Churches in Rome

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The churches in Rome , the center of the Roman Catholic Church and seat of the Pope, have a special significance partly because of their age, partly because of their ecclesiastical status . The pilgrim churches are well known, including the papal basilica and other churches that were visited by pilgrims on a pilgrimage to Rome. In addition, there are numerous historically or architecturally significant church buildings from all epochs, many of which play a role as title churches of the cardinals and as centers of the religious orders .

Panoramic picture of St. Peter's Square with St. Peter's Basilica

Overview and explanations of terms

The churches in Rome include the Christian sacred buildings inside and outside the large city walls, some of which are still visible today, the Servian Wall from the 4th century BC. And the Aurelian Wall from the 3rd to 5th centuries AD.

  • Since the end of the 4th century, specific station churches have been established for every Sunday and public holiday , in which the parishes of the city celebrate the Eucharist together , usually originally in the presence of the Roman bishop , later the Pope .

I. San Giovanni in Laterano for the Patriarchate of the Bishop of Rome

II. San Pietro in Vaticano for the Patriarchate of Constantinople

III. San Paolo fuori le mura for the Patriarchate of Alexandria

IV. Santa Maria Maggiore for the Patriarchate of Antioch

V. San Lorenzo fuori le mura for the Jerusalem Patriarchate .

Since Pope Benedict XVI. has given up his title as Patriarch of the Western Church in 2006, these basilicas are no longer referred to as patriarchal basilicas, but as papal basilicas .

The seven pilgrimage churches in the Holy Year 1575. Antonio Lafréry, Speculum romanae magnificentiae , Rome 1575

VI. S. Croce in Gerusalemme (with the cross relic)

VII. S. Sebastiano fuori le mura (with the tomb of the martyr Sebastian).

A visit to the pilgrimage churches was obligatory for pilgrims to Rome; there have been special pilgrim guides since the 7th century. From 1551 the tradition was revived by Saint Philip Neri .

The six researched colloquial basilicas and the two imperial mausoleums as well as the baptisteries of the city are of great cultural-historical and art-historical importance :

  • Early Christian architecture, with the coemeterial basilicas built as burial sites over martyrs' graves, offers the new architectural form of the colloquial basilica that can only be found in Rome . It is a three-aisled basilica, the lower aisles of which run semicircularly around the central nave , while the wider and higher central nave is closed off by semicircular arcades , so that the church has a circus-like shape in plan. This form of architecture can be traced back to the endeavor, noticeable since the beginning of the 4th century, to build coemeterial basilicas over the graves of martyrs outside the city walls. The floor area inside these basilicas was covered with graves because the faithful wanted to be buried as close as possible to the grave of a saint in order to be accepted into his intercession. The basilica was practically a covered cemetery ( coemeterium subteglatum ). Each burial church also included larger or smaller mausoleums. Since the end of the 6th century, the bones of the martyrs from the catacombs and graves outside the city walls were transferred to churches within the city walls for safety, with the result that no more burial churches were built.
  • Since the 4th century, separate baptisteries or baptisteries have been built for the baptism of catechumens . These baptisteries were usually separated from the church because the candidates for baptism were not yet allowed to enter the church during the celebration of the Eucharist . After the construction of the first baptistery next to the Lateran basilica (around 315), other churches gradually received their own baptisteries, e.g. B. in the 4th century already S. Agnese, S. Maria in Trastevere, S. Croce in Gerusalemme, S. Lorenzo in Damaso, S. Marco, S. Pietro in Vaticano, S. Paolo fuori le mura, those in the following Centuries more buildings followed.
Lateran Basilica
Constantine Basilica of San Pietro in Vaticano, construction stage in the 4th century
San Paolo fuori le mura, central nave

On the significance of the titular churches and titular diaconies :

