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YouTube policy does not give permission for anyone to upload content not permitted by [[United States copyright law]], the [[organization]] frequently removing upon request a vast quantity of infringing content.
YouTube policy does not give permission for anyone to upload content not permitted by [[United States copyright law]], the [[organization]] frequently removing upon request a vast quantity of infringing content.


Despite this, a large amount of potentially infringing content continues to be uploaded (e.g., television shows/clips, film clips, commercials, music videos, or music concerts. This is despite a decision in October 2007 to allow media companies to block their copyrighted video content loaded onto YouTube without seeking any prior permission.<ref>{{cite news
Despite this, a large amount of potentially infringing content continues to be uploaded, e.g. television shows/clips, film clips, commercials, music videos, or music concerts. This is despite a decision in October 2007 to allow media companies to block their copyrighted video content loaded onto YouTube without seeking any prior permission.<ref>{{cite news
| url = http://in.news.yahoo.com/071016/139/6lzxa.html
| url = http://in.news.yahoo.com/071016/139/6lzxa.html
| title = YouTube allows media companies to block copyrighted content
| title = YouTube allows media companies to block copyrighted content

Revision as of 12:47, 5 March 2008

YouTube, LLC
YouTube.com logo
Screenshot of youtube.com home page
Type of businessSubsidiary of Google
Type of site
video sharing
Available in12 languages
FoundedFebruary 15, 2005
Headquarters
San Bruno, California
,
U.S.
OwnerGoogle Inc.
Key peopleSteve Chen, Founder & CTO
Chad Hurley, Founder & CEO
Jawed Karim, Founder & Advisor
URLYouTube.com
list of domain names
AdvertisingGoogle, AdSense
RegistrationOptional
(required to upload)
Launched2005
Current statusactive
YouTube headquarters in San Bruno

YouTube (pronounced /juːtuːb/ or /juːtjuːb/[2]) is a video sharing website where users can upload, view and share video clips. YouTube was created in mid-February 2005 by three former PayPal employees.[3] The San Bruno-based service uses Adobe Flash technology to display a wide variety of video content, including movie clips, TV clips and music videos, as well as amateur content such as videoblogging and short original videos. In October 2006, Google Inc. announced that it had reached a deal to acquire the company for US$1.65 billion in Google stock. The deal closed on November 13, 2006.[4]

Unregistered users can watch most videos on the site, while registered users are permitted to upload an unlimited number of videos. Some videos are available only to users of age 18 or older (e.g. videos containing potentially offensive content). The uploading of pornography is prohibited. Related videos, determined by title and tags, appear onscreen to the right of a given video. In YouTube's second year, functions were added to enhance user ability to post video 'responses' and subscribe to content feeds.

Few statistics are publicly available regarding the number of videos on YouTube. However, in July 2006, the company revealed that more than 100 million videos were being watched every day, and 2.5 billion videos were watched in June 2006. 50,000 videos were being added per day in May 2006, and this increased to 65,000 by July.[5]

In August 2006, The Wall Street Journal published an article revealing that YouTube was hosting about 6.1 million videos (requiring about 45 terabytes of storage space), and had about 500,000 user accounts.[6] As of February 26, 2008, a YouTube search for "*" returns about 72,600,000 videos [1], and about 2,800,000 user channels. [2] (The asterisk is a commonly used wildcard character in search engines, therefore showing all videos). [3]. [7][8]

History

Main article: History of YouTube

Domain name problem

YouTube's immense success has unintentionally affected the business of an American company, Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment Corp., whose website, utube.com, was frequently overloaded and shut down by extremely high numbers of visitors unsure about the spelling of YouTube's domain name, but now utube.com is once again operational.[9] At the beginning of November 2006, Universal Tube filed suit in federal court against YouTube,[10] requesting that the youtube.com domain be transferred to them.[11]

Recent events

Political campaigning

Political candidates for the 2008 U.S. Presidential election have been using YouTube as an outlet for advertising their candidacies. Voters can view candidate statements and make videos supporting (or opposing) presidential candidates (e.g., videos for Ron Paul, Hillary Clinton, Barack Obama, and Joe Biden).[12] [13] Third Party presidential candidates have also made extensive use of YouTube. Libertarian Steve Kubby's campaign debuted a short animated film, featuring the faces and voices of campaign contributors who financed its production, on YouTube on September 29th, 2007.[14] The U.S. media has often commented that YouTube played a significant role in the 2006 defeat of Republican Senator George Allen due to a video clip of him making allegedly racist remarks that was continuously replayed by YouTube viewers during the campaign.[15] [16] [17] [18] [19] Political commentators such as James Kotecki have also joined the YouTube world of politics. Many commentators make videos on YouTube critiquing a presidential candidate's YouTube videos, or simply using YouTube as a medium to get their opinions heard. Recently, French and Italian politicians, such as Antonio Di Pietro, have also been using the site as part of their campaigns. YouTube has also been used by former Australian Prime Minister John Howard in the lead up to the 2007 federal election.

