Hydrography of Switzerland

The article Hydrography of Switzerland presents the occurrence, the budget, the manifestations and the use of water in Switzerland .

Map of Switzerland with the largest rivers, lakes, cantons and their capitals

Hydrographic classification

European river basins in Switzerland:

Rhine (Alpine Rhine, Thur, Birs)

Rhine (Aare, Reuss and Limmat)

Rhône

Po

Etsch

Danube

Switzerland has a share in five European water systems :

• the system of the Rhine , which drains into the North Sea and thus into the Atlantic ,
• the system of the Rhone , which flows into the western Mediterranean at the Golfe du Lion ,
• the system of the Po , which flows into the Adriatic Sea (eastern Mediterranean),
• the system of the Adige , which flows into the Adriatic.
• the system of the Danube , which flows into the Black Sea .

Accordingly, several main European watersheds run through Switzerland : They separate the catchment areas of the North Sea, Mediterranean and Black Sea. A triple main watershed can be found on the Lunghin Pass in Graubünden , the only canton that includes more than two - and four - continental catchment areas. A detailed hydrogeographic breakdown of Switzerland can be found in the Hydrological Atlas of Switzerland (HADES).

Rivers

Triple watershed on the Lunghin Pass

Due to its topography and the high rainfall of 1431 mm / a (mean for the period 1901–2000), Switzerland has a widely branched network of brooks and rivers with a total length of around 65,000 kilometers (according to the national map 1: 25,000) . Many important rivers originate from the Gotthard massif , such as the Rhine, the Rhône, the Reuss and the Ticino . Within Switzerland, the Rhine has the longest run with 376 km, followed by the Aare river feeder with 288 km and the Rhône with a length of 266 km.

The Rhine (with its tributary Aare) and the Rhône, which are among the longest rivers in Europe, shape Switzerland in particular. The idea of ​​connecting the North Sea and the Mediterranean with a waterway by means of a trans-Helvetic canal between the Rhine and the Rhone was never realized.

See also : List of rivers in Switzerland

Rhine

Vorderrhein Gorge through the Flims rockslide

Rhine Falls near Schaffhausen

Rhine in Basel

The Rhine flows through Switzerland over a length of 376 km, making it the longest river in the country. With all its tributaries, it has a catchment area of ​​around 36,500 km². The headwaters of the Rhine are extensive and cover large parts of Graubünden . It has several headwaters with comparable runoff on the Vorderrhein and Hinterrhein with Albula , Landwasser and Julia . Lake Tomasee is traditionally named as the source of the Rhine , and there are also some source points further away from the mouth. Mündungsfernster source river is therefore the Rein da Medel , (See Rheinquelle ) .

The front and rear Rhine merge at Reichenau GR to form the Rhine, which shortly afterwards passes Chur, the capital of the canton of Graubünden. Later it delimits the Principality of Liechtenstein and the Austrian state of Vorarlberg from Switzerland, and then flows into Lake Constance . Residents outside of these regions usually call the section between the source of the Rhine and Lake Constance the Alpine Rhine .

At Constance , the Rhine leaves Lake Constance in a westerly direction as Seerhein, and thus in some parts forms a natural border with Germany. After it has flowed through the Untersee , it leaves it at Stein am Rhein as the Upper Rhine , which in turn draws the border to Germany for long stretches. Immediately south of Schaffhausen, between Neuhausen am Rheinfall and Laufen ZH , is the largest waterfall in Central Europe, the Rhine Falls .

In Koblenz , the Rhine and the clear water-rich and until then almost as long Aare flow together, the water levels of the Rhine enlarges thus more than doubled. The river then crosses the city of Basel , becomes the Upper Rhine and then leaves Switzerland in a northbound direction until it finally flows into the North Sea in the Rhine-Maas Delta .

See also : List of tributaries of the Rhine

Aare

Aare Gorge

Aare near Bern

The Aare is the most important tributary of the Rhine, has a length of 288 km and a catchment area of ​​around 17,800 km². This makes it the longest river confined to Swiss territory. It is also the richest in water - at the confluence with the Rhine it has an average of 25% more water than the Rhine over many years. Since the Rhine is historically the more important connection, it keeps its name.