  • There are also 164 Roman title churches today . Already in the first centuries the churches of Rome were divided into seven regions; each region had several titular churches ( tituli ecclesiae ), each of which was headed by a presbyter , the presbyter cardinalis , to distinguish him from the presbyteri parochialis subordinate to him . The term title church is derived from the Latin titulus (inscription, title, legal title) and was an ecclesiastical administrative name for a pastoral care office with a church that was subordinate to the Roman bishop. Each presbyter cardinalis was a member of the episcopal presbytery, which was directly subordinate to the Bishop of Rome. The College of Cardinals later developed from this highlighted circle . The central administration of the churches had been in the Lateran since the 4th century. The names of the title churches often go back to the names of the property owners or donors; only in the early Middle Ages did the names of saints take their place; here and there an old owner's name was given the addition Sanctus or Sancta . The title churches were the forerunners of the parishes in today's sense. With the number of cardinal priests appointed by the Pope, so did the number of title churches, which currently amounts to about 164 (see list of Roman title churches ).
  • In addition, there are today about 69 Roman titular diaconies , which emerged from early Christian diaconal stations and which today are usually associated with a parish church. The honorary office of a cardinal deacon is conferred on cardinals and bishops (see list of Roman titular deaconies ).

The largest number of the more than 1000 churches in Rome can be found in the parish churches and religious orders of the city (see list of Catholic parishes in the city of Rome ).

Santa Maria Maggiore with Marian column. Engraving by Giovanni Paolo Pannini , 1744
San Lorenzo Fuori le mura

The main churches of Rome

The seven pilgrimage churches listed, among which the papal basilicas are the most important, are called the main churches of Rome.

The papal basilicas

I. San Giovanni in Laterano ; the Lateran basilica was originally called Ecclesia Sanctissimi Salvatoris . The name Basilica Lateranensis mentioned in late antique sources goes back to the ancient Roman Laterani family as the original property owners. The basilica was built from 315 by Constantine the Great under the Roman bishop Silvester I as the main Roman church and splendidly furnished. Even before St. Peter's Basilica, it is considered the highest-ranking Roman Catholic church. The essential parts of the five-aisled basilica have been preserved under the guise of baroque reconstruction by Francesco Borromini (building history, architecture and furnishings)

The sacred area of ​​the Lateran also includes:

  • The Baptistery of San Giovanni in Fonte (around 315/435) with the attached chapels and the famous mosaics,
  • the old papal residence (until 1309) with the remains of the former dining room ( triclinium ) as well as the former papal private chapel Sancta Sanctorum and the holy stairs ,

II. San Pietro in Vaticano , originally Basilica Sancti Petri or St. Peter's Basilica , are the names for the basilica on the hill of the Vatican on the right bank of the Tiber, built around 317 as a memorial church above the Peter memorial . Emperor Constantine I was the founder and owner of this five-aisled basilica, consecrated in 333 (building history, architecture and furnishings). The new construction of St. Peter's Basilica, for which the foundation stone was laid in 1506, was not completed until 1635 after several changes of master builder and building plans. The main altar stands over the place where, according to tradition, the tomb of the apostle Peter was. To the builders of Neu-St. Peter include Bramante , Giuliano da Sangallo , Michelangelo and Carlo Maderno .

III. San Paolo fuori le mura , Saint Paul Outside the Walls . When the basilica was founded, the name was Ecclesia Santi Pauli extra muros . A cella memoria was first built over the presumed Paul's grave on Via Ostiense around 200 , which was the reason for Emperor Constantine I to have a relatively small memorial basilica built over it in 324, which was built in 386 by the so-called three emperor basilica based on the model of Old Saint Peter replaced and was consecrated in 390. After the major fire of 1823, the basilica was completely reconstructed and completed in 1854 (building history, architecture and furnishings).

