History of the city of Würzburg
The history of the city of Würzburg begins in 704, documented as Castellum Virteburch . In 2004, Würzburg celebrated the city's 1300th anniversary. In the Middle Ages the city became an important economic, spiritual and sovereign center. Until the industrial revolution , the supra-regional importance that began in the 18th century remained high, and a valuable cityscape was created . This was badly damaged in the course of the Second World War, in particular by the bombing raid on March 16, 1945 . When rebuilding significant were individual monuments like most churches of the old town external reconstructed , but only a few community center - ensembles and tradition Islands. Which also heavily damaged in the war and then rebuilt Wurzburg Residence with Hofgarten and Residenzplatz in 1981 in the UNESCO - World Heritage added. It was the second German building on the list after the Aachen Cathedral .
With the Julius Maximilians University , which is in the tradition of the High School in Würzburg founded in 1402 and is therefore the oldest university in Bavaria, the city is one of the classic German university cities . The University of Music Würzburg was founded as a further academic institution in 1797 and the Würzburg-Schweinfurt University of Applied Sciences in 1971. With them, a total of around 33,500 students (as of winter semester 2014/15) and other university members shape urban life in Würzburg.
Foundation and early history
For the time around 1000 BC Chr. ( Urnfield culture ) a Celtic refugee castle on the Marienberg is proven. Since the Celts often named fortified places ("brig (a)") after the names of outstanding noble leaders, there is a possibility that the name Virtibriga , the castle of Virtius , has established itself as the forerunner of Virteburch .
After the migrations , the Alemanni settled - probably in the late 4th century, but certainly in the 5th century AD. In the 6th and 7th centuries the Frankish conquest took place. From around 650 Würzburg was a ducal seat of the Franconian royal family of the Merovingians .
The " Hetanids " (cf. Gosbert and Hedan II. ), Who protected the East Franconians against Bavaria and Thuringia , had their court in what is now the city center ( Dom / Neumünster area).
Probably in the years 685-689 the Irish-Scottish missionaries Kilian , Kolonat and Totnan evangelized the area and died here in 689 as martyrs .
The first mention of Würzburg in a deed of donation from Duke Hedan II for Bishop Willibrord dates to May 1, 704, the deed is issued in castello Virteburch . In the 7th century, the geographer of Ravenna mentions Uburzi's name, which is 300 years older . Other forms of name: Wirzaburg (742, the year in which the diocese of Würzburg was confirmed by the Pope), Wirziburg , Latinized: Vuirziburga with the adjective Vuirziburganensis (779) and Wirciburc in the Passio minor sancti Kiliani . Only later did the name Herbipolis (Greek-Latin for herbal town ) come up.
The ecclesiastical supply of the right Main settlement was first carried out from St. Martin, a parish church in today's Martinstrasse, which was founded in 745 by Würzburg's first bishop Burkard near the Duke's court . In addition to the Martin's Chapel, which no longer exists today , the Würzburg Cathedral, which was initially dedicated to Salvator mundi , was built at the end of the 8th century .
Middle Ages and early modern times up to the Reformation
Würzburg became a bishopric city with the document issued by King Konrad II on October 13, 1030 , with which he had transferred the right to mint, customs and market rights as well as power over the Main Ferry and jurisdiction over the citizenship to the Würzburg bishop. Episcopal mayors negotiated legal cases in the Salhof (between the cathedral and Neumünster). As Hochstift Vicars the blood spell (the High jurisdiction) on citizenship and as Burggrafen the military force had the counts of Henneberg held.
In the 11th century, a silver coin from Würzburg reached the Faroe Islands , as the coin find from Sandur shows. The first knight tournament on German soil was held in the city in 1127.
Würzburg's first stone bridge was built between 1120 and 1133, for which today's Old Main Bridge was built after its decline .
In 1146 , Bernhard von Clairvaux also gave his crusade sermons in Würzburg in the presence of King Konrad .
On June 17, 1156, Friedrich I married Barbarossa in Würzburg, where he had already held a court day in 1152 , the second marriage to the very young Beatrix of Burgundy , daughter of Count Rainald III. and heiress of the Free County of Burgundy (now Franche-Comté ). The secular part of the wedding celebrations took place in the royal court of the Hohenstaufen, the old Salierhof on the Girberg (also called Girsberg) at the northern foot of the Marienberg near today's Deutschhauskirche. At the Reichstag in Würzburg in the summer of 1168, the then Bishop Herold was enfeoffed by Friedrich I Barbarossa with the ducal dignity and thus not only episcopal but also secular power. The city's bishops were able to call themselves prince-bishops and use the title of “ Duke in Franconia ” with this privilege, known as “golden freedom” and sealed with the imperial gold bull .
At another court day, in January 1180, Henry the Lion was solemnly condemned to lose his imperial fiefdom as a "troublemaker of peace and unfaithful fiefdom of the king" in Würzburg.
In 1188, Hohenstaufen farms and property in the city and the diocese of Würzburg (curtes et allodia, que habemus tam in civitate Herbipolensi quam in episcopatu) were mentioned in a treaty between Emperor Friedrich I Barbarossa and King Alfonso VIII of Castile . The contract regulated the marriage between Friedrich's son Konrad and Alfons daughter Berengaria . The property in Würzburg was part of the bride's morning gift along with 29 other Staufer goods . However, this marriage was never put into practice.
Shortly before 1200, the suburbs of Sand , Pleichach and Haug were included in the city wall ring. The Würzburg city seal is attested for the first time in 1195.
As a guild called Communities existed in Würzburg from the mid-13th century to the introduction of complete freedom of trade in 1868. Thus the guild of blacksmiths was (of until the 15th century blacksmiths, locksmiths, hoof and Sense forge and grinder belonged) first mentioned in a document from March 17, 1279 issued by the Würzburg Bishop Berthold II von Sternberg . In the course of the 13th and 14th centuries there were repeated clashes between the guilds of the city and the incumbent prince-bishop. The culmination of these disputes is the Würzburg guild certificate , which in medieval research is considered to be the "most remarkable piece of guild seal tradition" . For the traditional fishing guild of Würzburg, in connection with the fisherman's dance on the second Whitsun holiday, the jousting on the Main has been documented since 1508 .
On January 11, 1400, disputes that had been going on between the revolting citizens and the bishops who had ruled from the Marienberg Fortress since 1253 were decided in the battle of Bergtheim in favor of the episcopal lord. The city of Würzburg thus lost its political independence; In addition, the guilds were initially banned and their members were assigned to church-oriented brotherhoods.
The Carmelites, who settled between 1212 and 1230, were among the first founders of the monastery in Würzburg. In 1221 the Minorites followed and a little later the Dominicans and the Dominican Sisters of “St. Marx ”. In 1319 the Citizens Hospital for the Holy Spirit, which soon became known nationwide, was established as a foundation at Hauger Tor . Other previously created in the 12th century, no longer exist today, hospital foundations were the by Lorenz Fries called St. Margaret ( Margaret Hospital , created in 1100, and located to the monastery of St. Stephan properly in the nearby to about 1,344 existing) and a short time later St. Aegidius / St. Dietrich (the Dietricher Spital or St. Dietrichspital , where, for example, Süßkind von Trimberg and Ortolf von Baierland are said to have worked) and the St. Oswaldspital, probably donated by Prince Bishop Emehard at the beginning of the 12th century (from around the middle of the 12th century to the brothers of the Holy Hospital in Jerusalem and between 1220 and 1230 it became the St. Johannesspital or Johanniterspital ) "in the sand" (in the Sanderau ). The Order of St. John is documented in 1195 in Würzburg. The Johanniterspital, which accepted pilgrims as well as the sick, existed until the 14th century.
The St. Dietrichspital mentioned goes back to a hospital that was built by the cathedral provost Otto in front of the bishop's court (on the market or Kürschnerhof, where the clothing stores K & L Ruppert and Völk were later located), and was transferred to this in a document in 1144 by Bishop Embricho . It is mentioned by name in 1184 as hospitale sancti Egidii , in 1211 as domus sancti Egidii et beati Theoderici and in 1218 as sancti Egidii et sancti Theoderici . Patrons were therefore St. Aegidius and St. Dietrich. In 1205 the St. Egidius Hospital was assigned to a "Brotherhood of Chaplains" (a cooperative of vicars of the cathedral and the Neumünster and Haug affiliates, also acting as a brotherhood of women ). In the 13th century it was then less often referred to as St. Egidius, but more often assigned to St. Theodoricus or Dietrich. From around the middle of the 13th century, the Würzburg cathedral dean presided over the St. Dietrichspital. The hospital, which originally served to accommodate destitute travelers, also took in sick people. Most recently, the hospital was mainly used as accommodation for the cathedral chapter staff. The pastoral care incumbent on the vicar St. Egidii of the cathedral monastery was transferred to the cathedral parish in 1480.
Sara, a Jew , was one of the first women doctors known by name to Würzburg . In 1419 she was granted a right to use the property of Friedrich von Riedern zu Lauda by a district court judgment.
In addition to the hospitals, there were so-called infirmaries in which mainly people with infectious diseases were admitted. Some were specialized as special hospitals in the accommodation of lepers (in the leprosy house , domus leprosorum ), others in those of plague patients (plague outbreaks in Würzburg are documented from 1356). Around 1494 a beguinage was used to accommodate plague sufferers, and from December 1496 also for the “French lewtt” who suffered from syphilis (probably the former beguinage “Zur Hohen Zinne” in Hörleingasse, where terziarinnen belonged to St. Stephen's monastery of St. Francis of Assisi who adopted the Augustinian rule in 1460). The infirmary in front of the Sander Tor, which has been documented since the 14th century, was only later turned into an epidemic hospital ( domus leprosorum ) . From January 1497, men suffering from syphilis were found in the so-called "Franzosenhaus", the former women's shelter for the donkey on the city wall (previously an Elisabethenhaus or Elisabethenpflege and a dormitory for ten poor women donated by Elisabeth Fuchs in 1358 in the Inner Graben, where the women's shelter originally only consisted of one room In 1487 a two-storey women's shelter was added on the neighboring property, where in 1497 six and at the beginning of the 16th century 14 women lived in dependence on the women's host) (the women remained in the beguinage), foreigners were deported. Until 1455 it was the custom for the mayor and minstrels to receive a meal from the woman host on Midsummer Day at the city's expense.
In the St. Dietrichspital (see above), staff from members of the Würzburg monasteries came to the hospital if they had syphilis.
Prince-Bishop Johann von Egloffstein founded the University of Würzburg on December 10, 1402 as a high school in Würzburg . Shortly after the Prince-Bishop's death, teaching had to be suspended for lack of money and other reasons. On July 19, 1476, the preacher Hans Böhm - best known in Würzburg as "Pfeifer von Niklashausen" - was convicted of heresy in a heretic trial and burned at the stake .
The first pharmacist named by name in today's sense was Master Heinrich der Apotheker († 1445 or 1446) in 1406. He was a sworn pharmacist, court pharmacist of the Würzburg bishops and was exempt from city tax and "Beth" in 1445. His successor Johannes Weyer, who was also sworn in (after the apothecary oath received in the version of 1482), was also exempt from taxes. As the location of an "old pharmacy", a fiefdom of the Domkustorei, is specified in a purchase letter from 1463 "on the Greden" (steps of a large staircase) under the Oberratsstube at the Kürschnerhof in Domstrasse. The competencies of pharmacists were regulated, for example, by a medical ordinance from 1502, in which the tasks of pharmacists and doctors were clearly delimited. Bishop Lorenz von Bibra issued this medical ordinance, which applies to the entire bishopric, and was largely influenced by his personal physician Burckhard von Horneck (around 1440-1522).
The printing of movable type, invented by Johannes Gutenberg in 1450, began in Würzburg in 1479 with the former Strasbourg printer Georg Reyser, whose prints were widely distributed in the Hochstift.
During the German Peasants' War , the Marienberg fortress was overrun in May 1525 without success. The rebellious peasants suffered a heavy defeat near Würzburg. The peasant war memorial at the end of the Tellstiege between the Alter Mainbrücke and the Marienberg Fortress commemorates the heap of peasants and their concerns, which were proclaimed in twelve articles . Particular demands were made of personal freedom, the end of subservience to the Prince-Bishop and moderation in tax and corporation demands. The memorial shows several roots that climb up a sloping wall and die off at the top. Tilman Riemenschneider is said to have sided with the farmers as a member of the city council and was therefore tortured and imprisoned at Marienberg Fortress. The historic Hof zum Stachel inn (in Gressengasse) was a meeting place for the rebellious citizens and farmers back then and was recognizable to the initiated on the morning star (sting) as a pub sign.
Leprosoria in Würzburg
According to data from the Gesellschaft für Leprakunde, five leprosoria can be found in Würzburg and its surroundings , which were founded between 1088 and 1380. These are in detail:
- a “hospice for the sick and lepers” next to the Margaret chapel at the former St. Stephen's monastery , which has been verifiable since 1088.
- a "special hospital " at Wöllriederhof between Würzburg and Rottendorf , which has been documented since 1245. This infirmary was transferred to the Citizens Hospital of the Holy Spirit in 1340.
- a "special hospital" (domus leprosorum) on the Anger in front of the Sander Gate ("in arena ante portam sande") which can be identified as a hospital since 1322 and was located outside the city at that time. From 1542 this became a plague hospital and in 1620 a benefactor's house for old servants. The building consecrated to St. Nicholas (1344 called leprosorium in the sand prope Herbipolim ) was located near the present-day marriage house (there is also a St. Nicholas chapel).
- Another "special cave house " ( domus leprosorum , documented in 1349 called Siechhus to our Frawenberg ) in front of the Zeller Tor on the left Main near the old guard house, which was consecrated to the Mother of God, St. Nicholas and all saints and later at the foot of the Steinbergs (Veitshöchheimer Weg) was relocated (the so-called Leprosenstein (a crucifixion relief from the middle of the 14th century) of the infirmary in front of the Zeller Tor came to the Church of St. Burkhard).
Renaissance, Reformation and Counter-Reformation
Among them the renaissance in Würzburg introductory and the Echter style (also "Julius style") . The initiating Prince-Bishop Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn , the Juliusspital was built in 1573 , the Marienberg Fortress, which burned down in 1572 together with the court library (and a valuable manuscript of the bishop's chronicle by Lorenz Fries ) was rebuilt as a Renaissance castle and in 1582 in the course of the Counter Reformation the University of Würzburg (later after him Julius-Maximilians-Universität ) re-established.