The Aare rises in the western Gotthard massif in the Bernese Oberland and forces its way north through the Aare gorge between Innertkirchen and Meiringen . A few kilometers further, it first flows into Lake Brienz and then into Lake Thun . It then winds its way through the federal city of Bern in two loops , only to be dammed to the Wohlensee . At Aarberg , the Aare has been flowing in a north-easterly direction through the Hagneck Canal into Lake Biel since 1878 due to the correction of the Jura waters . It leaves this in an easterly direction along the southern arch of the Jura through the Nidau-Büren Canal towards Solothurn and Olten , in order to unite with the Reuss and Limmat at Brugg in the moated castle of Switzerland . Now flowing north, the Aare meets the Rhine after a few kilometers.

Count

The Zihl arises from the confluence of the Orbe and the Talent in the canton of Vaud . Since the correction of the Jura waters, it has flowed through the Zihl Canal from Lake Neuchâtel into Lake Biel.

Broye

The Broye is a 72 km long river in the western Swiss plateau. Between Lake Murten and Lake Neuchâtel, the river has flowed through the Broye Canal since the Jura water correction .

Saane

Saane in Friborg

Thur in Toggenburg

The Saane (French: "Sarine"; 126 km; 1900 km²) rises near Gsteig in the western Bernese Oberland. It flows first westward through the Vaudois Pays-d'Enhaut , then northwards, where it shapes the Gruyère region - including Lake Gruyère . The Saane is the main river in the canton of Friborg , and it often also forms the language border. After the Saane has flowed through Friborg and the Schiffenensee , it flows into the Aare at Aarberg.

Reuss

The Reuss (158 km; 3400 km²) is the defining river of Central Switzerland. Coming from the Gotthard, it flows steadily northwards and forms the Urnertal through which the trans-European Gotthard route runs. The Reuss then flows into Lake Lucerne , which it leaves near Lucerne to finally flow into the Aare at Brugg.

Linth / Limmat

In the Glarus Alps, near the Tödi , the Linth (140 km; 2400 km²) rises , which crosses the foothills to the northeast and has flowed through the Escherkanal into the Walensee since the great water correction in the first half of the 19th century . The canalized Linth flows from Lake Walen through the Linth Canal into Lake Zurich , passes through the city of Zurich as the Limmat and strives northwest towards the Aare to the moated castle near Brugg.

Kander

The Kander is a river in the Bernese Oberland and is 46 km long. Since the Kander correction (also called Kander piercing) at the beginning of the 18th century, it has flowed into Lake Thun and not into the Aare below Lake Thun as it did before the correction. The Kander correction was the first major water correction in Switzerland.

Thur

The Thur (135 km; 1700 km²), the largest river in eastern Switzerland, has its source northeast of the Walensee . It mainly shapes the Toggenburg , the canton of Thurgau and parts of the Zurich hinterland. The Thur flows into the Rhine shortly after the Rhine Falls.

Birs

The Birs (76 km; 900 km²) flows into the Rhine near Basel . This rises in the Bernese Jura , flows through the Jurassic capital Delsberg and has created several gorges and a striking valley ( Laufental ) within the Jura Mountains .

Rhone

Where the Rhone flows into Lake Geneva

View of the headwaters of the Inn with Lake Sils and Silvaplana

The Doubs at Soubey

The Rhone (Eng. «Rotten»; 266 km; 10,400 km²) rises on the western side of the Gotthard massif ( Rhone Glacier ) and flows westward through the canton of Valais in the distinctive Rhone Valley. At Martigny the Rhone changes direction to the north and flows into Lake Geneva . At the western end of the lake it flows through the city of Geneva , shortly afterwards it leaves Switzerland and finally flows into the Mediterranean Sea.

Ticino

The namesake of the canton of Ticino, the Ticino (Eng. «Tessin», 91 km, 1600 km²), rises from the southern Gotthard massif. It flows south through the northern and central part of the canton ( Sopraceneri ) and unites with the Moësa coming from Misox in Graubünden . Since the water corrections at the end of the 19th century, the Ticino, which previously used the entire valley width of the Magadino plain in countless meanders, has flowed into a 60 m wide, straight channel towards Lake Maggiore . Flood dams on both sides of the banks prevent the river from overflowing. After Lake Maggiore, the river leaves Switzerland. The second important river in Ticino, the Maggia , and the Tresa , which drains large parts of the Sottoceneris as an outflow from Lake Lugano , also flow into Lake Maggiore . The Ticino finally flows in the south from Lake Maggiore and flows into the Po , which in turn flows into the Adriatic .

Inn

The Inn (106 km; 2150 km²) rises near Maloja in the Engadin . It flows through Lake Sils and Silvaplana towards the northeast, leaves Switzerland at Vinadi and flows into the Danube in Passau, Bavaria , which flows into the Black Sea.

