Laupheim

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coat of arms Germany map
Coat of arms of the city of Laupheim
Laupheim
Map of Germany, position of the city of Laupheim highlighted

Coordinates: 48 ° 14 '  N , 9 ° 53'  E

Basic data
State : Baden-Württemberg
Administrative region : Tübingen
County : Biberach
Height : 528 m above sea level NHN
Area : 61.78 km 2
Residents: 22,298 (Dec. 31, 2018)
Population density : 361 inhabitants per km 2
Postal code : 88471
Area code : 07392
License plate : BC
Community key : 08 4 26 070
City structure: 5 districts

City administration address :
Marktplatz 1
88471 Laupheim
Website : www.laupheim.de
Lord Mayor : Gerold Rechle (independent)
Location of the city of Laupheim in the Biberach district
Bayern Alb-Donau-Kreis Landkreis Ravensburg Landkreis Reutlingen Landkreis Sigmaringen Ulm Achstetten Alleshausen Allmannsweiler Altheim (bei Riedlingen) Attenweiler Bad Buchau Bad Schussenried Berkheim Betzenweiler Ummendorf (bei Biberach) Biberach an der Riß Burgrieden Dettingen an der Iller Dürmentingen Dürnau (Landkreis Biberach) Eberhardzell Erlenmoos Erolzheim Riedlingen Ertingen Gutenzell-Hürbel Hochdorf (Riß) Ingoldingen Kanzach Kirchberg an der Iller Kirchdorf an der Iller Kirchdorf an der Iller Langenenslingen Laupheim Laupheim Maselheim Mietingen Mittelbiberach Moosburg (Federsee) Ochsenhausen Oggelshausen Riedlingen Riedlingen Riedlingen Rot an der Rot Schemmerhofen Schwendi Seekirch Steinhausen an der Rottum Tannheim (Württemberg) Tiefenbach (Federsee) Ummendorf (bei Biberach) Unlingen Unlingen Uttenweiler Wain Warthausenmap
About this picture
Laupheim around 1900
Obersulmetingen around 1900

Laupheim is the second largest city in the Biberach district and has been a major district town since January 1, 2016 . It is located in the north of the district, forms a middle center in Upper Swabia and belongs to the Donau-Iller region . Laupheim is the location of the helicopter squadron 64 of the Air Force as well as several nationally known companies.

geography

Geographical location

Laupheim is located around 20 km south-southwest of Ulm . The core city is in north-south direction from the Rottum flows through that a little further north in the coming from the south Danube - tributary Dürnach flows. The Laupheim district of Baustetten is also located on the Rottum . The western districts of Obersulmetingen and Untersulmetingen lie on the Danube tributary Riss , while Bihlafingen, located east-northeast, is on the Schmiehe .

City structure

Laupheim with ( 2016 ) a total of 21,300 inhabitants consists of the core town of the same name (15,000 inhabitants) and the districts of Baustetten (2,000 inhabitants), Bihlafingen (767 inhabitants), Obersulmetingen (1,290 inhabitants) and Untersulmetingen (1,923 inhabitants). The Bihlafingen district is an exclave and borders the Alb-Danube district .

Neighboring communities

To the area of the city Laupheim borders the municipality Achstetten that the city Ehingen belonging place Rißtissen and the community Griesingen in the north, belonging to the town of Ehingen places Schaiblishausen and Kirchbierlingen in the west, to the municipality Schemmerhofen belonging villages Ingerkingen and Schemmerberg well as the municipality Mietingen in the south, the community Schwendi in the southeast and the community Burgrieden in the east. The Laupheim exclave Bihlafingen borders in the north and east also on the communities Achstetten- Oberholzheim , Hüttisheim and Schnürpflingen .

history

Laupheim around 1726
Laupheim around 1850
The emergency banknote from 1921 shows the Laupheim coat of arms on the front and a silhouette of the city on the back (Großlaupheim Castle on the left)

Middle Ages and early modern times

The place was first mentioned in writing as Loubhaim in 778 . Laupheim, then the main town in the Rammachgau , was destroyed by the Hungarians in 926 . In the 12th century it came into the possession of the Steward of Waldburg , the place in 1331 to the Habsburg sold. This made Laupheim part of the Austrian foreland . The Austrian Habsburgs pledged Laupheim to the Lords of Ellerbach in 1362 , but remained rulers until 1805. In 1434, Emperor Sigismund granted the community market rights and the knight Burkhard von Ellerbach conferred jurisdiction over the neck . During the Peasants' War in 1525, the " Baltringer Haufen " destroyed the castle, which was rebuilt after the conflict. After the Ellerbachers died out, Austria enfeoffed the imperial barons of Welden with Laupheim in 1582 . Just two years later, they founded the community's first school.