Witch persecution in Würzburg
General information on the witch hunt in Würzburg
There were numerous trials against alleged witches between 1603 and 1630. There were several witch prisons in Würzburg alone; Possible prisons here are the Hexenturm (or Feichelturm) in Otto-Straße, the Schneidturm in Pleich and the loch prison in the Grafeneckart town hall tower (named after a Vice Count Eggehardus who was the deputy of the Counts of Henneberg around 1193). Even those who were not under torture were not released and were later executed, mostly at the stake. It is assumed that over 900 people were killed in the entire monastery and around 200 in the city of Würzburg. There is a list of names with 157 people and a further 219 victims for the city of Würzburg alone.
First wave of persecution under Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn
The witch trials begin around 1590 under the rule of Prince-Bishop Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn . An exhibition in the Diocesan Museum at the cathedral in 2017 dealt with the fate of Barbara Schetzlein from Tiefenthal in Lower Franconia. In 1611 she was interrogated after being charged, and the minutes painfully recorded exactly which torture methods this woman had to endure. From 1616, the prince-bishop sent lawyers (so-called witch commissioners ) to the central courts to monitor the witch trials . The high point of the witch hunts in his reign were the years 1616 and 1617. The pyre burned everywhere in the Würzburg monastery, especially in Gerolzhofen . In the years after 1616, more than 260 people were burned there in specially built cremation ovens to cope with the large number of executions. From 1616 a witch newspaper reported on the witch burnings there: The First Newspaper in Gerolzhofen . On June 11, 1617, the cloth cutter Jakob Röder noted in his diary that the sermon had proclaimed from the pulpit that 300 people had been burned as witches in Würzburg within a year.
Because of his ruthless and stubborn manner of persecuting witches, Julius Echter is often referred to in research as a “witch slayer”, contemporaries spoke of a “Würzburg work”. His declared goal was to win back the apostates and even preached against heretics and witches, according to various sources he is said to have recatholized 100,000 in two years - whether this number is true is controversial.
Second wave of persecutions under Johann Gottfried von Aschhausen
Prince-Bishop Johann Gottfried I von Aschhausen was a declared witch hunter and set about "clearing his country of the witch waste" by building his own witch prison and ordering prayers against witches. Next to Gerolzhofen in the Würzburg area, the pyre blazed in Zeil , which was in the Bamberg area.
The climax of the persecution under Philipp Adolf von Ehrenberg
When Prince-Bishop Philipp Adolf von Ehrenberg took office , the worst phase of witch hunts began in the Würzburg Monastery. There was mass persecution, which reached its greatest extent in 1629. In addition to Würzburg and Gerolzhofen , the centers were Volkach , Marktheidenfeld and Ochsenfurt . The last phase was initiated by Philipp Adolf von Ehrenberg's mandate against witchcraft and the devil's art on June 10, 1627. Bishop von Ehrenburg was finally accused by the Frankish knighthood of the emperor for violating religious peace. The witch trials in Würzburg came to an end when the Swedes invaded.
A total of 42 mass cremations took place in the city of Würzburg between 1627 and 1629. According to the register of the witches-people, so at Würzburg with the Schwerdt and afterwards burned about 219 people were executed as witches in these years. In 1629 alone, over 150 women, men and children died as witches under the sword and at the stake. In the years 1627 to 1629 around 900 people were executed as witches in the Würzburg monastery. They came from both sexes, all age groups and from all social classes.
The last witch trial in Würzburg
The executions stopped after the 42nd fire on August 30, 1629. Those detained for witchcraft at the time were released within twelve months.
The witch trials in the Würzburg monastery were discontinued under Prince-Bishop Johann Philipp von Schönborn, who was influenced by Friedrich Spee . The last witch trial took place in Würzburg on June 21, 1749. The subprioress of Unterzell Monastery, Maria Renata Singer von Mossau , was burned on the Marienberg at Hexenbruch after her beheading .
Occupation by the Swedes (1631–1634)
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In the turmoil of the Reformation, the security policy of the prince-bishops focused on alliance policy . Julius Echter, for example, co-founded the Catholic League in 1609 . Therefore the fortifications of the city and the castle (now called fortress), which originated from the Middle Ages and no longer corresponded to the latest state, were only slowly expanded. So it was easy for King Gustav II Adolf of Sweden in the Thirty Years' War on the 14th and 15th. October 1631 to conquer the city of Würzburg. The border fortress of the Hochstift Königshofen was already taken on October 10th when the Swedes came from Erfurt to Franconia. At dawn on October 14th, the vanguard appeared on the Greinberg northeast of Würzburg. A trumpeter of the Swedish troops demanded the handover of the city, otherwise Würzburg would be devastated for the destruction of Magdeburg by the league. To do this, the Swedes blew up the Galgentor , plundered the suburbs and set over 20 buildings on fire. In order to avoid destruction, the city council agreed to surrender. On October 15, the Swedish army entered the inner city through the hospital gate . On October 16 and 17, the king had Marienberg Castle stormed, where 600 mercenaries were entrenched under the Bavarian cavalry master Adam Heinrich Keller von Schleitheim . 700 people were killed in a bloodbath, including many civilians and clergy, such as the Capuchins Leopold von Gumppenberg , Guardian of the Capuchin Monastery in Würzburg , and Simon Elperle . The recently elected Prince-Bishop Franz von Hatzfeld fled a few days earlier on October 11 with the heads of the ecclesiastical and secular administration from the castle to Mainz . During the storming, many of the books were brought from the court library, which Julius Echter had expanded, to Uppsala , Sweden, in order to be incorporated into the university there . A similar procedure was followed for the libraries of the Würzburg colleges and the Würzburg University. On November 19, 1631, the main army withdrew from Würzburg. After the army withdrew, the city had to make a monetary payment of 1,000 Reichstalers every ten days. As a result of payments of 80,000 Reichstalers at the beginning and 10,000 Reichstalers in September 1634 and other services to the Swedes, the city population became increasingly impoverished.
On March 7, 1632, the king appointed Count Kraft VII von Hohenlohe as governor general and high commandant. A little over a year later, on June 20, 1633 , the Swedish Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna transferred the Duchy of Franconia , which was formed from the monasteries of Würzburg and Bamberg , to Bernhard von Weimar . Nine days later he was solemnly inducted into his office in Würzburg. Bernhard sought a comprehensive reform of the constitutions of the two dioceses. When he left for the army of the Swedes, he transferred the power of government to his brother Ernst the Pious . This planned the establishment of a Protestant state.
On September 6, 1634, the Swedes commanded by the Duke were defeated in the Battle of Nördlingen . The returning Swedish regiments looted and robbed the city. They also brought highly contagious diseases with them. Bernhard von Weimar came back to Würzburg on September 12, 1634, but left the city on September 15, leaving behind a Swedish garrison. On October 14, 1634, the emperor's troops under General-Feldmarschall-Lieutenant Melchior von Hatzfeldt , the brother of the incumbent bishop, took the city. The prince-bishop returned on December 23rd. In mid-January 1635, the Swedish garrison surrendered at the castle, which ended the time of the Swedish occupation in Würzburg.
Würzburg in the 17th and 18th centuries
When the Swedes occupied the city and Marienburg and began building new fortifications on the northern slope of the Marienberg, Matthäus Merian portrayed Würzburg in 1632 and thus created a view of the city from the north (from the Steinberg) for the first time. This view of the city is located in today's Museum for Franconia and was included in Merian's Topographia Franconia from 1648, which he dedicated to Johann Philipp von Schönborn. Another important overall view of Würzburg from the north based on a drawing by Salomon Kleiner was published by Jeremias Wolffs Erben in 1725 .
In the 16th century the previously forbidden guilds (see above) were available again. In 1572 a common guild order for locksmiths and gunsmiths was issued and in the 17th century the clock and winch makers were incorporated. A guild consisting only of watchmakers and gunsmiths was established on February 16, 1787, which was then joined by the landmasters. Well-known Würzburg representatives of gunsmithing in the 18th century were the gun tensioners Georg Ignaz Staudinger (1698–1773) and Andreas Hauer (1739–1807). The most important Würzburg locksmiths included the court locksmith Nikolaus Neeb (1664–1734), Johann Georg Oegg , his son Johann Anton Oegg (1745–1800) and the cathedral chapter locksmith Markus Gattinger . Important watchmakers at the Würzburg court were the watchmakers Johann Henner (1676–1756) and his son-in-law Johann Trauner (1720–1772) and his successors Georg Joseph Rumpelsberger (1738–1801), Johann Baptist Eyrich (1768–1813) and Johann Jacob Kreuzer (1776–1776). 1854). The clockmakers Martin Schipani , Johann Joseph Langschwert (1712–1783) and Andreas Steib (1752–1828) were also court clockmakers . The masterpieces of the watchmakers as well as the masterpiece of the locksmith Markus Gattinger can be found in the collections of the Museum für Franken .
Johann Philipp Preuss (1605 - around 1687), who came from Erbach in the Odenwald and worked in Würzburg for decades, was one of the most important, nationally known Würzburg sculptors of the 17th century. So he created until about 1652/1653 the Neutor in the Fortress Marienberg and 1659 the wedge stone faces on the Red construction of City Hall. In the Würzburg Cathedral he made the baroque tomb of Philipp Adolf von Ehrenberg († 1631) from 1667 to 1669 , a St. Mary's altar that existed until 1945 and, opposite it, about 1681 the still existing epitaph of the provost Franz Ludwig Faust von Stromberg . († 1673). The grave slab of Johann Philipp von Schönborn († 1673) also comes from Preuss. His temporary collaborator and successor as a leading sculptor in Würzburg and the surrounding area, Michael Rieß from Forchtenberg , and the Karlstadt sculptor and wood carver Johann Caspar Brandt (1652–1701) did not gain any greater significance beyond Würzburg.
In Würzburg, the "City of 1000 Madonnas", baroque house madonnas can be found from the end of the 17th century, so - if not later - on the portal of the former Hof Emeringen created by Antonio Petrini in 1699 at Martinstrasse 5. As the most important Würzburg house madonna The Immaculata at Blasiusgasse 9 , which is based on Bossi's statue in the Schönborn Chapel, is valid (the original is in the Martin von Wagner Museum). A house Madonna (around 1724) by the court sculptor Claude Curé, who was moved to the Mainfränkisches Museum after 1945 and was entitled de victoria (“Vom Siege”), was attached to a house in Inner Graben 57.
Würzburg's first coffee house was built in 1697 with the permission of the Prince-Bishop and was run by the coffee maker Johann Ernst Nicolauß Strauss, a former Ottoman prisoner of war baptized on June 24, 1695 in the church of the Juliusspital . Further coffee bars , each to be approved by the Würzburg Disability Office , were built in the 18th century. In the early 19th century there were nine coffee houses in downtown Würzburg, many of which offered billiards .
Under Prince-Bishop Johann Philipp von Greiffenclau zu Vollraths , there were significant artistic and, above all, construction activities between 1699 and 1719. Joseph Greissing was one of the most important architects in the Würzburg monastery after the death of Antonio Petrini († 1701) at that time . The Würzburg Residence , construction of which began in 1720 and was completed in 1744, helped shape the cityscape .
In 1773 the Würzburg Jesuit College was closed. (Until then, the Jesuits determined the events at the University of Würzburg).
Würzburg in the Electorate and Kingdom of Bavaria
As early as 1796, the first coalition war spread to Lower Franconia. The French Sambre Maas Army under Jean-Baptiste Jourdan occupied Würzburg. At the beginning of September 1796 Archduke Karl liberated the Lower Franconian capital with a victory in the Battle of Würzburg .
After the unfortunate outcome of the second coalition war for Würzburg , the left side of the Main fell again to France, but the Austrian commander Dall'Aglio did not give up the fortress, which led to fighting again. Thereupon troops of the Franco- Batavian army occupied the right Main city of Würzburg. On December 25, 1800, an armistice was signed by which Dall'Aglio could withdraw with full military honors. At the end of April 1801, the French-Batavian occupation troops left Würzburg. Then Prince-Bishop Georg Karl von Fechenbach returned to Würzburg , to the great cheering of the population .
In 1802 Würzburg became Bavarian for the first time: in the late summer of 1802, before the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss was enacted , the secular princes began to occupy the territories assigned to them. So put on 3 September 1802 a kurpfalz-Bavarian Division in the Principality of Würzburg and Würzburg garrison of the Palatine troops. With the soldiers came the field preacher Karl Heinrich Fuchs, who on October 31, 1802 had held what was probably the first public Protestant service in Würzburg since the Swedish era, before freedom of religion was introduced on January 10, 1803. On November 28, 1802, the prince-bishop abdicated as secular prince and remained bishop of the diocese of Würzburg. A day later, Bavaria took official ownership of the city and the bishopric. The Bavarian administration then made itself unpopular with the population within a very short time due to the reform rage, the loss of former privileges and the abolition of popular holidays. For example, the Bavarian Elector Maximilian I Joseph , when he had to leave his court in Munich in the autumn of 1805 due to the third coalition war , was received only extremely coolly in Würzburg.
On February 1, 1806, the Grand Duchy of Würzburg, which was formed from the former bishopric at the Peace of Pressburg, was replaced by the new sovereign Ferdinand III. taken possession of from Tuscany . When he entered Würzburg on May 1, 1806, he was greeted with jubilation. At the beginning of October 1806 Napoleon came to Würzburg. Some of his troops came with him: with a population of around 20,000 at that time, the city had to take care of the food and accommodation of around 40,000 soldiers and 9,000 horses.
Because the Grand Duchy had joined the Rhine Confederation in 1806 , it had to provide war material. Troops fought with Würzburgers in battles against Russia (1807) and in Spain (1808). In 1812 and 1813 Napoleon came to Würzburg once. In 1813 he had the fortress put into a state of defense as a rear base.