IV. Santa Maria Maggiore was originally called Ecclesia Sanctae Dei genitricis , later also Sancta Maria ad praesepe (St. Mary at the Nativity) or Sancta Maria ad Nives (St. Mary of the Snow) or, after the alleged predecessor building under Pope Liberius, Basilica Liberii ( Basilica Liberiana ). Pope Sixtus III. From 432 he had a new basilica built on the Esquiline in honor of Mary , the Mother of God , after the worship of Mary as Mother of God had been recognized at the Council of Ephesus (431). It is the largest of the numerous Marienkirche in the city and at the same time the oldest; because the basilica Santa Maria in Trastevere was founded in the middle of the 4th century as Titulus sancti Iulii et Callixti , but at the earliest around 587 St. Maria was consecrated as Titulus sanctae Mariae . Santa Maria Maggiore is also the first early Christian basilica that was no longer commissioned by the imperial family, but by the Roman bishop (building history, architecture and furnishings including the famous mosaics and the miraculous image of Salus populi Romani ).

V. San Lorenzo fuori le mura , Saint Lawrence outside the walls . The sacred area around the basilica includes:

  • the Constantinian basilica, called basilica maior (337–351),
  • the basilica of San Lorenzo fuori le mura from around 580 ("Pelagius-Bau") above the Laurentius tomb with apse in the west and narthex in the east,
  • the addition of a new nave in the west and the conversion of the Pelagius building as a confessio and choir room in the east and portico in the west (“Honorius Building”) after 1200 (building history, architecture and furnishings).

The pilgrim churches

After the two Roman memorial churches of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme and San Sebastiano fuori le mura were added to the ranks of the main churches in Rome, there were seven pilgrimage churches in Rome. For a long time, it was mandatory for Roman pilgrims to visit all seven pilgrimage churches. In the 16th century the tradition was revived by St. Philip Neri .

Santa Croce di Gerusalemme

VI. Santa Croce in Gerusalemme . After the discovery of the cross of Christ in Jerusalem (325), on behalf of Emperor Constantine I and his family, part of the imperial Sessorium palace in the south-east of the city was converted into a church by aligning the originally transverse entrance hall with an east apse received (around 330). This single-nave apsidal hall then had to be reinforced by two transverse walls with three arcades each. Around 400 the room adjoining the apse was separated from the imperial palace and made accessible from the church; this so-called Helenakapelle probably served to store the relics of the cross of Christ . As early as the middle of the 5th century, the church was given the addition of Hierusalem (today “in Gerusalemme”). Hugo Brandenburg described the importance of this memorial church and the history of the relics of the cross.

San Sebastiano fuori le mura

VII. San Sebastiano fuori le mura was originally called Basilica Apostolorum . The sacred district includes:

  • the Sebastian catacomb with the tomb of the martyr and the Memoria Apostolorum (around 260),
  • the basilica Basilica Apostolorum (after 312), which was consecrated to the martyr Sebastian in the 8th century and has since been called San Sebastiano ad Catacumbas,
  • the mausoleums attached to the basilica (4th / 5th centuries).

During archaeological excavations, a memorial site for the Apostles Peter and Paul from around 260 was discovered at the Sebastian's catacombs . It was created after Emperor Valerian had ordered (257) that Christians were no longer allowed to practice their cult in public and that they could therefore no longer meet at Peter's and Paul's tombs. Therefore, the common cult was moved to the underground cemetery cymeterium catacumbas on the Via Appia and a memoria apostolorum was established there . For the imperial family who had become Christian around 317, this was the reason to build a funeral basilica over this memorial and the grave of the martyr Sebastian. It was a three-aisled pillar basilica with the peculiarities of the colloquial basilica, which was subsequently surrounded by small mausoleums and tombs of important Roman families. After the cult of memory for the apostles Peter and Paul had moved back to the great basilicas above their graves, the previous Basilica Apostolorum was consecrated to St. Sebastian in the 8th century and has been called San Sebastiano fuori le mura since then. Details on the building history, architecture and furnishings can be found at Wehrens.

Helena Mausoleum (around 326)

Coemeterial basilicas and imperial mausoleums

In the years after 315, Constantine I and the imperial family built so-called coemeterial or communal basilicas (Italian basilica circiforme ) over the graves of the martyrs buried outside the city walls in order to be buried as close as possible to the saints as their advocates. For themselves, the imperial family chose the form of round mausoleum known from pre-Christian times. The six basilicas that have been rediscovered to this day are all on imperial property and are all on the major arterial roads outside the Aurelian wall. A site plan and true-to-scale floor plans as well as descriptions of the six basilicas and the two imperial mausoleums can be found at Hugo Brandenburg and Wehrens.

