Same-sex marriage

The same-sex marriage is a civil marriage in which both partners the same sex have. In addition to marriage, other legal institutions exist in some countries to recognize homosexual couples, particularly in the form of registered partnerships .

The civil law concept of marriage includes a multitude of related rights and obligations, such as inheritance law , contract law and legal representation , custody and (joint) adoption , right of residence , tax law , insurance and, last but not least, the right to a name , for the partners themselves and their children. Same-sex marriage is the focus of the political discussion, in the purely secular legal as well as in the religious context, where there are further distinctions between married and unmarried.

The "marriage for all" or "open marriage" as the introduction is a right to marry for same-sex couples often called, granting equal rights and full legal recognition of same-sex partnerships is part of the state. This is linked to the expectation that it will also help to reduce discrimination against homosexual people in society.

The European part of the Netherlands was the first country to allow same-sex couples to marry in 2001. Currently there is same-sex couples in 28 states ( Argentina , Australia , Belgium , Brazil , Costa Rica , Denmark , Germany , Ecuador , Finland , France , Ireland , Iceland , Canada , Columbia , Luxembourg , Malta , Netherlands, New Zealand , Norway , Austria , Portugal ( Sweden , Spain , South Africa , Taiwan , United States , United Kingdom , Uruguay ) nationwide as well as in another state ( Mexico ) in parts of the country. Efforts are currently being made in other states to give same-sex couples the opportunity to get married. (See also the detailed article Legal situation for same-sex couples . )

Legal situation for same-sex couples

Same-sex marriages

Legislation or binding court ruling establishing same-sex marriages

Recognition of same-sex marriages concluded abroad

Other forms of same-sex partnerships

Limited legal recognition (partnership documents, etc.)

Limited recognition of same-sex marriages concluded abroad (right of residence for spouses)

Country is subject to an international court ruling recognizing same-sex marriages

No recognition of same-sex partnerships

term

Often the terms “gay marriage”, “ lesbian marriage”, “ gay marriage” and “ homosexual marriage” are used colloquially instead of the term “same-sex marriage” , with the associated restrictions and semantic problems. For example, “gay marriage” can mean both same-sex marriage and registered partnership. Which of the two possibilities is ultimately meant by “gay marriage” can only be deduced from the context with background knowledge. The term “lesbian marriage” does not include male couples. The term “gay marriage” does not include female couples.

If the extension of marriage from a marriage between a man and a woman to a marriage between two people is to be expressed, one can speak of a "gender- independent marriage " (the right to marry applies to all couples regardless of the sex of the partner) or of an "equal marriage." Marriage ”(all couples are equally entitled to marry) or a“ marriage for all ”(all couples are allowed to marry). These expressions differ from the expression "same-sex marriage" in that they combine different-sex and same-sex marriages under one term, which corresponds to the idea of ​​equal rights for all people.

Since the French presidential election in 2012 , in which the opening of marriage was a campaign promise made by the winner François Hollande , the expression “marriage for all”, coined by François Hollande («  mariage pour tous  ») more and more established.

In English it is used as same-sex marriage or gay marriage , in French as mariage gay or mariage homosexuel .

Countries and regions with same-sex marriage

The following tables give an overview of those countries and parts of countries in which same-sex couples already have or will soon have the right to civil marriage.

Countries with the right to same-sex marriage

	country	in force	decision	by	Remarks
1	Netherlands	Apr 1, 2001	Dec 21, 2000	houses of Parliament	In the Caribbean Netherlands , same-sex couples have been able to marry since October 10, 2012. Marriage in the Netherlands can be registered in Aruba , Curaçao and Sint Maarten . Laws that explicitly state that spouses are of opposite sex do not apply to same-sex couples.
2	Belgium	June 1, 2003	Feb 13, 2003	houses of Parliament
3	Spain	July 3, 2005	July 1, 2005	houses of Parliament
4th	Canada	July 20, 2005	July 20, 2005	houses of Parliament	Since June 10, 2003, marriage has been opened by court decisions in eight out of ten provinces and one of three territories.
5	South Africa	Nov 30, 2006	Nov 28, 2006	houses of Parliament
6th	Norway	Jan. 1, 2009	June 27, 2008	houses of Parliament
7th	Sweden	May 1, 2009	Apr 1, 2009	houses of Parliament
8th	Portugal	June 5, 2010	May 17, 2010	houses of Parliament	Initially, same-sex couples had no right to adopt children. On December 18, 2015, however, a law was passed in parliament giving homosexual couples the right to jointly adopt as well as the right to stepchildren or successive adoption.
9	Iceland	June 27, 2010	June 11, 2010	houses of Parliament
10	Argentina	July 22, 2010	July 21, 2010	houses of Parliament
11	Denmark	June 15, 2012	June 12, 2012	houses of Parliament
12th	Brazil	May 16, 2013	May 14, 2013	dish	Since January 6, 2012, marriage has been opened by court decisions in 15 of the 26 states and the federal district.
13th	France	May 18, 2013	17th May 2013	houses of Parliament
14th	Uruguay	Aug 5, 2013	May 3, 2013	houses of Parliament
15th	New Zealand	19 Aug 2013	April 19, 2013	houses of Parliament	Same-sex marriages are not possible in Tokelau .
16	Luxembourg	Jan. 1, 2015	4th July 2014	houses of Parliament
17th	United States	June 26, 2015	June 26, 2015	dish	Since May 17, 2004, marriage has been opened in 38 of 50 states, the federal district and one of five territories by court decisions or parliamentary resolutions. Same-sex marriages are not permitted in American Samoa .
18th	Ireland	Nov 16, 2015	Oct 29, 2015	houses of Parliament	The opening of marriage for same-sex couples was made possible by a referendum on May 22, 2015 , which amended the constitution accordingly.
19th	Colombia	Apr 28, 2016	Apr 7, 2016	dish	In April 2016, the Constitutional Court upheld the immediate nationwide marriage opening in a landmark decision.
20th	Finland	March 1, 2017	Dec 12, 2014	houses of Parliament	The opening of the marriage had already been decided in parliament on December 12, 2014. However, since the changeover still took time and a decision had to be made on several objections from the people, the introduction was delayed. On February 17, 2017, the Finnish parliament confirmed the opening of the marriage in the final instance by 120 votes to 48 (with two abstentions).
21	Malta	Sep 1 2017	July 12, 2017	houses of Parliament
22nd	Germany	Oct. 1, 2017	June 30, 2017	houses of Parliament	Law introducing the right to marry for persons of the same sex
23	Australia	Jan. 9, 2018	7th Dec 2017	houses of Parliament
24	Austria	Jan. 1, 2019	4th Dec 2017	dish	The words “different sex” in Section 44 of the General Civil Code (ABGB) and “same-sex couples” in Section 1, “same sex” in Section 2 as well as number 1 of Section 5 (1) in the Federal Law on Registered Partnerships (Registered Partnership Act - EPG), the Constitutional Court (VfGH) repealed as unconstitutional by decision of December 4, 2017 to December 31, 2018. Since January 1, 2019, same-sex marriages as well as different-sex couples have been possible in Austria.
25th	Taiwan	May 24, 2019	17th May 2017	houses of Parliament	In May 2017, the Constitutional Court in Taiwan ruled that same-sex marriage in Taiwan must be possible within two years. Should a corresponding legal regulation not come about within the time limit, the authorities would still have to treat requests for the marriage of same-sex couples as if they had been made by heterosexual couples.
26	Ecuador	July 8, 2019	June 12, 2019	dish
27	United Kingdom	Jan. 13, 2020	July 17, 2013, February 4, 2014 and July 9, 2019	houses of Parliament	In England and Wales , same-sex couples have been able to marry since March 13, 2014. Same-sex couples have been able to marry in Scotland since December 16, 2014. Same-sex marriages have been possible in Northern Ireland since February 2020.
28	Costa Rica	May 26, 2020	8 Aug 2018	dish	In 2018, the court gave the President a period of 18 months to introduce.

Countries that recognize same-sex marriages abroad

	country	in force	decision	by
1	Israel	January 2007	November 21, 2006	dish
2	Estonia		January 2017	dish

Historical development and initiation initiatives

Same-sex marriage is a relatively new phenomenon that was only made possible at the beginning of the 21st century. Before that (20th century) there were only registered partnerships , which Denmark was the first country in the world to introduce in 1989. The first country in the world to allow same-sex marriage was the Netherlands in 2001. In the following years, more and more countries were added that introduced registered partnerships or marriage for same-sex couples. In the future, we can expect a significant increase in the number of countries that allow same-sex couples the right to marry. Especially in Europe, Latin America and the rest of the western world , a large number of countries are open to this.

In this section, geographically sorted according to continents, the historical developments worldwide are described in more detail in those countries in which the right to same-sex marriage either already exists or will soon exist or in which there are at least initiatives to introduce the right to same-sex marriage. If there is neither state recognition in a particular country nor sufficient information on the opinion of the respective population is available, these states are not listed.

Europe

Legal situation for same-sex couples in Europe

Same-sex marriage

Registered partnership

Unregistered partnership

No recognition

Constitutional prohibition of same-sex marriage

In Europe, it is currently mainly western and northern European countries where same-sex couples have the right to marry. In many Central European countries, such as Slovenia and Switzerland, same-sex couples are currently only allowed to enter into registered partnerships. However, there have already been and still are some initiatives to introduce same-sex marriages. In Eastern and Southeastern Europe, on the other hand, same-sex partnerships predominantly receive no legal recognition at all; Due to the homophobic population in Eastern and Southeastern Europe compared to the north-west European population, initiatives for the legal equality of same-sex couples in Eastern and Southeastern Europe have a much more difficult time. In summary, both a west-east divide and a north-south divide can be identified with regard to the legal recognition of same-sex couples in Europe.

In the European Union, in a Member State in which couples can enter into a marriage and / or establish a registered partnership, marriage certificates and partnership documents issued in another Member State are recognized with regard to the free movement of persons. The partner who is not entitled to free movement is entitled to a residence permit. The granting of additional rights is the exclusive competence of the member states.

Although the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) has so far not recognized the right of same-sex couples to marry, its case law has developed over the decades towards a friendlier attitude towards same-sex couples. This was most recently made clear in a judgment that dismissed a lawsuit by an Austrian couple who had sued for the right to marry. With the introduction of the registered partnership in Austria (→ registered partnership law (EPG) ) eight years after the filing of the lawsuit, the plaintiffs' main arguments are no longer applicable. At the same time, however, the Court of Justice recognized that the standards of European countries in this area are evolving. He rejected his previous argument, according to which same-sex couples do not have a “ family life ” but only “ private life ”, and found that Art. 8 ECHR (respect for family life ) is compatible with Art. 14 ECHR (prohibition of discrimination) other possible cases could arise in which same-sex couples could invoke Art. 8 ECHR.

In a 2006 survey within the EU that was in favor of same-sex marriages? there was an average approval rate of 44%. The highest agreement was found in the Netherlands with 82%, followed by Sweden with 71%. Germany was in seventh place with 52% approval, Austria in eighth place with 49%. In Poland, Greece, Bulgaria and Romania, however, the approval rate was below 20%. When asked whether adoptions by same-sex couples are also supported, the values ​​were consistently lower.

Since then, approval has increased significantly. According to a YouGov survey of January 6, 2013, Sweden and Denmark are in the lead among the seven countries examined with 79% approval each. According to the survey, adoptions by same-sex couples are also supported by a majority in six of the seven countries.

Albania

In Albania , same-sex couples have no right to marry.

On July 29, 2009, then Prime Minister Sali Berisha announced that his government intended to open marriage. No action followed, however, as the government lacked the majority of votes required for marriage to be opened in parliament.

Andorra

In Andorra , same-sex couples have no right to marry.

On March 31, 2014, the Social Democratic Party introduced a bill to open marriage into parliament. On May 29, 2014, however, a majority in parliament voted against opening marriage.