Bavaria fell away from Napoleon on October 8, 1813. Grand Duke Ferdinand was still waiting. This led to a Bavarian- Austrian army under the Bavarian General Carl Philipp von Wrede taking Würzburg under fire on October 24, 1813 . Since the French commander Louis Marie Turreau was occupying the fortress and the Mainviertel, it was decided to starve him and his troops, from which the civilian population of the Mainviertel suffered most. Turreau released the Mainviertel at the end of March 1814. After his surrender on May 4, 1814, he and his troops were given free retreat.
The restrictions on the activity of monasteries, religious customs and other areas of religious life, which were imposed by the sovereign after the secularization of the bishopric after 1802, were made during the reign of Ferdinand III. (Called "Tuscany time") partially withdrawn. On October 24, 1817, a concordat between the Holy See and the Kingdom of Bavaria was ratified, and from 1817 to 1821 church conditions were reorganized.
According to Art. II of the treaty concluded between Austria and Bavaria on June 3, 1814, the Grand Duchy of Würzburg fell back to Bavaria . On May 5, 1814 Ferdinand III left. Würzburg and ceded the Grand Duchy to the Crown of Bavaria with a patent dated June 21, 1814. Von Wrede, who had meanwhile been promoted to field marshal and ruled, solemnly took possession of the former Grand Duchy and the city in the Würzburg residence on June 28, 1814.
This time Bavaria tried not to repeat the mistakes of the first occupation. For example, after visiting Würzburg in 1814, among other things, the Bavarian king decreed that the Bavarian Crown Prince Ludwig should reside with his court in Würzburg. As a result, the future Prince Regent Luitpold was born in the Würzburg residence in 1821.
The city also became the seat of an administrative district from which the Würzburg district later emerged. In 1817, Würzburg again achieved the function of capital as the capital of the newly created Lower Main District . This was renamed in 1838 as the administrative district in the district of Lower Franconia and Aschaffenburg (with the royal district capital Würzburg) and later merged into what is now the district of Lower Franconia .
In 1817 Friedrich Koenig and Andreas Bauer founded the high-speed press factory Koenig & Bauer as a successful printing machine company outside the city of Würzburg in the then secularized Oberzell monastery .
On August 2, 1819, the Hep-Hep riots began in Würzburg and subsequently spread throughout the German Confederation .
The Würzburg gauge was put into operation in 1823, making it the oldest in operation on the Main. From 1823, preparations began to set up a steamboat trip on the Main and from June 16, 1842, a steamboat ran regularly between Würzburg and Frankfurt.
From October 23, 1848, the first German bishops' conference took place in Würzburg , prepared on October 22 in the apartment of the Würzburg bishop, in the dining room of the seminary and from November in the refectory of the Franciscan monastery.
After the Jesuits had carried out their popular mission in the cathedral and monastery in Haug in February 1853, the Vinzentius Association for men and the St. Elisabeth Association for women were established in the Neumünster Church on April 10 of the same year . On December 1, 1853, the Vinzentiusverein opened a home for neglected Catholic male youths in a building at what is now Bahnhofstrasse 8. This resulted in the Vinzentinum , which was given a new building in the Grombühl district in 1891. After the young people had initially received lessons at the Hauger School, their own institutional school was established in 1886.
The Elisabethenverein had acquired a house in 1854 to accommodate girls in need at Bibrastrasse 13 and was initially run by sisters from the Congregation of the Daughters of the Divine Redeemer . The home then moved to Kettengasse 1 in 1856, then to the former Pleich schoolhouse and finally bought a building at Bohnesmühlgasse 16, where the new Elisabethenheim was moved into in 1867 , which was operated by the Star Sisters from 1868 .
In 1853, on December 8th, a Catholic journeyman's association based on the model of Adolf Kolping was established, which had its clubhouse in Wöllergasse. The club house of the journeyman's association was enlarged by its chairman Michael Beckert (1822-1894; from 1858 cathedral vicar and then in 1872 pastor of St. Peter), who acted as such from 1863. Beckert was also the driving force behind the founding of an association for expectant mothers, the St. Vincent Conference at the Marienkapelle, the Catholic men's association and the Marienverein for Catholic female servants. The Marienverein then made it possible to build a Marienheim in Franz-Ludwig-Strasse. Further examples of Catholic association work at the end of the 19th century are the Catholic Workers' Association , which was founded in 1890 and which owed its St. Burkardushof club house at Burkarderstraße 26 and its establishment primarily to the ultramontane cathedral priest Karl Braun (1841–1909), and the 1892 formed people's association of Catholic Germany .
Würzburg was connected to the telegraph network in 1850 and the one that opened the markets (for affordable firewood, for example) was connected to the railway network, which had been propagated since around 1828, in 1854. On July 1, 1854, the first journey took place on the Schweinfurt-Würzburg railway line. In October of the same year, the Würzburg-Aschaffenburg route was opened.
Würzburg's first gasworks (see Würzburger Versorgungs- und Verkehrs-GmbH # history ) was built in 1855 and was operated with wood. In 1874/75 there was a switch to gasification from coal to coke.
In November 1859 a ministerial meeting was held in Würzburg with the aim of achieving greater unity in Germany . Conferences of the war ministers that took place there in 1860 and 1864 to establish a so-called Third Germany alongside Prussia and Austria failed. See: Würzburg Conferences .
Würzburg also gained importance as a banking center, after one of the first municipal savings banks in Bavaria was established there in 1822 , in 1864 with the opening of a branch of the Bayerische Hypotheken- und Wechselbank and in 1871 with the establishment of Würzburger Sparbank e. G. Jewish private bankers such as Jakob von Hirsch (whose bank existed until the 1860s) and his son Julius Jakob Joel von Hirsch (1789–1876), who had founded his own bank in 1811, played a leading role . Around 1925 there was a branch of the banking house Nathan Stern & Sohn in the Kronprinz office building .
From 1863 to 1869 the new main station was built outside of the ramparts. The Kaiserstraße connecting it with the city center was completed between 1872 and 1874 (a planned extension to Eichhornstraße and the market square could not be carried out because the Augustinian Convent did not sell the property of the secularized Dominican monastery). In addition to the dismantled tracks of the old train station, which was abandoned in 1864, Ludwigstrasse was initially laid out as a residential street in 1868.
Close to the station were in Grombühl the iron foundry and machine shop by Reinhard (1863) interposed between Fabrikstraße and Schweinfurt street Maschinenfabrik Bohn (1867) and Thaler 's artificial wool factory (1862) emerged.
From September 11th to 15th, 1864, the XVI. General assembly of the Catholic Associations of Germany, the 16th Katholikentag , takes place (further German Katholikentage 1877, 1893 and 1907).
In the course of the Austro-Prussian War , the fortress (on July 27th) and the Mainviertel were shelled by Prussian troops in 1866 and the city was partially occupied by the beginning of September. Versbach in particular suffered from the billeting of Bavarian and Prussian troops in July and August of that year. After the end of the war, the Bavarian king also visited Würzburg on November 24, 1866 on his journey through Franconia . The fortress property for the left Main Main region of Würzburg (the Marienberg and the Mainviertel) and (after the repeal of the fortress property for the right Main Main part of Würzburg according to a decree of September 26th King Maximilian on October 7th 1856) thus for the entire city area became on May 7th Abolished in 1867 (in December 1856 the first dismantling measures of the city fortifications - removal of palisades and barriers in front of the city gates, demolition of the fortifications at Sander Gate - had already begun). In 1868 the city of Würzburg acquired the land area of the baroque ramparts on the right Main Main and the glacis. From 1869 to 1880 the city was then “ de-fortified ”. After that, urban expansion measures were started, such as the first wall breakthroughs in the south of the old town (1869 Sandertor, 1873 Münzgasse and 1880 Ottostraße).
In 1874, the Beautification Association , which still exists today, was founded in Würzburg with the plant physiologist Julius Sachs as its first chairman. By buying up and reforesting land, the association created recreational areas on the heights of the Main Valley until 1914, including 30 hectares with the Würzburg Steinbachtal that it designed , 60 hectares on the Nikolausberg, 7 hectares of the Bismarck forest on the Steinberg and 14 hectares of the Gerbrunner Anhöhe-Sieboldshöhe . Among other things, the Beautification Association built the Frankenwarte observation tower and initiated the restoration of the Lusamgärtchen, known for its alleged tomb of the minstrel Walther von der Vogelweide .
Under Mayor Georg von Zürn , since the enactment of the municipal ordinance in 1869 , further building measures as well as numerous reforms and investments have been initiated in addition to the demolition and the associated ring park , which was designed by Jens Person Lindahl from 1880 onwards , in whose design the Beautification Association was also involved. In 1871, the exemption from school fees was introduced. The artillery barracks on Faulenbergstrasse were continuously expanded until 1894.
Würzburg's first department store was opened by Luitpold Rosenthal in 1883. Electric lighting was introduced in Würzburg from 1884, initially privately, and from 1897 onwards by an electricity plant in the Wallgasse area next to the already existing waterworks (in today's Bahnhofstrasse) . A telephone network was installed from 1887 (on October 1, initially with 130 private and 18 official connections). The first underground telephone line in Würzburg was laid in 1900. The first public intercom for taxis was built in 1914 at the Vierröhrenbrunnen. In 1891 the Würzburg pharmacists Landauer and Oberhäußer founded the Kneipp works with Sebastian Kneipp .
Founded in 1882 as a horse-drawn tram, the Würzburg tram, which still shapes the city center today , was built in 1900 as an electric tram .
In 1892 a palace of justice was built on Ottostraße .
After a major Catholic event had already taken place in 1889 with the 1200th anniversary of the martyrdom of the Franconian apostles as Kilians Festival , on the occasion of which the seminar teacher and cathedral music director Karl Weinberger composed a St. Kilians song (with the text of the Aschaffenburg director of studies Edmund Behringer ) On August 27th to 31st, 1893, a Catholic Day was held in Würzburg with around 2500 official participants and an extensive supporting program.
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen discovered the X-rays named after him in the Physics Institute of the University of Würzburg .
The Protestant St. John's Church was inaugurated on June 24, 1895 . The Würzburger Evangelisches Gemeindeblatt , published by Dean Hermann Beck since July 1891, reported on the construction progress of the church, which was built by the congregation itself from 1892 onwards (the monthly congregation newspaper appeared until November 1940 and has been continued as a monthly greeting since November 1950 ).
In the course of the imperial maneuver in 1897, on September 1st and 2nd of that year, many German princes stayed in the city alongside the German emperor and his wife. That is why one speaks of the “Würzburger Fürstentage”.
The Josefschule in Grombühl opened in 1894 and the central school in Bibrastraße in 1899. The New University was opened on Sanderring in 1896 . Several university institutes were established at the Röntgenring from 1876 to 1902.
After the Kaiserstraße was created in 1874 to connect the new train station with the city center and the Luitpold Bridge was built in 1888 and the Ludwig Bridge in 1894, further construction work was carried out on a larger scale at the turn of the century around 1900 and in the following 20 years. In Schönbornstrasse, for example, at that time a preferred shopping street in the city, the Central Hotel was built with a cinema on the ground floor.
The Würzburg Railway Directorate, which emerged in Würzburg (since the mid-1860s, the most important Lower Franconian railway junction since the mid-1860s) was responsible for railway operations in the areas of Gunzenhausen-Nördlingen, Neustadt an der Aisch, Bamberg and the Bavarian border in the west and west North. Referred to as Reichsbahndirektion from 1922, the directorate existed until 1930 when it was integrated into the Reichsbahndirektion Nürnberg . Also in 1907 the Oberpostdirektion in Würzburg emerged (from the Oberpostamt), which in 1943 was incorporated into the corresponding Nuremberg authority. In 1906, the postal administration acquired the building of the former canon court Rödelsee on Paradeplatz .
In 1904 a YMCA group was founded in Würzburg .
In 1909, the Berlin Julius-Springer-Verlag became the main shareholder of the printing works (university printing and publishing house) owned by Heinrich Stürtz, which was converted into a stock corporation that year. The Stürtz printing company was originally located in the back building of house no. 7 in Ludwigstrasse, which was expanded in 1868.
From 1911 there was a private and first singing school in Würzburg founded by the music teacher Raimund Heuler. Heuler's music school ceased to exist with the “Music School for Youth and People” founded by the city of Würzburg and the Hitler Youth in 1939, which began its less successful schooling on January 15, 1941.
In 1913, the Luitpold-Lichtspiele , called “LuLi” for short, opened in Domstrasse as the first permanent Würzburg cinema (Würzburg's first film screenings were made in October 1896 by the “Edison Salon”, a mobile cinematograph). In 1913 the newly created office was also given the municipal school inspector Gustav Walle, who succeeded Friedrich Ullrich as the municipal school councilor in 1915 and after whom the Gustav Walle School in the Lindleinsmühle district was later named.
During the Würzburg celebrations that took place with the participation of the Bavarian royal family on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of Lower Franconia and Würzburg to Bavaria on June 27 and 28, 1914, the First World War began and a state of war was declared in the whole kingdom on July 31.
During the First World War, an orthopedic clinic and "educational institution" with training workshops was built at Brettreichstrasse 11. The clinic is now the Orthopedic Clinic König-Ludwig-Haus in the sponsorship of the Lower Franconia district.
Weimar Republic (1918 to 1933)
In 1918, Würzburg had around 95,000 inhabitants. After the revolution that took place in Munich on November 7, 1918, a workers 'and soldiers' council was formed on November 9 in Würzburg . The Würzburg council republic was in April 1919 a three-day rule of council communism .
The Würzburg Adult Education Center opened on November 25, 1918.
In May 1919 the Reichswehr Brigade 23 was stationed in Würzburg .
Before Eugenio Pacelli , Apostolic Nuncio for the Apostolic Nunciature in Munich , was appointed papal Nuncio for the Weimar Republic in 1920, he had visited Würzburg in December 1919.
The first major banks to open their branches in Würzburg were Dresdner Bank , which had acquired Haus zum Hirschen on May 24, 1921 and had been operating a branch there since October of the same year, and Deutsche Bank , which opened a branch in November 1920 1877 erected on Kaiser Platz after the architect Friedrich Buchner (1839-1882) named Buchner's Palace (also Buchner Palais -called representative building was rebuilt after the Second world war, but in favor of a new building for a C & a torn Neopost branch at Central Station 1971) opened. The Würzburger Sparkasse (today Sparkasse Mainfranken Würzburg ), which was founded in the 19th century , found its domicile in a new building at the Kürschnerhof, on the site of the regional court building demolished in 1894.