Colloquial basilica San Sebastiano fuori le mura (approx. 320) with attached mausoleums (model)

Colloquial basilica Santi Marcellino e Pietro (315–317) and Helena Mausoleum (around 326) The early Christian district on what was then Via Labicana (now Via Casilina) includes:

  • the basilica Santi Marcellino e Pietro (approx. 315–317),

Almost simultaneously with the construction of the Lateran basilica, Constantine I had the first basilica built on the imperial property ad duas lauros ("near the two laurel trees") in memory of the persecution martyrs under Diocletian who were buried in the catacomb there ; Marcellinus and Petrus , called Marcellinus presbyter and Petrus exorcista , were especially venerated among them . This oldest Christian basilica to commemorate the dead was also used for the private cult of the dead and for burials within the church. A large circular mausoleum was built on the east side of the basilica around 326 on the instructions of Constantine I and connected to the basilica by a vestibule. Probably initially planned as his own burial place, it was later used as the burial place of his mother Helena (around 329), since then referred to as the Helena mausoleum. Due to the close connection of the sacred building and the mausoleum to an axial structure, each with an altar donated by Constantine, the imperial tomb was integrated with the burial church. The mausoleum has been preserved as a mighty ruin; only remains of the wall of the basilica can be seen.

Colloquial Basilica Tor de'Schiavi (315–320) The second burial basilica was built around 315 on the imperial estate of Subaugusta on the old Via Praenestina near Tor de'Schiavi, of which only the stumps of pillars and wall remains have been preserved. There was also a small catacomb here at the time. In addition, the domed circular mausoleum Tor de'Schiavi was built between 305 and 309, the builder of which is not known. What is certain is that to the west of the mausoleum was the estate of the imperial Gordiani family and that the name of the mausoleum comes from the Vincenzo Rossi dello Schiavo family, who acquired the property in the 16th century.

Colloquial Basilica San Sebastiano fuori le mura or Basilica Apostolorum (317-320) This funeral basilica is discussed above in the Pilgrim Churches section VII.

Basilica of Sant'Agnese, ca.337

Colloquial basilica on Via Ardeatina (336) Between Via Ardeatina and Via Appia, the foundations of another colloquial basilica have been excavated near the Calixtus catacomb . This is probably the funeral basilica mentioned in the Liber Pontificalis , which was built by Marcus around 336 with the support of Constantine I on imperial property. The floor of the basilica was also covered with tombs; a tomb in the middle of the presbytery, privileged by its location and size, must have been planned when it was built. Therefore the burial place intended for Pope Marcus as donor is assumed here; This is supported by another name for the basilica as San Marco sull'Ardeatina. After the remains of the founder pope were transferred to the inner-city basilica San Marco in the 12th century, the burial church began to fall apart through stone robbery.

Mausoleum of Constantina, after 337

The basilica of Sant'Agnese (around 337) and the Constantina mausoleum (after 337) The area of ​​the basilica includes:

  • the catacombs on Via Nomentana with the tomb of the martyr Agnes (3rd century),
  • the basilica of Sant'Agnese ( Coemeterium Agnetis ) from around 337,
Lateran Baptistery, construction status from 432/1648

