Jindřichův Hradec

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Jindřichův Hradec
Coat of arms of Jindřichův Hradec
Jindřichův Hradec (Czech Republic)
Paris plan pointer b jms.svg
Basic data
State : Czech RepublicCzech Republic Czech Republic
Historical part of the country : Bohemia
Region : Jihočeský kraj
District : Jindřichův Hradec
Area : 7429 ha
Geographic location : 49 ° 8 '  N , 15 ° 0'  E Coordinates: 49 ° 8 '25 "  N , 15 ° 0' 8"  E
Height: 475  m nm
Residents : 21,445 (Jan 1, 2019)
Postal code : 377 01
License plate : C.
traffic
Street: Pelhřimov - České Budějovice
Railway connection: Veselí nad Lužnicí – Jihlava
Jindřichův Hradec – Nová Bystřice
Jindřichův Hradec – Obrataň
structure
Status: city
Districts: 14th
administration
Mayor : Stanislav Mrvka (as of 2018)
Address: Klášterská 135 / II
377 01 Jindřichův Hradec
Municipality number: 545881
Website : www.jh.cz

Jindřichův Hradec (German Neuhaus ) is a city in South Bohemia in the Czech Republic. It is the district town of the Jindřichův Hradec district of the same name . The city is located in the historical Bohemia region , in close proximity to the Moravian border.

geography

Jindřichův Hradec is located on a headland of the Nežárka and Hamerský potok and is partially surrounded by the Vajgar pond. Neighboring towns are Dolní Radouň and Kostelní Radouň in the north, Jarošov and Bednárec in the northeast, Blažejov and Kunžak in the east, Kunějov in the southeast, Malíkov nad Nežárkou and Dolní Pěna in the south, Plavsko and Hatín in the southwest and Ratiboř, Matná and Děbolín in the west. The 599 m high Srní vrch rises to the southeast. Austria is reached via Grametten , which is 15 kilometers south-east.

history

Jindřichův Hradec, by the Malý Vajgar pond
Monument in the market square

Probably as early as the 10th century a Slavic rampart was built above the Nežárka , on which a castle developed, which was owned by the Witigonen in the 12th century . After the death of Witiko von Prčice († 1194), who ruled large parts of southern Bohemia, his lands were distributed among his four sons. The eldest son Heinrich I von Neuhaus received the Jindřichův Hradec, which was later named after him, and other lands in South Bohemia and West Moravia . He is the founder of the von Neuhaus branch of the Witigon family .

During Heinrich's reign, the castle was first mentioned in 1220 as "Novum castrum". The place around the castle is known for the year 1223 as "Nova domus", for the year 1255 as "Gradecz" and for 1265 as "Newenhaus". The Czech place name attribute "Jindřichův", derived from Heinrich / Jindřich, was not used until 1410.

Before 1237 Heinrich I granted the Knights of the Teutonic Order the right of patronage for the parish church and obliged them to build a hospital ( Domus hospitalis S. Marie Teutonicorum ) at the church. Heinrich's son Witiko I von Neuhaus gave the order additional property and granted it additional privileges. From 1269 a commander of the Teutonic Knights is documented. During the reign of Ulrich II , the minstrel Ulrich von Liechtenstein stayed at his court, as did the poet Ulrich von Eschenbach. In 1293 Neuhaus, whose population had risen rapidly due to the increase in Czech and German craftsmen and merchants, was first mentioned as a town. A Jewish community is documented for the year 1294.

During the reign of Ulrich III. 1312-1349 the town square and the town fortifications were built. Together with the Commander , Ulrich donated the wall paintings of the George cycle in the castle as well as a gallery with 19 coats of arms of Bohemian nobles who had participated in the Order's Crusades against the pagan Pruzzen from 1322-1337 .

With the Knights Templar and the Minorites , the Inquisition also moved into Neuhaus and turned against the German Waldensians . Their uprising was in the first heresy crusade by Ulrich III. 1341 suffocated. 1389 received Neuhaus from Heinrich III. von Neuhaus city ​​privileges under German law, with which all citizens were granted freedom of movement and other privileges. In 1399 the brothers Herrmann / Heřman and Johann d. J. ( Jan mladší ) a hospital with the St. Elisabeth chapel.

During the Hussite Wars , the Taborites were initially supported by Ulrich V. "Vavák". He was a Bohemian mint master and died in 1421. His successor Meinhard , who was one of the political leaders of the moderate Utraquists, was able to push back the Hussites. As a result of Meinhard's high political position, Neuhaus became an important place of negotiation alongside Prague. The Teutonic Order, which had lost patronage over the parish church in 1429, left the city in 1450 and handed over its property to the Lords of Neuhaus. In 1457 the Franciscans settled in Neuhaus and built the St. Wenceslas Church in the suburbs and in 1491 the monastery church of St. Catherine. In 1467 the Bohemian King George of Podebrady besieged Neuhaus in vain, which was ruled by the strict Catholic Heinrich IV ( Jindřich IV ). He had the castle built around the royal palace and the red tower with the black kitchen, and under Georg's successor, Vladislav II, he was made the colonel count of Bohemia. At the same time, the city coat of arms was upgraded by Vladislav II with two Bohemian royal lions and the royal initial "W" and the city privileges were extended to include an anniversary fair.