Belgium

Same-sex couples have the right to marry in Belgium .

Belgium became the second country in the world to marry in 2003.

Same-sex marriage surveys in Belgium 

Survey institute	date	Therefore	On the other hand
Ifop	May 29, 2013	71%	29%
Eurobarometer	May / June 2015	77%	20%
Pew Research Center	April – August 2017	82%	10%

Bulgaria

In Bulgaria , same-sex couples have no right to marry.

Article 46 of the Bulgarian Constitution defines marriage as the union between a man and a woman. A constitutional amendment is therefore necessary for the introduction of the right to same-sex marriage.

In 2012, former Bulgarian Prime Minister Boyko Borisov said that in order to introduce the right to same-sex marriage, society must first show its willingness to do so.

Same-sex marriage surveys in Bulgaria 

Survey institute	date	Therefore	On the other hand
Eurobarometer	May / June 2015	17%	68%

Denmark

Same-sex couples have the right to marry in Denmark .

After Denmark was the first country to allow same-sex couples to be officially linked (“registered partnerships”) back in 1989, Parliament voted on June 7, 2012 with a clear majority (85 against 24 votes) for a law that would allow marriage for same-sex couples opens and here also church weddings are legalized. It was introduced by Manu Sareen , Minister for Gender Equality and the Church and Minister for Nordic Cooperation in the government of Prime Minister Helle Thorning-Schmidt . The new regulation, which came into force on June 15, 2012, applies to all members of the Volkskirche . Same-sex marriages will in future also be classified as “marriages” instead of “registered partnerships”. However, pastors can individually oppose homosexual marriages.

On May 26, 2015, the Greenland Parliament unanimously approved a resolution on participation in the Danish Marriage Act in its current version. The Danish Parliament held the first reading on May 26, 2015 on the draft law applying the current version of the marriage law in Denmark to Greenland. Due to the parliamentary elections in June 2015, the draft law became obsolete and was re-introduced on October 29, 2015. The first reading took place on November 5, 2015. The law on opening marriage in Greenland came into force on April 1, 2016.

The Parliament of the Faroe Islands approved the introduction of same-sex marriage on April 29, 2016. As a result, in April 2017 the Danish Parliament deleted the article in the marriage law that exempted the Faroe Islands from the validity of same-sex marriage, and on May 3, 2017 the revision of the law was signed by the Queen.

Same-sex marriage surveys in Denmark 

Survey institute	date	Therefore	On the other hand
YouGov	December 27, 2012	79%	16%
Eurobarometer	May / June 2015	87%	9%
Pew Research Center	April – August 2017	86%	9%

Germany

In Germany , same-sex couples have the right to marry; On October 1, 2017, a law came into force that allows them to get married. Previously, same-sex couples in Germany could only enter into a registered civil partnership which, compared to civil marriage, has the same obligations but fewer rights. The establishment of new registered civil partnerships is no longer possible since October 1, 2017. Existing partnerships will remain in place.

Since July 23, 2009, it has been possible, in exceptional cases, that if one partner changes gender in a different-sex marriage, the marriage will continue to exist under German law, even though both partners are then of the same sex. After the deletion of Section 8 (1) No. 2 of the Transsexual Act without replacement, the marriage may continue unimpaired. This comparatively rare case has been cited by proponents of same-sex marriage as an argument for the general opening of marriage; so also in the justification for the law passed on June 30, 2017.

SPD , Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen , Die Linke and FDP called for civil marriage to be opened up to same-sex couples. The Pirate Party demanded the abolition of civil marriage while at the same time opening the registered civil partnership for couples of different sexes and the opening of the registered civil partnership for more than two people. Sections of the CDU and CSU strictly reject the opening of civil marriage for same-sex couples, want to continue to place same-sex partners in a worse position than married couples and reject any further legal equality between marriage and registered civil partnership.

In April 2010, the Berlin Senate introduced a motion for a resolution to the Federal Council to open up marriage to same-sex couples. However, this failed due to the resistance of the federal states ruled by the CDU, CSU and FDP. Subsequently, in October 2010, Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen introduced a bill to equate registered partnerships with marriage in the Bundestag . However, this failed in the Bundestag due to resistance from the CDU, CSU and FDP. Several other attempts by the SPD, Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen and the Die Linke party to further equate registered partnerships with marriage or to open up marriage to same-sex couples failed because of the resistance of the black-yellow coalition. The FDP justified its regular voting behavior against the opening of civil marriage and against the equality of registered civil partnerships with the fact that loyalty to the coalition partner CDU / CSU is more important than the legal equality of same-sex couples.

In June 2011, the state of Hamburg decided, with the votes of the SPD, the Green Alternative List and the Die Linke party, to start a Federal Council initiative to open up marriage to homosexual couples. The CDU and FDP voted against it. On June 29, 2011, Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen introduced a bill to open up marriage to same-sex couples in the Bundestag, which was only supported by Die Linke. On June 28, 2012, a draft law introducing the right to marry for people of the same sex was voted in the Bundestag . With 260 yes votes to 309 no votes, the opening of marriage to same-sex couples was rejected with the votes of the CDU, CSU and FDP. Again the FDP justified its voting behavior with its loyalty to the coalition towards the Union.

After the 2013 federal election , the SPD, CDU and CSU agreed in their coalition agreement to end existing discrimination against same-sex partnerships. However, they could not agree on an opening up of marriage or complete legal equality of the registered civil partnership with marriage. During the coalition negotiations, Die Linke introduced a bill to open up marriage in the Bundestag on October 23, 2013. The draft law was referred to the Bundestag committees on December 19, 2013 by the plenary session of the Bundestag.

In June 2015, over 150 prominent people from politics, sport, culture, science and business spoke out in an open letter to the Chancellor in favor of opening up marriage to same-sex couples.

Judgments of the Federal Constitutional Court

Article 6 paragraph 1 of the German Basic Law places marriage and the family under the special protection of the state, but the Federal Constitutional Court ruled on July 17, 2002 that the protection of marriage is not at risk if same-sex partners have the same rights:

"The special protection of marriage in Article 6, Paragraph 1 of the Basic Law does not prevent the legislature from providing rights and obligations for same-sex civil partnerships that are equal to or close to those of marriage."

On July 7, 2009, the Federal Constitutional Court ruled even more sharply:

"There is no constitutional justification for inferring from the special protection of marriage that other partnerships are to be structured at a distance from marriage and to be provided with lesser rights."

On February 19, 2013, the Federal Constitutional Court also made it clear in its ruling on the successive adoption law that same-sex partners with children also constitute a family that is under the special protection of the state under Article 6 Paragraph 1 of the Constitution:

"If registered life partners live with the biological or adopted child of a life partner in a social-family community, they form a family protected by Article 6, Paragraph 1 of the Basic Law within the meaning of the Basic Law."

In the justification for the judgment of February 19, 2013, there is also the following statement by the Federal Constitutional Court, which shows that the Federal Constitutional Court regards it as a violation of the principle of equal treatment in Article 3 (1) of the Constitution if same-sex couples are not given exactly the same opportunities for adoption as opposite sex couples:

"There are no differences between marriage and registered civil partnerships that could justify the unequal design of the adoption options."

In addition to the rulings mentioned above, there have been four further rulings by the Federal Constitutional Court on the legal equality of same-sex partners in individual legal areas in recent years.

Each of these equality judgments was preceded by a blockade of the corresponding equality by the CDU, CSU and FDP in the Bundestag (see above), so that the Federal Constitutional Court had to enforce the respective equality by judgment. Federal Chancellor Angela Merkel , CDU and CSU, on the other hand, continued to publicly claim, contrary to the binding case law of the Federal Constitutional Court that has been in force for more than eleven years and cited above, that due to the special protection of marriage and family in Article 6 (1) of the constitution, same-sex partners are not legally allowed Can equate spouses.

Due to the clear line of case law of the Federal Constitutional Court on the rights of same-sex couples, numerous constitutional law experts are certain that the Federal Constitutional Court would approve the opening of marriage from a constitutional point of view. The CDU, CSU and FDP, on the other hand, claim that a prior constitutional amendment is necessary to open marriage (as of 2013).

Legal regulation

First same-sex marriage on October 1, 2017 in the Golden Hall of Schöneberg Town Hall

Counter-demo on September 15, 2017 in front of the Federal Chancellery: demo for everyone

Against-Against-Demo on September 15, 2017 in front of the Federal Chancellery: marriage for everyone

After Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen, FDP and SPD made the opening of marriage for same-sex couples a condition for a coalition after the 2017 federal election in June 2017 , Chancellor Merkel commented at a panel discussion on June 26, 2017 on the question “When may Do I call my friend husband? ”of a participant to the effect that they would like a discussion that“ is more in the direction of a conscientious decision ”. A significant incident for Merkel with regard to the right of adoption for homosexual couples is said to have been a lesbian couple in her constituency who had taken in several foster children . Because if the state gives children to a same-sex couple to care for, they can no longer argue so easily with the question of the child's well-being (as before the 2013 federal election).

On June 28, 2017, in its last meeting before the summer break, the Bundestag's legal committee approved an initiative of the federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate decided by the Federal Council in 2015 with the votes of the SPD, the Left and the Greens . At the last Bundestag session before the summer break on June 30, 2017, the bill was put on the agenda with the votes of the SPD, the Left and the Greens. In the vote, 393 MPs voted for the bill, 226 against and 4 abstained. The parliamentary groups of the SPD, the Left and the Greens unanimously voted in favor. The majority of the CDU / CSU parliamentary group voted against; only 75 members of the Union out of 304 present - 68 from the CDU (26.9% of all CDU members) and 7 from the CSU (12.5% ​​of all CSU members) - voted in favor. Among the approving CDU MPs were CDU General Secretary Peter Tauber , Chancellery Minister Peter Altmaier , the family-political parliamentary group spokesman Marcus Weinberg and the two former Federal Family Ministers Ursula von der Leyen and Kristina Schröder ; Chancellor Angela Merkel voted against.

On July 7, 2017, the Federal Council also passed the law passed by the Bundestag. It was an objection law ; the Bavarian state government declared that it would not appeal to the mediation committee . Federal President Steinmeier drafted the law on July 20, 2017. It was announced in the Federal Law Gazette on July 28, 2017 .

On October 1, 2017, the law introducing the right to marry for persons of the same sex came into force. On March 6, 2018, Bavaria's state government waived a lawsuit before the Federal Constitutional Court.

Result of the Bundestag vote on June 30, 2017

Political party	Therefore	On the other hand	abstention
CDU / CSU	75	225	4th
SPD	192	0	0
left	63	0	0
Green	63	0	0
Non-attached	0	1	0
total	393	226	4th
	63.1%	36.3%	0.6%

Surveys on Same-Sex Marriage in Germany 

Survey institute	date	Therefore	On the other hand
YouGov	0Jan. 6, 2013	66%	24%
Ipsos	21st May 2013	67%	20%
Ifop	May 29, 2013	74%	26%
Emnid	23 Feb 2014	68%	27%
SUZ	Jan. 12, 2017	82.6%	17.4%
Pew Research Center	April – August 2017	75%	23%

Estonia

In Estonia , same-sex couples have no right to marry, but there is an option to register a partnership.

In January 2017, the Tallinn Administrative Court ruled that a same-sex marriage between two men who got married abroad must be recognized in Estonia.

Same-sex marriage surveys in Estonia 

Survey institute	date	Therefore	On the other hand
ASi	September 13, 2012	34%	60%
EHRC	April 10, 2017	39%	52%

Finland

Same-sex couples have had the right to marry in Finland since March 1, 2017.

In September 2013, the organization Tahdon 2013 started a collection of signatures with the aim of introducing a bill to amend the marriage law into parliament through a popular initiative . The activists collected over 160,000 signatures in their campaign.