According to tradition, Constantina (daughter of Constantine the Great) founded the basilica on the imperial estate on the Via Nomentana between 337 and 343 in honor of St. Agnes of Rome, who was buried there . It was the largest of the previous burial churches in Rome (98 × 40 m), of which the outer walls of the huge apse and the south aisle wall have been preserved. From the former forecourt, a wide staircase led down to the tomb of the saint, who was highly venerated in Rome. Only a few years after construction began, Constantina had her own mausoleum built next to the south aisle, in which she and later her sister Helena were buried (354 and 360). The oldest mosaics of Christian monumental architecture (around 350 and 370) have been preserved in this rotunda with extraordinary architecture and rich furnishings. Under Pope Honorius I , around 630, in addition to the large basilica with the Constantina mausoleum, the much smaller gallery basilica of Sant'Agnese fuori le mura was built in such a way that the presbytery and altar were above the tomb of St. Agnes. In order to be able to offer the numerous pilgrims space despite the cramped construction area and the difficult floor conditions, the shape of a three-aisled basilica with a spacious gallery was chosen. Apart from the apse mosaic (around 638), only the bishop's throne and parts of the old marble cladding have been preserved from the splendid interior. The particularly elaborate Schola cantorum (13th century) with the mosaic-encrusted pillars should be emphasized.

Lateran Baptistery inside, construction state from 432

Colloquial basilica on Via Tiburtina , called Basilica maior (337–351). (For the sacred area, see above at the Basilica of San Lorenzo fuori le mura ).

The youngest of all colonial basilicas in the city, built according to plans by Constantine I and the Roman bishop Silvester I from 337, was also an imperial foundation. It was created on the Fundus Veranus estate (after Emperor Lucius Verus ), today's Campo Verano cemetery , next to the grave of the martyr Laurentius of Rome . From the three-aisled basilica with surrounding aisles, a staircase led down to the catacomb with the martyr's grave. Around 580 Pope Pelagius II had a smaller Laurentius church ("Pelagius-Bau") built on the north side of the basilica, exactly above the Laurentius grave; for this purpose, the hill above the catacomb had to be partially removed and half of the new building, also a gallery basilica, had to be built underground. In the crypt under the presbytery, the bones of St. Lawrence are kept in an ancient sarcophagus ; later the relics of the arch-martyr Stephen were transferred here so that both city ​​patrons of Rome could be venerated here together. Of the mosaics donated by Pelagius II, only the one on the apse arch has survived. Pope Honorius III. in the period after 1200 had the apse of the Pelagius building in the west torn down and a new nave with a vestibule added ("Honorius building"); the previous nave of the Pelagius building was raised and transformed into the new choir with confessio and main altar in the east. The ciborium , bishop's throne , ambo, Easter candlestick and floor are mosaic works by the cosmats .

Baptisteries

Lateran Baptistery at the Lateran Basilica , also called San Giovanni in Fonte. At the same time as the Lateran Basilica, Constantine I had the first Christian baptistery built next to it around 315, as a multi-storey building on a round floor plan, with a round baptismal font and an interior with red porphyry columns ; it was called the fons lateranensis or baptisterium basilicae constantiniana . From 432, under Sixtus III, it was built on the old foundations . the still existing octagon with a two-story structure using the Constantinian porphyry columns, since 1648 with an octagonal dome. This building became the model for later baptisteries and other central buildings. In the vestibule that was built at the same time, a mosaic (around 440) has been preserved, which is interpreted as a comparison of the entry into Christian life at baptism with entry into the life beyond through death. Also noteworthy are the attached chapels in honor of John the Baptist and John the Evangelist as well as the Oratorio di San Venanzio with mosaics from the 5th and 7th centuries. A description of the architecture and furnishings including good illustrations can be found at Hugo Brandenburg.

Further baptismal institutions in late antique churches in Rome were put together by Kristina Friedrichs.

The most important churches of the first millennium

In contrast to the first large church buildings in Rome, which were donated by the emperor and his family, the founding of the first titular churches can mostly be traced back to private donors and Roman bishops. These somewhat smaller church buildings brought many new building ideas with them, e.g. B. the triumphal arch decorated with mosaics , the Schola cantorum , the ciborium above the main altar and the bishop's throne. The names of the early Christian churches often go back to the names of the property owners or donors. It was not until the early Middle Ages that they were replaced by the names of saints, with an old owner's name being given the addition of Sanctus or Sancta .

Santa Maria in Trastevere (around 380/1130)

Details on the location, patronage , building history, architecture and church furnishings can be found under the respective marked internal links. The church buildings are arranged chronologically according to the established or presumed foundation dates; the chronological order is not adhered to in the case of buildings on a contiguous area. In addition to the common Italian names, the original Latin names of the churches are also regularly given.

