونوم ئوبلاستى	Ⱪizilsu Ⱪirƣiz aptonom oblasti	克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州	Kèzīlèsū Kē'ěrkèzī Zìzhìzhōu
Bayingolin Mongolian Autonomous District	بايىنغولىن موڭغۇل ئاپتونوم ئوبلاستى	Bayinƣolin Mongƣul aptonom oblasti	巴音郭楞蒙古自治州	Bāyīnguōlèng Měnggǔ Zìzhìzhōu
Changji Hui Autonomous District	سانجى خۇيزۇ ئاپتونوم ئوبلاستى	Sanji Huyzu aptonom oblasti	昌吉回族自治州	Chāngjí Huízú Zìzhìzhōu
Mongolian Autonomous District of Bortala	بۆرتالا موڭغۇل ئاپتونوم ئوبلاستى	Bɵrtala Mongƣul aptonom oblasti	博尔塔拉蒙古自治州	Bó'ěrtǎlā Měnggǔ Zìzhìzhōu
Kazakh Autonomous District of Ili	ئىلى قازاق ئاپتونوم ئوبلاستى	Ili Ⱪazaⱪ aptonom oblasti	伊犁哈萨克自治州	Yīlí Hāsàkè Zìzhìzhōu

history

antiquity

Probably a Graeco-Bactrian armed man with a Greek royal diadem and a mythical Centaur . Carpet from the Sampul cemetery near Hotan , 3rd – 2nd centuries . Century BC Chr.

In the 1st millennium BC Xinjiang was populated by numerous nomadic as well as sedentary ethnic groups. In ancient times, the inhabitants were often Indo-European ethnic groups , such as Tocharers and Saks . Culturally Hellenized inhabitants of the Graeco-Bactrian Empire probably came from the west and south , who established trade connections to Fergana and the Indus Valley . Later, Mongolian or - Turkic tribal associations added, but there were also sino Tibetan peoples ( Tibetans , Han Chinese and Qiang ), who settled in Xinjiang and the Tarim Basin from the southeast.

Under the Chinese Emperor Han Wudi (141-87 BC), who conquered the Tarim Basin for China for the first time, the Chinese long-distance trade routes were connected to the network of the ancient Persian and Graeco-Bactrian trade routes, with which the long-distance trade network of the Silk Road was opened. As a result, the cities in Xinjiang and in the Tarim Basin became trading centers, in which Sogdian , Chinese, Persian, Syrian-Aramaic , Jewish, etc. a. Merchants lived whose writings were preserved in the dry climate of the Taklamakan, as well as writings in regional languages and religious languages.

In the 2nd to 3rd centuries BC This area came under the rule of the Xiongnu , but was in 104 BC. Conquered during the Han Dynasty by the Chinese Empire , which had a strategic interest in the Silk Road. In 25 the Chinese were defeated by the Xiongnu and were only able to rebuild their rule in 73.

Uyghur Kaganat and areas under his rule (red line) around 820

After the fall of the Han Dynasty, the Xianbei and Rouran tribes controlled this territory. In the second half of the 6th century was in the Dzungaria briefly Eastern Turkish Kaganat establish, but during the Tang Dynasty China conquered its lost territories (645-763) and extended briefly his influence to western Central Asia.

In 745 the Uyghur Kaganat emerged as a successor to the second Turk Kaganat , which was destroyed by the Kyrgyz around 840 .

middle Ages

Uyghur princesses, wall fresco from Bezeklik , cave 9, approx. 9–12 . Century AD, today in the Museum of Asian Art , Berlin-Dahlem

After their great empire in Mongolia had been destroyed by the Kyrgyz people , most of the nomadic Uighur tribes moved from Baikal to Xinjiang in the 9th century . Here they built their own state in the Turfan Basin , which became a vassal of the Kara- Kitan in the 12th century . Later the area was completely subjugated by the Mongols and incorporated into the Chagatai Khanate . Uighur (then called "Chagataisch") developed over the Middle Ages to become the most respected and dominant language in Xinjiang and in the Tarim Basin, which gradually displaced most of the older languages and linguistically assimilated their speakers . After 1250 the Uighurs adopted Islam. After the final fall of these empires, the western Mongolian tribes of the Oirats founded the Djungarian Khanate in 1640 .