Württemberg time

With the reorganization of Germany after the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss , Laupheim came to the Kingdom of Württemberg in 1806 , where the community initially belonged to the Oberamt Wiblingen . It was not until 1836 that was serfdom abolished. In 1845, instead of Wiblingen, Laupheim was given the seat of the Oberamt. Since then it has also been called Oberamt Laupheim . The railway station on the Südbahn , opened in 1850, was two kilometers west of the city center and was connected to the Württemberg railway network . In 1869 Laupheim received city ​​rights .

In the course of the district reforms during the Nazi era in Württemberg , the Laupheim Oberamt was renamed the Laupheim district in 1934 and in 1938 it fell largely to the Biberach district , to which the city of Laupheim has belonged since then.

Since 1945

After the Second World War, Laupheim came under the French occupation zone in 1945 and thus came to the newly founded state of Württemberg-Hohenzollern in 1947 , which in 1952 became the administrative district of South Württemberg-Hohenzollern in the state of Baden-Württemberg.

After the population of Laupheim had exceeded the mark of 20,000 inhabitants in 2011 based on the extrapolation of the census results from 1987, the city applied to the Baden-Württemberg Ministry of the Interior to be appointed a major district town. After the publication of the 2011 census, after which Laupheim only exceeded this mark in 2013, the application was temporarily suspended. Laupheim has been a major district town since January 1, 2016.

see also Castle Bihlafingen , Wasserburg Bihlafingen , castle Laupheim , castle Kreppach

Incorporations

  • January 1, 1972: Baustetten and Untersulmetingen
  • April 1, 1972: Bihlafingen
  • January 1, 1975: Obersulmetingen

Population development

Population development in Laupheim from 1871 to 2017 according to the table below

The population figures according to the respective territorial status are estimates, census results (¹) or official updates from the State Statistical Office of Baden-Württemberg ( main residences only ).

year Residents
December 1, 1871 1 6,302
December 1, 1880 1 6,836
December 1, 1890 1 6,949
1 December 1900 1 7,319
December 1, 1910 1 8,017
June 16, 1925 1 8,467
June 16, 1933 1 8,572
May 17, 1939 1 8,402
September 13, 1950 1 10,337
June 6, 1961 1 11,744
May 27, 1970 1 14,099
year Residents
December 31, 1980 14,970
May 27, 1987 1 15,014
December 31, 1990 16,286
December 31, 1995 17,750
December 31, 2000 18,460
December 31, 2005 19.192
December 31, 2010 19,796
December 31, 2015 21,153
December 31, 2016 21,742
December 31, 2017 22,136

Religions

Catholic Church

There is evidence of a parish church in Laupheim as early as the 10th century. Even today, the city is predominantly Roman Catholic due to its former affiliation to Upper Austria and was ecclesiastically assigned to the diocese of Constance until the beginning of the 19th century . The Laupheim Catholics have been part of the Rottenburg diocese since 1821 , currently in the Biberach deanery . In Laupheim there has also been the Trinity Monastery of the Steyler Missionary Sisters since 1966 .

Protestant church

There has also been an evangelical congregation since 1845 . Within the Evangelical Regional Church , the Laupheim parish is part of the Biberach church district .

Other Christian denominations

After the Second World War, an Evangelical Free Church congregation ( Baptists ) was established. Since 1962, the community has had its own church building , known as a chapel , on Synagogenweg on the former synagogue site . The Baptist church has around 60 members, plus 20–30 children.

Since 1993 in Laupheim also exists to Free Church Federation Pentecostal churches belonging Ecclesia -Gemeinde to which claims to be about 200 people (including children) are committed.