CNN-YouTube presidential debates

The CNN-YouTube Republican Debate on 2007-11-28
Main article: CNN-YouTube presidential debates

In the run up to the 2008 Presidential elections, CNN aired a debate in which candidates fielded questions selected from a pool submitted by users of YouTube. Because of the use of technology to aggregate questions from a wide range of constituents, the forum has been referred to as "most democratic Presidential Debate ever".[20]

Routed to Pakistan

On February 24, 2008, an ISP in Pakistan called PieNet advertised a global route that caused most of the entire Internet to route traffic for YouTube's IP addresses to Pakistan.[21]

Copyright infringement and controversial material

Copyright

YouTube policy does not give permission for anyone to upload content not permitted by United States copyright law, the organization frequently removing upon request a vast quantity of infringing content.

Despite this, a large amount of potentially infringing content continues to be uploaded, e.g. television shows/clips, film clips, commercials, music videos, or music concerts. This is despite a decision in October 2007 to allow media companies to block their copyrighted video content loaded onto YouTube without seeking any prior permission.[22]

Until 2007, unless a copyright holder reported violation or infringement, YouTube generally discovered such content via indications within the YouTube community through self-policing. For a brief time, individual members could also report on one another. The flagging feature, intended as a means of reporting questionable content, has been subject to considerable abuse; for a time, some users were flagging other users' original content for copyright violations out of spite. YouTube proceeded to remove copyright infringement from the list of flaggable offenses.

Since 2007, changes to the interface mean that only rights holders are able to directly report copyright violations, even if they are obvious to casual viewers.

YouTube generally identifies video content through search terms that uploaders associate with clips. Some deceptive users create alternative search terms when uploading specific file types (similar to the deliberate misspelling of band names on MP3 filesharing networks).

Hollywood remains divided on YouTube, as "'the marketing guys love YouTube and the legal guys hate it.'"[23] Further,

While lawyers are demanding filtering technology, many Hollywood execs actually enjoy the fact that YouTube only takes down clips when they request it. "If I found part of a successful show up on YouTube today, I'd probably pull it down immediately .... If I had a show that wasn't doing so well in the ratings and could use the promotion, I wouldn't be in a rush to do that."[23]

Content owners are not just targeting YouTube for copyright infringements, but are also targeting third party websites that link to infringing content on YouTube and other video-sharing sites, for example, QuickSilverScreen vs. Fox,[24] Daily Episodes vs. Fox,[25] and Columbia vs. Slashfilm.[26] The liability of linking remains a grey area with cases for and against. The law in the U.S. currently leans towards website owners being liable for infringing links[27] although they are often protected by the DMCA providing they take down infringing content when issued with a take down notice. However, a recent court ruling in the U.S. found Google not liable for linking to infringing content (Perfect 10 v. Google, Inc.).

Examples of infringement complaints

On October 5, 2006, the Japanese Society for Rights of Authors, Composers and Publishers (JASRAC) finalized their copyright complaints regarding Japanese media on YouTube. Thousands of media from popular Japanese artists (such as Tokyo Jihen and other music including Jpop) were removed.

When CBS and Universal Music Group signed agreements to provide content on YouTube, they announced a new technology to help them find and remove copyrighted material.[28]

TV journalist Robert Tur filed the first lawsuit against the company in the summer of 2006, alleging copyright infringement for hosting a number of famous news clips without permission. The case has yet to be resolved.[29] [30]

On November 9, 2006, Artie Lange said that his lawyers were in talks with YouTube, after Lange learned that his entire DVD, It's the Whiskey Talking, was available for free on the website. He added that he will either demand money from them, or will sue.[31]

Viacom and the British Broadcasting Corporation both demanded YouTube to take down more than 200,000 videos.[32]

Wikinews has related news:

Viacom announced it was suing YouTube, and its owner Google, for more than $1 billion in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. Viacom claims that YouTube posted over 160,000 of their videos on the website without their permission.[33][34]