Drainage next to the Rhine, Rhone, Ticino and Inn

The Rhine, Rhône, Ticino and Inn drain almost all of Switzerland. Some smaller areas are drained by other rivers: in the north-west, for example, the surroundings of La Chaux-de-Fonds and Saint-Ursanne and the Ajoie through the Doubs (towards the Rhone and the Mediterranean); in the southeast the Münstertal (through the Rambach and Etsch into the Adriatic); the Grisons southern valleys Puschlav (through Poschiavino ) and Bergell (through Mera ); in Ticino the southern and eastern parts of the Mendrisiotto (through Breggia and Lake Como or through Gaggiolo and Olona into the Adda) and the Zwischenbergental south of the Simplon Pass (through the Great Water ).

Rivers with a source outside Switzerland

Apart from a source river of the Rhine ( Lago di Lei ), none of the major Swiss rivers originate abroad. Smaller rivers with sources abroad are the Doubs, the Arve , Wiese , Melezza , Spöl , Biber , Faloppia and Isorno . In addition, there are all the rivers from Liechtenstein, Austria and Germany that flow into the Rhine near Basel.

Water corrections

To protect against flooding, numerous water corrections have been made since the beginning of the 18th century . B. the Jura water correction , the Linth correction and the Kander correction .

Larger flow corrections

construction time	flow	Correction distance between	Length (km)	Partial renaturation	Remarks
1711-14	Kander	Kander piercing into Lake Thun	1
1807-16	Linth	Escherkanal - Walensee - Lindkanal - Lake Zurich	15th	2008
1855-65	Gürbe	Wattenwil - Aare	16	2006
1856-90	Nozon / Orbe	Orny VD or Orbe VD - Lake Neuchâtel	9 + 11
1860-90	Alpine Rhine	Landquart - Rüthi	40
1863-84	Rhone	Brig - Lake Geneva	103	planned
1824-1859 / 1872-1892	Aare	Münsingen - Gürbe estuary and Thun - Uttigenfluh		planned
1866-75	Aare	Meiringen - Lake Brienz	13
1868-91	Zihl / Aare	Correction of the Jura waters : Lake Biel - Büren an der Aare	12	2015: Alte Aare near Studen BE
1871-1920	Emme	Räbloch (Gem. Schangnau) -Aare	61
1874-93	Thur	Bischofszell - Upper Rhine	62	TG: 2002 / ZH: 2008–2017 Thurauen Nature Center
1878-95	Smooth	Greifensee - Upper Rhine	41	planned
1881-1910	Töss	Fischenthal - Dättlikon	42	planned
1888-1912	Ticino	Bellinzona - Magadino Plain - Langensee	14th	planned
1895-1923	Alpine Rhine	Rüthi - Lake Constance	25th	planned
1897	Upper Rhine	Thurm estuary - Rüdlingen	3
1903-1907	beaver	Book SH - mouth of the Rhine
1911-1926	Muota	Hinterthal (Gem. Muotathal) - Lake Lucerne	9 + 6
1917-87	Saane	Montbovon - Lac de la Gruyère	16
1930s	Upper Rhine	Stein am Rhein - Kloster Paradies	16	2000	Sea walls
1949-55	Areuse	Travers - Couvet	14th

Standing waters

Switzerland has 79 lakes with an area of ​​more than 0.5 km² and 6668 small lakes with an area between 500 and 500,000 m². Most of the small lakes - 1621 in total - are in the canton of Graubünden ; In general, the Alps have a slightly higher density of small lakes than the Central Plateau, and the Jura is the biogeographical region with the lowest density.

The standing waters (area criterion> 500 m²) together cover an area of ​​2252 km² - however, this total also includes lakes that extend across the national border. The two largest lakes are Lake Geneva (area: 581 km²; volume: 90 billion m³) in the southwest, which Switzerland shares with France, and Lake Constance (area: 536 km²; volume: 49 billion m³) in the northeast, which belongs to Switzerland, Germany and Austria. The largest lake in terms of area, which is located exclusively on Swiss territory, is Lake Neuchâtel (area: 218 km²; volume: 14 billion m³).

See also : List of lakes in Switzerland  and List of the largest lakes in Switzerland

The largest reservoir in Switzerland is the Lac des Dix in the canton of Valais with an area of ​​4.03 km² and a volume of 401 million m³. The Lac des Dix dam is also the largest dam in Switzerland.