Modern times

Around 1757 the area was finally subjugated by the Qing Empire under Emperor Qianlong . During the first half of the 19th century, the Central Asian khans of Kokand caused constant unrest in the areas around Yarkant and Kaxgar . After the smashing of the Islamic emirate, which had achieved temporary independence in the Tarim Basin under the leadership of Jakub Bek (1864-77), the Qing dynasty united Djungary and the Tarim Basin to form Xinjiang Province (Chinese: "New Frontier"). In 1876, Kokand was captured by the Russian general Skobelev . The Tsar dissolved the Kokand Khanate and added the area to Russian Turkestan, and from 1871 to 1881 the Ili area was also part of the Russian Empire. Up until the Xinhai Revolution in 1911, Xinjiang was considered the zone of influence of the Russian Empire, and from 1928 at the latest - until the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949 - the Soviet Union exerted strong influence in Xinjiang. The USSR maintained a military base in Xinjiang, dominated the economy and even conducted military expeditions in the Ili area.

Modern

Broad streets and modern high-rise buildings characterize the cityscape of Ürümqi today.

With the support of the first Chinese President Yuan Shikai , Governor Yang Zengxin set up a military dictatorship in Xinjiang. After his assassination in 1928 and the brief interlude in the rule of Jing Shuren , Sheng Shicai came to power in Ürümqi in 1933 . He accepted the influence of the Soviet Union and with its help built the economy of Xinjiang. Its weak position and the conflict between the Soviet Union and Great Britain in Xinjiang often led to unrest, as did the establishment of the short-lived Islamic Republic of East Turkestan . In search of allies, Sheng turned to the Guomindang in the 1940s and has now become an extreme anti-communist. On January 5, 1945, his rule was overthrown as a result of the " Three-Region Revolution " (named after Altay , Gulja and Qoqek ). The revolutionaries proclaimed a communist republic of East Turkestan , whose territory made up about 10% of today's Xinjiang, but which was not recognized by any state in the world. A year later, nationalist and revolutionary-democratic forces in Xinjiang reached an agreement and a coalition government was formed, which was largely socialist.

In 1949 the Chinese communists achieved peaceful incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China . In September 1955, the "Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region" was created. During the Cultural Revolution (1966–76), Xinjiang, like all of China, had to endure the Red Terror, which cost many lives and had lasting consequences. Many cultural assets were destroyed. Since Deng Xiaoping's era , Xinjiang has been affected to a great extent by the "Chinese economic miracle", but mainly settled Han Chinese have benefited from it.

Current situation

Flag of the Uighur Independence Movement - Banned in China

Xinjiang was very sparsely populated for a long time. After the proclamation of the People's Republic, Han Chinese from other parts of China were settled in Xinjiang as part of the planned Sinization . In addition, the improved living conditions and the traditional wealth of children of the locals led to strong population growth . During the Qing Dynasty , about 30% of the population were Han Chinese. After that, the share sank to below 4%. From 1949 to 1973 the proportion of Han Chinese increased from 3.7% to 38%. Pan-Turkic nationalists accuse the Chinese government of striving to sinize the local population. In the 1950s, the Latin alphabet was introduced for the Uighur language , which was reversed in the 1990s; today the Arabic-Persian alphabet applies . From 1964 to 1996, the People's Republic of China led a total of 45 (including 23 above-ground) nuclear weapons tests on the nuclear weapons test site Lop Nor in Xinjiang to the east of Bosten Lake in the mountains Kuruk day through. Today, the proportion of Han Chinese is just over 40%, while Uighurs make up around 46% of the total population.

Domestically, the strong influx of Han Chinese gave rise to ethnic and religious tensions, to which the state responded with repression (→ Xinjiang conflict ). International observers reported on re-education camps , the non-governmental organization Human Rights Watch spoke of massive human rights violations in this regard. According to UN estimates, up to one million people are “ arbitrarily detained in internment camps and indoctrinated there politically and culturally . “The existence of such camps was officially confirmed by the government in October 2018, but the allegations of ill-treatment were denied.