In 1920, the Würzburg Diocesan Charity Association , the German Caritas Association, was founded to coordinate the charitable work of the Catholic Church . On September 13, the Central Committee of German Catholics convened a representative day for the Catholic associations in Würzburg.
Also in 1920, in addition to the existing courts, a tax court was set up in Würzburg , and in 1927 a regional labor court followed for Würzburg and Schweinfurt, and from 1929 also for Aschaffenburg .
In 1924, with the death of the robbery murderer Otto Ratzinger, the last execution took place in Würzburg.
The London Times mentions Würzburg in an article about a legal dispute between the British stock brokerage office Loewenstein, Rattle, and Co. stockbrokers and Würzburg citizen Johanna Schwabacher. Before the First World War, she and her brother-in-law Emil bought shares on the London Stock Exchange, the proceeds of which she did not get back after the war. The amount involved was over £ 7000. The civil case caused quite a stir because it reflected the modalities of the Versailles Treaty , according to which all legal claims on the German side were forfeited. Ms. Schwabacher was nevertheless right in February 1928 and her money, including some speculative profits, was refunded.
National Socialist Period (1922–1945)
Beginnings
In December 1919, a local group of the Deutschvölkischer Schutz- und Trutzbund was founded in Würzburg , a forerunner organization of the NSDAP, which was demanding the extensive elimination of Jews from public life. Anti-Semitic campaigns in Lower Franconia have been led since 1922 primarily by the market-wide dentist Otto Hellmuth (from 1927 NSDAP Gauleiter and from 1928 member of the state parliament), who also used the inflammatory speaker Andrea Ellendt in numerous events (for example in front of a mass audience on December 17, 1922 in Huttenschen Garden ). After Adolf Hitler's supporters came together in Würzburg in December 1922 , Franz Schillinger founded a local NSDAP group there with the help of Robert Reinecke (1879–1944), a councilor for propaganda in Franconia, who worked as a propaganda speaker until the 1940s . A National Socialist was represented on the city council for the first time after the election on December 7, 1924. After the NSDAP, which was banned in 1923, was re-admitted in 1925, its Würzburg branch was re-established. In contrast to those of other Bavarian cities, the National Socialists initially had relatively little success, and the Bavarian People's Party in Würzburg remained the strongest party until 1933 . The Palais of Baroness Margarethe von Thüngen, known as the “Würzburg SA mother”, in Herrngasse 2 opposite the Bishop's Palace, however, opened up access to higher society for the National Socialists.
time of the nationalsocialism
After the NSDAP had been banned as a result of the Hitler-Ludendorff putsch of November 9, 1923, the Würzburg local group was re-established on April 5, 1925. Adolf Hitler became (non-public) on October 11, 1925 in the Harmonie building on Hofstrasse received by his Würzburg party comrades. He spoke publicly in Würzburg on August 5, 1930 and (with Hermann Göring ) on April 6, 1932 in the Frankenhalle on Veitshöchheimer Strasse in front of an audience of four to five thousand and on October 16, 1932 in the Würzburg Ludwigshalle . The NSDAP, which has officially represented in the city council since December 8, 1929, already had 406 members in Würzburg at the beginning of 1930. The Nazis reached after the appointment of Adolf Hitler as chancellor on January 30, 1933 in the Reichstag elections March 5, 1933 in Würzburg 31 percent (national average 44 per cent) of the votes. From March 9 to 11, 1933, it was housed against the will of Hans Löffler and under the direction of Gauleiter Otto Hellmuth and district leader Theo Memmel , who was Bruno John's predecessor as NSDAP local group leader in Würzburg-Stadt from September 1931 to early 1933 Among other things, the hoisting of the swastika flag on public buildings as an externally visible sign of the takeover of power. The Echter publishing house was occupied in March 1933 and banned on August 28, 1942. Already three weeks before the nationwide boycott of Jewish shops on April 1, 1933, Otto Hellmuth and the NSDAP district leader Theo Memmel had closed Jewish shops and the variety theater "CC" of Johann Strauss, who had to flee, on March 11. forced. This was followed by searches of the apartments of leading members of the Jewish community by the Gestapo, further boycott campaigns and, among many other reprisals, professional bans on Jewish lawyers and doctors.
Lord Mayor Löffler had to resign on March 23 and was replaced by NSDAP member Theo Memmel. On March 24th, Theaterstrasse was renamed Adolf-Hitler-Strasse (the Gauleitung Mainfranken under Otto Hellmuth was located at Adolf-Hitler-Strasse 24) and on April 4th it was officially opened under Mayor Memmel. Both Adolf Hitler (who visited Würzburg seven times from 1925 onwards) and Reich President Paul von Hindenburg were made honorary citizens of the city on May 2, 1933. On the occasion of a major event, Hitler received his honorary citizenship certificate on June 27th on Residenzplatz. On May 10th, as in 21 other German university cities, a public book burning took place on Residenzplatz. After the resignation of the BVP and SPD , the National Socialist City Council consisted of 26 members in June 1933. In July 1933, the synchronization process started in March was completed. After the dissolution of the Reichstag, there was a new election, in which only the list of the NSDAP was on display, and the referendum of November 12, 1933, in which the NSDAP received 94.4% of the votes, the Würzburg members joined with 96.27%. In May 1933 the office of the NSDAP district leadership Würzburg-Stadt was moved from Semmelstrasse 15 to the town hall. In 1934, on April 7th and 28th, the Bishop's Palace was occupied by the National Socialists and, in the same year, the municipal gyms were closed to Jewish children. The Mainfränkische Zeitung , the party organ of the NSDAP , appeared for the first time in 1934 . After Heidingsfeld had already been incorporated with 5700 inhabitants in 1930, Würzburg became a major city in 1934 and the city planners assumed in the following years a population of up to 140,000 in 1970. According to a decree issued by Hitler on February 17, 1939, the National Socialist transformation of Würzburg into a district capital was planned, for which Hubert Groß, as head of the newly established city planning office, and the architect and Reich inspector Albert Speer submitted the drafts. In April 1943, the redesign projects of German cities were stopped again with a decree by the Reich Ministry of the Interior.
The last meeting of the "old" municipal council took place on March 15, 1935, the new National Socialist city council began its preliminary work on May 24, 1935 and on October 1, district inspector Fritz Conrad, who also chaired the city council meetings, appointed 32 councilors.
Unemployed people were used for building and cultivation measures through the establishment of a voluntary labor service in 1933. For this purpose, labor camps were set up, on April 30th one at the Marienberg Fortress and, until March 1935, one in Dürrbachau as the “most beautiful labor camp in Germany” .
Between 1930 and 1938, numerous building projects, especially housing and settlement projects, were carried out in Würzburg. Among other things, the clay pit settlement in Heidingsfeld, homeless shelters in the Zellerau and on Faulenberg, and in 1934 the non-profit construction company for small apartments were built .
Church institutions also emerged during this time: from 1930 onwards, the Claretine missionaries set up a boys' seminar, starting in Wöllergasse, which moved to Mergentheimer Straße in 1935. In 1934/35 the Heiligkreuz church was built in the Zellerau and in 1937 the church of Our Lady in Frauenland was completed according to plans by Albert Boßlet .
In 1935, Leo Günther as the author and Adolf Drößler as the publisher's owner received the Würzburg city plaque in bronze on the occasion of the publication of the third and fourth volumes of the Würzburger Chronik by the Bonitas-Bauer publishing house. In 1938 the fifth and sixth volumes were prepared.
In 1936 the National Socialists used the Marienberg Castle in Würzburg as an " SA relief camp", whose "important social and educational task is to retrain unemployed young SA comrades".
On August 14, 1936, the Würzburg rowing four without a helmsman ( Willi Menne , Martin Karl , Toni Rom and Rudolf Eckstein ) received a gold medal at the Olympic Games in Berlin and the city's golden plaque. In the same year, on November 15, Würzburg's first indoor swimming pool was opened in Sanderau. For his services to the construction of the indoor pool, Sanitätsrat Apetz received the silver city plaque on this occasion.
In 1938 the city chronicle department was created in the Würzburg city archive. Hans Oppelt became the head of the department.
At Easter 1938, the city of Würzburg took over the girls 'high school run by the English Misses, who had been working in Würzburg since 1866 (see Maria Ward School in Würzburg ), as well as the secondary girls' school of the poor school sisters in Heidingsfeld, and the entire private girls 'school system became urban and with the other secondary girls' schools in a municipal high school for girls in Würzburg , which was named Mozart School on December 5, 1942 . On February 15, 1938, the so-called community school was introduced, which led to the abolition of the denominational schools. In the school year 1938/39, all denominational primary schools were converted into community primary schools (after the Second World War, denominational schools were rebuilt in Würzburg under Bishop Julius Döpfner ).
On June 28, 1937, on the occasion of Hitler's visit, the "largest rally that ever took place on Residenzplatz" took place.
With the beginning of the November pogroms 1938 ("Reichskristallnacht") that took place on the night of November 9th to 10th, the Heidingsfeld synagogue was set on fire at 2:30 am with the participation of the surgeon, SA leader and SA Obersturmbann doctor Ernst Seifert . In the early morning of November 10, 1938, as in all of Germany , Jewish shops and facilities of the Jewish community were destroyed by demolition and arson in the city center, especially in the old town and Sanderau , of Würzburg . The wine merchant Ernst Lebermann was arrested by party members mobilized by the Würzburg NSDAP local group south in his apartment at Scheffelstrasse 5, injured and taken to the regional court prison in Ottostrasse. The next day he died in the Jewish hospital.
The first deportations of Jewish citizens took place on November 27, 1941. Initially, 202 people were transported from the Aumühle freight loading station to Riga. For the sixth and last time, deportations from Würzburg took place on June 17, 1943. On that day one transport took place directly to Auschwitz, another to Theresienstadt. The local organizational head of the Würzburg Gestapo for the deportations was criminal inspector Michael Völkl († May 1945 due to suicide).
Würzburg played an important role in the so-called Action T4 , in which more than 100,000 psychiatric patients and disabled people were systematically murdered by SS doctors and nurses. The central figure was Werner Heyde , professor of psychiatry and neurology at the University of Würzburg as well as head of the “medical department” of the “euthanasia” headquarters and chief appraiser of the euthanasia campaign. Heyde was from October 1934 as an employee, later as district office manager in Ludwigstrasse 8 until 1938 (then in today's Klinikstrasse 6, the " Welzhaus ", where an epileptic house was established in 1773, Adam Elias von Siebold created a new maternity clinic from 1805, Robert Ritter von Welz had operated his private eye clinic and also inaugurated on May 10, 1939 Institute of science of heredity and race research ) located was housed race Policy Office (as of November 1938 in the former clinic Gasse 6 I., previously in Ludwigstraße 8) of Gau Mainfranken active (the racial hygienist Ludwig Schmidt worked in the same building ). As an assessor in the Hereditary Health Court there , he decided on applications for compulsory sterilization .
Heyde is also considered to be the initiator of the idea of setting up a subcamp of the Flossenbürg concentration camp on the grounds of the mental hospital of the University Hospital in Würzburg, because of his relationships within the SS and his experience as an expert in the murder of concentration camp prisoners in the " Aktion 14f13 " between April 1943 and March 1945 concentration camp prisoners and slave laborers were held. The prisoners were initially housed in their own barracks on Friesstrasse, an improvised prison within a detention center of the Würzburg Secret State Police . Guarded by the SS and dressed in blue and white striped camp drillichs , the prisoners of the subcamp marched in the morning and in the evening from this emergency prison through the Würzburg city area to their place of work, the clinic premises at Füchsleinstrasse 15, and back. From autumn 1943 a cellar of a clinic building secured with barbed wire served as accommodation for the prisoners.
The last session of the National Socialist City Council was held on December 22, 1944.
Resistance to National Socialism in Würzburg from 1933 to 1945 came from some Catholic youth groups and individual leaders (in the Diocese of Würzburg particularly supported by Oskar Neisinger) of such groups, who, however, rarely received support from the higher clergy. Active resistance from Protestant youth groups, which in Würzburg was affiliated to the Hitler Youth in December 1933 by Reich Bishop Ludwig Müller , is not known. The Catholic youth groups were banned in January 1938. Illegally active groups still had support from, for example, the cathedral chaplain Fritz Bauer and the lawyer Georg Angermaier as well as the pastor Josef Heeger ( parish of St. Burkard ) and the Hanselmann bakery, which provided a room for printing newsletters for the Catholic youth in Hofstrasse, receive. From 1941 to 1944, the so-called Green Group was particularly active.
On the official church side, Bishop Matthias Ehrenfried should be mentioned as an opponent of National Socialism . Of the Protestant pastors in Würzburg, only Wolf Meyer-Erlach and Theodor Reißinger, who worked as the second pastor of St. Johannis from 1932 and retired in 1944 due to illness , had joined the religious movement German Christians who sympathized with the NSDAP . In the struggle between church and the Protestant clergy held back largely, though as the pastor Wilhelm Sebastian Shmerl (of the congregation of the German House Church ) and Adolf Wunderer (of St. Stephan ) for a denominational church faithful uttered.
Würzburg in World War II
Würzburg had been prepared for a coming war as early as 1935. In connection with the introduction of general conscription, a "military office" was set up in the Würzburg city administration in 1935. Its tasks included the organization of future war management. After the outbreak of World War II with the attack on Poland on September 1, 1939, the local distribution of leaflets, ID cards and food cards was implemented accordingly. The first ration cards were delivered from Berlin under police protection at the beginning of 1939.
Not only the war economy by the city administration had been planned; This also included psychological preparation - for example, the installation of a tin aircraft bomb subtitled "Luftschutz is not" on the parade ground in front of the main post office building by the Reichsluftschutzbund . Air raid exercises had been carried out since October 1934. In 1935, on the gallows one air base set up in 1936 and the department of air protection . In 1939 the Mainfränkisches Museum was closed. Tourism came to a standstill between 1941 and 1945 and the hotel accommodations were largely used to accommodate members of the Wehrmacht. Apart from the concrete bunker for Gauleiter Hellmuth , his family and employees, Würzburg did not have a larger air raid shelter. The first air raid on Würzburg took place on February 21, 1942, during which four bombs were dropped in the area of the Südbahnhof. On July 21, 1944, there were also bombing raids on Würzburg, claiming 41 victims. At the end of 1944, students were used as flak helpers. From November 1944, Würzburg Volkssturm units were set up. The Würzburg main station was bombed on February 23, 1945. On January 23, 1945, Würzburg was first put on a list for possible area attacks.