Judaism in Laupheim

The Jewish community of Laupheim , founded in 1724 and at times the largest Jewish community in Württemberg, reached its highest membership figure in 1869 with 843 people. After that, it continuously decreased through emigration and emigration. After the Nazis came to power in 1933, 126 of 235 Jewish residents fled abroad, most of them after the November pogroms in 1938. In the following year, the remaining Jewish citizens within Laupheim were forcibly relocated to the Wendelinsgrube barracks camp and in 1941 and Deported to concentration and extermination camps in 1942. After the last of four transports on August 19, 1942, the Jewish community in Laupheim ceased to exist. Between 62 and 102 Jewish people from Laupheim were victims of the Holocaust .

politics

Großlaupheim Castle
Kleinlaupheim Castle

mayor

Years of office Surname
1838-1850 Johann Gottfried Brigel
1850-1872 Franz Seraph Mueller
1872-1880 Konrad Hepperle
1880-1882 Heinrich Hepperle
1883-1924 Johannes Schick
1924-1934 Franz Konrad
1934-1945 Ludwig Marxer
1945-1946 Adolf Scheffold
1946 Josef Hyneck
1946-1949 Karl Wiest
1949-1963 Alfons Hagel
1963-1966 vacant
1966-2002 Otmar Schick
2002-2010 Monika Sitter
2010-2018 Rainer chapels
since March 2018 Gerold Rechle

Municipal council

In Laupheim, the municipal council is elected using the spurious sub-district election. The number of local councils can change due to overhang mandates . The municipal council consists of the elected voluntary councilors and the mayor as chairman. The mayor is entitled to vote in the municipal council. The local elections on May 25, 2014 led to the following final result.

Parties and constituencies %
2019
Seats
2019
%
2014
Seats
2014
Local elections 2019
 %
40
30th
20th
10
0
37.4%
27.9%
26.8%
7.9%
OIL
Gains and losses
compared to 2014
 % p
   6th
   4th
   2
   0
  -2
  -4
+1.2  % p
-3.3  % p
+ 4.2  % p
-2.5  % p
OIL
FW Free voters 37.4 10 36.2 10
CDU Christian Democratic Union of Germany 27.9 8th 31.2 9
OIL Open list for Laupheim 26.8 7th 22.6 6th
SPD Social Democratic Party of Germany 7.9 2 10.4 3
total 100.0 27 100.0 28
voter turnout 53.4% 47.1%

coat of arms

Blazon : Divided and split at the top by green with a silver bar and red; below, in silver, three green leafy branches growing out of golden three-mountain.

The shields come from Sebastian Röttinger , Comes palatinus and city lord in Nördlingen (1596). The upper right part shows the shield of the Welden family, who ruled the city in the period 1570-1840. The hills indicate that the city is located on hills around the Rottum.

Town twinning

Laupheim has had town twinning since June 1998 with Feyzin (near Lyon) in France and since 1993 with Neustadt an der Orla in Thuringia. The Baustetten district has had a partnership with six communities in the Béthune valley in France since 1968 .

Culture and sights

Upper Swabian Baroque Street

The Catholic parish church of St. Peter and Paul in Laupheim with the rectory, Zehntscheuer and Lindenbaum is a stop on the main route of the Upper Swabian Baroque Route , which connects secular and sacred buildings from the Baroque period in the region. It was built by Martino Barbieri between 1623 and 1667 . The ceiling frescoes are by Anton Wenzeslaus Haffe .

Planetarium and observatory

The Laupheim e. V. volunteer-run astronomical education center combines observatory and planetarium under one roof. The association has existed since 1975 and has been operating the planetarium since 1990, the technical equipment of which was completely modernized in 2012 and equipped with a modern large projector. At that time, the Zeiss planetarium was one of the most modern of its kind in the world.

The planetarium is popular with around 40,000 visitors every year. The programs put together by association members themselves change about every three months. With the observatory's telescopes , the public can see into space.

In honor of the public observatory, the asteroid 7167 Laupheim , discovered in 1985 by Carolyn Shoemaker, was named after the city.

Großlaupheim Castle around 1907

Museums

The Museum of the History of Christians and Jews in Großlaupheim Castle shows in an impressive way the coexistence of the Jewish community of Laupheim , the formerly largest Jewish community in Württemberg, with the Christians in Laupheim.