At the end of June 2020, there were reports for the first time about forced sterilizations and abortions of Uyghurs and other Muslim minorities in the camps. A simultaneous analysis of Chinese statistics and government documents showed that the birth rate in Xinjiang fell by an average of 24 percent between 2015 and 2018, and by 84 percent in two prefectures . According to government documents and statistics, 1.1 percent of all married women of childbearing age in Xinjiang were sterilized in 2018. While in 2014 around 2.5 percent of all spiral implementations in the People's Republic of China were carried out in Xinjiang, this proportion rose to around 80 percent in 2018; around 1.8 percent of the Chinese population lives in Xinjiang (as of 2020).

population

Population structure and numbers

Nationalities in Xinjiang: Largest Groups by District:

Blue = Uighurs

Red = Han Chinese

Yellow = Kazakhs

Ethnic groups in Xinjiang, 2000 census
Ethnicity	population	Percent ¹
Uighurs	8,345,622	45.21
Han	7,489,919	40.58
Kazakhs	1,245,023	6.74
Hui	839.837	4.55
Kyrgyz	158,775	0.86
Mongols	149.857	0.81
Dongxiang	55,841	0.30
Tajiks	39,493	0.21
Xibe	34,566	0.19
Manchu	19,493	0.11
Tujia	15,787	0.086
Uzbeks	12.096	0.066
Russians	8,935	0.048
Miao	7.006	0.038
Tibetans	6,153	0.033
Zhuang	5,642	0.031
Daur	5,541	0.030
Tatars	4,501	0.024
Salar	3,762	0.020
Source : 2000 Population Census of China, Vol. 1, 2

Xinjiang Population Statistics
year	population
1954	4,873,608
1964	7,270,067
1982	13,081,681
1990	15.155.778
2000	18,459,511
2010	21,813,334
2016	23,980,000 ¹
Note : ¹ estimate Source : Citypopulation.de

Xinjiang is predominantly inhabited by Turkic peoples , the largest group of whom are the Uighurs . The northern part of the region is mostly populated by Kazakhs , Mongols and some Tuvins . There are numerous minorities in the west, including the Kyrgyz , Mongols (Oriats) and Tajiks . Xinjiang, through which most of the Eastern Silk Road runs, has been the subject of numerous conflicts between different peoples and tribes since ancient times .

According to the 2015 area census, Xinjiang has a population of around 23.6 million. The population growth was 1.09% per year until 2002. The number of Uyghurs has more than doubled since 1953, but the population of the region had almost quadrupled by 2000, mainly due to immigration (barely 4.9 million in 1953). The proportion of Uyghurs has therefore in fact decreased from 75% (over 3.6 million) in 1953 to 45% (over 8.3 million) in 2000, while the proportion of Han people fell from 6% (1953 barely 300,000, including over 100,000 soldiers of the People's Liberation Army ) rose to 41% (almost 7.6 million in 2000). Kazakhs (7%) and Hui (5%) follow at a great distance. All other ethnic groups (including the Kyrgyz, Tajiks and Mongols) have a population share of less than 1%.

Together, the Uyghurs and their related Turkic peoples (Kazakhs and Kyrgyz) initially continue to form an absolute Muslim majority in the autonomous region. Hui, Tajiks, Salar and some Dongxiang are also Muslims. However, the relative prosperity associated with economic growth runs along ethnic and cultural boundaries. Only those 2.5 million Han Chinese who belong to the " Bingtuan Corps " (around one in seven inhabitants of the region) benefit from the development .

religion

The main religion in Xinjiang among the Uyghurs and Hui Chinese is Islam, while many of the Han Chinese practice the Chinese folk religions, Daoism , Confucianism and Buddhism, or are non-religious. Muslims make up 58% of the population (as of 2010). 1% of the population belong to Christianity.

economy

This plant in the Lop Nor desert produces 1.2 million tons of potash fertilizer annually. It is connected to the highway and the railroad to Hami, which was completed in 2012 .

In 2015, the Xinjiang Autonomous Region had a GDP of 932 billion yuan (US $ 150 billion), ranking 26th among the provinces and autonomous regions at the provincial level in the country. The GDP per capita was 40,427 yuan (US $ 6,087 / PPP: US $ 11,640) per year (ranked 22nd in the country among the provinces and autonomous regions at the provincial level). The level of prosperity in the Xinjiang Autonomous Region was 75% of the Chinese average.

Agriculture

Xinjiang is known for its fruits. a. Grown grapes, melons and pears. The hami melons and the turpan raisins are particularly famous. Tomatoes are also grown and exported in the form of tomato paste . The sugar industry is represented by twelve beet sugar factories. The largest factory in the region is located in the Kazakh Autonomous District of Ili . In 2016, 15 million tons of grain were also grown.