Bombing on March 16, 1945 and the course of the war until the fall of Würzburg on April 6
In the last weeks of the Second World War (September 1939 to May 1945) (two weeks before Churchill's decision to end area bombing and the American invasion) bombers from the Royal Air Force attacked Würzburg. In the 17-minute bombing raid on Würzburg and Heidingsfeld on March 16, 1945, over 5000 people were killed. The inner city was destroyed to 90 percent. The model of the completely destroyed city center and the names of those killed are documented in the memorial on the right at the entrance to Grafeneckart. The mass grave with a memorial bell for the bomb victims is on the left in front of the main entrance to the main cemetery . The Coventry Ecumenical Reconciliation Prayer for Peace takes place in the Lady Chapel every Friday at 12 noon to commemorate the victims of war and bombing . On numerous buildings there are references to the reconstruction after the war.
On March 26th there was an air raid on Versbach with seven dead residents, on March 31st on Unterdürrbach with 78 dead.
On April 1st the American troops reached Rottenbauer, on April 2nd they were in Heidingsfeld and occupied Höchberg. On the same day, the 42nd Division under Major General Harry J. Collins occupied the entire left side of the Main up to the Marienberg Fortress. The words “Heil Hitler!” On the fortress wall were painted over by the Americans by “42D Infantry Rainbow Division”, which stayed in Würzburg until April 6th.
Since April 2, 1945, Würzburg was under American artillery fire. The Wehrmacht withdrew to the right bank of the Main and blew up the three main bridges. From April 3, US troops from Zellerau and Mainviertel set out on boats and an auxiliary bridge over the river to the right side of the Main. On April 4, there were fierce defensive battles in the rubble desert of the city center. About 1,000 German soldiers and 300 Americans fell. On April 5, the last resistance in the outskirts was broken and Gustav Pinkeburg was appointed by the Americans as Lord Mayor.
post war period
The CSU was founded in Würzburg on October 13, 1945 (see Adam Stegerwald , whose Würzburg speech of August 21, 1945 is considered a CSU founding date). The Main-Post appeared for the first time in November of the same year . The SPD , which had been politically active again as an anti-National Socialist party since April , the CSU on November 3, 1946 and the FDP on August 18, 1947, were registered or licensed as local associations with the American military government . The KPD , which had been "anti-fascist" since summer 1945 , had already been licensed by the military government in September 1945. The Würzburg Reconstruction Community (WWW), licensed on April 26, 1946 , only existed until shortly after the local elections in 1946 .
Because of their NSDAP membership, 320 employees of the city administration were dismissed in 1945. The first city council after the war was elected on May 26, 1946. The first elected mayor was Michael Meisner in June 1946 and Hans Löffler succeeded him in this office on August 16 .
Denazification and the Würzburg judicial chamber proceedings began in 1946. In March 1949, Otto Pfrang, a former security guard in the Dachau concentration camp , was sentenced to death before the large criminal chamber of the regional court . The sentence was later commuted to life imprisonment. Other convicts were Josef Gerum , who received one year imprisonment as the former head of the Würzburg Gestapo , and the former mayor Theo Memmel, who was initially sentenced to five years in a labor camp in 1947, but after his internment in August 1949 only a fine of 500 marks had to pay. The former Gauleiter Otto Hellmuth was arrested in May 1947 and sentenced to death by hanging by the Supreme US Military Court in Dachau , later downgraded to life imprisonment in Landberg Prison . In June 1955 Hellmuth was pardoned. After his release he received 5,160 marks as a so-called returnee allowance and in 1958 he set up as a dentist in Reutlingen.
The Bavarian Administrative Court in Würzburg was set up in January 1947 as the first instance in administrative disputes within the government district .
The Claretian community, who came to Würzburg in 1930 and had set up a boys' seminar there, moved to Virchowstrasse after the Second World War . In 1949 the seat of the superior of the German province came to Würzburg with the mission procuration of the Claretine missionaries (the Claretine monastery has been at Wölffelstrasse 13 since 1989).
reconstruction
The destruction of Würzburg on March 16, 1945 is one of the most extensive of all major German cities in terms of its area-wide area, large parts of Grombühl, Heidingsfeld and Zellerau.
The art historian Rudolf Edwin Kuhn (1920–2001) and his voluntary work group, as well as the US art protection officer John Davis Skilton, saved the residence from disintegration due to the winter frosts by sealing the roof despite the lack of timber.
A memorial plaque made of red sandstone on the flood protection wall between Altes Kranen and Kranenkai reminds of the rubble women and rubble men who made the reconstruction of Würzburg possible again . The almost 30 kilometers of the rubble railway's track network ended there . The rubble was removed from the banks of the Main on ships. A Lore with Keuper stones reminiscent of that time. Because of the destruction of living space, individual rooms were overcrowded with up to seven people. Würzburg residents without an apartment who had fled to the surrounding area were not allowed to move back to Würzburg as "foreign citizens".
The architect and building officer Paul Heinrich Otte headed the city planning office from 1948 and was decisively involved in the planning for the reconstruction of Würzburg in the 1950s. The redesign of the city included residential construction and the widening of numerous inner-city streets in 1956, the new Kaufhof building (the Sandhof building demolished at the end of the 19th century, built between 1594 and 1597 under Julius Echter ) with a grid facade and flat roof in Schönbornstraße (emerged from the connection between Sandgasse and the Kürschnerhof), the expansion of the branches of Neckermann in 1951 and Hettlage (all three in Schönbornstraße) as well as the new Mozart School built between 1955 and 1957 on the site of the Maxschule and the new building for the government of 1954 to 1956 Lower Franconia.
In April 1949 Faribault became the sponsor city of Würzburg and donated large amounts of food to the city.
The St. Bruno Factory , founded by Robert Kümmert under Bishop Julius Döpfner in January 1949, created numerous apartments in Würzburg by 1955 to eliminate the housing shortage in the post-war period.
In July 1950 the Mainfranken fair took place on the Mainwiesen for the first time and the first Kiliani folk festival after the war on the Sanderrasen . In 1955, Severin opened a clothing store and the Kupsch company opened a branch in the new shopping mall on Domstrasse . In 1955, Siemens opened a branch in Würzburg as part of the industrial settlement that had been subsidized since 1950 , as did Raiffeisen-Kraftfutterwerke . The high-speed press manufacturer Koenig & Bauer rebuilt its factory at the old location. In 1956 the Dallenbergbad was opened and on May 5, 1958 the decision to build a new municipal theater was made. Federal President Theodor Heuss visited Würzburg several times during the reconstruction, so in 1952 the Mainfränkisches Museum for the exhibition 1200 years Franconia sacra and in 1955 when he visited the St. Alfons Church , which was newly built in 1954 , and in September 1960. 1961 got Würzburg with the motorway to Frankfurt am Main connection to the national road network. In the same year the city acquired the Heuchelhof estate and built a new residential area there in the following years. In his budget speech on December 16, 1963, Mayor Helmuth Zimmerer declared the reconstruction of the city of Würzburg to be complete.
In particular, the licentiate , senior church councilor and Wilhelm Schwinn (1905–1974), who served as dean from 1949 to 1964, contributed to the reconstruction of the Protestant congregations and the diakonia . In 1963 the Rudolf-Alexander-Schröder -Haus he initiated was inaugurated as a center for evangelical adult education.
Urban development and events from 1965
In 1965 there were 121,778 inhabitants in the city and construction work began on the university expansion on Hubland as a project of a “suburban university” which was not uncontroversial at the beginning of the 1960s. In 1966 the new city theater was opened, in 1967 the Dallenbergbad. Würzburg's first Social Democratic Lord Mayor was Klaus Zeitler from 1968 to 1990 . In 1970 the new synagogue was built and in 1971 the Würzburg-Schweinfurt University of Applied Sciences was founded. In 1971 Würzburg also became one of the five German intercity line connection stations. From 1972 to 1975 several pedestrian zones were created in the city center. In 1973 over 10,000 students were enrolled at the University of Würzburg and the Conservatory for Music became a music college. In 1981 the Carl-Diem-Halle and the new building of the Würzburg University Library opened on Hubland. A new zoning plan, necessary due to the urban development of Würzburg, was created between 1976 and July 1985. In November 1985 the Würzburg Congress Center was opened. Residual waste has been used as an energy source in the waste incineration plant in Gattingerstraße since 1984. From June 6th to 8th, 1986 around 25,000 people came together in Würzburg for the first German Environment Day . In 1989, 33,900 emigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe as well as citizens of the GDR visited the Citizen Aid Office . After the border was opened on November 9, 1989, the first Trabis, Ladas and Wartburgs were spotted on November 11 on Residenzplatz. The town hall foyer was equipped with 15 additional counters for the payment of the so-called welcome money of 100 DM to former GDR citizens . The partnership with the southern Thuringian city of Suhl, which began in November 1989, was contractually extended on January 23, 1990, according to Lord Mayor Zeitler, in order to prevent the number of emigrants from increasing further through cooperation between the two cities.
The Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen party entered the Würzburg city council for the first time in 1990. In the same year, the first environmental department in Würzburg was created.
On May 14, 1997, a tree protection ordinance for climate improvement and noise protection was passed in Würzburg . In 2005, Würzburg's first special mosque building opened. The citizens of Würzburg rejected an arcade project at the main train station on December 3, 2006.
On July 18, 2016, a terrorist attack occurred on a regional train near Würzburg , which ended in Heidingsfeld with the shooting of the assassin. The perpetrator entered Germany as part of the refugee crisis in 2015/2016 and pledged himself to the terrorist militia of Islamic states , which confirmed the complaint about the attack.
Würzburg in the administrative region of Lower Franconia
The city of Wurzburg had already on 22 June 1970 Flag of Honor received by the Committee on Regional Planning and Municipal Affairs Council of Europe and was mainly due to the European political commitment of the Würzburg Social Hanns Heinz Bauer based, on 14 October 1973 with the European Prize for their outstanding efforts to honored the idea of European integration. The residence was declared a World Heritage Site in 1981. The Bavarian State Garden Show took place in Würzburg in 1990, as part of which an environmental department and an environmental station were set up in Würzburg. In 2018 the state garden show was held again in the city . In 2004 the city's 1,300th anniversary was celebrated.
literature
- Ignatius Gropp: Wirtzburg Chronicle whose latter times […]. 2 volumes. Engman, Würzburg 1748-1750.
- Theophil Franck: Theophilus Francken's brief history of the Franckenland and its capital Würtzburg. Raspe, Frankfurt am Main 1755.
- Carl Heffner, D. Reuss: Würzburg and its surroundings, a historical-topographical handbook. Wurzburg 1852.
- Hans Oppelt: Würzburg Chronicle of the memorable year 1945. Würzburg 1947.
- Heinz Otremba (Ed.): 15 Centuries of Würzburg. Echter, Würzburg 1979, ISBN 3-429-00641-4 .
- Würzburg Chronicle. History, names, gender, life, deeds and death of the bishops of Würzburg and the dukes of Franconia, including what happened during the reign of each and every one of them. , ed. by Leo Günther, Ludwig Gehring a. a., Vol. 1–4, Bonitas-Bauer, Würzburg (1848) 1924–1927 (1935), new print Neustadt ad Aisch 1987
- Roland Flade: The Würzburg Jews. Your story from the Middle Ages to the present. Wuerzburg 1987.
- Sybille Grübel, Clemens Wesely: Würzburg. 100 years of city history. Sutton, Erfurt 1998, ISBN 3-89702-039-4 .
- Peter Moser: Würzburg - history of a city. Bamberg 1999, ISBN 3-933469-03-1 .
- Rainer Leng : Würzburg in the 12th century (The Bavarian Millennium, Bavarian Television). 2 volumes, Volk, Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3-86222-065-6 .
- Thomas Memminger: Würzburg's streets and buildings. A contribution to local history. 2nd Edition. Wuerzburg 1921.
- Bruno Rottenbach: Würzburg street names. 2 volumes, Franconian company printing house, Würzburg 1967/1969.
- Ulrich Wagner (ed.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2 (I: From the beginnings to the outbreak of the Peasant War. 2001, ISBN 3-8062-1465-4 ; II: From the Peasant War 1525 to the transition to the Kingdom of Bavaria 1814. 2004, ISBN 3 -8062-1477-8 ; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 ), Theiss, Stuttgart 2001–2007.
Web links
- Bavarian State Exhibition 2009 "Reconstruction and Economic Miracle" ( Würzburg Residence )
Remarks
- ^ Thomas Tippach: Würzburg - Aspects of Centrality. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2 (I: From the beginnings to the outbreak of the Peasant War. 2001, ISBN 3-8062-1465-4 ; II: From the Peasant War 1525 to the transition to the Kingdom of Bavaria 1814. 2004, ISBN 3 -8062-1477-8 ; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 ), Theiss, Stuttgart 2001–2007, Volume III (2007), Pp. 369-393 and 1296-1298.
- ↑ "Würzburg", "Franconia" and "Germany" - about the origin of the names .
- ↑ Willy Schmitt-Lieb, Wilhelm Engel : Würzburg in the picture. With a foreword by Mayor Franz Stadelmayer . Wisli-Mappe, Würzburg 1956, p. 8.
- ↑ Georg Heinrich Pertz u. a. (Ed.): Scriptores (in folio) 23: Chronica aevi Suevici. Hanover 1874, pp. 55–56 ( Monumenta Germaniae Historica , digitized version )
- ^ Würzburg, entry in the German Wiktionary .
- ↑ Edwin Balling: The cultural history of fruit growing. S. 55. ( Memento of July 19, 2011 in the Internet Archive ).
- ^ Thomas Memminger: Würzburgs streets and buildings. P. 266 f. ( Martinstrasse, Martinskapelle ).
- ^ Wilhelm Engel in: Willy Schmitt-Lieb, Wilhelm Engel: Würzburg in the picture. With a foreword by Mayor Franz Stadelmayer . Wisli-Mappe, Würzburg 1956, p. 9.