The draft was introduced to parliament on December 13, 2013; the first reading took place on February 20, 2014. A vote took place in the Justice Committee on June 25, 2014, in which the draft was rejected by 10 to 6 votes. The report was published on November 20, 2014 with the recommendation to the plenary to reject the bill. In a parliamentary vote on November 28, 2014, however, the report was rejected by 105 votes to 92. The draft law was discussed by the Grand Committee on December 3, 2014 and again by the plenary the following day. On December 12, 2014, the bill was passed in a parliamentary vote with 101 to 90 votes.

In order for the reformed marriage law to take effect and actually be applied to same-sex couples, framework laws still had to be passed. A corresponding draft law was introduced to parliament on October 15, 2015. The first reading took place on October 22, 2015. On December 11, 2015, the Legal Affairs Committee recommended the adoption of the bill with a few changes. The bill was passed on February 17, 2016 in a parliamentary vote with 106 to 42 votes. The law came into force on March 1, 2017.

Same-sex marriage surveys in Finland 

Survey institute	date	Therefore	On the other hand
Taloustutkimus	May 13, 2014	65%	27%
Pew Research Center	April – August 2017	64%	26%

France

In France , same-sex couples have the right to marry.

The law allowing same-sex marriage came into effect on May 19, 2013. The first same-sex couple married on May 29, 2013 in Montpellier . Equality Minister Najat Vallaud-Belkacem was present, but not in an official capacity, but as the couple's friend.

In 2011, the Constitutional Court in Paris ruled that it was not against the Constitution to deny marriage to same-sex couples. At the same time, the legislature is free to decide whether to allow same-sex couples to marry. The conservative government under the head of state Nicolas Sarkozy had always spoken out against it.

The presidential election in May 2012 was won by François Hollande , who had promised during the election campaign to introduce same-sex marriage. A corresponding draft law, which also included joint adoption rights , was passed by the cabinet in November 2012 and passed in the National Assembly on February 12, 2013 . On April 9, 2013, the members of the Senate , in which the governing parties have a majority , also voted for the introduction of same-sex marriage.

The other sub-laws, including the joint adoption law, were passed a day later. A second reading of the law in parliament took place in May 2013.

However, the project caused controversy among the public. As a background, reference was made to the division of the country into supporters and opponents of the monarchy and the rights of the Catholic Church , which has existed since the French Revolution . In January 2013, between 300,000 (according to the police) and 800,000 (according to the demonstrating organization) people demonstrated against the introduction of same-sex marriage. Shortly afterwards, 125,000 (police) / 400,000 (organization) people demonstrated for the introduction of same-sex marriage. Between the votes in the various chambers, there were further protests by opponents of the project, including Another mass demonstration in late March in Paris, which, depending on the source, gathered between 300,000 (police) and 1.4 million (organization) people.

On February 12, 2013, the National Assembly passed the Law on Opening Marriage and the Right of Same-Sex Couples to Adopt Children by a majority of 329 to 229 votes.

The bourgeois parties voted almost unanimously against it.

Result of the vote in the Assemblée nationale on February 12, 2013

Groupe		Per	Cons	Neutral	Voting / total
	Parti socialiste (PS) and associates	283	004th	05	292/295
	Europe Ecologie-Les Verts	017th	000	00	017/ 017
	Parti radical de gauche and associates	013th	002	00	015/ 016
	Union for a Popular Movement (UMP)	003	187	05	195/196
	Nouveau Center and Associates	004th	025th	00	029/ 029
	Parti communiste and associates	009	004th	00	013/ 015
	Others and non-attached	000	007th	00	007/ 007
total		329	229	10	568/575

On April 12, the French Senate also approved the law with minor changes with a majority of 171: 165. The modified bill was then re-submitted to the French National Assembly. The law adopted this again on April 23, 2013, this time with a majority of 331: 225 votes.

Play media file

Vote on April 23, 2013 in the French Parliament on opening up marriage

Second reading of the law in the National Assembly on April 23, 2013

Groupe		Per	Cons	Neutral	Voting / total
	Parti socialiste (PS) and associates	281	004th	04th	289/292
	Europe Ecologie-Les Verts	017th	000	00	017/ 017
	Parti radical de gauche and associates	013th	002	00	015/ 016
	Union for a Popular Movement (UMP)	006th	183	05	194/196
	Nouveau Center and Associates	005	025th	00	030/ 030
	Parti communiste and associates	009	004th	01	014/ 015
	Others and non-attached	000	007th	00	007/ 008
total		331	225	10	566/575

On May 17, 2013, President François Hollande signed the law (promulgation), and on May 18, it was published in the Journal officiel . Since the law did not specify a specific date of entry into force, it came into force on the day of publication, as is customary in France.

At the same time, the law modifies French private international law to the effect that a marriage between two persons of the same sex can also be concluded in France if only the law of a state to which one of the two people wishing to marry belongs or in which he is domiciled is the same-sex marriage Couples allowed. According to a judgment of the Cour d'appel de Chambéry on October 22, 2013, this also applies to those willing to marry who belong to a state with which France has concluded a (in principle, priority) bilateral agreement on the law applicable to marriages (such as Morocco ); the highly controversial decision, against which 78 French lawyers protested in an open letter in December 2014, has since been upheld by the highest court by the Cour de cassation .

Same-sex marriage surveys in France 

Survey institute	date	Therefore	On the other hand
Ifop	May 29, 2013	52%	48%
BVA	April 26, 2014	55%	42%
Ifop	15th November 2014	68%	32%
Eurobarometer	May / June 2015	67%	31%
Pew Research Center	April – August 2017	73%	23%

Greece

In Greece , same-sex couples have no right to marry. On December 23, 2015, the Greek parliament decided to introduce registered civil partnerships for homosexuals.

In 2008, the organization OLKE, which fights for the rights of gays and lesbians in Greece, discovered that the Greek marriage law only speaks of "persons" and not of opposite sex as a prerequisite for marriage. As a result, the mayor of Tilos , Anastasios Aliferis, entered into same-sex marriages on June 3, 2008. However, these marriages were annulled by Greek courts only a little later.

Same-sex marriage surveys in Greece 

Survey institute	date	Therefore	On the other hand
Kapa Research	September 20, 2010	39%	52%
Focus Bari	May 12, 2015	56%	35%

Ireland

Same-sex couples have the right to marry in Ireland .

In January 2015, the government introduced a constitutional reform bill to parliament . After the House of Representatives approved the draft on March 11, 2015, it was also adopted by the Senate on March 27, 2015 with 29 votes to 3. Constitutional amendments require not only the consent of parliament but also the consent of the people. A referendum was held on May 22, 2015 and the bill was passed with 62.1%. The President signed the bill on August 29, 2015.

A government draft bill to amend the Marriage Act to give effect to the constitutional definition of marriage was brought to parliament on September 23, 2015. The House of Representatives approved it on October 7, 2015. The Senate approved on October 22, 2015. The Presidential Commission , representing the President in his absence, signed the bill on October 29, 2015. The law came into effect on November 16, 2015.

Same-sex marriage surveys in Ireland 

Survey institute	date	Therefore	On the other hand
Red C	February 21, 2014	76%	19%
Pew Research Center	April – August 2017	66%	27%

Iceland

Same-sex couples have the right to marry in Iceland .

On June 11, 2010, the Icelandic parliament unanimously approved a law to open marriage. After ratification by the President , it came into force on June 27th.

Italy

In Italy , same-sex couples have no right to marry.

On March 15, 2013, individual MPs introduced two bills to the Senate to open up marriage to same-sex couples . A third draft was submitted on April 5, 2013. The deliberations by the responsible committees began on June 18, 2013.

In February 2015, the Supreme Court ruled that a right to same-sex marriage cannot be derived from the constitution. In February 2016 the Italian Senate and in May of the same year the Chamber of Deputies voted to introduce registered partnerships. Same-sex couples are thus inter alia. Equal to married couples in naming law, inheritance law and receiving social benefits.

Same-sex marriage surveys in Italy 

Survey institute	date	Therefore	On the other hand
Ifop	May 29, 2013	42%	58%
Demos	October 14, 2014	55%	42%
Eurobarometer	May / June 2015	55%	35%
Pew Research Center	April – August 2017	59%	38%

Croatia

In Croatia , same-sex couples have no right to marry.

Since August 5, 2014, same-sex couples have had the option of establishing a registered civil partnership with the same obligations and rights as civil marriage. The only exception is the adoption of children. However, the so-called partnership guardian is similar to stepchild adoption.

On December 1, 2013, in a referendum initiated by the organization “In the Name of the Family”, around two thirds of voters voted for and around one third against the constitutional definition of marriage as a union of man and woman. Almost 38% of the Croatian population eligible to vote took part in this referendum.

Same-sex marriage surveys in Croatia 

Survey institute	date	Therefore	On the other hand
Pilar's barometer	4th June 2014	17%	61%
Eurobarometer	May / June 2015	37%	54%

Liechtenstein

In Liechtenstein , same-sex couples have no right to marry. However, same-sex couples have the right to register their partnership.

Luxembourg

Same-sex couples have the right to marry in Luxembourg .

On June 18, 2014, the Luxembourg Parliament decided to open marriage with 56 votes in favor and 4 against. All governing parties as well as the Christian-Democratic opposition party voted in favor of opening marriage.

Same-sex marriage surveys in Luxembourg 

Survey institute	date	Therefore	On the other hand
Politmonitor	March 10, 2013	82%	17%

Malta

Same-sex couples have the right to marry in Malta .

On July 12, 2017, the Maltese Parliament passed a law opening up marriage to gay and lesbian couples.

Same-sex marriage surveys in Malta 

Survey institute	date	Therefore	On the other hand
MaltaToday	5th June 2012	46%	51%
Eurobarometer	May / June 2015	65%	29%

Netherlands

In the Netherlands and its three Special Municipalities in the Caribbean , same-sex couples have the right to marry. In the Caribbean countries of the Kingdom - Aruba , Curaçao and Sint Maarten - same-sex marriage cannot be entered into, but marriages entered into within the Kingdom must be recognized according to a court ruling by the High Council in 2007.

The Netherlands was the first country in the world to open marriage with the Wet openstelling huwelijk law of December 21, 2000. The bill was proposed during the second legislative period of the "violet cabinet" consisting of PvdA , VVD and D66 . In both chambers of the States General , the SP and GroenLinks also voted in favor and the Christian parties CDA , RPF / GPV and SGP against. In the Second Chamber , however, three CDA members voted for and one PvdA member against the draft. The law came into force on April 1, 2001. For the special municipalities, it was decided in 2010 that same-sex marriage should also apply there after the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles . A corresponding law was passed in the same year and came into force on October 10, 2012.

Same-sex marriage surveys in the Netherlands 

Survey institute	date	Therefore	On the other hand
Ifop	May 29, 2013	85%	15%
Eurobarometer	May / June 2015	91%	7%
Pew Research Center	April – August 2017	86%	10%

Norway

Same-sex couples have the right to marry in Norway .

On June 11, 2008, the Norwegian Parliament passed a law opening up marriage to homosexual couples, which came into force on January 1, 2009.

On January 30, 2017, the general synod of the Lutheran People's Church ( Norske Kirke ) decided on a liturgy for the church wedding of same-sex couples.

Same-sex marriage surveys in Norway 

Survey institute	date	Therefore	On the other hand
Ipsos	June 18, 2013	78%	17%
Pew Research Center	April – August 2017	72%	19%

Austria

In Austria , same-sex couples had no right to marry until the end of 2018, with the exception of five same-sex couples who were right with an appeal to the Constitutional Court . The marriage of a lesbian couple on October 12, 2018 is considered to be the first same-sex marriage in Austria.

On November 20, 2013, the party The Greens - The Green Alternative introduced a bill to open up marriage for same-sex couples to the National Council. The first reading took place on December 17, 2013. Following the first reading, the draft was forwarded to the Justice Committee, which temporarily suspended further deliberations on June 25, 2014. On June 12, 2014, the NEOS - The New Austria and Liberal Forum party introduced a bill to the National Council. The first reading took place on September 24, 2014.