The main livestock in the region are traditionally sheep. Much of the pastureland of the region is in the northern part, where there is more precipitation, and there are mountain meadows throughout the region.

Due to the lack of access to the ocean and the limited amount of inland water, Xinjiang's fish resources are limited. Even so, there is a lot of fishing going on in Lakes Ulungur and Bosten and in the Irtysh River. A large number of fish ponds have been built since the 1970s, the total area of which in the 1990s was over 10,000 hectares. In 2000, a total of 58,800 tons of fish were produced in Xinjiang, 85% of which from aquaculture.

In the past, Lake Lop was known for its fishing, but it has now dried up due to the diversion of the water.

Natural resources

At the end of the 19th century, the region was known for the production of salt, soda, borax, gold, jade and coal.

In recent years, large oil and gas deposits have been found, especially in the middle of the Taklamakan desert and in its peripheral areas, which are now being developed and exploited. Karamay and Aksu in particular are heavily influenced by oil mining. The west-east gas pipeline to Shanghai runs from here.

The oil and gas sector accounts for 60% of the economic power of Xinjiang in 2005. Xinjiang also has large coal reserves. The coal deposits, which are increasingly required for energy generation, are at risk from coal fires . Most of the Chinese coal fires smolder in Xinjiang.

Overall, one fifth of China's coal, gas and oil reserves are located in Xinjiang, making the region the region with the highest concentration of fossil fuels in China. The annual production in Xinjiang is 240 million tons of coal, 24 billion cubic meters of natural gas and 27.3 million tons of oil. The raw material reserves are enormous, they amount to 2.2 trillion tons of coal, 10.3 trillion cubic meters of natural gas and 20.9 billion tons of oil.

Industry

Oil and sugar refineries, steel mills and chemical plants are some of the region's most important industries. Cement and textiles are also produced.

Xinjiang's economy, coupled with the Chinese economic system, has achieved double-digit growth rates over the past ten years. The standard of living rose noticeably and in 2015 the per capita income reached 6,000 US dollars. Xinjiang is richer than many provinces in China. However, many rural people still have to get by on less than US $ 20 a month.

The Chinese government is currently building a port for the export of Xinjiang's products in Gwadar, Pakistan , in order to accelerate the economic development of Xinjiang.

energy

At the end of 2013, the government of the Turpan district signed a framework agreement with Trina Solar for the construction of a photovoltaic power plant with an output of one gigawatt.

literature

Linda K. Benson: The Ili rebellion. The Muslim challenge to Chinese authority in Xinjiang 1944–1949. Sharpe, Armonk NY / London 1990, ISBN 0-87332-509-5 (English).
FJ Besson: Les Ouïgours au XXIe siècle. Cahiers d'études sur la Méditerranée orientale et le monde turco-iranien, N ° 25, 1998. ISSN 0764-9878 (French).
A. Bohnet, Ernst Giese, G. Zeng: The Xinjiang Autonomous Region (PR China). A regulatory and regional economic study. Volume I, publications of the Center for Regional Development Research of the Justus Liebig University Gießen, Volume 72, Münster 1998, ISBN 3-8258-2972-3 .
Yuri Bregel: An Historical Atlas of Central Asia. Brill, Leiden 2003, ISBN 90-04-12321-0 (English).
Ernst Giese, Gundula Bahro, Dirk Betke: Environmental destruction in arid regions of Central Asia (West and East Turkestan). Causes, effects, measures. Franz Steiner, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-515-07374-4 .
Dru C. Gladney: L'Expansion du colonialisme intérieur en Chine. In: Pouvoirs. N ° 81, Seuil, Paris 1997, pp. 59-70, ISSN 0152-0768 (French).
Sven Hedin : In the heart of Asia. FA Brockhaus, Leipzig 1903.
Hauke Neddermann: Socialism in Xinjiang. The production and construction corps in the 1950s. Lit, Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-643-10474-8 .
Otto Tappen: Mao's Wall in Sinkiang . In: The time . No. 46 /1958 . Zeitverlag , November 14, 1958, ISSN 0044-2070 ( archive.today [TEXT / HTML; 44 kB ]).
Castets Remi: Nationalisme, Islam et opposition politique chez les Ouïgours du Xinjiang. In: Les Etudes du CERI , October 2004, N ° 110 (Center d'études et de recherches internationales), ISSN 1297-8450 (French).
Gudrun Wacker: Xinjiang and the PR China - centrifugal and centripetal tendencies in China's northwest region. Federal Institute for Eastern Studies and International Studies, Cologne 1995 (= reports of the Federal Institute for Eastern Studies and International Studies. 1995).
Oskar Weggel : Xinjiang / Sinkiang: Central Asian China. A country study. Institute for Asian Studies, Hamburg 1985, ISBN 3-88910-019-8 .
William Mesny: Mesny's Chinese Miscellany. Volume III. William Mesny, Shanghai 1899.
The Han Progress Roller . In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung (NZZ) . Issue: October 6, 2001. Neue Zürcher Zeitung, 2001, ISSN 0376-6829 ( nzz.ch [TEXT / HTML; 70 kB ]).
Roland Portmann: The situation in the Chinese region of Xinjiang and the situation of the Uighurs . Country analysis SFH. In: SFH information exchange . 5/01 (December 2001). Swiss Refugee Aid (SFH), Switzerland 2001, p. 31–40 ( ecoi.net [PDF; 101 kB ]).
Ilaria Maria Sala: In Xinjiang, China, the Uyghurs are forcibly assimilated - How Beijing produces Islamists in its western province . In: Le Monde diplomatique . German edition. Edition from 02.15.2002. taz Verlag, Berlin 2002, p. 8–9 ( archive.org [TEXT / HTML; 17 kB ]).
Rémi Castets: Lead times in Xinjiang . In: Le Monde diplomatique . German edition. Edition: 07.03.2019. taz Entwicklungs GmbH & Co.Medien KG, Berlin 2019 ( monde-diplomatique.de [TEXT / HTML; 15 kB ]).