See also : List of reservoirs in Switzerland

Water balance

Key data (mean values ​​1901–2000)
Water access
Precipitation: Inflow from abroad:	1431 mm 318 mm
Drainage
Outflow abroad: Evaporation:	1299 mm 464 mm
Change water storage	−14 mm

Switzerland has an annual rainfall of 1,431 mm, which is above average for Europe. The reasons for this are the prevailing westerly winds and the proximity to the Atlantic , North Sea and Mediterranean , which means that a lot of humid air is supplied. This accumulates in the Alps and condenses (orographic precipitation). Most of the precipitation falls in the central high Alps and in Ticino with around 2000 mm annually. In the foothills of the Alps and in the Jura it is around 1400 mm and in the Central Plateau 1000 mm, while inner-alpine valleys are among the driest areas.

Around 32% of the annual precipitation in Switzerland evaporates, the remaining 68% ends up abroad as runoff. It is important that the precipitation in the Alps is stored in the form of snow and ice in winter and only takes effect in spring and summer. This means that most of the water is supplied to the neighboring countries of Switzerland in the dry seasons.

Water reserves

Switzerland has water reserves of an estimated 340 billion m³. In relation to the land area, this corresponds to a water column of 8,235 mm or 5.77 times the annual rainfall. However, the reserves are diminishing due to global warming : from 1980 to 2006, 30 billion m³ of water flowed from the glaciers.

Storage	Amount of water	Water height based on the area of ​​Switzerland	% of total memory	in% of the annual precipitation
Natural lakes (share of Switzerland)	130 billion m³	3147 mm	38%	220%
Groundwater	150 billion m³	3630 mm	44%	254%
glacier	57 billion m³	1380 mm	17%	96%
Reservoirs; Rivers	4 billion m³	97 mm	1 %	7%
Total	340 billion m³	8250 mm	100%	577%

See also : List of Swiss glaciers

Water use

Power generation

Due to the topographical conditions and the high amount of precipitation, hydropower plays an important role in generating electricity in Switzerland. Their share in domestic electricity production is around 56%. Each year, around 35,830 gigawatt hours (GWh) are produced in the 556 large power plants (output of at least 300 kW) . Two thirds of this production volume comes from the mountain cantons of Uri, Ticino, Graubünden and Valais. Since water storage power plants enable very flexible electricity generation, Switzerland plays a central role in the production of peak electricity .

Drinking water

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83% of the drinking water in Switzerland comes from the groundwater (half from springs and half from groundwater extraction wells). The remaining 17% are obtained from lakes. While the lake water has to be treated in a complex process, almost half of the groundwater used can be used as drinking water without further treatment. The volume of annual drinking water consumption in Switzerland is around 1.1 billion cubic meters , which roughly corresponds to the content of Lake Biel .

shipping

Shipping in Switzerland is insignificant both in terms of added value and employment ; in 2006 shipping only employed around 3,000 people (this does not include auxiliary and secondary activities such as cargo handling, the storage of goods, travel agencies, forwarding agents) . Shipping on Swiss waters is primarily of a tourist nature.

Switzerland is connected to international shipping through the Rhine ports of both Basels. Every year around 9 million tonnes are handled in these ports, which corresponds to 15% of all Swiss foreign trade. In addition, six shipping companies operate a total of 44 ocean-going vessels (as of 2013) under the Swiss flag (→  Swiss ocean-going shipping ).

Excursion boats operate on most of the larger lakes and rivers, sometimes only in the summer months. The restored and listed paddle steamers are particularly popular with passengers .

See also : List of Swiss shipping companies

In 1638 the construction of the Canal d'Entreroches in the canton of Vaud began. The canal was supposed to connect the Rhine with the Rhone and thus enable a continuous canal connection between the North Sea and the Mediterranean. The canal was never built continuously and in 1829 shipping was stopped. Today only a remnant approx. 5 kilometers long remains.

Navigation on the Upper Rhine

From the Middle Ages on, cargo ships operated on the Upper Rhine between Konstanz and Schaffhausen and below the Rhine Falls to the Hüninger Chapel below Basel, transporting salt in particular, but also steel, iron, cattle, hides, salt, cheese, wool and wine (→  Hochrheinschifffahrt ). At the beginning of the 19th century, the country roads had improved so much that shipping traffic on the Upper Rhine decreased significantly. The arrival of the Upper Rhine rail traffic in the middle of the 19th century ushered in the final decline of the guilds associated with shipping and the Upper Rhine rafting. In the 20th century the idea came up to make the Upper Rhine between Basel and Constance navigable for modern cargo ships. Massive resistance from the population led to the project being abandoned in the 1970s.

fishing

The fishing in Switzerland has low economic importance. In the last 30 years, the number of professional fishermen in Switzerland has almost halved. In 2006 around 200 people were still working full-time as fishermen, 150 people were doing this as a second job. The annual catch of professional fisheries is around 1700 tons. 90% of the fish consumed in Switzerland is imported.