Memorials

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  • A memorial stone on the church of the Evangelical Free Church Community on the corner of Bronner Strasse and Synagogenweg commemorates the synagogue that stood there and was destroyed by SA men in the November pogrom in 1938 . In other words, the Baptist chapel and property stand on the ruins of the demolished synagogue.
  • A memorial plaque on the guard's house of the Jewish cemetery on the Judenberg lists 100 names of Jewish residents persecuted and murdered during the Nazi dictatorship .
  • Since 1955, a plaque has also been placed on the monument to the fallen of the Jewish victims of the Nazi regime.
  • The city ​​commemorates the former Jewish school and its students with a commemorative plaque at the Obere Radstrasse telephone exchange .
  • His birthplace at Kapellenstrasse 44 and a street name are reminiscent of the German-Jewish arts and crafts professor Friedrich Adler , who became a victim of the Shoa in 1942 in Auschwitz .

Buildings

Café Hermes,
birthplace of Friedrich Adler
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Regular events

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  • Laupheim Photo Days in April (every 2 years)
  • Culture night in May
  • Rose market in June
  • Laupheim children's and local festival in June
  • Summernight Festival in June
  • Fountain festival with flea market in September
  • Cold blood horse market in October
  • Christmas Market

Carl Laemmle Producer Award

On the occasion of the 150th birthday of Carl Laemmle in 2017, the City of Laupheim and the Alliance of German Producers - Film & Fernsehen launched the Carl Laemmle Producer Award . As the first major German producer award, the Carl Laemmle Producer Award honors the life's work of an outstanding producer personality at an annual award ceremony in Laupheim. At the start in 2017, Roland Emmerich was awarded the first Carl Laemmle Producer Award, followed in the second year by Regina Ziegler . In the same year Artur Brauner was honored on the occasion of his 100th birthday with the special prize of the jury - the Carl Laemmle Prize of Honor. In 2019 Stefan Arndt was awarded the Carl Laemmle Producer Award for his life's work to date.

Economy and Infrastructure

City train station 1904

traffic

The core city of Laupheim is bordered in the west by the four-lane federal highway 30 (Ulm– Friedrichshafen ). Laupheim is connected to the B 30 by three junctions: Laupheim-Nord (Achstetten), Laupheim-Mitte and Laupheim-Süd .

On June 1, 1850, the Royal Württemberg State Railways opened the Württemberg Southern Railway from Ulm to Friedrichshafen , which passes 2 kilometers from Laupheim on the outskirts and where a Laupheim train station was built. On May 17, 1904, a branch line to Schwendi was opened at Laupheim station from the southern line, on which the Laupheim Stadt station (city station) was built in the center of Laupheim . The Laupheim station was renamed the Keilbahnhof and Laupheim Hbf , later it was named Laupheim West (Westbahnhof). On May 23, 1971, passenger traffic was stopped on the section from Laupheim Stadt to Schwendi, and freight traffic was discontinued on September 28, 1984 and the line was dismantled; On May 27, 1983, passenger traffic on the section from Laupheim West to Laupheim City also ended. On May 30, 1999, passenger traffic on the branch line to the completely renovated city station was put back into operation and an hourly regional train connection to Ulm Central Station was set up. Since June 12, 2011 there has been an additional connecting curve at Laupheim West station, on which the trains can travel between the city station and Biberach an der Riss without having to turn their heads . In addition to regional trains, Interregio-Express trains from Ulm and Stuttgart to Lindau stop every hour at Laupheim West station .

The city belongs to the Donau-Iller-Nahverkehrsverbund (DING).

Established businesses

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Former companies

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media

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Courts and bodies

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military

Laupheim is the location of the Luftwaffe's helicopter squadron 64 , which took over the tasks of the former 25th medium transport helicopter regiment at the beginning of 2013 due to the realignment of the Bundeswehr .

Sikorsky CH-53 on approach for landing

The helicopter squadron 64 has Sikorsky CH-53 medium-sized transport helicopters .

The site of the site, established in 1964, served as an air force base before and during World War II . Since June 21, 1989 the airfield has been called Kurt-Georg-Kiesinger - Kaserne . There is also a medical center at the site for medical care.

Until the beginning of the 1990s, the army aviators from Laupheim at that time were only deployed within the NATO area, for example in disaster operations in Italy, Greece, in the French Pyrenees , in the avalanche areas of the Alps and in maneuvers in the area of ​​NATO allies, but since then also as part of UN and NATO missions outside of NATO territory, initially after the Second Gulf War in Iraq , then in the Balkans as part of the multinational peacekeeping forces IFOR , KFOR , SFOR and EUFOR, and most recently in Afghanistan as part of the NATO mission ISAF .