Santa Pudenziana (after 380)
Santa Sabina (around 422)
Santo Stefano Rotondo (around 462)
SS. Cosma e Damiano (after 527) and so-called Temple of Romulus (309)
  • Santa Susanna ( Titulus Gaii / Titulus Sanctae Susannae ) early 5th century
Pantheon, since 609 Sancta Maria ad Martyres
  • Pantheon ( Sancta Maria ad Martyres ) 609

Important churches from the Middle Ages to modern times

Gothic churches

  • San Nicola a Capo di Bove was built in the Castrum Caetani on the Via Appia Antica at the beginning of the 14th century .

Renaissance churches

Il Gesù (1568)
  • San Luigi dei Francesi , the national church of the French in Rome, inaugurated in 1589, houses three famous paintings by Caravaggio, including the vocation of Matthew . The Renaissance - facade was designed by Giacomo della Porta designed the interior was remodeled in the 18th century in the late Baroque style.

Baroque churches

Sant'Ivo alla Sapienza (1642)
  • The church Il Gesù is considered a prototype of a baroque church. It stands where the founder of the Jesuit order, Ignatius of Loyola , died in 1556 . The saint's grave is in the left side arm. The altar decoration made of gold , marble and alabaster contains the largest known piece of lapis lazuli in the form of a globe carried by angels . The ceiling painting in the central nave shows the glory of the “name of Jesus” in perspective painting, which set the style for the future throughout Europe. In the right side arm is the mummified arm of St. Francis Xavier , who was a founding member of the Jesuit order and was the first missionary to come to Asia.
  • Sant'Ignazio di Loyola in Campo Marzio - or Sant'Ignazio for short - was started as the second large Jesuit church in 1626 and completed in 1685. The perspective ceiling frescoes by the Jesuit Andrea Pozzo are worth seeing , and should be viewed from a point marked on the floor (the images are distorted from any other point). The optical illusion of the actually completely flat painted dummy dome still amazes visitors today. The Piazza di Sant'Ignazio in front of the church is an 18th-century Rococo ensemble by Filippo Raguzzini.
  • Sant'Andrea della Valle has the third largest dome in Rome after the Pantheon and St. Peter's Basilica ; the dome was painted by Lanfranco in the 1620s and the apse a few years later by Domenichino .
  • San Carlino (actually San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane), built by Borromini between 1638 and 1663. The church is located at the intersection of Via delle Quattro Fontane with Via del Quirinale or Via XX Settembre. From this intersection you can see three obelisks : the one on Quirinalsplatz ( Obelisco del Quirinale ), the one above the Spanish Steps ( Obelisco Sallustiano ) and the one by the Church of Santa Maria Maggiore ( Obelisco Esquilino ). In addition, at this intersection there are four fountains (Quattro Fontane) distributed over the four corners of the intersection.
  • Sant'Andrea al Quirinale , a few meters away, is a work by Bernini from 1658 to 1671, a jewel of the Baroque era. An overwhelming spatial impression is created by the elliptical cubature.
Sacro Cuore del Suffragio (19th century)

historicism

Modern churches

List of the other churches from the 11th to the 21st century

This list includes the lesser known Roman Catholic churches from the 11th century to modern times. Details on their location, patronage, building history, architecture and equipment can be found under the marked internal links and web links.