In 2007 a 15-year-old Australian boy managed to get YouTube to delete over 200 YouTube videos belonging to the Australian Broadcasting Corporation using a fake DMCA take down notice. When the fake DMCA notice arrived, the ABC already had in place a long-standing deal with YouTube to freely share its videos. In his hand-written letter, the boy claimed that he was acting on behalf of the "Australian Broddcasting [sic] Corperation [sic]", giving his own Hotmail address as his business contact and demanded that hundreds of videos from ABC's The Chaser's War on Everything television program be deleted from YouTube's servers. Despite the boy not having any affiliation with the ABC and the spelling errors on his hand-written form, YouTube did delete all of the videos at the boy's request and replaced each with a message stating "This video is no longer available due to a copyright claim by Australian Broadcasting Corporation".[35]

Philippine TV channel ABS-CBN also does not allow its videos to be on YouTube.

Use of acoustic fingerprints

On October 12, 2006, YouTube announced that because of recent agreements with high-profile content creators, they are now required to use antipiracy software, which uses an audio-signature technology that can detect a low-quality copy of licensed video. YouTube would have to substitute an approved version of any clip or remove the material immediately. Industry analysts speculated that removal of content with such a system might reduce overall user satisfaction.[36]

On April 16, 2007, Google's CEO Eric E. Schmidt presented a keynote speech at the NAB Convention in Las Vegas. During the Q&A session, Schmidt announced that YouTube was close to enacting a content filtering system to remove infringing content from the service. The new system, called "Claim Your Content", will automatically identify copyrighted material for removal.[37]

Google spokesperson Ricardo Reyes stated on June 13, 2007 that the company was seeking "a way to make video identification technology a reality" when they began to test the system in the next few days.[38][39]

On October 15, 2007, Google announced the release of YouTube Video Identification, a tool that would go "above and beyond our legal responsibilities."[40] In a blog posting on the release, YouTube product manager David King said YouTube Video Identification will help copyright holders identify their works on YouTube and choose what they want done with them.

Violence

Further information: [[:Cyber-bullying]]
Wikinews has related news:

YouTube and similar sites were reportedly used by teenagers who record fights on mobile phones.[41] In July 2007, such an incident happened at a school in Hayling Island, U.K.[42] Additionally, in July 2007, a Briton urinated on a dying woman while a friend made a video of the incident. He reportedly yelled "This is YouTube material!"[43]

Finland school shootings

YouTube appears to have removed 89 videos linked to an 18-year-old gunman who on November 7, 2007 killed at least eight people in Finland. Many of the videos featured Nazi imagery. One of the videos, uploaded days before the incident, called "Jokela high school massacre 11/7/2007", showed a picture of a building by a lake and two photos of a young man holding a gun.[44].

Corruption

Criminal charges in Honduras

An unknown individual posted various recordings of high government officials in Honduras on YouTube, including of the President Mel Zelaya, implicating them in a corruption scandal concerning Hondutel, the state run telephone service[45]. After Zelaya made a complaint to the police they launched an investigation to find who had made the recordings, which are considered espionage and a violation of Honduras' privacy laws, that included searching the mansion of the CEO of Hondutel, Marcelo Chimirri[46], an action condemned by Zelaya[47]. On November 14 Chimirri appeared in court and was charged with various crimes related to the appearance of these clips on YouTube[48].

Animal abuse

YouTube has been criticized for hosting hundreds of whistleblower videos of real-life animal cruelty made specifically to be shown on the site. In spite of these videos being flagged as inappropriate by many users, YouTube has generally failed to take the same policing actions to remove them that they have with videos containing copyright infringement or sexual content.[49] [50]

White House National Drug Control involvement

In September 2006, the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) began running anti-drug messages through YouTube.[51]

New York Times reports anti-U.S. attack videos

On October 5, 2006, The New York Times reported on the proliferation of what they considered to be anti-U.S. Iraqi insurgent attack videos on YouTube.[52]

Neo-Nazis on YouTube

On December 18, 2007, CNN reported about the prevalence of Neo-Nazi Propaganda and Holocaust Denial videos on YouTube.[53] Hundreds of Nazi and SS glorifying, Holocaust denying, anti-semitic and racist videos have been brought to the attention of both YouTube and its parent company Google Inc. and by the German Zentralrat der Juden ("Central Council of Jews"), which did "not get any response". The first reports about the violation of YouTube own rules surfaced in August 2007 after the German TV-magazine Report Mainz reported that even over a hundred complaints by the federal Jugendschutz.net watchdog to YouTube about videos forbidden by German law had not been answered and that the flagged content had not been removed by YouTube.[54][55] [56] [57] Some of the flagged videos have been online for over a year. CNN contacted Google specifically about a 6 part video series of Holocaust Denial videos, which Google promised to "block immediately", but over five weeks later (and as of January 17th, 2008) were still available.[58]At some point between then and the 9th of February 2008, the video was taken down for a "terms of use violation".[59]