- ^ Wilhelm Engel in: Willy Schmitt-Lieb, Wilhelm Engel: Würzburg in the picture. With a foreword by Mayor Franz Stadelmayer . Wisli-Mappe, Würzburg 1956, p. 10 f.
- ^ Stadtheimatpfleger Hans Steidle in Main Echo from November 11, 2019, p. 22.
- ↑ Willy Schmitt-Lieb, Wilhelm Engel : Würzburg in the picture. With a foreword by Mayor Franz Stadelmayer . Wisli-Mappe, Würzburg 1956, p. 8.
- ↑ City home administrator Hans Steidle according to Main Echo v. November 11, 2019, p. 22
- ^ Rainer Leng : When the emperor held court in Würzburg: The Würzburg Court Day of Friedrich Barbarossas from 1152. In: Würzburg today. Volume 73, 2002, pp. 52-55.
- ↑ Stefan Kummer : Late Romanesque chapel. The choir tower of the first Deutschhauskirche and its "chapel" .
- ^ Bruno Rottenbach: Würzburg street names. Volume 1, Franconian Company Printing Office, Würzburg 1967, p. 10.
- ↑ Willy Schmitt-Lieb, Wilhelm Engel : Würzburg in the picture. With a foreword by Mayor Franz Stadelmayer . Wisli-Mappe, Würzburg 1956, p. 8.
- ↑ Willy Schmitt-Lieb, Wilhelm Engel: Würzburg in the picture. 1956, p. 8.
- ^ Regesta Imperii: RI IV Lothar III. and older Staufer (1125-1197) - RI IV, 2,3 .
- ^ Peter Koblank: Treaty of Seligenstadt 1188 on stauferstelen.net. Retrieved April 9, 2017.
- ^ Wilhelm Engel in: Willy Schmitt-Lieb, Wilhelm Engel: Würzburg in the picture. Wisli-Mappe, Würzburg 1956, p. 10.
- ↑ Hans-Peter Trenschel: The Würzburg guild of locksmiths, rifle, watch and winch makers . In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes; Volume 2: From the Peasants' War in 1525 to the transition to the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1814. Theiss, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-8062-1477-8 , pp. 448–453 and 924, here: pp. 448 and 452 f.
- ^ Wilhelm Engel: Würzburg guild seal from five centuries. In: Mainfränkische Hefte. Issue 7, ed. v. Friends of Mainfränkischer Kunst und Geschichte e. V. Würzburg. 1950, p. 37.
- ^ Wolfgang Schneider: Folk culture and everyday life. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2, Theiss, Stuttgart 2001–2007, Volume 1 (2001): From the beginnings to the outbreak of the Peasants' War. ISBN 3-8062-1465-4 , pp. 491-514 and 661-665, here: pp. 500 and 663.
- ^ Wilhelm Engel in: Willy Schmitt-Lieb, Wilhelm Engel: Würzburg in the picture. Wisli-Mappe, Würzburg 1956, p. 12.
- ^ Georg Link: The Carmelite Monastery in Würzburg 1212-1803 . In: Monastery book of the Diocese of Würzburg. 2 volumes, Staudinger, Würzburg 1873–1876, Volume 2: History of the other monasteries and monastic institutes. 1876, p. 283.
- ^ Wilhelm Engel in: Willy Schmitt-Lieb, Wilhelm Engel: Würzburg in the picture. Wisli-Mappe, Würzburg 1956, p. 11 f.
- ↑ Gundolf Keil : "I, master Ortolf, born from Beierlant, a doctor in Wirzeburc". On the history of the effects of Würzburg medicine in the 13th century (= Würzburg University Speeches. 56). In: Annual report of the Bavarian Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg on the academic year 1975/76. Würzburg 1977, pp. 17-42.
- ^ Franz Hugo Brandt: Attempt of a short draft of the history of the House of St. Johann zu Wirzburg or the Order of St. John coming there. In: Ders .: Repertory of the archive of the Hochfürstl. Johannitter's commander in chief Würzburg. 1794.
- ^ Peter Kolb: The hospital and health system. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2 (I: From the beginnings to the outbreak of the Peasant War. 2001, ISBN 3-8062-1465-4 ; II: From the Peasant War 1525 to the transition to the Kingdom of Bavaria 1814. 2004, ISBN 3 -8062-1477-8 ; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 ), Theiss, Stuttgart 2001–2007, Volume 1, 2001, p 386-409 and 647-653, here: pp. 387-396.
- ^ Peter Kolb: The hospital and health system. 2001, p. 388 f.
- ^ Peter Kolb: The hospital and health system. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2 (I: From the beginnings to the outbreak of the Peasant War. 2001, ISBN 3-8062-1465-4 ; II: From the Peasant War 1525 to the transition to the Kingdom of Bavaria 1814. 2004, ISBN 3 -8062-1477-8 ; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 ), Theiss, Stuttgart 2001–2007, volumes 1 and 3/2 , 2001, pp. 386-409 and 647-653, here: p. 404.
- ^ Wolfgang Schneider: Folk culture and everyday life. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2, Theiss, Stuttgart 2001–2007, Volume 1 (2001): From the beginnings to the outbreak of the Peasants' War. ISBN 3-8062-1465-4 , pp. 491–514 and 661–665, here: p. 503.
- ^ Wolfgang Schneider: Folk culture and everyday life. 2001, p. 510.
- ^ Peter Kolb: The hospital and health system. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2 (I: From the beginnings to the outbreak of the Peasant War. 2001, ISBN 3-8062-1465-4 ; II: From the Peasant War 1525 to the transition to the Kingdom of Bavaria 1814. 2004, ISBN 3 -8062-1477-8 ; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 ), Theiss, Stuttgart 2001–2007, Volume 1, 2001, p 386-409 and 647-653, here: p. 397 f. and 400-403.
- ^ Peter Kolb: The hospital and health system. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume 1: From the beginnings to the outbreak of the Peasants' War. 2001, ISBN 3-8062-1465-4 , pp. 386-409 and 647-653, here: pp. 405 and 407 f. (Pharmacist) .
- ^ Gottfried Mälzer: Würzburg as a city of books. In: Karl H. Pressler (Ed.): From the Antiquariat. Volume 8, 1990 (= Börsenblatt für den Deutschen Buchhandel - Frankfurter Ausgabe. No. 70, August 31, 1990), pp. A 317 - A 329, here: pp. A 320 and A 326 f ..
- ↑ Commemorative plaque on the peasant war memorial at the end of the Tell staircase.
- ↑ see Medieval Leprosoria in Today's Bavaria, Documentation of the Society for Leprosy, Münster 1995, accessed January 5, 2017 ( Memento from September 22, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Medieval leprosories in today's Bavaria, details on the individual leprosories ( Memento from February 6, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Alois Mitterwieser: On the history of the Wöllriederhof and the other leprosy or special leprosy houses in Würzburg. In: Archive of the Historical Association for Lower Franconia and Aschaffenburg. Volume 52, 1910.
- ^ Peter Kolb: The hospital and health system. 2001, p. 398.
- ^ Peter Kolb: The hospital and health system. 2001, p. 397 f.
- ↑ Willy Schmitt-Lieb, Wilhelm Engel: Würzburg in the picture. With a foreword by Mayor Franz Stadelmayer . Wisli-Mappe, Würzburg 1956, p. 5.
- ^ Hanswernfried Muth: Pictorial and cartographic representations of the city. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes; Volume 2: From the Peasants' War in 1525 to the transition to the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1814. Theiss, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-8062-1477-8 , pp. 294–307 and 901, here: pp. 294–298 (Würzburg in the city books of 16th and 17th centuries) , here: p. 294 f.
- ↑ Stefan Kummer : Architecture and fine arts from the beginnings of the Renaissance to the end of the Baroque. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes; Volume 2: From the Peasants' War in 1525 to the transition to the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1814. Theiss, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-8062-1477-8 , pp. 576–678 and 942–952, here: pp. 587–606 (Die Echter- Time) .
- ↑ Gottfried Mälzer, Eva-Pleticha Geuder: The frieze chronicle of the prince-bishop Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn. A magnificent Franconian manuscript from the 16th century from the holdings of the Würzburg University Library Codex M.ch.f.760. (Exhibition on the 500th anniversary of the birthday of Magister Lorenz Fries (1489–1550), October 19 - December 3, 1989) University Library Würzburg 1989, ISBN 3-923959-14-1 , p. 6.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Hans-Wolfgang Bergerhausen: Würzburg under Swedish occupation 1631–1634 . Ed .: Mainfränkisches Museum Würzburg (= Ans Werk - 100 years Mainfränkisches Museum Würzburg ). Würzburg 2013, ISBN 978-3-932461-42-2 .
- ↑ Birch Grießhammer: Gerolzhofen in the diocese of Würzburg. 2013, online version , accessed May 6, 2016
- ^ Friedrich Merzbacher : The witch trials in Franconia. 1957 (= series of publications on Bavarian national history. Volume 56); 2nd, extended edition: CH Beck, Munich 1970, ISBN 3-406-01982-X , p. 264.
- ^ Bruno Rottenbach: Würzburg street names. Volume 1, Fränkische Gesellschaftdruckerei, Würzburg 1967, pp. 83-86.
- ↑ anton-praetorius.de
- ↑ literally quoted: Olaf Przybilla: The devilish prince-bishop. Retrieved August 5, 2017 .
- ↑ a b c Birch Grießhammer: Diocese of Würzburg. In: Hunting of witches in Franconia in the 16th-18th centuries Century Retrieved August 25, 2015 .
- ^ Georg Sticker : History of the development of the medical faculty at the Alma Mater Julia. In: Max Buchner (Ed.): From the past of the University of Würzburg. Festschrift for the 350th anniversary of the university. Berlin 1932, pp. 383-799, here: p. 474.
- ↑ Source: The witch trial of Maria Renata Singer. In: Peter Moser: Würzburg, 1999, p. 175.
- ^ Bühler, Johann (Hans) Ulrich, also Bieler, Büchler, Büeler . In: Large Bavarian Biographical Encyclopedia. P. 255.
- ^ Hanswernfried Muth: Pictorial and cartographic representations of the city. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes; Volume 2: From the Peasants' War in 1525 to the transition to the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1814. Theiss, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-8062-1477-8 , pp. 294–307 and 901, here: pp. 271 and 298.
- ^ Hanswernfried Muth: Pictorial and cartographic representations of the city. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes; Volume 2: From the Peasants' War in 1525 to the transition to the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1814. Theiss, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-8062-1477-8 , pp. 294–307 and 901, here: pp. 294–298 (Würzburg in the city books of 16th and 17th centuries) , especially pp. 298 and 306 f.
- ↑ Hans-Peter Trenschel: The Würzburg guild of locksmiths, rifle, watch and winch makers . 2004, pp. 448-450 and 452 f.
- ^ Tilman Kossatz: Johann Philipp Preuß (1605 - approx. 1687). A contribution to the genesis of baroque visual art in Franconia . (Philosophical dissertation Würzburg 1983) Friends of Mainfränkischer Kunst und Geschichte eV Würzburg. Historischer Verein Schweinfurt eV, Würzburg 1988 (= Mainfränkische Studien. Volume 42), p. 243.
- ↑ Stefan Kummer: Architecture and fine arts from the beginnings of the Renaissance to the end of the Baroque. 2004, p. 613 f. and 622-624.
- ↑ Stefan Kummer: Architecture and fine arts from the beginnings of the Renaissance to the end of the Baroque. 2004, pp. 624, 632, 663 and 945.
- ^ Ignaz Denzinger: First coffee bar in Würzburg. In: Archives of the Historical Association of Lower Franconia and Aschaffenburg. Volume 9, Issue 2, 1847, p. 161 f.
- ↑ Viviane Deak, Yvonne Grimm, Christiane Köglmaier-Horn, Frank-Michael Schäfer, Wolfgang Protzner: The first coffee houses in Würzburg, Nuremberg and Erlangen. In: Wolfgang Protzner, Christiane Köglmaier-Horn (Ed.): Culina Franconia. (= Contributions to economic and social history. 109). Franz Steiner, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-515-09001-8 , pp. 245–264, here: pp. 245 and 253–256 (The first coffee house in Würzburg) .
- ↑ Stefan Kummer: Architecture and fine arts from the beginnings of the Renaissance to the end of the Baroque. 2004, pp. 628–647 (Die Greiffenclau time) .
- ^ Gottfried Mälzer: Würzburg as a city of books. In: Karl H. Pressler (Ed.): From the Antiquariat. Volume 8, 1990 (= Börsenblatt für den Deutschen Buchhandel - Frankfurter Ausgabe. No. 70, August 31, 1990), pp. A 317 - A 329, here: p. A 326.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i Hans-Peter Baum: Lower Franconia becomes Bavarian: The period from 1795 to 1820 . Ed .: Mainfränkisches Museum Würzburg (= Ans Werk - 100 years Mainfränkisches Museum Würzburg ). Würzburg 2013, ISBN 978-3-932461-39-2 .
- ↑ Martin Elze: The Evangelical Lutheran Church. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2, Theiss, Stuttgart 2001-2007; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 , pp. 482-494 and 1305 f., Here: p. 482.
- ↑ Napoleon Bonaparte , Franz I .: Peace treatise between His Majesty the Emperor of the French and Kings of Italy and His Majesty the Emperor of Austria . December 26, 1805 ( online on Wikisource [accessed May 8, 2014] XI. Article).
- ↑ Wolfgang Weiss : The Catholic Church in the 19th Century. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2, Theiss, Stuttgart 2001-2007; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 , pp. 430-449 and 1303, here: pp. 430-432.
- ^ Horst-Günter Wagner : The urban development of Würzburg 1814-2000. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2, Theiss, Stuttgart 2001-2007; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 , pp. 396-426 and 1298-1302, here: p. 397.
- ^ Sybille Grübel: Timeline of the history of the city from 1814-2006. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2, Theiss, Stuttgart 2001-2007; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. Volume 2, 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 , pp. 1225-1247; here: p. 1227.
- ^ Wilhelm Engel in: Willy Schmitt-Lieb, Wilhelm Engel: Würzburg in the picture. Wisli-Mappe, Würzburg 1956, p. 15.
- ^ Sybille Grübel: Timeline of the history of the city from 1814-2006. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2, Theiss, Stuttgart 2001-2007; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. Volume 2, 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 , pp. 1225-1247; here: p. 1228.