Web links

Commons : 新疆 - شینجاڭ - album with pictures, videos and audio files

Wiktionary: Xinjiang - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Wikimedia Atlas: Xinjiang - geographical and historical maps

Jean-Christophe Victor : Xinjiang - The Far West of China . In: With open cards (ed.): Arte . June 13, 2015 ( youtube.com [accessed on January 11, 2020] French: Xinjiang: Le Grand Ouest Chinois . YouTube video - 12min.).
The History and Development of Xinjiang (PRC State Council Press Office)
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region - Data (English)
World Altal Library - General Atlas of Xinjiang (English)
Places in Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu - place names, alternative names and location of places in Xinjiang (Chinese, English)
"Ants" in Xinjiang - Collected during the Sino-Swedish expedition 1927–1930 by David Hummel (various PDF files, English)
Scientific Advisory Board of the Federal Government on Global Change (WBGU) ( Memento from April 11, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) - Destabilization and conflict potential of forecast environmental changes in the Central Asia region by 2020/2050 . (PDF; 1.65 MB)
Research, Excavation, Documentation and Protection of Cultural Relics (English)
Place names in Xinjiang (Chinese with Pinyin)
Xinjiang. "Brutal suppression of an entire region". In: amnesty.de. Amnesty International , April 20, 1999, archived from the original on August 22, 2011 .; accessed on January 12, 2020

It's like living in a prison in Xinjiang Bitter Winter A magazine about religious freedom and human rights in China