A motion for a resolution by the party The Greens - The Green Alternative was rejected by the National Council on June 18, 2015 with 110 to 26 votes. On June 29, 2017 - after the ÖVP under Sebastian Kurz had terminated the coalition with the SPÖ - the NEOS proposal was also put to the vote. He was supported by the SPÖ , the Greens and NEOS. However, since all MPs from the ÖVP , the FPÖ and the Stronach team voted against the request, same-sex marriage again failed to find a majority in Austria.

On October 17, 2017, the Austrian Constitutional Court announced that it was examining “marriage for all”, since a differentiation between registered partnership and marriage may be an inadmissible discrimination against people of same-sex sexual orientation. With a ruling dated December 4, 2017, the Supreme Court lifted the statutory rules on December 31, 2018, which previously denied same-sex couples access to marriage, and at the same time also those regulations that blocked couples of different sexes from access to the registered partnership. The "marriage for all" came into force on January 1st, 2019. As the first same-sex couple after the opening of "marriage for everyone", two women married on January 1st, 2019 at 12:05 am in Velden am Wörther See . Since August 1, 2019, same-sex couples whose partner comes from a country in which same-sex marriage is not possible can marry in Austria.

Surveys on same-sex marriage in Austria 

Survey institute	date	Therefore	On the other hand
Market Institute Linz	3rd November 2013	61%	33%
Market / ORF	May 21, 2014	73%	24%
Eurobarometer	May / June 2015	71%	23%
Pew Research Center	April – August 2017	72%	25%

Poland

In Poland , same-sex couples have no right to marry. They are also not open to any other legal institutions such as registered partnerships.

Article 18, which was incorporated into the constitution of April 2, 1997 at the initiative of the then Senate Marshal Alicja Grześkowiak, has the following wording:

"Małżeństwo jako związek kobiety i mężczyzny, rodzina, macierzyństwo i rodzicielstwo znajdują się pod ochroną i opieką Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej."

"Marriage as a connection between woman and man, family, motherhood and parental rights are under the protection and custody of the Republic of Poland."

The prevailing opinion in political discourse is that this article defines marriage as the union of women and men and at most allows the introduction of registered partnerships. A dissenting opinion, most prominently represented by the former commissioner for civil rights , chief administrative judge and constitutional judge Ewa Łętowska , as well as the Warsaw law professor Michał Pietrzak, is that, following the semantics of the sentence, the constitution only provides the special protection of marriages as a connection between women and men Man justifies and does not guarantee any special protection of marriages that are not a connection between woman and man, but in no way prohibits them, so that they can be introduced by a simple law.

For marriages concluded abroad, Polish citizens need to convert the foreign marriage certificate into a Polish marriage certificate in order to be able to use the changed family name in identification documents. According to the case law of the Naczelny Sąd Administracyjny (Supreme Administrative Court, AZ II OSK 1298/13 of December 17, 2014 and AZ II OSK 1112/16 of February 28, 2018), no Polish documents may be drawn up for same-sex marriages concluded abroad, as this is contrary to public policy . Same-sex marriages concluded abroad are considered null and void ex tunc .

Same-sex marriage surveys in Poland 

Survey institute	date	Therefore	On the other hand
CBOS	April 2001	24%	69%
CBOS	July 2005	22%	72%
CBOS	May 2008	18%	76%
CBOS	April 2010	16%	78%
CBOS	October 9, 2013	30%	n / a
Eurobarometer	May / June 2015	28%	61%
IPSOS	June 26, 2017	38%	57%
IPSOS	February 25, 2019	41%	54%
IBRiS	December 09, 2019	28.2%	64.6%

Portugal

Same-sex couples have the right to marry in Portugal .

In October 2008 the socialist party Bloco de Esquerda introduced a law to open marriage. However, the proposal was rejected in Parliament.

In March 2009, the Portuguese government announced that it would support the opening of marriage if it were re-elected in the autumn.

On December 17, 2009, it became known that the then government of Portugal had prepared a bill to make same-sex marriages possible.

On January 8, 2010 in first reading and on February 12, 2010 in second reading, the Parliament in Lisbon adopted the law. The current version of the bill provides for an opening of civil marriage for gays and lesbians, but still excludes the same right of adoption as for heterosexual couples.

In mid-March 2010, President Aníbal Cavaco Silva submitted the draft law to the Constitutional Court and sent four of five articles of the law to the Portuguese Constitutional Court for review because of possible unconstitutionality. He only had the article that is supposed to exclude adoption for same-sex marriage not checked constitutionally.

On April 9, 2010, the Constitutional Court declared the articles submitted to be constitutional and on May 17, the law was signed by President Silva.

It came into force on May 31, 2010 after it was published in the Official Journal.

Meanwhile, a lesbian couple had failed before the country's constitutional court. It opened proceedings in July 2007 to sue for the opening of the marriage. In 2004, a ban on discrimination based on sexual orientation was added to the constitution.

Same-sex marriage surveys in Portugal 

Survey institute	date	Therefore	On the other hand
Eurosondagem	January 11, 2010	45.5%	49.5%
Eurobarometer	May / June 2015	61%	33%
Pew Research Center	April – August 2017	59%	28%

Romania

Although the Romanian Constitution does not define marriage exclusively as the union of a man and a woman, the law only speaks of marriages between a man and a woman.

see: Constitutional referendum in Romania 2018 On October 6th and 7th, 2018, the population voted on anchoring the prohibition of same-sex marriage in the constitution, for which the "Coalition for the Family" had collected almost three million signatures. Since at least 30% of all eligible voters have to take part in the referendum for a referendum to be valid, this clearly failed because of the participation of only 20.41%. However, the low turnout could also be related to the fact that the social-liberal government was accused of only trying to use this referendum to divert attention from the dispute over planned changes in criminal law that would benefit politicians suspected of being corrupt.

Same-sex marriage surveys in Romania 

Survey institute	date	Therefore	On the other hand
Eurobarometer	May / June 2015	21%	71%

Sweden

Same-sex couples have the right to marry in Sweden .

A corresponding resolution by the Reichstag came into force on May 1, 2009. With the exception of the Christian Democrats , the parties represented in the Reichstag were in favor of the change in the marriage law. On April 1, 2009, parliament approved the law with 261 votes to 22.

In Sweden, marriage can also be legally concluded in the church. Therefore a resolution by the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Sweden was necessary. The Church had previously advocated the rights of same-sex couples, and the blessing of a registered partnership was also possible. In October 2009, a majority (176 votes in favor, 62 against, 11 abstentions) in the church parliament voted in favor of opening up church marriage to same-sex couples who have been able to marry in every parish since November 1, 2009.

Same-sex marriage surveys in Sweden 

Survey institute	date	Therefore	On the other hand
Ipsos	June 18, 2013	81%	14%
Eurobarometer	May / June 2015	90%	7%
Pew Research Center	April – August 2017	88%	7%

Switzerland

In December 2020, the Swiss parliament decided to give same-sex couples the right to marry; However, the law is still subject to a referendum (see below). The possibility of a registered partnership has existed since January 1, 2007. However, since 2005 it has been possible for two people of different sexes to continue a marriage according to current case law in Switzerland, provided that one partner changes his sex and is legally from a married couple of different sexes becomes a same-sex couple.

On December 5, 2013, the Green Liberal Party introduced a parliamentary initiative to open up marriage to same-sex couples while at the same time opening the registered partnership to different-sex couples. The judicial commissions of both councils of the Federal Assembly recommended the adoption of the proposed law in 2015. Due to the need to clarify the possible effects of a “marriage for all” in the various legal areas, the National Council extended the deadline for the initiative to be dealt with until 2019.

In July 2018, the Legal Commission of the National Council (RK-N) decided with 16 to 9 votes to implement marriage for all without constitutional amendment and to do this in two stages: By February 2019, the administration should work out a first amendment to the law that contains the essential elements for Regulates the opening of marriage, including civil rights and access to adoption. In a second stage, further questions such as access to reproductive medicine , the regulation of survivors' pensions and the right of parentage are to be regulated. On March 14, 2019, the RK-N submitted the first submission for consultation by June 21, 2019. The draft law also provides for access to sperm donation for same-sex female couples as a variant.

The opening of marriage was supported by the SP , the FDP , the Greens , the GLP , the BDP and a majority of the CVP in 2019 , but was rejected by the SVP . As recently as 2012, the CVP had submitted the federal popular initiative “For marriage and family - against the marriage penalty” , which among other things. would define marriage in the federal constitution as a partnership between a man and a woman. The proposal was rejected in February 2016, but the vote must be repeated after a Federal Supreme Court ruling in April 2019, provided that the initiators do not withdraw the proposal.

On December 18, 2020, the Federal Assembly approved an amendment to the civil code in the final vote that opens marriage to same-sex couples and enables lesbian couples to have medically assisted procreation. The Council of States accepted the bill with 24 votes against 11, the National Council with 136 against 48 votes. The proposal was rejected by three-quarters of the SVP parliamentary group and half of the CVP and middle parliamentary groups and supported by the other parties. The right-wing conservative party EDU announced a referendum against the law. The law can therefore only come into force after the referendum period has expired and after a possible referendum.

Surveys on same-sex marriage in Switzerland 

Survey institute	date	Therefore	On the other hand
Ifop	May 29, 2013	63%	37%
Tamedia	December 2017	72%	25%
Pew Research Center	April – August 2017	75%	24%
Tamedia	February 2020	61%	36%
gfs-zurich	Fall 2020	82%	18%

Slovakia

In Slovakia , same-sex couples have no right to marry.

On June 4, 2014, the Slovak parliament decided to forbid same-sex marriage in the constitution . 102 MPs voted for the constitutional amendment, 18 were against. The constitutional amendment establishes marriage in the constitution as a union between men and women and was drafted by the ruling social democratic party Smer-SD of Prime Minister Robert Fico in cooperation with the country's largest opposition party, the Catholic-conservative KDH . The two parties wanted to avoid a public debate and from May 2014 to the beginning of June 2014 always discussed the constitutional amendment behind closed doors. A public hearing did not take place. A copy of the decision was only given to representatives of other parties a few hours before the debate in a parliamentary committee.

Same-sex marriage surveys in Slovakia 

Survey institute	date	Therefore	On the other hand
Eurobarometer	May / June 2015	24%	69%

Slovenia

In Slovenia , same-sex couples have no right to marry. The registered partnership is similar to marriage, except for the joint right of adoption and the right to artificial insemination.

On December 15, 2014, a bill to open marriage to same-sex couples was introduced into parliament. The first reading took place on January 16, 2015. On February 10, 2015, the Committee on Labor, Family, Social Affairs and the Disabled recommended that the draft be adopted. The State Assembly approved the second reading on March 3, 2015 with 51 to 28 votes. On March 10, 2015, the State Council voted 23 to 14 not to veto.

To get a referendum, 40,000 signatures have to be collected within 35 days. An application to carry out a signature campaign was brought to parliament on March 10, 2015. On March 23, 2015, the citizens' initiative for family and children's rights started a petition, which should be concluded on April 26, 2015. Also on March 23, 2015, a group of 23 MPs submitted a resolution to the National Assembly with the aim of preventing a referendum. This resolution was passed on March 26, 2015 by 53 votes to 21. The signature campaign that had started was thus prematurely terminated.

The Constitutional Court ruled on October 22, 2015 that the parliament had exceeded its powers with the decision to declare any referendum unconstitutional. The authority to decide whether a referendum violates Article 90 of the Constitution rests solely with the Constitutional Court. However, it can only pronounce such a judgment after a referendum has taken place. In the referendum held on December 20, 2015 , around 63% of those who voted were against the law, and the required quorum of 342,800 votes against was also achieved.