With a total of around 1,600 jobs, the air force airfield is Laupheim's largest employer. According to the press release of the then Federal Defense Minister, the location is to be continued.

Educational institutions

The following municipal schools exist in Laupheim: Carl-Laemmle-Gymnasium , Friedrich-Adler-Realschule , Friedrich-Uhlmann-Schule (community school), primary , secondary and Werkrealschule Obersulmetingen, Ivo-Schaible primary and secondary school , Anna-von- Freyberg primary school , Bronner Berg primary school , Rot-Bihlafingen community primary school, Untersulmetingen primary school and the Wieland special needs school. There is also the Kilian von Steiner School as a district vocational school .

Prospective primary and secondary school teachers are trained at the Didactics and Teacher Training Seminar in Laupheim . Laupheim also has an adult education center .

Leisure and sports facilities

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  • PaBa - Parkbad: municipal indoor and outdoor pool with natural lake and giant slide, Lange Straße
  • Mini golf / tennis hall - Kleemeisterei (closed, to be demolished)
  • Tennis courts of the tennis club Laupheim 1904 e. V.
  • Herrenmahd sports hall
  • Bronner Berg sports hall
  • Sports hall at Bühler Strasse
  • Rottumhalle
  • New multi-purpose hall of the gymnastics and sports club Laupheim 1862 e. V.
  • Artificial turf pitch "Grasiger Weg"
  • Stadium of FV Olympia Laupheim
  • Gretel Bergmann Stadium
  • Risstal leisure area ( quarry pond and climbing park "Mobipark")

Personalities

Honorary citizen

  • Carl Laemmle (1867-1939), German- Jewish- American film producer (including nothing new in the West ) and founder of Universal Studios , one of the nucleus of Hollywood (honorary citizenship granted in 1919, from 1921 due to foreign citizenship. This decision was suspended in 2017 repealed by the local council. Laemmle's honorary citizenship is now back in force). Laemmle, who himself was of Jewish descent, vouched for many Jews during the Nazi dictatorship, especially those from Laupheim.
  • Georg Schenk (1894–1971), senior teacher, city archivist, local historian (awarded May 12, 1969)
  • Ivo Schaible SDS (1912–1990), for whom a room in the Museum of the History of Christians and Jews in Schloss Großlaupheim was set up for his artistic estate (honorary citizen of the Baustetten suburb, awarded 1968)
  • Josef Braun (1910–2003), deputy principal and founder of the Laupheimer Heimatmuseum, historian
  • Otmar Schick (born September 8, 1935; † November 23, 2015), mayor 1966–2002 (awarded in 2002)
  • Ernst Schäll (born March 18, 1927 - † October 28, 2010), local historian (awarded in 2007)
  • Philipp Ruf , dean and pastor
  • Brigitte Angele , holder of the Federal Cross of Merit on Ribbon, member of the local council (CDU) from 1984–2014, member of the district council from 1989–2009, honorary deputy to the mayor from 1999–2014, chairwoman of the cath. Women's association, diverse social commitment in various committees and organizations, (awarded in 2014)
  • Franz Romer (* 1942), CDU politician, holder of the Federal Cross of Merit on Ribbon, member of the German Bundestag from 1990 to 1994 and from 1996 to 2009, member of the district council of the Biberach district from 1979 to 1996 and 2009 to 2018, member of the Laupheim municipal council and local council of Untersulmetingen since 1975, honorary mayor of Untersulmetingen since 1975 (awarded in 2017).

sons and daughters of the town

Name sponsorships

Airbus A320-200 Laupheim

The city of Laupheim is namesake for an Airbus A320 of Lufthansa . The city is also the godfather of the Laupheim e. V. named minor planet (7167) Laupheim, discovered in 1985 by Carolyn Shoemaker . It orbits the sun at a distance of 469 million km.