Individual evidence

↑ Chai, Huixia, et al. "Digital regionalization of geomorphology in Xinjiang." Journal of Geographical Sciences 19.5 (2009): 600-614. ( researchgate.net PDF).
↑ Zhōngguó dìmínglù中国地名录 (Beijing, Zhōngguó dìtú chūbǎnshè中国地图出版社 1997); ISBN 7-5031-1718-4 .
↑ Hənzuqə-Uyƣurqə luƣət (sinaⱪ nus'hisi) . Xinjiang həlk̡ nəxriyati, Ürümqi 1974, pp. 1170-1172.
↑ Uyƣurqə – Hənzuqə luƣət . Xinjiang həlk̡ nəxriyati, Ürümqi 1982, p. 770.
↑ Lucas Christopoulos: Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China (240 BC – 1398 AD) in: Sino-Platonic Papers 230 / August 2012, pp. 25,27.
↑ Lucas Christopoulos: Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China (240 BC – 1398 AD) in: Sino-Platonic Papers 230 / August 2012, pp. 1–31.
^ Whitfield, Susan (2004), The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith , Chicago: Serindia, ISBN 978-1-932476-13-2
↑ Linska, Handl, Rasuly-Paleczek: Introduction to the Ethnology of Central Asia, p. 60
^ Mark Dickens: The Soviets in Xinjiang . Oxus Communications, 1990.
↑ Toop, Stanley (May 2004). "Demographics and Development in Xinjiang after 1949" (PDF). East-West Center Washington Working Papers . East – West Center (1): PDF download (free) , p. 1.
↑ So for example Rebiya Kadeer in: Same and Alexandra Cavelius: Die Himmelsstürmerin. China's No. 1 public enemy tells from her life . Heyne, Munich 2007, p. 229, ISBN 978-3-453-12082-2 .
↑ 新疆公布第六次人口普查数据：全区常住人口 2181 万 - 新疆天山网 Archived February 5, 2012, at the Wayback Machine . Tianshannet.com (May 6, 2011). ( http://www.tianshannet.com/news/content/2011-05/06/content_5792193.htm )
↑ Axel Dorloff: How China controls Muslims. In: DeutschlandfunkKultur.de. September 17, 2018, accessed October 17, 2018 .
↑ China reports arrests of 13,000 "terrorists" in Xinjiang province. In: Zeit Online. March 18, 2019, accessed March 18, 2019 .
↑ Axel Dorloff: China imprisoned Muslims: re-education camp now officially. In: tagesschau.de. October 11, 2018, accessed January 16, 2019 .
^ ^A ^b Adrian Zenz: Sterilizations, IUDs, and Mandatory Birth Control: The CCP's Campaign to Suppress Uyghur Birthrates in Xinjiang . Ed .: The Jamestown Foundation. Washington, DC 2020, ISBN 978-1-73527-529-1 (English, pdf ).
↑ Bernhard Zand, DER SPIEGEL: China: Uyghur women should be forced to sterilize and have an abortion - DER SPIEGEL - Politics. Retrieved July 1, 2020 .
↑ China cuts Uighur births with IUDs, abortion, sterilization. June 29, 2020, accessed July 1, 2020 .
↑ Data from 2000-nián rénkǒu pǔchá Zhōngguó mínzú rénkǒu zīliào, shàng-xià cè 2000 年人口普查中国民族人口资料，上下册 / Tabulation on Nationalities of 2000 Population Census of China, Vol. 1, 2 (Beijing, Mínzú民族bǎnshè社 (Nationalities Publishing House) 2003); ISBN 7-105-05425-5 [bilingual: Chinese-English].
↑ China: Provinces and Major Cities - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather, and Web Information. Retrieved March 18, 2018 .
↑ 2-6 Population at Year-end by Region , from China Statistical Yearbook 2016, accessed November 4, 2017
↑ Far Eastern Economic Review (FEER), Hong Kong, December 2007, p. 28.
↑ Far Eastern Economic Review (FEER), Hong Kong, December 2007, pp. 27-30.
↑ Min Junqing The Present Situation and Characteristics of Contemporary Islam in China 2010 Islam by province, p. 29
↑ : data.stats.gov.cn
↑ Guo Yan: Fisheries Development in Xinjiang, China
↑ Mesny (1899), p. 386.
^ David Lammie: China Business Handbook. Alain Charles, 2005, ISBN 0-9512512-8-7 .
↑ Burning coal seams: fire under the earth . sueddeutsche.de, January 17, 2008.
^ The Energy Industry in Xinjiang, China: Potential, Problems, and Solutions Powermag.com
^ Khan, WA (2015). The Uyghur Insurgency in Xinjiang: The Success Potential. US Army Command and General Staff College Fort Leavenworth United States. ( dtic.mil PDF).
↑ iwr.de

40.713888888889 85.649444444444Coordinates: 40 ° 43 ' N , 85 ° 39' E

[Chai_2009-1] Chai, Huixia, et al. "Digital regionalization of geomorphology in Xinjiang." Journal of Geographical Sciences 19.5 (2009): 600-614. ( researchgate.net PDF).

[2] Zhōngguó dìmínglù中国地名录 (Beijing, Zhōngguó dìtú chūbǎnshè中国地图出版社 1997); ISBN 7-5031-1718-4 .

[3] Hənzuqə-Uyƣurqə luƣət (sinaⱪ nus'hisi) . Xinjiang həlk̡ nəxriyati, Ürümqi 1974, pp. 1170-1172.