S. Bartolomeo all'isola (997/1113)
Santi Bonifacio e Alessio (4th century/1216)
Aracoeli, 1143/1251. Engraving by GBPiranesi (1751)

11th century

12th Century

Santa Maria della Pace (1482)
San Pietro in Montorio (around 1500)

13th Century

14th Century

15th century

Santa Maria di Loreto (1573)
Santa Caterina a Magnanapoli (around 1575)
San Nicola in Carcere (1599)
Santa Maria della Consolazione (1606)

16th Century

17th century

Santi Ambrogio e Carlo (1612)
Santi Domenico e Sisto (1632)
Sant'Andrea della Valle (1650)
Santa Maria in Montesanto and Santa Maria dei Miracoli on the Piazza del Popolo (1662–1679)
Santi Luca e Martina (1664)
Santi XII Apostoli (1702)
Santa Brigida (1705)

18th century

Sant'Agata in Trastevere (1711)
Madonna del Rosario (1726)
Santuario della Madonna del Divino Amore (1745)
Sant'Anna dei Palafrenieri (18th century)

19th century

Sant'Anselmo all'Aventino (1896)
San Gioacchino in Prati (1898)
Santissimo Rosario di Pompei (1898)
  • Santi Isidoro e Eurosia, 1818
  • Santa Maria Addolorata in Trastevere, 1819
  • San Filippo Neri all'Esquilino, 1829
  • Sacro Cuore di Gesù a Villa Lante, 1843
  • San Giovanni della Malva in Trastevere, 1851
  • Sant'Alfonso all'Esquilino , 1859
  • Preziosissimo Sangue, 1860
  • Natività di Gesù, 1862
  • San Gregorio Nazianzeno, 8th century/12. Century / 1870
  • Sacro Cuore di Gesù, 1887
  • Sant'Antonio da Padova all'Esquilino, 1888
  • Sant'Ivo dei Bretoni, 1888
  • Santa Chiara , 1888
  • Resurrezione di Nostro Signore Gesù Cristo, 1889
  • San Giuseppe di Cluny, 1890
  • San Marone, 1890
  • Corpus Domini, 1893
  • San Vincenzo de Paoli all'Aventino, 1893
  • Sant'Anselmo all'Aventino , 1896
  • San Gioacchino in Prati, 1898
  • Santissimo Rosario di Pompei, 1898
  • Sant'Elena, 1899

20th and 21st centuries

The churches built in the last two centuries are so numerous that they cannot be included in this list without impairing the clarity. Instead, reference is made to the relevant Italian listing for this period.

See also

Web links

Commons : Churches in Rome  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files