On February 24, 2017, a law came into force that puts same-sex partnerships almost on an equal footing with marriage. The law was passed ten months earlier and gives largely the same rights as mixed-sex couples. The adoption of children from a previous partnership is possible, but not the adoption of other children.

Same-sex marriage surveys in Slovenia 

Survey institute	date	Therefore	On the other hand
Delo Stik	February 16, 2015	59%	37%

Spain

Play media file

Vote on June 30, 2005 in the Spanish Parliament on the opening of marriage

Family or stud book from Spain from 2006, provided for in both lines “Mr / Ms”

Same-sex couples have the right to marry in Spain .

In April 2004, the then newly elected Spanish government , led by the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) and Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero , launched a campaign and legislative proposal for the opening of marriage and full adoption rights for same-sex couples. The Spanish government's plan met with fierce opposition from the Roman Catholic Church , which accused the Spanish government of launching an attack on the Church and traditional values, weakening and damaging marriage and the family, making people unhappy and improving their welfare endanger the whole of society. The Roman Catholic Church urged believers in Spain to resist the proposed law. Throughout the country there were mass protests with thousands of people against the bill, but also demonstrations for the bill. According to a poll conducted in June 2005, 75% of Spaniards believed that the Church had lost touch with social reality, and 66% of Spaniards were in favor and only 26% against opening up marriage.

On June 30, 2005, the Spanish Parliament finally passed 187 votes in favor, 147 against and 4 abstentions to introduce the right to marry same-sex couples. Three days later, on July 3, 2005, the law came into force and same-sex couples have since been allowed to marry and adopt children in Spain.

The conservative opposition in the form of the Spanish People's Party (PP) filed a lawsuit against the new marriage law in the Spanish Constitutional Court on September 30, 2005 . In October 2005 the Constitutional Court decided to examine the lawsuit, but ruled a good seven years later, in November 2012, that it is not against the constitution for same-sex couples to also have the right to marry and the right to adopt children.

On June 27, 2007, the Spanish Ministry of Justice announced that 3,340 couples had married in the two years since the law was introduced. In fact, this number could be three times higher because the data from the non-computerized municipalities and those from the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country could not be taken into account. According to the ministry, of these 3,340 marriages, 2,375 were between men and 965 were between women. Madrid is the autonomous region where the highest number has been registered (1,060), followed by Catalonia (871), Andalusia (399), Valencia (263), Balearic Islands (116), Asturias (101), Castile and Leon, ( 89); Aragon (86), Canary Islands (83), Murcia (61), Castile – La Mancha (56), Extremadura (54), Galicia (31), Cantabria (28), Navarra (25) and La Rioja (13).

Same-sex marriage surveys in Spain 

Survey institute	date	Therefore	On the other hand
Ifop	May 29, 2013	71%	29%
Eurobarometer	May / June 2015	84%	10%
Pew Research Center	April – August 2017	77%	13%

Czech Republic

In the Czech Republic , same-sex couples have no right to marry. However, same-sex couples have the option of registering their partnership.

Same-sex marriage surveys in the Czech Republic 

Survey institute	date	Therefore	On the other hand
CVVM	June 9, 2014	45%	48%
Eurobarometer	May / June 2015	57%	36%
Median	February 2018	75%	19%

Hungary

In Hungary , same-sex couples have no right to marry. However, same-sex couples have the right to register their partnership.

Since January 1, 2012, marriage has been explicitly defined in the Hungarian constitution as a union between a man and a woman. A constitutional amendment is therefore necessary for the introduction of the right to same-sex marriage in Hungary.

On June 29, 2015, the opposition party Magyar Liberális Párt introduced bills to amend the marriage law and the constitution in parliament.

Same-sex marriage surveys in Hungary 

Survey institute	date	Therefore	On the other hand
Eurobarometer	May / June 2015	39%	53%

United Kingdom

In the UK, same-sex couples have the right to marry.

In September 2011, UK Gender Equality Secretary Lynne Featherstone announced that marriage would be opened in the UK within the next four years. In March 2012, Featherstone presented the draft law on the opening of marriage for England and Wales to the public, which was clearly approved on February 5, 2013 in the House of Commons with 400 votes to 175. On June 4, 2013, the British House of Lords also approved the bill, after which the new law was signed by the Queen on July 17, 2013. The articles of the law come into force gradually. The marriage law article came into effect on March 13, 2014.

The Scottish Parliament decided to introduce same-sex marriage on February 4th, 2014. The law came into force on December 16, 2014. Same-sex marriage was allowed on the Isle of Man in April 2016 . Most recently, same-sex marriage was legalized in Northern Ireland on October 22, 2019; the law came into force on January 13, 2020.

Same-sex marriage surveys in the UK 

Survey institute	date	Therefore	On the other hand
BBC Radio 5	March 28, 2014	68%	26%
Pew Research Center	April – August 2017	77%	20%

Cyprus

In Cyprus , same-sex couples have no right to marry. However, same-sex couples have the right to register their partnership.

Same-sex marriage surveys in Cyprus 

Survey institute	date	Therefore	On the other hand
SIGMALIVE	17th February 2014	39%	58%

America

Legal situation for same-sex couples in North America

Same-sex marriage

Recognition of foreign same-sex marriages

The court decision on the lifting of the constitutional and legal prohibitions on same-sex marriage is being contested.

Legal situation for same-sex couples in South America

Same-sex marriage

Registered partnership

No recognition

Constitutional prohibition of same-sex marriages

Homosexual acts illegal

In many states on the continent of America , the issue of opening marriage to homosexual couples is discussed. A total of seven countries (Canada, Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador, Uruguay, the United States, and Colombia) and some states in Mexico have legalized same-sex marriage so far .

On January 9, 2018, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights ruled that same-sex marriage is a human right. Because of this legally binding decision, Costa Rica was also forced to introduce same-sex marriage within 18 months - it was legalized on May 26, 2020. The court's decision will also facilitate the legalization of same-sex marriage in several American countries: Barbados , Bolivia , Chile , the Dominican Republic , El Salvador , Guatemala , Haiti , Honduras , Mexico , Nicaragua , Panama , Paraguay , Peru and Suriname .

Argentina

In Argentina , same-sex couples have the right to marry.

On November 16, 2009, the first same-sex couple received a marriage certificate in the capital, Buenos Aires , after they had successfully sued in court and the city waived an appeal. The actual wedding was postponed a little later by another court, but at the end of December the couple still had the opportunity to legally enter into the marriage in the city of Ushuaia in the province of Tierra del Fuego . This is the first same-sex marriage in Latin America.

In May 2010 the Argentine Parliament and in July 2010 the Argentine Senate endorsed a law to open marriage nationwide.

In February 2017, the Catholic Church in Argentina distanced itself from the local scout movement because it had previously replaced the phrase “marriage as a bond between man and woman” with “... as a bond between two people” in its textbooks. A point has been reached here where there is “no going back”.

Bermuda

On May 5, 2017, the British overseas territory of Bermuda opened marriage to same-sex couples by order of the Supreme Court. A few months later, the regulation was reversed by law.

Brazil

Same-sex couples have the right to marry in Brazil .

In Brazil , the opening of marriage has been discussed in parliament since 2011. 171 MPs and senators led by the socialist Jean Wyllys , the country's first self-confessed gay parliamentarian, had launched an initiative to open up marriage and to end discrimination against gays and lesbians. On October 25, 2011, the Brasília Supreme Court ruled to grant same-sex marriage to a lesbian couple.

On May 14, 2013, the National Council of Justice (Conselho Nacional de Justiça) announced that same-sex couples have the right to marry nationwide. The decision came into effect on May 16, 2013. The authorities were instructed by the court not to deny same-sex couples the right to marry.

Before marriages were opened across the country, there were already marriages opened by court decisions in numerous parts of Brazil, as the following table shows.

This article or the following section is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.

Historical development of the right to same-sex marriage
in parts of Brazil before marriage throughout the country  

	Sub-area	Type	in force	decision
1	Alagoas	State	January 6, 2012	January 6, 2012
2	Sergipe	State	July 15, 2012	5th July 2012
3	Espírito Santo	State	August 15, 2012	August 15, 2012
4th	Bahia	State	November 26, 2012	4th October 2012
5	Federal District do Brasil	Federal District	December 1, 2012	December 1, 2012
6th	Piauí	State	17th December 2012	December 14, 2012
7th	São Paulo	State	December 20, 2012	December 18, 2012
8th	Ceará	State	15 March 2013	March 7, 2013
9	Mato Grosso do Sul	State	2nd April 2013	March 25.2013
10	Paraná	State	April 3, 2013	March 26, 2013
11	Rio de Janeiro	State	April 19, 2013	April 18, 2013
12th	Rondônia	State	April 26, 2013	April 26, 2013
13th	Santa Catarina	State	April 29, 2013	April 29, 2013
14th	Paraíba	State	April 29, 2013	April 29, 2013

Chile

In Chile , same-sex couples have no right to marry.

In December 2014, a bill to open up marriage to same-sex couples was introduced into parliament.

In 2012 a lawsuit was filed with the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. In February 2015, the government announced that it did not want to defend the current marriage law.

Costa Rica

Costa Rica introduced same-sex marriage on May 26, 2020. A year and a half earlier, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights ruled that same-sex marriage was a human right. Because of this legally binding decision, the Costa Rican government was also forced to legalize same-sex marriage within 18 months. In August 2018, the Constitutional Court of Costa Rica (Corte Suprema de Justicia) ruled that same-sex marriage must be allowed by law by February 2020. President Carlos Alvarado Quesada welcomed this judgment at the time.

Ecuador

In Ecuador , the Constitutional Court voted in June 2019 to legalize marriage for same-sex couples.

Falkland Islands

In March 2017, same-sex marriage was made possible by a parliamentary resolution in the British overseas territory of the Falkland Islands .

Canada

Mathieu Chantelois and Marcelo Gomez married in Toronto, one of the first same-sex marriages in Canada

Same-sex couples have the right to marry in Canada .

Law Bill C-38 was passed in the House of Commons on June 28, 2005 and in the Senate of Canada on July 19, 2005. The law came into effect on July 20, 2005.

Before marriages were opened across the country, marriages were opened by court rulings in many parts of Canada, as the following table shows.

Historical development of the right to same-sex marriage
in parts of Canada before marriage throughout the country  

	Sub-area	Type	in force	decision	by
1	Ontario	province	June 10, 2003	June 10, 2003	dish
2	British Columbia	province	July 8, 2003	July 8, 2003	dish
3	Quebec	province	March 19, 2004	March 19, 2004	dish
4th	Yukon	territory	July 14, 2004	July 14, 2004	dish
5	Manitoba	province	September 16, 2004	September 16, 2004	dish
6th	Nova Scotia	province	September 24, 2004	September 24, 2004	dish
7th	Saskatchewan	province	November 5, 2004	November 5, 2004	dish
8th	Newfoundland and Labrador	province	December 21, 2004	December 21, 2004	dish
9	New Brunswick	province	June 23, 2005	June 23, 2005	dish

Colombia

Same-sex couples have the right to marry in Colombia .

On July 26, 2011, the Constitutional Court of Colombia ruled that same-sex couples have the right to register their partnership with the same rights and obligations as opposite-sex couples, and the Parliament of Colombia was bound by the highest court judgment until June 20 To pass a law in 2013 that allows same-sex couples to do so. If parliament did not implement the ruling by June 20, 2013, same-sex couples in Colombia would automatically have the right to have their partnership registered with a notary or judge. However, the Constitutional Court of Colombia did not specify whether same-sex couples have the right to marry.

A bill on same-sex marriage was rejected in April 2013. In September 2013, the first same-sex couples registered their partnership in the form of a marriage. However, some of the first marriages were canceled by the courts. In April 2016, the Constitutional Court upheld the immediate nationwide marriage opening in a further landmark decision.

Mexico

See also : Recognition of Same-Sex Couples in Mexico

The regulation of family law in Mexico is incumbent on the states. Same-sex couples have the right to marry in Coahuila, Quintana Roo and the capital city district.