Banning

Main article: Blocking of YouTube

YouTube has been blocked in several countries since its inception, including Thailand (ban now lifted) and Iran. Certain video pages were banned as of October 1, 2007 in Turkey, but this was lifted two days later. More recently on 22nd January 2008 Turkey banned YouTube once again but this ban was lifted after three days. Certain pages are also banned in United Arab Emirates.

On February 23, 2008, Pakistan blocked YouTube due to "offensive material" towards the Islamic faith, including the display of pictures of the prophet Muhammad.[60] This action by the Pakistani authorities led to a near global blackout of the YouTube site for at least two hours[61]. Thousands of Pakistanis undermined the 3-day block using a VPN software called Hotspot Shield[62]. The YouTube ban was lifted on February 26, 2008 after the "offensive material" were removed from the site.[63].

Schools in certain countries have begun to block access to YouTube due to students uploading videos of bullying behavior, school fights and racist behavior as well as increased bandwidth usage.[64]

Spamming

Main article: Spam (electronic) § Spam targeting video sharing sites

With recent improvements to e-mail spam filtering technology and their wider use, spammers have begun using YouTube as way to advertise: popular videos frequently have comments with links to irrelevant (and more often than not, pornographic) external sites, usually with some enticing statements (such as "Great video, go to <site> for the full version"). Other examples include users who use non-related-to-video threats (most frequently being "Post this message to <number> friends or your mom will die in <number> hours") They may also send messages to a user's inbox (essentially in the form of a plain-text spam email). Some of these spam accounts also posted pornographic videos on YouTube. A slightly newer feature of YouTube is the ability to send invites to people through email by using the "Invite Your Friends" feature. Originally, this feature was indeed a useful feature to build a bigger community using YouTube. When spammers became aware of this, they decided to give it a try and found every email address possible to send random email invites. More so, they've now been able to cheat the system even more.

"The messages came from service@youtube.com." "The messages look like a legitimate YouTube invite, except they include typical spam content like stock pump-and-dump promotions and links to spam Web sites. Many of them use Microsoft's recent XBox 360 hit "Halo 3" as bait, telling the recipient they have won a free copy of the game and to go to a Web site. If they take the bait and click on "winhalo3.com," the Web site infects them with the Storm worm, which has been hanging around since August."[65]

Spammers have used this route more often nowadays because they can use it to defeat spam filters, gain more readers and possibly customers. "They just do as all spammers do..."

Terms of service

According YouTube's terms of service,[66] users may upload videos only with permission of the copyright holder and people depicted in the videos. Pornography, nudity, defamation, harassment, commercial advertisements and material encouraging criminal conduct are prohibited. The uploader grants YouTube a license to distribute and modify the uploaded material for any purpose; this license terminates when the uploader deletes the material from the site. Users may view videos on the site as long as they agree to the terms of service; downloading through one's own means or copying of the videos is not permitted.

Further information: [[:Censorship by Google#YouTube|Censorship by Google § YouTube]]

Internationalization

Countries for which YouTube is localized.

On June 19, 2007, Eric E. Schmidt was in Paris to launch the new localization system. The entire interface of the website is now available with localized versions in numerous countries:

Country URL Languages Launch date
 Australia http://au.youtube.com/ English (Australia) Error in Template:Date table sorting: days must be an integer between 1 and 31[67]
 Brazil http://br.youtube.com/ Portuguese (Brazil) Error in Template:Date table sorting: days must be an integer between 1 and 31[68]
 Canada http://ca.youtube.com/ English (Canada) Error in Template:Date table sorting: days must be an integer between 1 and 31[69]
 France http://fr.youtube.com/ French Error in Template:Date table sorting: days must be an integer between 1 and 31[68]
 Germany http://de.youtube.com/ German Error in Template:Date table sorting: days must be an integer between 1 and 31[70]
 Hong Kong http://hk.youtube.com/ Chinese (Traditional) Error in Template:Date table sorting: days must be an integer between 1 and 31[71]
 Ireland http://ie.youtube.com/ English (Ireland) Error in Template:Date table sorting: days must be an integer between 1 and 31[68]
 Italy http://it.youtube.com/ Italian Error in Template:Date table sorting: days must be an integer between 1 and 31[68]
 Japan http://jp.youtube.com/ Japanese Error in Template:Date table sorting: days must be an integer between 1 and 31[68]
 South Korea http://kr.youtube.com/ Korean Error in Template:Date table sorting: days must be an integer between 1 and 31
 Mexico http://mx.youtube.com/ Spanish (Mexico) Error in Template:Date table sorting: days must be an integer between 1 and 31
 Netherlands http://nl.youtube.com/ Dutch Error in Template:Date table sorting: days must be an integer between 1 and 31[68]
 New Zealand http://nz.youtube.com/ English (New Zealand) Error in Template:Date table sorting: days must be an integer between 1 and 31[67]
 Poland http://pl.youtube.com/ Polish Error in Template:Date table sorting: days must be an integer between 1 and 31[68]
 Russia http://ru.youtube.com/ Russian Error in Template:Date table sorting: days must be an integer between 1 and 31
 Spain http://es.youtube.com/ Spanish Error in Template:Date table sorting: days must be an integer between 1 and 31[68]
 Republic of China (Taiwan) http://tw.youtube.com/ Chinese (Traditional) Error in Template:Date table sorting: days must be an integer between 1 and 31[72]
 United Kingdom http://uk.youtube.com/ English (United Kingdom) Error in Template:Date table sorting: days must be an integer between 1 and 31[68]
Template:Country data World http://www.youtube.com/ English (United States) Error in Template:Date table sorting: days must be an integer between 1 and 31

Google aims to compete with local videosharing websites like DailyMotion in France. It also made an agreement with local television stations like M6 and France Télévisions to legally broadcast video content.

On October 17, 2007 it was announced that a Hong Kong version had been launched. YouTube's Steve Chen said its next target will be Taiwan.[73][74]

On October 22, 2007 YouTube New Zealand had its launch party, stating that its aim was to help create YouTube celebrities within New Zealand. This was quickly evident with the rise of such New Zealand YouTube shows as Three Best Friends That Live Together.

YouTube has been subject to threats of censorship by various countries because of the content it hosts. It was blocked from Mainland China from the 18th October due to the censorship of the Taiwanese flag. URLs to YouTube were redirected to China's own search engine, Baidu. It was subsequently unblocked on the 31st of October.[75] On February 22, 2008, it was blocked in Pakistan for hosting "objectionable content" which may offend the traditions of Islam[76], which was removed on the request of the government which resulted in the ban to be lifted on February 26, 2008[63]. The Pakistani government had asked the site to remove one or more videos which depict such content, however the individual videos were not identified.[76]

Technical notes

Video format

As of November 2007 YouTube plays back videos limited in both size and quality. The size is limited to pixel dimensions of 320 by 240 and the quality is limited to a bitrate of around 314kbit/s with a frame rate dependent on the uploaded video.[77]YouTube limits the playback size and quality by re-encoding the user's uploaded video at the time of upload. In 2006 YouTube permitted playback at higher quality, larger sizes, and in stereo, but some time after January 2007 YouTube applied quality reductions to new uploads.[78]

YouTube's video playback technology is based on Macromedia's Flash Player 9 and uses the Sorenson Spark H.263 video codec. This technology allows the site to display videos with quality comparable to more established video playback technologies (such as Windows Media Player, QuickTime and RealPlayer) that generally require the user to download and install a web browser plugin in order to view video. Flash also requires a plug-in, but Adobe considers the Flash 7 plug-in to be present on about 90% of online computers.[79] The video can also be played back with third-party media players such as GOM Player, gnash, VLC as well as some ffmpeg-based video players.

YouTube converts videos into .FLV (Adobe Flash Video) format after uploading.[80] The extension is then stripped from the file (Extension can be found from the server's MIME Type). The different files are stored in obscurely named subdomains, accessible either directly or through YouTube's get_video PHP script. YouTube also converts content to other formats so that it can be viewed outside of the website. See below.

YouTube officially accepts uploaded videos in .WMV, .AVI, .MOV, MPEG and .MP4, formats[81]

Users can view videos in windowed mode or full screen mode and it is possible to switch modes during playback without reloading it due to the full-screen function of Adobe Flash Player 9.