Fishing is more widespread in Switzerland as a leisure activity. Around 100,000 people fish in their spare time, which corresponds to around 1.2 percent of the Swiss population.

Water protection

In the 1960s and 70s, around 800 sewage treatment plants were put into operation in all regions of Switzerland . As a result, the water quality has improved significantly in the last few decades. Another milestone in improving water quality was the 1986 ban on phosphates in laundry detergents. It was the first of its kind in Europe. Despite these measures, creeks in particular in regions that are heavily used for agriculture are still over-fertilized and suffer from a lack of oxygen. The entry of micropollutants also poses an increasing threat to biodiversity in Swiss rivers. 100 of the largest sewage treatment plants will therefore be upgraded over the next few years.

Hazards from tsunamis

Tsunamis occur mainly in the coastal areas of the Pacific. Basically, tsunamis can also occur in inland lakes. There the consequences are less devastating, but they can also cause major damage. In Switzerland, tsunamis can be triggered by earthquakes and landslides that reach the surface of the lake or occur below the surface of the water.

In 563, a landslide occurred at the eastern end of Lake Geneva, with the subsequent slippage of the sediment masses in the Rhone Delta, triggering a tsunami up to 13 meters high. Several villages were destroyed by the rockfall, the tsunami first flooded Lausanne and then Geneva, where the Rhone bridge was destroyed.

→ Main article : Tauredunum event

Similar inland sunamis are known from Lake Lucerne and Lake Lauerz . On September 18, 1601, a strong earthquake on Lake Lucerne caused a tsunami with waves 4 meters high, which inundated the city of Lucerne . On September 23, 1687, parts of the Muota delta slipped into Lake Lucerne and triggered a tsunami with a height of 5 meters.

During the great Goldau landslide in 1806, part of the fall mass that reached Lake Lauerz caused a tsunami. Many buildings near the lake and the road were destroyed. 10 people died.

The primary damage potential of a tsunami in Switzerland in the 21st century is mainly based on the high concentration of values ​​in many places near the shore. Today, if a tsunami occurs, considerable damage could also be caused to lake shores.

Literature / sources

• Rolf Breinlinger: Hydrogeographic spatial division of Switzerland and its importance for hydrology . Ed .: Geographical Institute of the University of Bern. Bern 1995 (dissertation).
• Hydrographic breakdown. (PDF) Federal Office for Water and Geology Geographical Institute of the University of Bern (GIUB) - Group for Hydrology, May 2004, accessed on May 1, 2008 . 