Same-sex marriages have been open in the Mexico City area since March 4, 2010. Same-sex marriage has existed widely in the state of Quintana Roo , since September 2014 in the state of Coahuila , since June 2015 in the state of Chihuahua, and since December 2015 in the state of Nayarit .

Uruguay

In Uruguay , same-sex couples have the right to get married.

Senator Margarita Percovich from the Broad Front , who had already successfully campaigned for the introduction of registered partnerships in 2007, announced in May 2009 that she would introduce a law to open up marriage in parliament. This move was promoted in 2011 by the MP Sebastián Sabini of the ruling party of the Broad Front with a bill. On December 12, 2012, the draft law on opening marriage was passed by a large majority in parliament.

On April 10, 2013, after the Senate, the House of Commons also approved the law with a large majority.

United States

→ Main article : Recognition of same-sex partnerships in the United States

In the United States , same-sex couples have the right to marry.

In the absence of regulation in federal law, the decision on same-sex marriages in the USA was the responsibility of the individual states. Therefore, the legal situation differed greatly depending on the state, before the Supreme Court in Obergefell v. Hodges established a constitutional right to same-sex marriage on June 26, 2015.

In March 2015, 37 states as well as the capital Washington, DC allowed same-sex marriages. In contrast, there was a general ban, which almost always included registered partnerships and remains anchored in the individual constitutions of some states, almost only in the classic Bible Belt and the sparsely populated states of the Great Plains . However, such bans became null and void if a court ruled that it violated the federal constitution, which it did in numerous cases. Only a few (apart from the capital only eleven), mostly urban and generally very liberal states opened marriage through a parliamentary resolution or referendum; in the others this was done by court decision. Most of the states defended themselves very strongly here, so that the complaints - with a relatively clear tenor that the ban violated the US constitution - almost all went to the federal appeals courts through the instances that represent the second highest judicial level.

With the decision of the Supreme Court on June 26, 2015, a final verdict for the opening of marriage in the entire United States was reached. In a 5: 4 decision, the Court of Justice declared the prohibition of same-sex marriages to be incompatible with the principle of equality before the law, which is enshrined in the 14th Amendment to the Constitution , and therefore unconstitutional. From now on, each of the fifty states must guarantee the marriage of same-sex couples in their own state as well as the recognition of marriages concluded elsewhere.

On average in the US, same-sex marriages have been supported by a majority of the population since around 2011, with results differing widely across states.

Same-Sex Marriage Surveys in the United States 

Survey institute	date	Therefore	On the other hand
Gallup	March 17, 1996	27%	68%
Gallup	February 9, 1999	35%	62%
Gallup	May 4, 2004	42%	55%
Gallup	August 25, 2005	37%	59%
Gallup	May 11, 2006	39%	58%
Gallup	May 13, 2007	46%	53%
Gallup	May 11, 2008	40%	56%
Gallup	May 10, 2009	40%	57%
Gallup	May 6, 2010	44%	53%
Gallup	May 8, 2011	53%	44%
Gallup	December 18, 2011	48%	48%
Gallup	May 6, 2012	50%	48%
Gallup	November 29, 2012	53%	46%
Washington Post / ABC	March 10, 2013	58%	36%
Gallup	May 7, 2013	53%	45%
Gallup	July 14, 2013	54%	43%
Gallup	May 21, 2014	55%	42%
Gallup	19th May 2015	60%	37%
Gallup	2018	67%	31%

Venezuela

In January 2014, a draft law on the opening of marriage was introduced to the National Assembly. A first vote was expected at the end of 2015 ^[obsolete] .

Africa

Legal situation for same-sex couples in Africa
Homosexual acts legal:

Same-sex marriage

No recognition

Homosexual acts illegal:

Suspended prison sentence

Prison sentence

Suspended death penalty

death penalty

In many African countries, homosexuality is a criminal offense, some face long prison sentences, and in a few even the death penalty. Accordingly, the development of new legislative initiatives for the state recognition of same-sex couples is making extremely slow progress.

The only African country in which same-sex couples enjoy the right to marry is South Africa (as of February 2015): In November 2006, the South African parliament voted with 230 to 41 votes for a bill that opened up access to civil marriage for same-sex couples .

Asia

Legal situation for same-sex couples in Asia

Same-sex marriage

Recognition of foreign same-sex marriages

No recognition

Freedom of expression and assembly restricted

De jure punishable, de facto no prosecution

prison sentence

Life imprisonment

Suspended death penalty

death penalty

Currently, only Taiwan allows same-sex couples to get married. A relatively large number of states impose penalties on homosexuals that extend to the death penalty and / or restrict their freedom of expression. In a few Asian countries - such as Israel and Nepal - there are or have been efforts to get the state to recognize same-sex couples.

Taiwan

See also : Homosexuality in Taiwan

In October 2013, a bill to open up marriage to same-sex couples was introduced into parliament. The first reading took place in December 2014.

Two draft laws on equality for homosexual couples in marriage passed the first reading in parliament on November 8, 2016 and were then referred to sub-committees for further discussion.

On May 24, 2017, the Constitutional Court ruled that the previous legal situation violated the constitutional rights to equal treatment and entering into marriage, and set the legislature a period of two years to allow same-sex couples to marry.

Same-Sex Marriage Surveys in Taiwan 

Survey institute	date	Therefore	On the other hand
Institute of Sociology at Academia Sinica	July 9, 2013	53%	37%
Kuomintang	November 2016	52%	43%

In the group of 20 to 29 year olds, the approval rate was 78%. Ten years ago, 25% were in favor and 55% were against.

Israel

Israel , along with Armenia, is the only country in Asia to recognize same-sex marriages that have been concluded in other countries. In May 2012 and December 2013, applications to introduce the right to same-sex marriage in parliament failed.

Same-sex marriage surveys in Israel 

Survey institute	date	Therefore	On the other hand
Channel 10	June 2018	58%	?

Japan

In order to introduce the right to marriage for same-sex couples in Japan , a constitution-changing majority in the Japanese parliament would be required; because in Article 24 of the Japanese Constitution it says: "Marriage should only be based on the mutual consent of both sexes and be maintained through cooperation and equal rights of men and women as a basis."

On March 17, 2021, the Sapporo District Court ruled that same-sex couples were legally denying the benefits of marriage in full, violating the constitutional right to equal treatment.

Same-Sex Marriage Surveys in Japan 

Survey institute	date	Therefore	On the other hand
Nihon Yoron Chosakai	March 2, 2014	42.3%	52.4%
Hiroshima Shūdō University	November 28, 2015	51.7%	41.3%

Cambodia

Although same-sex couples in Cambodia have no right to marry, authorities in Kandal, Takeo, Prey Veng and Kampong Chhnang provinces have issued marriage certificates to a total of at least 15 lesbian couples in the past twenty years.

Nepal

In 2008, the country's Supreme Court ruled that any form of sexual orientation discrimination is prohibited. The commission established in 2010 to study the legal situation of other countries published its report in February 2015 with the recommendation to open marriage to same-sex couples.

Thailand

In 2014 there was a draft law to open marriage in the Thai parliament. This draft law met with a majority in parliament during the first deliberations, but took a back seat due to the flare-up political crisis in Thailand.

Turkey

While the Turkish constitution was being rewritten, the opposition party BDP called for the liberalization of marriage laws and the inclusion of same-sex marriage. The largest opposition party in the Turkish parliament, the CHP , supported the proposal. The largest party in parliament, the AKP, is against same-sex marriage, although President Erdoğan , the party leader of the AKP, supported completely equal rights for LGBT citizens when his party was founded in 2002. According to a response to a request from the Barış ve Demokrasi Partisi in 2012, a parliamentary discussion on same-sex marriage can be expected when all political parties meet in committees to establish a new constitution. In a survey on Turkish attitudes towards sexuality, 3.6% of Turks support same-sex marriage.

Australia and Oceania

Legal situation for same-sex couples in Oceania

Same-sex marriage

Registered partnership

No recognition

De jure punishable, de facto no prosecution

Homosexual acts illegal

Australia

Same-sex couples have the right to marry in Australia .

On September 13, 2013, the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) government announced a bill to open up marriage in the ACT. On October 10, 2013, the Australian Attorney General George Brandis announced on behalf of the Conservative Federal Government that the Federal Government would take it to court if the ACT decided to initiate marriage for itself. The ACT government ignored the Justice Minister's threat and the ACT parliament passed a resolution to open marriage in the ACT on October 22, 2013. The Conservative Australian Government followed up on its threat, appealed to the Australian Supreme Court and was won; The Act to Open Marriage in the ACT was annulled on December 12, 2013. The Australian Supreme Court justified the repeal of the law not by stating that same-sex couples had no right to marry, but that same-sex marriage could only be introduced nationwide and not just in part of Australia. The federal government is free to decide whether to introduce same-sex marriage across Australia. The (conservative) Australian government, however, continued to speak out against the opening of marriage to a large extent.

As became known for the first time in the summer of 2014, more and more MPs in the Australian Parliament are in favor of a free vote without any parliamentary group being forced to open marriage. After coming out of the swimming stars Ian Thorpe on Australian television in 2014 was the following year, the Irish referendum on the marriage opening another trigger for renewed debate. However, many MPs from the governing parties and the then Prime Minister Tony Abbott still spoke out against the opening of marriage. The Liberal Party of Australia , the largest ruling party, decided not to allow its MPs to vote. As of September 2016, 21 same-sex marriage bills had been tabled in the Australian Parliament; none was accepted. The incumbent government proposed holding a nationwide referendum on same-sex marriage in 2017; however, this was rejected by the Senate twice, in November 2016 and August 2017. The Labor Party and Greens majority there argued that a referendum would be too costly and that a controversial public debate would potentially harm the LGBT community. Instead, the senators wanted a vote in parliament. The government finally announced that it would hold a nationwide voluntary postal survey on this issue from September to November 2017. In this referendum, 62 percent of the participants (voting participation around 80 percent) voted in favor of opening up marriage. Malcolm Turnbull , Prime Minister from September 2015 to August 2018, is believed to be a proponent of same-sex marriage.

The opposition Labor Party supported same-sex marriage in its election manifesto; she allowed her MPs to make a conscientious decision on the matter.

On December 7, 2017, the Australian Parliament decided to introduce same-sex marriage.

Same-sex marriage surveys in Australia 

Survey institute	date	Therefore	On the other hand
Crosby Textor	June 22, 2014	72%	21%

New Zealand

In New Zealand , with the exception of Tokelau , same-sex couples have the right to marry.

On April 17, 2013, the New Zealand parliament voted in its third and final reading for a law on equal rights for homosexual couples in marriage. It came into force in August 2013.

American Territory of Guam

In the US Territory of Guam , marriage was opened for same-sex couples in June 2015.

British Territory of Pitcairn Islands

In the UK territory of Pitcairn Islands , marriage between same-sex couples was approved in May 2015.

Religious same-sex marriages

Many religious communities around the world do not allow religious same-sex marriages. Nevertheless, there are a number of predominantly Protestant denominations that allow same-sex couples to have religious marriages, some of which are listed here.