On September 14, 2007, Members of the VIDEOHelp.com forums discovered a method to allow high-quality video and stereo sound[82]. The method involved converting a video to the .flv format YouTube uses, and using a Hex Editor to extend the video's displayed playback time (usually to 10 or 11 minutes for non-Director accounts), thus "tricking" YouTube into believing that the file's bitrate was much lower than it actually was. Although load times significantly increased for videos, both video and sound quality was notably better than in comparable videos uploaded without the method. However, on February 4, 2008, following a maintenance period, YouTube took countermeasures against this method, and it is now impossible to upload high-quality videos[83]. This had no effect on any high-quality videos already uploaded to Youtube. In addition, it seems that any videos that have little movement and are encoded under 350 kbps, while not offering the same amount of quality as those with the trick method, still sound and look better than typical Youtube videos[84]

Audio format

YouTube files contain an MP3 audio stream. By default, it is mono-encoding with a 65kbit/s rate at 22050 Hz. However, it is possible to get a stereo audio track if the movie file is manually converted to FLV format using a program such as ffmpeg for Linux, ffmpegX for Macintosh or the commercial Riva FLV Encoder for Windows.

Content accessibility

On YouTube

As noted above, YouTube accepts common file formats and converts them to the H.263 variant of Flash Video, and makes them available for online viewing. Beginning in June 2007, newly uploaded videos will also be encoded using the H.264 video standard to enable streaming of YouTube videos on the Apple TV and the iPhone.

On Apple TV

Apple Inc. announced on 20 June 2007 that YouTube is accessible on the Apple TV after installation of a free software update. Functionality includes browsing by category, searching videos, and the ability for members to log onto their YouTube accounts directly on Apple TV. Access to thousands of the most current and popular YouTube videos will be available, with plans to add thousands more videos each week. The entire catalog is targeted to be available in fall 2007. According to Apple VP David Moody, the reason for the delay is the need for all current YouTube content to be transcoded to Apple's preferred video standard, H.264. All content uploaded in and after June, however, will be automatically encoded into H.264, rendering additional transcoding unnecessary for these newer files.

On mobile

YouTube launched its mobile site, YouTube Mobile on 15 June 2007. It is based on xHTML and uses 3GP videos with H263/AMR codec and RTSP streaming. It is available via a web interface at m.youtube.com or via YouTube's Mobile Java Application.

On TV

YouTube TV Channel will on Information TV 2 on January 7, 2008. The channel will air video sharing content from the YouTube website.

On iPhone and iPod touch

Apple announced Wednesday, 20 June 2007 that YouTube would be available on iPhone at launch. Streaming is over WiFi or EDGE.

Videos on YouTube for the iPhone are encoded in Apple's preferred H.264 format. All videos are viewed in the horizontal orientation of the phone. As YouTube videos have 4:3 aspect ratio and the iPhone is 3:2, videos must be viewed with black bars on the side (pillarboxed) or may be zoomed to trim some of the top and bottom to fill the screen.

Not all videos are available on iPhone yet because not every video has been reencoded to H.264. There are two versions of each video on YouTube, one is higher bandwidth for WiFi use, and one is lower resolution for EDGE use.

Unlike the Apple TV version, users cannot log in to their own YouTube accounts, but can create a separate favorites list just for the iPhone.

Outside YouTube

Each video is accompanied by the full HTML markup for linking to it and/or embedding it within another page, unless the submitter of a video chooses to disable the embedding feature. A small addition to the embeddable markup will allow the video to play automatically when the webpage loads. These simple cut-and-paste options are especially popular with users of social-networking sites. Poor experiences, however, have been cited by users of such sites,[85] where autoplaying embedded YouTube videos has been reported to slow down page loading time or even to crash internet browsers.

The YouTube Player is the name of another embeddable applet (with a different interface), designed for browsing YouTube videos on an iGoogle homepage.

YouTube itself does not make it easy to download and save videos for offline viewing or editing nor for viewing in external players, but several third-party web sites, applications, browser extensions (such as Firefox extensions) exist for that purpose. Alternatively, most .flv files can be copied from the 'Temporary Internet Files' folder in Windows, or the /tmp directory in GNU systems, to a permanent folder. The .flv files can then be viewed and edited directly or converted to other formats using various applications.

YouTube Remixer

On June 18, 2007, YouTube launched its online video editing tool, YouTube Remixer. The tool allows users to edit their YouTube videos online, although the editing tools are very limited.