See also

• List of karst springs in Switzerland
• List of Ramsar areas in Switzerland

Web links

• Dossier on the subject of water on the website of the Federal Office for the Environment
• Hans-Ulrich Schiedt: Waterways. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
• Daniel Vischer: Water corrections. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b} Federal Office for the Environment (Bafu): "Hydrological Atlas of Switzerland", table 6.6, status 2010, Bern
2. ^ Canton of Valais: 3rd Rhone correction
3. ^ Canton of Bern: The Aare in the canton of Bern
4. ↑ www.alte-aare.ch
5. ↑ 2. Correction of the Thur
6. ↑ Thurauen Nature Center
7. ↑ Raphael Winteler: "A problem in the flow", in: Nils Güttler, Niki Rhyner, Max Stadler (eds.): Kloten Airport: Anatomie eineskompierter Ort (Æther 01), Zurich: intercom Verlag, 2018.
8. ↑ Renaturation plans for Zurich Airport: "It's about existences" In: Bauernzeitung from January 16, 2019
9. ↑ Canton of Zurich: How the Töss should develop
10. ↑ Renaturation of the Ticino On: SRF 19 November 2018
11. ↑ Back to the future: Renovation of the Ticino In: Tessiner Zeitung from November 19, 2018
12. ↑ Homepage Rhesi
13. ↑ Flood protection Rheintal - Rhesi threatens a severe setback On: SRF from February 21, 2018
14. ↑ www.rheinraus.info
15. ↑ Jörg Krummenacher: On the sinking of the Rhine Valley In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung from September 4, 2017
16. ^ Rüdlingen: floodplain conservation area
17. ^ Canton of Thurgau: Bank rehabilitation of the Upper Rhine
18. ^ Daniel Vischer: Hydrography of Switzerland. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
19. ↑ ^{a b} Natural and reservoir lakes. (PDF; 79 kB) (No longer available online.) Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN), archived from the original on March 2, 2009 ; Retrieved August 19, 2008 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. or natural and reservoir lakes. (XLS; 54 kB) (No longer available online.) Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN), archived from the original on March 2, 2009 ; Retrieved August 19, 2008 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.     
20. ↑ ^{a b} Small lakes in Switzerland - an overview. (PDF) (No longer available online.) Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN), archived from the original on May 2, 2013 ; Retrieved November 2, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
21. ↑ Daniel Viviroli, Rolf Weingartner: Hydrological Significance of the European Alps . In: Federal Office for the Environment (Ed.): Hydrological Atlas of Switzerland . 2004, ISBN 978-3-9520262-0-5 ( hydrologischeratlas.ch [accessed on March 31, 2017]). Hydrological significance of the European Alpine region ( Memento of the original from March 31, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
22. ^ Bruno Schädler: The water balance of Switzerland. In: Communication No. 6, Landeshydrologie, Federal Office for Environmental Protection, 1985, Bern, p. 20.
23. ↑ D. Farinotti, M. Huss, A. Bauder, M. Funk: An estimate of the glacier ice volume in the Swiss Alps. In: Global and Planetary Change. 68 (3), pp. 225-231, 2009.
24. ↑ M. Sinreich, R. Kozel, et al .: Groundwater resources of Switzerland. In: Aqua & Gas. No. 9, 2012, SVGW Swiss Gas and Water Association (publisher)
25. ↑ Beat Jordi: Decreasing water reserves in the Alps. (PDF; 522 kB) In: Environment - Paths of Water. Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN), April 2006, accessed on August 19, 2008 . 
26. ↑ ^{a b} hydropower. (No longer available online.) Federal Office of Energy SFOE, May 19, 2008, archived from the original on September 18, 2008 ; Retrieved August 19, 2008 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
27. ↑ Immersion in water management. Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN), accessed on November 25, 2012 . 
28. ↑ Tina Haisch: The Swiss transport industry in global competition. Die Volkswirtschaft, March 2008, accessed on August 19, 2008 (see section Structural Change: Service Orientation in the Transport Sector ). 
29. ↑ Swiss Rhine ports - meaning. Swiss Rhine ports, accessed on August 19, 2008 . 
30. ↑ Swiss ocean-going ships ( Memento of the original from February 8, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Stock: August 6, 2013) 
31. ↑ Hans-Ulrich Schiedt: Shipping. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
32. ↑ Commercial fishing. (No longer available online.) Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN), archived from the original on June 25, 2013 ; Retrieved November 26, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
33. ↑ Fish import. (No longer available online.) Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN), archived from the original on June 24, 2013 ; Retrieved November 26, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
34. ↑ Angling. (No longer available online.) Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN), archived from the original on June 25, 2013 ; Retrieved November 26, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
35. ↑ Municipal wastewater treatment at the Federal Office for the Environment FOEN
36. ↑ How the phosphate ban has changed waters for 30 years on SRF 1 of July 12, 2016
37. ↑ Micropollutants: Starting signal for the expansion of the sewage treatment plants at the Federal Office for the Environment FOEN
38. ↑ Water quality of the lakes on the Federal Office for the Environment FOEN
39. ↑ The water quality in Switzerland is better - but far from flawless on SRF from July 14, 2016
40. ↑ Water quality: The Limpach - prototype for a bad body of water in Solothurner Zeitung from July 14, 2016
41. ↑ Swiss Confederation: National Platform for Natural Hazards PLANAT
42. ↑ There has been a tsunami danger on Lake Geneva for centuries In: Zeit.de of October 30, 2012
43. ↑ Giant Lake Geneva tsunami in AD 563, Katrina Kremer, Guy Simpson & Stéphanie Girardclos, in: nature geoscience ( doi: 10.1038 / ngeo1618 ), secondary literature: Neue Zürcher Zeitung , Spiegel Online , derStandard.at , Zeit Online , Süddeutsche.de , Focus Online , accessed October 31, 2012.
44. ↑ Swiss Seismological Service ETH: Lake Tsunamis