See also : homosexuality and religion  and blessing and marriage of same-sex couples

Christianity

• Evangelical Church in Hesse and Nassau
• Evangelical Church in the Rhineland
• Evangelical Church Berlin-Brandenburg-Silesian Upper Lusatia
• Evangelical Church in Baden
• Bremen Evangelical Church
• Evangelical Lutheran regional church of Hanover
• Lippe regional church
• Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany
• Evangelical Lutheran Church in Oldenburg
• Evangelical Lutheran Regional Church of Saxony ("extensive equality" of marriage and blessing)
• Evangelical Church of the Palatinate
• Evangelical Reformed Church
• Evangelical Church of Kurhessen-Waldeck
• Evangelical Church of Westphalia
• Danish folk church
• Swedish Church
• Norwegian Church
• Icelandic State Church
• United Protestant Church of France
• Evangelical Church HB in Austria
• Evangelical Reformed Church Switzerland
• Reformed Church Aargau
• Evangelical Reformed Church of the Canton of Zurich
• Quakers in the UK
• United Reformed Church in the United Kingdom
• Reformed Church of Scotland
• Anglican Church in Scotland
• United Church of Christ (USA)
• United Church of Canada
• Anglican Church of Canada
• Presbyterian Church (USA)
• Episcopal Church of the United States of America
• Igreja Episcopal Anglicana do Brasil
• Methodist Church of Great Britain
• United Methodist Church
• Uniting Church in Australia
• Metropolitan Community Church (worldwide)
• Unity Church (worldwide)
• Unitarian (worldwide)

Judaism

• Parts of Reform Judaism ( Liberal Judaism )
• in reconstructionism

See also

• registered partnership
• Same-sex marriage legislation
• Laws on homosexuality
• Rainbow family
• mixed marriage
• Lifestyle policy

literature

• Juan J. Fernández, Mark Lutter: Supranational cultural norms, domestic value orientations and the diffusion of same-sex union rights in Europe, 1988–2009. In: International Sociology , No. 28, 2013, pp. 102-120 ( online ).
• Marc Schüffner: Marriage protection and civil partnership, a constitutional study of civil partnership law in the light of Article 6 of the Basic Law (=  writings on public law , volume 1077). Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-428-12438-1 ( Dissertation FU Berlin 2006, 789 pages).
• Manfred Bruns , Rainer Kemper: LPartG - hand commentary. 2nd Edition. Nomos, Baden-Baden 2005, ISBN 3-8329-1182-0 .