- ^ History of the German Bishops' Conference ( Memento from December 6, 2010 in the Internet Archive ).
- ↑ Wolfgang Weiss : The Catholic Church in the 19th Century. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2, Theiss, Stuttgart 2001-2007; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 , pp. 430-449 and 1303, here: p. 437.
- ↑ Wolfgang Weiss: The Catholic Church in the 19th Century. 2007, pp. 439 and 442.
- ↑ Wolfgang Weiss: The Catholic Church in the 19th Century. (2007), pp. 439-442.
- ^ Sybille Grübel: Timeline of the history of the city from 1814-2006. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2, Theiss, Stuttgart 2001-2007; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. Volume 2, 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 , pp. 1225-1247; here: p. 1228.
- ^ Thomas Tippach: Würzburg - Aspects of Centrality. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2 (I: From the beginnings to the outbreak of the Peasant War. 2001, ISBN 3-8062-1465-4 ; II: From the Peasant War 1525 to the transition to the Kingdom of Bavaria 1814. 2004, ISBN 3 -8062-1477-8 ; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 ), Theiss, Stuttgart 2001–2007, Volume III (2007), Pp. 369-393 and 1296-1298, here: pp. 374-377.
- ↑ Winfried Schenk, Rüdiger Glaser , Moritz Nestle: Würzburg's environment in the transformation from the pre-industrial era to the service society. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2 (I: From the beginnings to the outbreak of the Peasant War. 2001, ISBN 3-8062-1465-4 ; II: From the Peasant War 1525 to the transition to the Kingdom of Bavaria 1814. 2004, ISBN 3 -8062-1477-8 ; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 ), Theiss, Stuttgart 2001–2007, Volume III (2007), Pp. 351-368 and 1295 f., Here: p. 351 f.
- ^ Wilhelm Engel (1956), p. 15.
- ↑ Winfried Schenk, Rüdiger Glaser , Moritz Nestle: Würzburg's environment in the transformation from the pre-industrial era to the service society. 2007, p. 353.
- ^ Sybille Grübel: Timeline of the history of the city from 1814-2006. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2, Theiss, Stuttgart 2001-2007; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. Volume 2, 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 , pp. 1225-1247; here: p. 1229.
- ^ Sybille Grübel: Timeline of the history of the city from 1814-2006. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2, Theiss, Stuttgart 2001-2007; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. Volume 2, 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 , pp. 1225-1247; here: p. 1226 and 1230.
- ↑ Ursula Gehring-Münzel: The Würzburg Jews from 1803 to the end of the First World War. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. Volume III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, pp. 499-528 and 1306-1308, here: pp. 505-509.
- ^ Horst-Günter Wagner: The urban development of Würzburg 1814-2000. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2, Theiss, Stuttgart 2001-2007; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 , pp. 396-426 and 1298-1302, here: pp. 405-407.
- ^ Horst-Günter Wagner: The urban development of Würzburg 1814-2000. 2007, p. 411.
- ↑ Wolfgang Weiss: The Catholic Church in the 19th Century. 2007, pp. 441 and 446 f.
- ↑ Dirk Götschmann : Würzburg 1814–1869. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes; Volume III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. Theiss, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 ), pp. 25–57 and 1249–1253, here: p. 33, fig. 5.
- ^ Wilhelm Engel (1956), p. 16 f.
- ↑ Ulrich Wagner: Dr. Georg von Zürn - First Mayor 1865–1884. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. Volume III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, pp. 166–172 and 1267 f., Here: p. 168.
- ^ Wilhelm Engel (1956), p. 17.
- ↑ To the "Entfestigung" Würzburg see Christoph Pitz: The walls of the old Würzburg .
- ^ Sybille Grübel: Timeline of the history of the city from 1814-2006. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2, Theiss, Stuttgart 2001-2007; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. Volume 2, 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 , pp. 1225-1247; here: pp. 1229–1231.
- ↑ Ulrich Wagner: Dr. Georg von Zürn - First Mayor 1865–1884. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. Volume III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, pp. 166-172 and 1267 f .; here: pp. 167–170.
- ^ Horst-Günter Wagner: The urban development of Würzburg 1814-2000. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2, Theiss, Stuttgart 2001-2007; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 , pp. 396-426 and 1298-1302, here: pp. 400 and 409 f.
- ↑ Beautification Association Würzburg e. V .: website .
- ^ University of Würzburg: on Julius von Sachs as the father of plant physiology ( memento of October 3, 2017 in the Internet Archive ).
- ^ Sybille Grübel: Timeline of the history of the city from 1814-2006. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2, Theiss, Stuttgart 2001-2007; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. Volume 2, 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 , pp. 1225-1247; here: p. 1231.
- ^ Horst-Günter Wagner: The urban development of Würzburg 1814-2000. 2007, p. 409.
- ↑ Winfried Schenk, Rüdiger Glaser , Moritz Nestle: Würzburg's environment in the transformation from the pre-industrial era to the service society. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2 (I: From the beginnings to the outbreak of the Peasant War. 2001, ISBN 3-8062-1465-4 ; II: From the Peasant War 1525 to the transition to the Kingdom of Bavaria 1814. 2004, ISBN 3 -8062-1477-8 ; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 ), Theiss, Stuttgart 2001–2007, Volume III (2007), Pp. 351-368 and 1295 f., Here: p. 366.
- ↑ Ulrich Wagner: Dr. Georg von Zürn - First Mayor 1865–1884. 2007, pp. 169-171.
- ^ Harm-Hinrich Brandt : Würzburg municipal policy 1869-1918. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes; Volume III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. Theiss, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 ), pp. 64-166 and 1254-1267; here: p. 131 ff.
- ↑ Ulrich Wagner: Würzburg at the beginning of the 20th century - a city in the construction boom. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2, Theiss, Stuttgart 2001-2007; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 , pp. 427-429 and 1302 f., Here: p. 429.
- ^ Sybille Grübel: Timeline of the history of the city from 1814-2006. 2007, p. 1232.
- ^ Horst-Günter Wagner: The urban development of Würzburg 1814-2000. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2, Theiss, Stuttgart 2001-2007; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 , pp. 396–426 and 1298–1302, here: Volume 1, pp. 399 and 402, and Volume 2, p. 1300, note 47.
- ^ Horst-Günter Wagner: The urban development of Würzburg 1814-2000. 2007, p. 404.
- ↑ Wolfgang Weiss: The Catholic Church in the 19th Century. 2007, pp. 447-449.
- ↑ Martin Elze: The Evangelical Lutheran Church. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2, Theiss, Stuttgart 2001-2007; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 , pp. 482-494 and 1305 f., Here: pp. 487-489.
- ^ Sybille Grübel: Timeline of the history of the city from 1814-2006. 2007, p. 1234.
- ^ Harm-Hinrich Brandt: Würzburg municipal policy 1869-1918. 2007, p. 138.
- ^ Horst-Günter Wagner: The urban development of Würzburg 1814-2000. 2007, p. 404.
- ↑ Ulrich Wagner: Würzburg at the beginning of the 20th century - a city in the construction boom. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2, Theiss, Stuttgart 2001-2007; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 , pp. 427-429 and 1302 f.
- ^ Thomas Tippach: Würzburg - Aspects of Centrality. 2007, p. 376 f. and 379 f.
- ↑ Martin Elze (2007), p. 491.
- ^ Sybille Grübel: Timeline of the history of the city from 1814-2006. 2007, p. 1235.
- ^ Horst-Günter Wagner: The urban development of Würzburg 1814-2000. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2, Theiss, Stuttgart 2001-2007; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 , pp. 396-426 and 1298-1302, here: pp. 406 f.
- ↑ Peter Weidisch (2007), p. 260 f.
- ^ Sybille Grübel: Timeline of the history of the city from 1814-2006. 2007, p. 1236.
- ^ Margit Maier: The business with dreams. Cinema culture in Würzburg. Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 2009, ISBN 978-3-8260-4115-0 , pp. 17-20.
- ^ Harm-Hinrich Brandt : Würzburg municipal policy 1869-1918. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes; Volume III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. Theiss, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 ), pp. 64-166 and 1254-1267; here: p. 107.
- ^ Sybille Grübel: Timeline of the history of the city from 1814-2006. 2007, p. 1236.
- ↑ Reinhold Albert : Suddenly the cheerful peace was destroyed. In: Rhön and Saalepost. July 4, 2014 ( online article ).
- ↑ Article in the Main-Post on this .
- ^ Thomas Tippach: Würzburg - Aspects of Centrality. 2007, p. 381, fig. 125.
- ^ Matthias Stickler : New Beginning and Continuity: Würzburg in the Weimar Republic. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. Volume III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 ), Theiss, Stuttgart 2001-2007, pp. 177-195 and 1268-1271; here: pp. 177–180.
- ^ Walter Ziegler : The University of Würzburg in transition (1918-20). In: Peter Baumgart (Ed.): Four hundred years of the University of Würzburg. A commemorative publication. Degener & Co. (Gerhard Gessner), Neustadt an der Aisch 1982 (= sources and contributions to the history of the University of Würzburg. Volume 6), ISBN 3-7686-9062-8 , pp. 179-251; here: pp. 216–218.
- ^ Sybille Grübel: Timeline of the history of the city from 1814-2006. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2, Theiss, Stuttgart 2001-2007; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. Volume 2, 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 , pp. 1225-1247; here: p. 1236.
- ^ Thomas Tippach: Würzburg - Aspects of Centrality. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2 (I: From the beginnings to the outbreak of the Peasant War. 2001, ISBN 3-8062-1465-4 ; II: From the Peasant War 1525 to the transition to the Kingdom of Bavaria 1814. 2004, ISBN 3 -8062-1477-8 ; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 ), Theiss, Stuttgart 2001–2007, Volume III (2007), Pp. 369–393 and 1296–1298, here: p. 391, fig. 129.
- ^ Horst-Günter Wagner: The urban development of Würzburg 1814-2000. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2, Theiss, Stuttgart 2001-2007; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 , pp. 396-426 and 1298-1302, here: p. 419.
- ↑ Ulrich Wagner: Würzburg at the beginning of the 20th century - a city in the construction boom. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2, Theiss, Stuttgart 2001-2007; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 , pp. 427-429 and 1302 f., Here: p. 427, fig. 137.
- ↑ Klaus Witt City: church and state in the 20th century. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2, Theiss, Stuttgart 2001-2007; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 , pp. 453–478 and 1304 f., Here: pp. 455–458: The Church Development under Bishop Ferdinand Schlör (1898–1924). P. 457.
- ^ Thomas Tippach: Würzburg - Aspects of Centrality. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2 (I: From the beginnings to the outbreak of the Peasant War. 2001, ISBN 3-8062-1465-4 ; II: From the Peasant War 1525 to the transition to the Kingdom of Bavaria 1814. 2004, ISBN 3 -8062-1477-8 ; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 ), Theiss, Stuttgart 2001–2007, Volume III (2007), Pp. 369-393 and 1296-1298, here: pp. 372 f. and 379.
- ^ Sybille Grübel: Timeline of the history of the city from 1814-2006. 2007, p. 1237 f. and 1244.
- ↑ The Times, February 28, 1928, p. 5
- ↑ The earliest mention of Würzburg in the Times comes from January 9, 1802. On the property page, Heinrich Worack offers his Frankenberg Castle in Upper Franconia, "27 English miles from the City of Wurzburg", for rent. The New York Times mentioned Würzburg for the first time in the June 26, 1855 edition in connection with a guest performance by the Singverein and Turnverein. The author tells the story of the German song festival since 1830, emphasizes the quality of the song festival in Würzburg in 1846, but admits that many more people came to the song festival in Cologne.
- ^ Roland Flade: The Würzburg Jews from 1919 to the present. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Theiss, Stuttgart 2001–2007, Volume III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 , pp. 529-545 and 1308, here: pp. 533 f.
- ↑ Simon Kiesel: National Socialist Einrichungen in Würzburg (coursework): Schillingerweg .
- ^ Wolfgang Mück: Nazi stronghold in Middle Franconia: The völkisch awakening in Neustadt an der Aisch 1922–1933. Verlag Philipp Schmidt, 2016 (= Streiflichter from home history. Special volume 4); ISBN 978-3-87707-990-4 , p. 263.
- ↑ Peter Weidisch: Würzburg in the "Third Reich". In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2, Theiss, Stuttgart 2001-2007; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 , pp. 196-289 and 1271-1290; here: pp. 196–198.
- ↑ Peter Weidisch: Würzburg in the "Third Reich". 2007, p. 234.
- ^ Matthias Stickler: New Beginning and Continuity: Würzburg in the Weimar Republic. Pp. 193-195.
- ↑ Simon Kiesel: National Socialist institutions in Würzburg ( technical work): SA (storm department) .
- ↑ Peter Weidisch: Würzburg in the "Third Reich". In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2, Theiss, Stuttgart 2001-2007; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 , pp. 196-289 and 1271-1290; here: p. 234.
- ↑ The Harmony Society formed a center of social life in Würzburg in the 19th century, but Jews had recording denied. Ursula Gehring-Münzel: The Würzburg Jews from 1803 to the end of the First World War. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. Volume III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, pp. 499-528 and 1306-1308, here: pp. 521 f.
- ↑ The Würzburg district of the NSDAP was divided into 14 local groups, which in turn were divided into cells and blocks. See Peter Weidisch (2007), pp. 238–241.
- ^ Roland Flade: The Würzburg Jews from 1919 to the present. 2007, p. 534 f.
- ↑ See Peter Weidisch (2007), pp. 280–282 (list of street renaming / renaming 1933–1945) .
- ↑ Peter Weidisch: Würzburg in the "Third Reich". In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2, Theiss, Stuttgart 2001-2007; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 , pp. 196-289 and 1271-1290; here: pp. 196-219 and 234-239.
- ^ Sybille Grübel: Timeline of the history of the city from 1814-2006. 2007, p. 1238 f.
- ↑ Peter Weidisch (2007), pp. 253–256 and p. 1284, note 311.
- ↑ Peter Weidisch: Würzburg in the "Third Reich". 2007, p. 219-232.
- ↑ Peter Weidisch (2007), p. 244 f.