In 1511 Adam I took over the reign. After his death in 1531, Wolf d. Ä. Kraiger von Kraigk auf Landstein was appointed guardian of the underage sons Joachim and Zacharias . In 1550 the inheritance was divided. Joachim received Jindřichův Hradec and Zacharias the Moravian Telč . Joachim granted the city generous privileges in 1552. Jindřichův Hradec experienced an economic boom under Joachim's rule, who granted the town generous privileges in 1552. After the Minorites moved to Iglau in 1564, another hospital was built in the monastery buildings. Under Adam II , Lutheranism and the Bohemian Brothers were able to expand. In addition, the utraquist Trinity Church was built. In contrast, his strictly Catholic wife Katharina von Montfort received the appointment of the Jesuits in 1594 , who set up a college and a seminar in Neuhaus and took over the patronage of all churches in the Dominium and the school system.

With Adam II's son Joachim Ulrich , the noble family von Neuhaus died out in 1604. Since Joachim's daughter Luzie Otilie had been married to Wilhelm Slavata since 1602 , the inheritance came to them. After the Battle of White Mountain , the city initially lost its privileges because it had supported the Bohemian class uprising . In 1625 Pope Urban VIII raised the parish church to the status of provost . In the same year the city privileges were returned, which ushered in the era of reconciliation. The Jesuits were instrumental in the re-Catholicization of the population, the relics of St. Hippolytus, who was declared the patron saint of the city. The grammar school they founded developed into an important teaching facility, where the historian Bohuslav Balbín worked from 1655 to 1661 . Students at the grammar school included Tomáš Pešina z Čechorodu , Johannes Marcus Marci , Franz II. Rákóczi and the later cardinals Ernst Adalbert von Harrach and Sigismund von Kollonitz . The composer and poet Adam Michna also played an important cultural and religious role during this period . In 1654 Neuhaus was the second largest city in Bohemia after Prague with 405 inhabited houses. In 1689, Emperor Leopold I granted the city another anniversary market and two cattle markets a year.

In 1693 Neuhaus inherited Hermann Jakob Czernin von Chudenitz , who was married to Maria Josefa Slawata. Since the Czernin lived mainly in their palaces in Prague and Vienna, the city lost its residence function. However, they housed their family archive in Neuhaus, which was combined with the archives of the von Neuhaus and Slawata families, making it the second largest aristocratic archive in Bohemia.

After the dissolution of the Jesuit order in 1773, the grammar school was closed five years later. During the Silesian Wars, the city suffered harassment. About 7,000 war wounded were treated in the city hospital and a military hospital. In 1773 and 1801 large parts of the city were destroyed by fire. During the subsequent reconstruction, large parts of the city wall were torn down and green spaces and buildings were erected in their place. In 1848 the magistrate consisted mainly of Czechs. At the municipal high school, Czech became the second language of instruction in 1861, and from 1866 the sole language of instruction. In 1875 the Jewish community set up a German private school that existed until 1909.

From the end of the 15th century, pond farming and sheep breeding, as well as cloth making, were of economic importance. In 1757 it was ranked second after Reichenberg , but lost its importance in the 19th century. Neuhaus was not connected to the railway network until 1887, although it had been the seat of the district administration since 1450. After the establishment of Czechoslovakia , the previous structure of the city was largely preserved.

Due to the Munich Agreement , the city, which was mainly inhabited by Czechs, was politically cut off from 1938 to 1945 from the surrounding area, which was mainly inhabited by Germans and which was added to the Reichsgau Niederdonau . In 1939 the city got a German government commissioner. In 1940 Jindřichův Hradec was assigned to the Telč district under the administration of the Higher District Council in Jihlava .

In 1944 an aerial battle between US bombers returning from Pardubice to Italy and German aircraft took place over Jindřichův Hradec . Four US bombers and about fifteen German fighters were shot down within a short time. It was not until 2011 that a Focke-Wulf Fw 190 fighter aircraft was found at a depth of several meters, although the search for remains began after the war.

After the end of the Second World War, the Okres Jindřichův Hradec was restored in 1945 and expanded in 1960 by the dissolved Okresy Třeboň and Dačice . The historic city center, which was listed as a historical monument in 1950, was restored after the Velvet Revolution .