Web links

Commons : Same-sex marriage  - Collection of pictures, videos, and audio files

Individual evidence

1. Jump up ↑ gay marriage. In: sueddeutsche.de . Retrieved May 25, 2015 . 
2. ^ Marriage - spelling, meaning, definition, synonyms, origin. In: duden.de. Retrieved May 25, 2015 . 
3. ^ Campaign for homosexual marriage on Youtube. In: rp-online.de. April 30, 2012, accessed May 25, 2015 . 
4. ↑ Philipp Guttmann: FreieWahl : Equal homosexuals - for gender-independent marriage! Retrieved May 25, 2015 . 
5. ↑ Germany and Equal Marriage - Human Rights Watch. In: hrw.org. January 9, 2014, accessed May 25, 2015 . 
6. ↑ Felicitas Kock: Who are the opponents of "marriage for everyone" in France? In: sueddeutsche.de . May 29, 2013. Retrieved May 25, 2015 . 
7. ↑ Opening of marriage. In: lsvd.de. March 22, 2013, accessed May 25, 2015 . 
8. ^ Marriage for All in Slovenia. In: m-maenner.de. March 4, 2015, accessed May 25, 2015 . 
9. ↑ Map: Same-sex marriage in the United States. In: edition.cnn.com. April 3, 2015, accessed May 25, 2015 . 
10. ^ Gay marriage. In: theguardian.com. May 25, 2015, accessed May 25, 2015 . 
11. ^ Mariage gay: la contre-attaque du gouvernement après la "conversion" de Sarkozy. In: lefigaro.fr. November 16, 2014, accessed May 25, 2015 (French). 
12. ^ Mariage homosexuel: Ségolène Royal n'aurait pas fait comme le government. In: lemonde.fr. May 25, 2013, accessed May 25, 2015 (French). 
13. ↑ Wet open stelling huwelijk. In: Wetten.overheid.nl (Dutch).
14. ↑ Invoeringswet openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba
15. ↑ ECLI: NL: HR: 2007: AZ6095
16. ↑ Wet tot openstelling van het huwelijk voor Personen van Hetzelfde geslacht en tot wijziging van een aantal bepalingen van het Burgerlijk Wetboek. In: ejustice.just.fgov.be (Dutch).
17. ↑ Ley 13/2005, de 1 de julio, por la que se modifica el Código Civil en materia de derecho a contraer matrimonio in boe.es (Spanish).
18. ↑ Loi Concertnant Certaines Conditions de Fond du Mariage Civil. In: lois-laws.justice.gc.ca
19. ↑ Civil Union Act, 2006 ( Memento of March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
20. ↑ Lov om endringer i ekteskapsloven, barnelova, adopsjonsloven, bioteknologiloven mv. (Felles ekteskapslov for heterofile and homofile par). In: lovdata.no (Norwegian).
21. ↑ Lag (2009: 253) om ändring i äktenskapsbalken
22. ^ Lei nº 9/2010 de 31 de Maio. In: dre.pt (Portuguese).
23. ↑ No right of adoption for couples in Portugal . In: queer.de . March 15, 2014. Retrieved June 29, 2017.
24. ^ Portugal: Adoption right for gay couples decided . In: queer.de . December 18, 2015, accessed June 29, 2017.
25. ↑ Lög um breytingar á hjúskaparlögum og fleiri lögum og um brottfall laga um staðfesta samvist (a hjúskaparlög). In: althingi.is (Icelandic).
26. ↑ Ley 26618
27. ↑ Lov om ændring af lov om ægteskabs indgåelse og opløsning, lov om ægteskabets retsvirkninger and retsplejeloven og om ophævelse af lov om registreret partnerskab. In: retsinformation.dk (Danish).
28. ^ Brazilian Gay Unions Must Be Registered As Marriages, Court Rules. ( Memento of December 13, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) In: huffingtonpost.com (English).
29. ↑ LOI n ° 2013-404 on May 17, 2013 ouvrant le mariage aux couples de personnes de même sexe. In: legifrance.gouv.fr (French).
30. ↑ Sergio Miranda and Rodrigo Borda Become First Uruguay Gay Couple to Register for Marriage. In: huffingtonpost.com (English).
31. ^ Marriage (Definition of Marriage) Amendment Act 2013
32. ↑ Mémorial A n ° 125 de 2014
33. ↑ UPPER SKIN ET AL. v. HODGES, DIRECTOR, OHIO DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, ET AL.
34. ^ Marriage Act 2015
35. ^ Marriage Equality Comes to Colombia. In: Advocate.com
36. ↑ Finland: Parliament confirms marriage for everyone. In: Queer.de
37. ^ Finnish parliament confirms same-sex marriage law. In: Reuters.com
38. ↑ Malta Sex-Marriage-Law takes effect
39. ↑ ^{a b} Malta's parliament votes for marriage for all. In: queer.de. July 12, 2017. Retrieved July 13, 2017 . 
40. ↑ ^{a b} Art. 3 of the law introducing the right to marry for persons of the same sex
41. ↑ Bundestag resolves marriage for everyone - Angela Merkel votes against. In: Spiegel Online . Retrieved June 30, 2017
42. ↑ The big day is here! - Australia: Everyone is allowed to get married , In: queer.de , January 9, 2018.
43. ↑ Final vote - Australia opens marriage to gays and lesbians , In: queer.de , December 7, 2017.
44. ↑ Gay marriage is coming in 2019 . In: The press . ( Online [accessed December 5, 2017]).
45. ↑ Constitutional Court G 258-259 / 2017-9, December 4, 2017
46. ↑ Federal Law Gazette I No. 161/2017
47. ↑ Differentiation between marriage and registered partnership violates the prohibition of discrimination Website of the Constitutional Court, December 5, 2017
48. ↑ Ecuador legalizes same-sex marriage . In: Tagesschau . ( Online [accessed June 13, 2019]).
49. ^ Marriage (Same-sex couples) Act 2013
50. ^ Marriage and Civil Partnership (Scotland) Act 2014
51. ^ Same Sex Marriage and Civil Partnerships Ordinance 2015
52. ^ New Legislation: Marriage for All and Abortion Legalized in Northern Ireland, Der Spiegel , October 22, 2019
53. ↑ ^{a b c} News desk: Gays and lesbians are now allowed to get married in Costa Rica. In: Team.com. May 15, 2020, accessed May 16, 2020.
54. ↑ ^{a b c} Riccardo Schmidlin: Costa Rica must introduce same-sex marriage. In: The press . August 10, 2018, accessed May 16, 2020.
55. ^ Israel: Gays recognized as marriage partners. In: Queer.de , January 31, 2007
56. ↑ ^{a b} Estonia: Marriage between men recognized for the first time. queer.de, January 26, 2017, accessed on September 19, 2017 . 
57. ↑ Directive 2004/38 / EC on the right of EU citizens and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States
58. ↑ European Commission on Sexual Orientation Law (ECSOL): European Court of Human Rights • We are Family! ( Memento of August 17, 2011 in the Internet Archive ): “ […] 'the Court (was) not called upon to examine whether the lack of any means of legal recognition for same-sex couples would constitute a violation of Article 14 taken in conjunction with Article 8 if it still obtained today. ' […] ”News from June 24, 2010 (English).
59. ↑ Lambda Legal Committee on the judgment of the ECHR: RKL on the Vienna State Parliament decision : We are family - now also in Vienna. ( Memento of August 18, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 35 kB) RKL press release, June 24, 2010, citing Helmut Graupner , RKL President and lawyer in the Schalk & Kopf case against Austria .
60. ↑ Eight EU Countries Back Same-Sex Marriage. ( Memento of October 16, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) In: angusreidglobal.com , accessed on December 4, 2013 (English)
61. ^ YouGov survey. January 2013. Accessed April 11, 2013 (PDF; 266 kB).
62. ↑ http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/276736
63. ↑ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8177544.stm
64. ↑ http://www.sgn.org/sgnnews38_07/page16.cfm
65. ↑ http://www.bondia.ad/politica/el-ps-presenta-una-proposicio-de-llei-permetre-el-matrimoni-gai
66. ↑ http://andorradifusio.ad/noticies/ps-entra-una-proposicio-de-llei-regular-matrimoni-homosexual
67. ↑ http://www.consellgeneral.ad/ca/activitat-parlamentaria/iniciatives-legislatives/proposicions-de-llei/proposicio-de-llei-qualificada-de-modificacio-de-la-llei-qualificada-del-matrimoni -de-30-de-juny-de-1995-i-de-la-llei-14-2004-de-3-de-novembre-qualificada-de-modificacio-de-la-llei-qualificada-del-matrimoni
68. ↑ Archive link ( Memento from May 31, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
69. ↑ Art. 143 ZGB ZGB, doc
70. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Ifop: Enquête sur la droitisation des opinions publiques européennes (PDF file)
71. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o} European Union: Special Eurobarometer 437: Discrimination in the EU in 2015. (PDF file; 15 MB), October 2015, pp. T247 – T248.
72. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o} Religion and society (in English) , Pew Research Center , May 29, 2018
73. ↑ http://www.parliament.bg/en/const
74. ↑ Archive link ( Memento from August 19, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
75. ^ Denmark: Parliament legalizes gay marriage. In: religion.orf.at , June 8, 2012, accessed on June 15, 2012.
76. ↑ ^{a b c d} Same-sex marriage around the world. In: CBC News Canada, May 29, 2009, updated February 7, 2012.
77. ↑ Archive link ( Memento from May 29, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
78. ↑ L 35 Forslag til lov om ændring af myndighedsloven for Grønland, lov om ikrafttræden for Grønland af lov om ægteskabets retsvirkninger, retsplejelov for Grønland and kriminallov for Grønland
79. ^ Naalakkersuisut (Greenland Government): Vielse af homoseksuelle
80. ↑ Faroe Islands says yes to same-sex marriage. In: Gaystarnews
81. ↑ Faroes Islands same-sex marriage bill receives royal assent. In: Theperchybird.wordpress.com
82. ↑ YouGov / EMEA Survey Results
83. ↑ Federal Law Gazette I, p. 1978
84. ↑ Guiding principle on the decision of the First Senate of May 27, 2008 - 1 BvL 10/05 - Federal Constitutional Court judgment of May 27, 2008
85. ↑ Dittmar: A clear signal for equality between lesbians and gays. ( Memento from July 26, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) In: spd.de
86. ↑ Draft of a law introducing the right to marry for persons of the same sex (PDF; 90 kB)
87. ↑ Opening marriage to lesbians and gays. ( Memento from October 20, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) In: linksfraktion.de
88. ^ Homosexual communities: FDP calls for equality. In: Munich evening newspaper
89. ↑ The FDP hopes for a new beginning. In: faz.net
90. ↑ Now all that's missing is the Union. In: LSVD.de
91. ↑ Electoral and basic programs / Electoral program BTW13 / Family and Society ( Memento from August 28, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
92. ↑ Other resolutions (PDF; 179 kB)
93. ↑ Successful together for Germany. Government program 2013–2017. In: cdu.de (PDF file)
94. ↑ Berlin Senate for the Opening of Marriage. In: Queer.de
95. ↑ Federal Council rejects equality. In: Queer.de
96. ↑ Greens call for equality in gay marriage. In: Queer.de
97. ↑ Bundestag: Government rejects equality. In: Queer.de
98. ↑ Bremen wants to enforce equality in the Federal Council. In: Queer.de
99. ↑ Black and yellow rejects application for equality. In: Queer.de
100. ^ Brüderle: FDP loyal to the coalition when voting on gay marriage. ( Memento from March 14, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) In: t-online.de
101. ↑ FDP guarantees Union loyalty to the coalition. In: Queer.de
102. ↑ Hamburg resolves Federal Council initiative to open marriage. In: Queer.de , June 23, 2011
103. ↑ Bundestag: Greens apply for marriage opening. In: Queer.de , July 1, 2011
104. ↑ Final result of the 187th session of the German Bundestag on Thursday, June 28, 2012 (PDF; 132 kB)
105. ^ Stenographic report 228th meeting Berlin, Thursday, March 14, 2013
106. ↑ Union denies agreement on equality. In: handelsblatt.com , November 26, 2013
107. ^ Shaping Germany's future - coalition agreement between CDU, CSU and SPD. In: cdu.de
108. ^ Draft law introducing the right to marry for persons of the same sex. In: bundestag.de , October 23, 2013
109. ^ Controversy over marriage for same-sex people. In: bundestag.de , December 19, 2013
110. ↑ Open letter to Merkel: Celebrities call for equality in gay marriage. In: Spiegel Online. Retrieved July 22, 2017 . 
111. ↑ Principles on the judgment of the First Senate of July 17, 2002 - 1 BvF 1/01 -, - 1 BvF 2/01 -
112. ↑ Principles on the resolution of the First Senate of July 7, 2009 - 1 BvR 1164/07 -
113. ↑ ^{a b} Guidelines on the judgment of the First Senate of February 19, 2013
114. ↑ Guiding principle on the resolution of the First Senate of July 21, 2010 - 1 BvR 611/07 -, - 1 BvR 2464/07 -
115. ↑ Principles on the decision of the Second Senate of June 19, 2012 - 2 BvR 1397/09 -
116. ↑ Principles on the resolution of the First Senate of July 18, 2012 - 1 BvL 16/11 -
117. ↑ Guiding principle on the decision of the Second Senate of May 7, 2013 - 2 BvR 909/06 -, - 2 BvR 1981/06 -, - 2 BvR 288/07 -
118. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xCHxRCS5JGs The ARD summer interview with Chancellor Merkel
119. ↑ Video Stewens: Spouse splitting makes sense  in the ZDFmediathek , accessed on January 26, 2014.
120. ↑ http://www.n-tv.de/mediathek/sendung/nachrichten/Nachrichten-von-21-00-Uhr-article9832141.html
121. ↑ Spouse splitting also for gay marriage
122. ↑ Broadcast: Tagesthemen June 6, 2013 10:30 p.m.
123. ↑ FDP puts the opening of marriage on the back burner and declares its election program to be waste paper ( Memento from August 12, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
124. ↑ Opening of marriage
125. ↑ Statement of the Federal Government on the draft of the Federal Council for a law introducing the right to marry for persons of the same sex (BR-Drs. 196/13 - decision) ( Memento of December 11, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
126. ↑ Famous all of a sudden. In: tagesschau.de . June 30, 2017. Retrieved July 3, 2017 . 
127. ↑ Merkel open to “marriage for everyone”. In: faznet.de , June 26, 2017
128. ↑ Merkel moves away from no to marriage for everyone. In: Der Spiegel . July 26, 2016. Retrieved July 3, 2017 . 
129. ↑ This couple allegedly made Merkel rethink. In: Derwesten.de . June 28, 2017. Retrieved July 3, 2017 . 
130. ^ Draft law introducing the right to marry for persons of the same sex. (PDF) adopted by the Federal Council in its 936th meeting on September 25, 2015. (No longer available online.) In: Drucksache 18/6665. German Bundestag, 18th electoral term, November 11, 2015, archived from the original on August 12, 2017 ; accessed on March 25, 2018 . 
131. ↑ Bundestag resolves “marriage for all”. In: sueddeutsche.de , June 30, 2017. The names of all the Union MPs who approve are listed here.
132. ↑ ^{a b} Large majority votes for marriage for all. In: zeit.de , June 30, 2017.
133. ↑ Federal Council gives the green light for marriage for everyone. In: Der Spiegel , July 7, 2017
134. ↑ Federal President Steinmeier signs law on marriage for everyone , Spiegel Online , July 21, 2017.
135. ↑ Bavaria waives legal action against marriage for all. Time online from March 6, 2018
136. ↑ YouGov / EMEA Survey Results
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138. ↑ ^{a b} Ipsos: Archive link ( Memento from October 27, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
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143. ↑ Same-sex couples in Finland are allowed to marry. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , March 1, 2017
144. ↑ Finland: 13,000 church resignations after a dispute over gay marriage. In: Spiegel Online , December 1, 2014
145. ↑ RP 65/2015 rd Regeringens proposition till riksdagen med förslag till vissa lagändringar till följd av en ändring av äktenskapslagen
146. ↑ Valiokunnan mietintö LaVM 7/2015 vp HE 65/2015 vp . In: Parliament of Finland . Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved March 1, 2017.
147. ^ Parliament approves same-sex marriage legislation . In: Yle . February 17, 2016. Archived from the original on February 17, 2016. Retrieved March 1, 2017.
148. ↑ Lag om ändring av äktenskapslagen
149. ↑ Lag om ändring av äktenskapslagen
150. ↑ http://yle.fi/uutiset/survey_finds_rising_support_for_gay_marriage/7135771
151. ^ First gay marriage in France. In: spiegel.de , May 29, 2013, accessed May 30, 2013
152. ↑ Matthieu Deprieck: Premier mariage gay: pourquoi Najat Vallaud-Belkacem est la seule ministre à Montpellier. In: L'Éxpress. May 29, 2013, accessed May 30, 2013 (French). 
153. ↑ Marriage opening in France soon? In: Queer.de
154. ^ L'interdiction du mariage homosexuel est conforme à la Constitution
155. ↑ France: Marriage opening announced for 2013. In: Queer.de
156. ^ France: Cabinet decides to open marriage. In: Queer.de , November 7, 2012.
157. ↑ Success after ten-hour debate: French Senate approves gay marriage in France. In: focus.de , April 10, 2013, accessed on April 11, 2013.
158. ↑ Equality: Homosexual couples in France will soon be able to get married. In: fr-online.de , April 12, 2013, accessed on April 12, 2013.
159. ↑ Thomas Hanke: The divided France. In: handelsblatt.de , May 27, 2013, accessed on May 27, 2013
160. ↑ Hundreds of thousands against gay marriage. (No longer available online.) Tagesschau.de, January 13, 2013, archived from the original on January 9, 2014 ; Retrieved March 3, 2016 . 
161. ↑ Mass demonstration for the marriage opening. In: Queer.de
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163. ↑ LeMonde.fr lemonde.fr, March 24, 2013
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165. ^ Mariage pour tous: le détail du vote au Sénat. Retrieved April 28, 2013 (French). 
166. ↑ Analysis du scrutin n ° 511, Deuxième séance du 23/04/2013: Scrutin public sur l'ensemble du projet de loi ouvrant le mariage aux couples de personnes de même sexe (2nd lecture). Assemblée nationale, April 23, 2013, accessed April 28, 2013 (French). 
167. ↑ tagesschau.de: Gay marriage in France now official, Hollande signs law ( Memento of June 7, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
168. ↑ Art. 202-1 para. 2 Civil Code : “Toutefois, deux personnes de même sexe peuvent contracter mariage lorsque, pour au moins l'une d'elles, soit sa loi personnelle, soit la loi de l'Etat sur le territoire duquel elle a son domicile ou sa residence le permet. »
169. ↑ Cour d'appel de Chambéry, judgment v. Oct. 22, 2013 - n ° 13/02258 ; discussed by Tobias Lutzi: The new French IPR of same-sex marriage and the ordre public international , IPRax 2014, 292.
170. ↑ La France imposera-t-elle le mariage homosexuel au Maroc? In: Figaro Vox , December 15, 2014.
171. ↑ Cour de cassation, Première chambre civile, judgment v. January 28, 2015 - n ° 13/50059 ; discussed by Tobias Lutzi: Equal access to marriage as part of the French ordre public international , IPRax 2015, 381.
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215. ↑ Discrimination in the EU in 2015 .
216. ↑ Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej
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238. ↑ Archived copy ( Memento from September 24, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
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349. ↑ Same-sex marriage law High Court challenge confirmed. In: smh.com.au. October 10, 2013, accessed May 25, 2015 . 
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364. ↑ Church of Bremen: Wedding Ceremony, Frequently Asked Questions.
365. ^ NDR.de: Landeskirche Hannover introduces marriage for everyone.
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368. ↑ NDR.de: Oldenburg Church decides marriage for everyone.
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370. ↑ Blessing should be an official act. In: Evangelischer-Kirchenbote.de
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374. ↑ Regional Church of Westphalia: New: marriage also for same-sex couples and non-denominational spouses - "God's blessing applies to all married couples" , November 20, 2019
375. ↑ Evangelisch.de: Westphalian Church equates marriage of gay couples with marriage , November 20, 2019
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384. ^ Zurich Reformed Church: Zurich Church Council says yes to marriage for everyone.
385. ↑ Uk Denomination votes down same-sex weddings. In: Advocate.com
386. ^ United Reformed Church approves gay marriage services. In: BBC.co.uk
387. ↑ Gaystarnews: Church of Scotland will draft new same-sex marriage laws.
388. ^ Scottish Episcopal Church did historic decision backing gay marriage. In: The Telegraph
389. ↑ UCC.org: Marriage Equality.
390. ↑ United Church of Canada: Gender, Sexuality, and Orientation.
391. ^ Anglican church of Canada backs same-sex marriage, a day after rejecting it. In: The Guardian
392. ^ Presbyterians vote to allow same-sex marriage. In: CNN
393. ^ Episcopalians Vote to Allow Gay Marriage in Churches. In: NBCNews
394. ↑ IEAB synod adopts same-sex marriage canon (en) . In: Anglican Ink 2018 © , June 1, 2018. Archived from the original on June 5, 2018. Retrieved July 14, 2018. 
395. ↑ ChurchTimes: Methodists move towards conducting same-sex marriages , July 4, 2019
396. ↑ Advocate.com: Methodists bishops back choice LGBT clergy and same-sex marriages , May 7, 2018.
397. ↑ Gaystarnews.com: Uniting Church of Australia ministers can now marry same-sex couples , July 13, 2018
398. ↑ Jewishweek.timesofisrael: Liberal Orthodox Synagogue Will Stop Announcing LGBT Weddings After OU complains
399. ^ Human Right Campaigns: Stances of Faiths on LGBTQ Issues: Reconstructionist Judaism