Channel type

Members of YouTube.com are offered to be a part of groups called "Channel Types" that make their channel more distinctive. The types are:

  • YouTuber, a general viewer of YouTube.
  • Director, movie makers displaying their videos for YouTube viewers.
  • Musician, musicians or bands covering songs or displaying originals or giving lessons on songs, scales, chords, etc.
  • Comedian, comedians displaying their comedy bits for YouTube viewers.
  • Guru, people who are experienced in a certain field make videos of what they do.

Social impact

Internet celebrities and breaking boundaries

Main article: YouTube celebrities

YouTube's popularity has led to the creation of many YouTube Internet celebrities, popular individuals who have attracted much publicity in their home countries (and sometimes world renown) due to their videos.[86] The most subscribed YouTube member, as of October 18, 2007, is Smosh.[87]

For some users, Internet fame has led to unexpected results and, in some cases, crossovers into traditional media or entertainment avenues. Former receptionist Brooke Brodack (Brookers) from Connecticut has been signed by NBC's Carson Daly for an 18-month development contract in June 2006; Brodack was among the first individuals to transition into mainstream media through YouTube.[88][89] Another discovery was the uncovered fictitious blog of lonelygirl15, now known to be the creation of New Zealand actress Jessica Rose and some film directors. In 2007, a Dutch vocalist and songwriter named Esmée Denters (esmeedenters) was signed to a recording contract by Billy Mann based on her YouTube performances.[90][91]

On January 31, 2007, Fox announced that Lisa Donovan (LisaNova) would appear as a cast member during the 12th season of its sketch comedy show MADtv.[92] Terra Naomi (terranaomi) has been signed with Island Records, a division of the Universal Music Group, one of the Big Four record labels. Brandon Hardesty (ArtieTSMITW), known for a popular reenactment series among his work, is currently in a GEICO television commercial[93] running nationally in the U.S. and it consists mostly of a segment taken from his Strange Faces and Noises I Can Make III video. Brandon has also been contracted by an agent and was hired for a role in the independent film, Bart Got a Room.[94]

Ysabella Brave (ysabellabrave and ysabellabravetalk) announced in two videos on June 3, 2007, in connection with a Los Angeles Times feature article[95] about her on the same day, that she has been signed by Cordless Recordings, a division of the Warner Music Group, also one of the four major records labels. TheReceptionist announced in a video on July 9, 2007 that he will be providing content for Comedy Central's website.[96]

Daniel Geduld (everyonesvoice) now works in the voice-over business and he credits his discovery to his popular Skeletor remixes, which change an originally serious animation series into comedy.[97] SamProof appeared on November 18th, 2007on Adult Swim's Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job![98]

Cory Williams (aka Mr. Safety of smpfilms) is the host of the first national television show to spawn from video bloggers. It's a "best of the net" type show called The FIZZ[99] on DirecTV channel 101 in the United States.[100] on DirecTV channel 101. The show has been on air since September of 2006 and features other popular YouTubers such as boh3m3, thewinekone, Kevin Nalty, TheHill88, and many others. Williams has also appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, MTV Scarred, as well as a few popular music videos (Bloodhound Gang and Against Me! being two of the bands).

But by far, the most popular may be Chris Crocker, an avid Britney Spears fan who posted a video regarding the singer's troubles with her marriage and the law, crying throughout his video, entitled "LEAVE BRITNEY ALONE!". It has been parodied by many other users, shown in the comedy spoof movie Meet the Spartans, and has been referenced on a few TV shows.

Band and music promotion

YouTube has also become a means of promoting bands and their music. One such example is OK Go which got a huge radio hit and an MTV Video Music Awards performance out of the treadmill video for Here It Goes Again.[101][102] In the same light, a video broadcasting the Free Hugs Campaign with accompanying music by the Sick Puppies led to instant fame for both the band and the campaign, with more campaigns taking place in different parts of the world. The main character of the video, Juan Mann has also achieved fame, being interviewed on Australian news programs, even appearing on The Oprah Winfrey Show.[103] Singer-songwriter Tay Zonday's video of "Chocolate Rain" had such play that it led to a music video promoting a Dr Pepper product.[104]

Sharing revenue with popular users

In May 2007, YouTube invited some of its most viewed users to become "YouTube Partners." This exclusive status, previously only offered to commercial content providers, allows users to earn revenue from advertisements placed next to videos.[105] Participants include Ben Going (boh3m3), Paul Robinett (renetto), Lisa Donovan (LisaNova), Jessica Rose (lonelygirl15), Kevin Nalty (Nalts) Tony Huynh (thewinekone), Brandon Hardesty (ArtieTSMITW), Christine Gambito (HappySlip), Cory Williams (Cory "Mr. Safety"), and Yousef Abu-Taleb (Danielbeast), among the 100 partners.[106]