[ver-4] Uyƣurqə – Hənzuqə luƣət . Xinjiang həlk̡ nəxriyati, Ürümqi 1982, p. 770.

[5] Lucas Christopoulos: Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China (240 BC – 1398 AD) in: Sino-Platonic Papers 230 / August 2012, pp. 25,27.

[6] Lucas Christopoulos: Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China (240 BC – 1398 AD) in: Sino-Platonic Papers 230 / August 2012, pp. 1–31.

[7] Whitfield, Susan (2004), The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith , Chicago: Serindia, ISBN 978-1-932476-13-2

[8] Linska, Handl, Rasuly-Paleczek: Introduction to the Ethnology of Central Asia, p. 60

[9] Mark Dickens: The Soviets in Xinjiang . Oxus Communications, 1990.

[10] Toop, Stanley (May 2004). "Demographics and Development in Xinjiang after 1949" (PDF). East-West Center Washington Working Papers . East – West Center (1): PDF download (free) , p. 1.

[11] So for example Rebiya Kadeer in: Same and Alexandra Cavelius: Die Himmelsstürmerin. China's No. 1 public enemy tells from her life . Heyne, Munich 2007, p. 229, ISBN 978-3-453-12082-2 .

[12] 新疆公布第六次人口普查数据：全区常住人口 2181 万 - 新疆天山网 Archived February 5, 2012, at the Wayback Machine . Tianshannet.com (May 6, 2011). ( http://www.tianshannet.com/news/content/2011-05/06/content_5792193.htm )

[13] Axel Dorloff: How China controls Muslims. In: DeutschlandfunkKultur.de. September 17, 2018, accessed October 17, 2018 .

[14] China reports arrests of 13,000 "terrorists" in Xinjiang province. In: Zeit Online. March 18, 2019, accessed March 18, 2019 .

[15] Axel Dorloff: China imprisoned Muslims: re-education camp now officially. In: tagesschau.de. October 11, 2018, accessed January 16, 2019 .

[:19-16] A ^b Adrian Zenz: Sterilizations, IUDs, and Mandatory Birth Control: The CCP's Campaign to Suppress Uyghur Birthrates in Xinjiang . Ed .: The Jamestown Foundation. Washington, DC 2020, ISBN 978-1-73527-529-1 (English, pdf ).

[17] Bernhard Zand, DER SPIEGEL: China: Uyghur women should be forced to sterilize and have an abortion - DER SPIEGEL - Politics. Retrieved July 1, 2020 .

[18] China cuts Uighur births with IUDs, abortion, sterilization. June 29, 2020, accessed July 1, 2020 .

[19] Data from 2000-nián rénkǒu pǔchá Zhōngguó mínzú rénkǒu zīliào, shàng-xià cè 2000 年人口普查中国民族人口资料，上下册 / Tabulation on Nationalities of 2000 Population Census of China, Vol. 1, 2 (Beijing, Mínzú民族bǎnshè社 (Nationalities Publishing House) 2003); ISBN 7-105-05425-5 [bilingual: Chinese-English].

[20] China: Provinces and Major Cities - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather, and Web Information. Retrieved March 18, 2018 .

[21] 2-6 Population at Year-end by Region , from China Statistical Yearbook 2016, accessed November 4, 2017

[22] Far Eastern Economic Review (FEER), Hong Kong, December 2007, p. 28.

[23] Far Eastern Economic Review (FEER), Hong Kong, December 2007, pp. 27-30.

[24] Min Junqing The Present Situation and Characteristics of Contemporary Islam in China 2010 Islam by province, p. 29

[25] : data.stats.gov.cn

[26] Guo Yan: Fisheries Development in Xinjiang, China

[27] Mesny (1899), p. 386.

[28] David Lammie: China Business Handbook. Alain Charles, 2005, ISBN 0-9512512-8-7 .

[29] Burning coal seams: fire under the earth . sueddeutsche.de, January 17, 2008.

[30] The Energy Industry in Xinjiang, China: Potential, Problems, and Solutions Powermag.com

[Khan_2015-31] Khan, WA (2015). The Uyghur Insurgency in Xinjiang: The Success Potential. US Army Command and General Staff College Fort Leavenworth United States. ( dtic.mil PDF).

[32] wr.de