literature

  • Mariano Armellini: Le Chiese di Roma dal secolo IV al XIX , Rome 1942, Vol. 1-2.
  • Hugo Brandenburg : The early Christian churches in Rome from the 4th to the 7th century . Schnell & Steiner, Regensburg 2013.
  • Walther Buchowiecki : Handbook of the Churches of Rome. The Roman sacred building in history and art from early Christian times to the present . Hollinek, Vienna 1967–1997, Vol. 1–4.
  • Peter Cornelius Claussen: The churches of the city of Rome in the Middle Ages 1050-1300 . Franz Steiner, Stuttgart 2002-2010, Vol. 1-3
  • Ursula Fischer Pace: Art Monuments in Rome . Scientific Book Society, Darmstadt 1988, Vol. 1–2.
  • Anton Henze among others: Art Guide Rome . Reclam, Stuttgart 1994.
  • Christian Hülsen : Le chiese di Roma nel medio evo . Reprint Rome 2000, original Florence 1926.
  • Lexicon for Theology and Church (LThK), Herder, Freiburg 2006, Vol. 1–11.
  • Claudio Rendina: Le chiese di Roma . Rome 2010.
  • Hans Georg Wehrens: Rome - The Christian sacred buildings from the 4th to the 9th century - A Vademecum . Herder, Freiburg, 2nd edition 2017.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ www.vatican.va
  2. ↑ Hans Georg Wehrens: Rome - The Christian sacred buildings from the 4th to the 9th century - Ein Vademecum , Freiburg, 2nd edition 2017, p. 31ff.
  3. ↑ Hans Georg Wehrens: Rome - The Christian Sacred Buildings from the 4th to the 9th Century - Ein Vademecum , Freiburg, 2nd edition 2017, p. 26 ff.
  4. ^ Johann Peter Kirsch: The station churches of the Missale Romanum. With an investigation into the origin and development of the liturgical station celebration . Herder, Freiburg 1926.
  5. ↑ Kristina Friedrichs: Episcopus plebi Dei. The representation of the early Christian popes . Schnell & Steiner, Regensburg 2015, p. 290 f.
  6. ↑ Lexicon for Theology and Church (LThK), Freiburg 2006, Volume 2, Sp. 63f.
  7. ↑ Hans Georg Wehrens: Rome - The Christian sacred buildings from the 4th to the 9th century - Ein Vademecum , Freiburg, 2nd edition 2017, p. 390ff.
  8. ↑ Lexicon for Theology and Church (LThK), Freiburg 2006, Volume 2, Sp. 63f.
  9. ↑ Hugo Brandenburg: The early Christian churches in Rome from the 4th to the 7th century , Regensburg 2013, p. 54 ff.
  10. ↑ Kristina Friedrichs: Episcopus plebi Dei. The representation of the early Christian popes . Schnell & Steiner, Regensburg 2015, p. 288 f.
  11. ^ Hugo Brandenburg: The early Christian churches in Rome from the 4th to the 7th century , Regensburg 2013, p. 116 f.
  12. ↑ Lexicon for Theology and Church (LThK), Freiburg 2006, Volume 10, Col. 34 ff.
  13. ^ Hugo Brandenburg: The early Christian churches in Rome from the 4th to the 7th century , Regensburg 2013, p. 20 ff.
  14. ↑ Lexicon for Theology and Church (LThK), Freiburg 2006, Volume 8, Sp. 149ff.
  15. ^ Hugo Brandenburg: The early Christian churches in Rome from the 4th to the 7th century , Regensburg 2013, p. 96 ff.
  16. ↑ Walther Buchowiecki: Handbook of the Churches of Rome. The Roman sacred building in history and art from early Christian times to the present . Vienna 1967, vol. 1, p. 214 ff.
  17. ↑ Lexicon for Theology and Church (LThK), Freiburg 2006, Volume 4, Sp. 915f.
  18. ↑ Hans Georg Wehrens: Rome - The Christian Sacred Buildings from the 4th to the 9th Century - Ein Vademecum , Freiburg, 2nd edition 2017, pp. 214–225
  19. ^ Hugo Brandenburg: The early Christian churches in Rome from the 4th to the 7th century , Regensburg 2013, p. 91ff. and 260ff.
  20. ^ Hugo Brandenburg: The early Christian churches in Rome from the 4th to the 7th century , Regensburg 2013, p. 108 ff.
  21. ↑ Hans Georg Wehrens: Rome - The Christian Sacred Buildings from the 4th to the 9th Century - Ein Vademecum , Freiburg, 2nd edition 2017, pp. 79–85
  22. ↑ Hugo Brandenburg: The early Christian churches in Rome from the 4th to the 7th century , Regensburg 2013, pp. 54–95
  23. ↑ Hans Georg Wehrens: Rome - The Christian Sacred Buildings from the 4th to the 9th Century - Ein Vademecum , Freiburg, 2nd edition 2017, pp. 67-104
  24. ↑ Lexicon for Theology and Church (LThK), Freiburg 2006, Volume 6, Sp. 1301
  25. ↑ Lexicon for Theology and Church (LThK), Freiburg 2006, Volume 1, Sp. 237 f.
  26. ↑ Maria Andaloro: The churches of Rome. A tour in pictures. Medieval paintings in Rome 312–1431 . Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 2008, pp. 59–66
  27. ↑ Lexicon for Theology and Church (LThK), Freiburg 2006, Volume 6, Sp. 688f.
  28. ↑ Hugo Brandenburg: The early Christian churches in Rome from the 4th to the 7th century , Regensburg 2013, pp. 37–53 and 288f.
  29. ↑ Kristina Friedrichs: Episcopus plebi Dei. The representation of the early Christian popes . Schnell & Steiner, Regensburg 2015, pp. 288f.
  30. ↑ Kristina Friedrichs: Episcopus plebi Dei. The representation of the early Christian popes . Schnell & Steiner, Regensburg 2015, p. 287