YouTube gatherings

YouTubers periodically hold public gatherings to celebrate the video sharing community.[107] One of the earliest of such gatherings, the recurrent and international As One, was first held in January 2007 in Hollywood, California by Cory Williams of smpfilms. The second As One, also hosted by Cory Williams, was held on February 17, 2007 at Pier 39 in San Francisco, California, managed to attract many of YouTube's highest viewed individuals.[108] Notable attendees included: Caitlin Hill; Ben Going; and Yousef Abu-Taleb, the actor who plays DanielBeast in the YouTube serial lonelygirl15. A third gathering took place on July 7, 2007, at Washington Square Park in New York City. A singing invitation to the event, posted on YouTube by Christine Gambito, YouTube's Happyslip, gained over 2.6 million views.[109] Notable attendees included: Brooke Brodack; Caitlin Hill; Philip DeFranco aka "sxephil"; Charles Trippy; wpgpeanut; and Kevin Nalty. Yet another took place in Washington D.C. on September 8, 2007. Another two gatherings are planed by smpfilms at the beginning of 2008.[110]

The economics of YouTube

Before being purchased by Google, YouTube declared that its business model was advertisement-based, making 15 million dollars per month. Some industry commentators have speculated that YouTube's running costs – specifically the bandwidth required – may be as high as 5 to 6 million USD per month,[111] thereby fueling criticisms that the company, like many Internet startups, did not have a viably implemented business model. Advertisements were launched on the site beginning in March 2006. YouTube subsequently stopped using AdSense but has resumed in local regions.

Advertising is YouTube's central mechanism for gaining revenue. This issue has also been taken up in scientific analysis. Don Tapscott and Anthony D. Williams argue in their book Wikinomics that YouTube is an example for an economy that is based on mass collaboration and makes use of the Internet. "Whether your business is closer to Boeing or P&G, or more like YouTube or flickr, there are vast pools of external talent that you can tap with the right approach. Companies that adopt these models can drive important changes in their industries and rewrite the rules of competition"[112] "new business models for open content will not come from traditional media establishments, but from companies such as Google, Yahoo, and YouTube. This new generation of companies is not burned by the legacies that inhibit the publishing incumbents, so they can be much more agile in responding to customer demands. More important, they understand that you don't need to control the quantity and destiny of bits if they can provide compelling venues in which people build communities around sharing and remixing content. Free content is just the lure on which they layer revenue from advertising and premium services".[113]

Tapscott and Williams argue that it is important for new media companies to find ways of how to make profit with the help of peer-produced content. The new Internet economy that they term Wikinomics would be based on the principles of openness, peering, sharing, and acting globally. Companies could make use of these principles in order to gain profit with the help of Web 2.0 applications: “Companies can design and assemble products with their customers, and in some cases customers can do the majority of the value creation”.[114] Tapscott and Williams argue that the outcome will be an economic democracy.

There are other views in the scientific debate that agree with Tapscott and Williams that value creation is increasingly based on harnessing open source/content, networking, sharing, and peering, but that argue that the result is not an economic democracy, but a subtle form and deepening of exploitation, in which labour costs are reduced by Internet-based global outsourcing.

Popular culture

  • "I'm gonna put this on YouTube and make like a million dollars."
  • "YouTube's free, you idiot!"
  • On The Colbert Report, when Stephen Colbert broke his wrist, he later overdubbed the video footage with the line "Oh, I've hurt my wrist very badly! Oh please no one post this on YouTube!"

If it's a camera up in here

Then I best not catch this flick on Youtube

Youtube

Video rankings

File:YouTube video info.PNG
An example of rating, honors, and other information on a video
File:YouTube ranking updated.JPG
Updated example of rating, honors, and other information on a video

YouTube awards videos with honors, the most popular of which is "most viewed"[115] which are divided into four categories: today, this week, this month and all time. Honors include:

YouTube Video Awards

In 2006, YouTube presented the annual YouTube Video Awards.[116] Categories include "'most adorable video ever" and "most creative." YouTube nominates the contenders, and users decide the winners. Only original, user created videos are nominated. Nominees for the 2006 awards included Peter Oakley (geriatric1927), LonelyGirl15, thewinekone, Renetto and Chad Vader.[117][118]

2006 Awards:[119]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to YouTube.
Wikiquote has quotations related to YouTube.

References

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  2. ^ see American and British English pronunciation differences
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External links

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