- ↑ Peter Weidisch (2007), pp. 250–256.
- ↑ Klaus Witt City: church and state in the 20th century. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2, Theiss, Stuttgart 2001-2007; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 , pp. 453–478 and 1304 f., Here: pp. 458–463: The era of the people's and resistance bishop Matthias Ehrenfried (1924–1948). P. 458 f.
- ↑ Peter Weidisch: Würzburg in the "Third Reich". In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2, Theiss, Stuttgart 2001-2007; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 , pp. 196-289 and 1271-1290; here: p. 262, and p. 1273, note 60.
- ↑ Die Woche magazine , issue 21, May 20, 1936, pp. 12-13.
- ^ Sybille Grübel: Timeline of the history of the city from 1814-2006. 2007, p. 1239.
- ↑ Peter Weidisch (2007), p. 246 f.
- ↑ Peter Weidisch: Würzburg in the "Third Reich". In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2, Theiss, Stuttgart 2001-2007; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 , p. 1273, note 60.
- ↑ Peter Weidisch (2007), p. 262.
- ↑ Wolfgang Weiss : The Catholic Church in the 19th Century. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2, Theiss, Stuttgart 2001-2007; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 , pp. 430-449 and 1303, here: p. 442.
- ↑ Peter Weidisch (2007), p. 262.
- ^ Sybille Grübel: Timeline of the history of the city from 1814-2006. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2, Theiss, Stuttgart 2001-2007; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. Volume 2, 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 , pp. 1225-1247; here: p. 1239 f.
- ↑ Klaus Witt City: church and state in the 20th century. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2, Theiss, Stuttgart 2001-2007; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 , pp. 453–478 and 1304 f., Here: pp. 463–469: Under the sign of reconstruction - Julius Döpfner's time as Bishop of Würzburg (1948–1957). P. 469.
- ↑ Peter Weidisch: Würzburg in the "Third Reich". In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2, Theiss, Stuttgart 2001-2007; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 , p. 211, fig. 52, and p. 1274, note 72.
- ^ Roland Flade: The Würzburg Jews from 1919 to the present. 2007, pp. 537-539 (The November pogrom of 1938)
- ↑ Peter Weidisch (2007), p. 268.
- ^ Sybille Grübel: Timeline of the history of the city from 1814-2006. 2007, p. 1240.
- ↑ Rolf-Ulrich Kunze : Würzburg 1945-2004. Reconstruction, modern city. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. Volume III / 2, p. 1292, note 57.
- ↑ Peter Weidisch (2007), p. 284.
- ↑ Ute Felbor: Racial Biology and Hereditary Science in the Medical Faculty of the University of Würzburg 1937–1945. Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1995 (= Würzburg medical historical research. Supplement 3; also dissertation Würzburg 1995), ISBN 3-88479-932-0 , pp. 13-27 ( Das Welzhaus ), 51 and 85.
- ↑ This assessment by Skriebeleit, also in Würzburg ?! P. 302.
- ↑ Peter Weidisch: Würzburg in the "Third Reich". 2007, p. 225.
- ↑ Hans-Peter Baum : Christian Würzburg youth groups in the resistance against the "Third Reich". In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. Volume I-III / 2, Theiss, Stuttgart 2001-2007; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 , pp. 290-293 and 1290.
- ↑ See also Institute for Research and Elimination of the Jewish Influence on German Church Life .
- ↑ Martin Elze (2007), p. 491.
- ↑ Peter Weidisch (2007), p. 264.
- ^ Sybille Grübel: Timeline of the history of the city from 1814-2006. 2007, p. 1239.
- ↑ Peter Weidisch (2007), pp. 264–289 (Würzburg in the war) .
- ↑ Peter Weidisch (2007), pp. 264–289 (Würzburg in the war) .
- ↑ Ulrich Wagner: The conquest of Würzburg in April 1945. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2 (I: From the beginnings to the outbreak of the Peasant War. 2001, ISBN 3-8062-1465-4 ; II: From the Peasant War 1525 to the transition to the Kingdom of Bavaria 1814. 2004, ISBN 3 -8062-1477-8 ; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 ), Theiss, Stuttgart 2001–2007, Volume III (2007), Pp. 294-314 and 1290-1292; here: pp. 295–308.
- ↑ Ulrich Wagner: Die Eroberung Würzburg in April 1945. 2007, pp. 302–308 (attack by the 7th US Army) .
- ^ Sybille Grübel: Timeline of the history of the city from 1814-2006. 2007, p. 1240.
- ↑ Rolf-Ulrich Kunze: Würzburg 1945-2004. Reconstruction, modern city. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. Volume III / 2 (2007), p. 329 f.
- ↑ Rolf-Ulrich Kunze: Würzburg 1945-2004. Reconstruction, modern city. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. Volume III / 2 (2007), p. 329 f.
- ^ Sybille Grübel: Timeline of the history of the city from 1814-2006. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2, Theiss, Stuttgart 2001-2007; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. Volume 2, 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 , pp. 1225-1247; here: p. 1240 f.
- ↑ Rolf-Ulrich Kunze : Würzburg 1945-2004. Reconstruction, modern city. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2 (I: From the beginnings to the outbreak of the Peasant War. 2001, ISBN 3-8062-1465-4 ; II: From the Peasant War 1525 to the transition to the Kingdom of Bavaria 1814. 2004, ISBN 3 -8062-1477-8 ; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 ), Theiss, Stuttgart 2001–2007, Volume III (2007), Pp. 318-346 and 1292-1295; here: p. 329.
- ^ Thomas Tippach: Würzburg - Aspects of Centrality. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2 (I: From the beginnings to the outbreak of the Peasant War. 2001, ISBN 3-8062-1465-4 ; II: From the Peasant War 1525 to the transition to the Kingdom of Bavaria 1814. 2004, ISBN 3 -8062-1477-8 ; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 ), Theiss, Stuttgart 2001–2007, Volume III (2007), Pp. 369-393 and 1296-1298, here: p. 381.
- ↑ Klaus Witt City: church and state in the 20th century. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2, Theiss, Stuttgart 2001-2007; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 , pp. 453–478 and 1304 f., Here: pp. 458–463: The era of the people's and resistance bishop Matthias Ehrenfried (1924–1948). P. 458 f.
- ^ Horst-Günter Wagner: The urban development of Würzburg 1814-2000. 2007, pp. 415–420 ( reconstruction after 1945 in the core area ), here: pp. 415–419.
- ↑ Hans-Peter Baum : The rescue of the ceiling frescoes in the Würzburg residence. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. Volume I-III / 2, Theiss, Stuttgart 2001-2007; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 , pp. 315-317 and 1292.
- ↑ Roland Flade: Hope that grew out of ruins. 1945 to 1948: Würzburg's most dramatic years. Mainpost, Würzburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-925232-60-2 (with many contemporary witness reports), pp. 115–117: An American saves Tiepolo's frescoes. Art Protection Officer John d. Stelton.
- ↑ Memorial plaques on the flood protection wall by the old crane and by the lorry.
- ↑ Source: 1945. In: Robert Meier: Feurich-Keks und Zucker-Bär. 2005, pp. 60-61.
- ^ Horst-Günter Wagner: The urban development of Würzburg 1814-2000. 2007, pp. 415-420 (reconstruction after 1945 in the core area) .
- ↑ Stefan Kummer : Architecture and fine arts from the beginnings of the Renaissance to the end of the Baroque. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes; Volume 2: From the Peasants' War in 1525 to the transition to the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1814. Theiss, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-8062-1477-8 , pp. 576–678 and 942–952, here: p. 596.
- ^ Horst-Günter Wagner: The urban development of Würzburg 1814-2000. 2007, p. 406 f. and 419.
- ↑ Rolf-Ulrich Kunze : Würzburg 1945-2004. Reconstruction, modern city. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2 (I: From the beginnings to the outbreak of the Peasant War. 2001, ISBN 3-8062-1465-4 ; II: From the Peasant War 1525 to the transition to the Kingdom of Bavaria 1814. 2004, ISBN 3 -8062-1477-8 ; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 ), Theiss, Stuttgart 2001–2007, Volume III (2007), Pp. 318-346 and 1292-1295; here: p. 340.
- ^ Rita Hasan: The Würzburg Mozart School - Worth knowing about the building. In: Das Moz, your quarter. ( PDF ).
- ↑ Rolf-Ulrich Kunze: Würzburg 1945-2004. Reconstruction, modern city. 2007, p. 331 f.
- ↑ Rolf-Ulrich Kunze : Würzburg 1945-2004. Reconstruction, modern city. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2 (I: From the beginnings to the outbreak of the Peasant War. 2001, ISBN 3-8062-1465-4 ; II: From the Peasant War 1525 to the transition to the Kingdom of Bavaria 1814. 2004, ISBN 3 -8062-1477-8 ; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 ), Theiss, Stuttgart 2001–2007, Volume III (2007), Pp. 318-346 and 1292-1295; here: p. 335.
- ^ Sybille Grübel: Timeline of the history of the city from 1814-2006. 2007, p. 1241.
- ↑ Klaus Witt City: church and state in the 20th century. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2, Theiss, Stuttgart 2001-2007; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 , pp. 453–478 and 1304 f., Here: pp. 463–469: Under the sign of reconstruction - Julius Döpfner's time as Bishop of Würzburg (1948–1957) .
- ↑ Rolf-Ulrich Kunze (2007), p. 332.
- ↑ Rolf-Ulrich Kunze (2007), p. 334.
- ↑ Rolf-Ulrich Kunze (2007), pp. 335–337.
- ^ Sybille Grübel: Timeline of the history of the city from 1814-2006. 2007, p. 1242 f.
- ↑ Martin Elze (2007), pp. 491-494.
- ↑ Rolf-Ulrich Kunze : Würzburg 1945-2004. Reconstruction, modern city. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2 (I: From the beginnings to the outbreak of the Peasant War. 2001, ISBN 3-8062-1465-4 ; II: From the Peasant War 1525 to the transition to the Kingdom of Bavaria 1814. 2004, ISBN 3 -8062-1477-8 ; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 ), Theiss, Stuttgart 2001–2007, Volume III (2007), Pp. 318-346 and 1292-1295; here: p. 339.
- ↑ Rolf-Ulrich Kunze (2007), pp. 341-345.
- ↑ The old synagogue in Domerschulgasse was largely destroyed on November 9, 1938 and later expanded into a crafts school. See Peter Weidisch (2007), p. 262.
- ^ Horst-Günter Wagner: The urban development of Würzburg 1814-2000. 2007, p. 424 f.
- ^ Sybille Grübel: Timeline of the history of the city from 1814-2006. 2007, pp. 1243-1245.
- ^ Würzburger Versorgungs- und Verkehrs-GmbH : Updated environmental statement 2016 .
- ↑ Yes to life makes you angry. German Environment Day 1986 showed the courage to trade. In: PDF . Solar energy. No. 4, 1986, p. 22 f.
- ↑ Winfried Schenk, Rüdiger Glaser , Moritz Nestle: Würzburg's environment in the transformation from the pre-industrial era to the service society. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2 (I: From the beginnings to the outbreak of the Peasant War. 2001, ISBN 3-8062-1465-4 ; II: From the Peasant War 1525 to the transition to the Kingdom of Bavaria 1814. 2004, ISBN 3 -8062-1477-8 ; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 ), Theiss, Stuttgart 2001–2007, Volume III (2007), Pp. 351-368 and 1295 f., Here: p. 367 f.
- ↑ Rolf-Ulrich Kunze (2007), p. 344 f.
- ↑ Renate Schindler: The border opening on November 9, 1989. In: Ulrich Wagner (Ed.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2 (I: From the beginnings to the outbreak of the Peasant War. 2001, ISBN 3-8062-1465-4 ; II: From the Peasant War 1525 to the transition to the Kingdom of Bavaria 1814. 2004, ISBN 3 -8062-1477-8 ; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 ), Theiss, Stuttgart 2001–2007, Volume III (2007), Pp. 347-350 and 1295.
- ↑ Renate Schindler (2007), p. 349 f.
- ↑ Winfried Schenk, Rüdiger Glaser , Moritz Nestle: Würzburg's environment in the transformation from the pre-industrial era to the service society. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2 (I: From the beginnings to the outbreak of the Peasant War. 2001, ISBN 3-8062-1465-4 ; II: From the Peasant War 1525 to the transition to the Kingdom of Bavaria 1814. 2004, ISBN 3 -8062-1477-8 ; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 ), Theiss, Stuttgart 2001–2007, Volume III (2007), Pp. 351-368 and 1295 f., Here: p. 367 f.
- ↑ Manuela Göbel, Andreas Jungbauer: Würzburger reject arcades. In: Main-Post. 4th December 2006.
- ^ Sybille Grübel: Timeline of the history of the city from 1814-2006. 2007, p. 1246 f.
- ↑ IS accuses itself of the attack on the regional train . FAZ.net, July 19, 2016.
- ↑ Rolf-Ulrich Kunze (2007), p. 342.
- ↑ Rolf-Ulrich Kunze (2007), p. 337.
- ^ Sybille Grübel: Timeline of the history of the city from 1814-2006. 2007, p. 1244.
- ↑ Winfried Schenk, Rüdiger Glaser , Moritz Nestle: Würzburg's environment in the transformation from the pre-industrial era to the service society. In: Ulrich Wagner (Hrsg.): History of the city of Würzburg. 4 volumes, Volume I-III / 2 (I: From the beginnings to the outbreak of the Peasant War. 2001, ISBN 3-8062-1465-4 ; II: From the Peasant War 1525 to the transition to the Kingdom of Bavaria 1814. 2004, ISBN 3 -8062-1477-8 ; III / 1–2: From the transition to Bavaria to the 21st century. 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1478-9 ), Theiss, Stuttgart 2001–2007, Volume III (2007), Pp. 351-368 and 1295 f., Here: p. 367 f.
- ↑ Richard Wust: Würzburg gets the State Garden Show 2018. (No longer available online.) In: mainpost.de. Mainpost, February 8, 2010, formerly in the original ; accessed on September 9, 2010 : "Würzburg may host the State Garden Show 2018"
- ↑ City of Würzburg: State Garden Show 2018 - Würzburg is awarded the contract. Archived from the original on March 18, 2013 ; Retrieved February 25, 2010 .