Web links

Commons : Laupheim  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikivoyage: Laupheim  - travel guide

Individual evidence

  1. State Statistical Office Baden-Württemberg - Population by nationality and gender on December 31, 2018 (CSV file) ( help on this ).
  2. ^ Laupheim becomes a large district town. In: Schwäbische Zeitung , October 14, 2015
  3. Laupheim breaks the 20,000 mark. In: Schwäbische Zeitung . October 31, 2011, accessed October 31, 2011 .
  4. Laupheim will not become a major district town in 2014. In: Schwäbische Zeitung . Retrieved January 19, 2014 .
  5. ^ Laupheim becomes a large district town. In: Schwäbische Zeitung . October 14, 2015, accessed October 14, 2015 .
  6. a b Federal Statistical Office (ed.): Historical municipality register for the Federal Republic of Germany. Name, border and key number changes in municipalities, counties and administrative districts from May 27, 1970 to December 31, 1982 . W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart / Mainz 1983, ISBN 3-17-003263-1 , p. 525 .
  7. ^ Federal Statistical Office (ed.): Historical municipality directory for the Federal Republic of Germany. Name, border and key number changes in municipalities, counties and administrative districts from May 27, 1970 to December 31, 1982 . W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart / Mainz 1983, ISBN 3-17-003263-1 , p. 546 .
  8. Who are we? In: efg-laupheim.de. Retrieved April 3, 2019 .
  9. questions. In: ecclesia-laupheim.de. Free Christian Community Ecclesia Laupheim, accessed on July 21, 2020 .
  10. Udo Bayer: Jewish from Laupheim. Prominent personalities of a rural Jewish community (=  Jewish miniatures . Volume 177 ). Hentrich & Hentrich, Berlin 2015, ISBN 978-3-95565-122-0 .
  11. ^ Klaus-Dieter Alicke: Lexicon of the Jewish communities in the German-speaking area.
  12. Monika Sitter says goodbye to Laupheim. In: schwaebische.de. Schwäbische Zeitung, March 3, 2010, accessed on April 3, 2019 .
  13. Reiner Schick: "You did Laupheim well for eight years" . In: Swabian . ( Online [accessed March 6, 2018]).
  14. Roland Ray: "Let's get started - for our Laupheim!" In: schwaebische.de. March 6, 2018, accessed March 6, 2018 .
  15. Municipal council elections 2019 , State Statistical Office Baden-Württemberg
  16. Laupheim. Retrieved March 2, 2020 (Dutch heraldry page).
  17. ^ Partnership with the "Valley of the Béthune" (Normandy) in France since 1968. Baustetten local authority, accessed on March 2, 2020 .
  18. St. Peter and Paul. In: Catholic parish of Saint Peter and Paul. Retrieved April 6, 2014 .
  19. Memorial sites for the victims of National Socialism. A documentation, Vol. I, Bonn 1995, p. 54, ISBN 3-89331-208-0 .
  20. Laupheim Photo Days. Accessed October 9, 2019 (German).
  21. Rosenmarkt. In: laupheim.de. June 15, 2019, accessed April 3, 2019 .
  22. Take a deep breath: The decision for Laupheim was tight. In: Schwäbische Zeitung , October 27, 2011
  23. ^ Honorary citizen of the city of Laupheim. (No longer available online.) CDU parliamentary group in the Laupheim municipal council, archived from the original on December 1, 2017 ; accessed on December 1, 2017 .
  24. ^ Father Ivo Schaible. (PDF) (No longer available online.) In: Website Museum Laupheim. Archived from the original on May 8, 2015 ; accessed on December 30, 2014 .
  25. Memory of Ernst Schäll. In: Website of the Society for History and Commemoration e. V. October 30, 2010, accessed June 15, 2014 .
  26. Thomas Fricke: Findbuch J 191: Newspaper clippings collection for personal history - structure view. In: landesarchiv-bw.de. Landesarchiv Baden-Württemberg, Department Main State Archive Stuttgart, September 28, 2018, accessed on April 3, 2019 .
  27. Brigitte Angele became an honorary citizen. (No longer available online.) In: cdu-laupheim.de. October 14, 2014, archived from the original on February 11, 2016 ; accessed on February 11, 2016 .
  28. Franz Romer leaves the district council. (No longer available online.) In: swr.de. Archived from the original on March 17, 2018 ; accessed on April 3, 2019 .
  29. Franz Romer becomes an honorary citizen - Rudolf Pretzel receives the citizen's medal . In: Swabian . ( Online [accessed March 6, 2018]).