Community structure

The town of Jindřichův Hradec consists of the districts Buk ( Buchen ), Děbolín ( Diebling ), Dolní Radouň (Czech until 1947: Německý Radouň , German: Wenkerschlag ), Dolní Skrýchov ( Untergrieschau ), Horní Žďár ( Obermühl ), Jindradecřich Hradec II, Jindřichův Hradec III, Jindřichův Hradec IV, Jindřichův Hradec V, Matná ( Motten ), Otín ( Ottenschlag ), Políkno ( Poliken ) and Radouňka ( Radeinles ). The settlements Drahýška ( Traschhof ), Na Samotách, Nový Dvůr ( Neuhof ) and Radouňka-Kopeček also belong to Jindřichův Hradec .

Basic settlement units are Buk, Děbolín, Dolní Radouň, Dolní Skrýchov, Horní Žďár, Jáchymova, Jindřichův Hradec-střed, Jitka, Matná, Městský les, Na Kopečku, Nemocnice I, Nemocnice p, Novedýměstínů, Otný Doukno, Otžáreckíknů , Pražské předměstí, obvod Průmyslový, Radouňka, Rybnické předměstí, Sídliště Hvězdárna, Sídliště Pod Kasárny, Sídliště u nádraží, Sídliště Vajgar-jih, Sídliště Vajgar sever, Tramenářská, U Jakuba, U Jitky, U Lišného dvora, U nádraží, U nového hřbitova, U otínské silnice and Za Jakubem.

The municipality is divided into the cadastral districts of Buk u Jindřichova Hradce, Děbolín, Dolní Radouň, Dolní Skrýchov, Horní Žďár u Jindřichova Hradce, Jindřichův Hradec, Matná, Otín u Jindřichova Hradce and Políkno Hradce and Políkno u Jindřichova Hradce.

Attractions

Jindřichův Hradec Castle

The historic city center was declared an urban monument reserve in 1961 .

  • The Jindřichův Hradec Castle is one of the largest monuments in the Czech Republic, along with the Prague Castle and the Castle in Český Krumlov.
  • The museum is housed in the former Jesuit college. It was created in 1882 and is one of the oldest regional museums in Bohemia. It houses the largest mechanical nativity scene carved by Tomáš Krýza (1838–1918). It is registered in the Guinness Book of Records .
  • Market square with Renaissance and Baroque houses and the town hall.
  • The Trinity Column in the market square was created in 1764.
  • The Church of the Assumption was built in 1360 and rebuilt several times.
  • The Maria Magdalena Church was founded by the Teutonic Order in the 13th century and rebuilt in the 14th century. After a fire it was rebuilt in 1628-1632 and furnished in 1670 in the Baroque style.
  • The Church of St. John the Baptist belonged to the former Minorite monastery. It was completed in the middle of the 14th century and rebuilt several times. On the north side of the church is the cloister with late Gothic frescoes as well as the Gothic drapery chapel and the baroque St. Mary's chapel.
  • former synagogue and Jewish cemetery
  • Reconstructed tannery houses on the Nežárka
  • In 2012 the Gobelin House, housed in a former brewery, opened in the center of the city . It is attached to the local museum and has been expanded with the support of the EU. It particularly highlights the weaving work of Marie Hoppe-Teinitzer. Among other things, there is also a workshop in the building, in which some old tapestries are being restored.

Business, education, sport

In addition to the textile and food industries, tourism now plays an important economic role. The city is rich in cultural and educational institutions. The Prague University of Economics and Business has a Faculty of Management in Jindřichův Hradec. The KLH Vajgar Jindřichův Hradec is an ice hockey team and former Extra League participant.

Town twinning

Personalities

Eponyms

In 2002 the asteroid (21873) Jindřichůvhradec was named after the city.

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ http://www.uir.cz/obec/545881/Jindrichuv-Hradec
  2. ↑ Český statistický úřad - The population of the Czech municipalities as of January 1, 2019 (PDF; 0.8 MiB)
  3. ^ German aviator Focke-Wulf 190 found in the field near Jindřichův Hradec on Radio Praha of May 24, 2011, accessed on May 24, 2011
  4. ↑ http://www.uir.cz/casti-obce-obec/545881/Obec-Jindrichuv-Hradec
  5. ↑ http://www.uir.cz/zsj-obec/545881/Obec-Jindrichuv-Hradec
  6. ↑ http://www.uir.cz/katastralni-uzemi-obec/545881/Obec-Jindrichuv-Hradec
  7. ↑ Administrative report 2008 of the Steffisburg municipal council. (PDF) Point 1.4 Partnership with the Czech Republic: Cancellation of the partnership at the end of 2008. (No longer available online.) Municipality of Steffisburg, 2009, p. 27 , archived from the original on October 25, 2014 ; Retrieved October 25, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.steffisburg.ch
  8. ↑ Information on the city's website , accessed on July 13, 2016.
  9. ↑ Minor Planet Circ. 44595

Web links

Commons : Jindřichův Hradec  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files
Wikisource: Neuhauß in the Topographia Bohemiae, Moraviae et Silesiae  - sources and full texts