Yaroslavl

The title of this article is ambiguous. Further meanings are listed under Yaroslavl (disambiguation) .

city Yaroslavl рославль flag coat of arms Federal district Central Russia Oblast Yaroslavl Urban district Yaroslavl Inner structure 6 city rajons mayor Vladimir Michhajlowitsch Volkov Founded 1010 City since 1010 surface 205.37  km² population 591,486 inhabitants (as of Oct. 14, 2010) Population density 2880 inhabitants / km² Height of the center 100  m Time zone UTC + 3 Telephone code (+7) 4852 Post Code 1500xx License Plate 76 OKATO 78 401 Website city-yaroslavl.ru Geographical location Coordinates 57 ° 38 '  N , 39 ° 53'  E Coordinates: 57 ° 38 '0 "  N , 39 ° 53' 0"  E

Location in the western part of Russia

Location in Yaroslavl Oblast

List of cities in Russia

Yaroslavl ( Russian Яросла́вль , scientific transliteration according to the German standard Jaroslavlʹ , according to the international standard Âroslavlʹ , English transcription Yaroslavl ) is a large city in Russia with 591,486 inhabitants (as of October 14, 2010) and at the same time the capital of the Yaroslavl Oblast . It is located at the mouth of the Kotorosl River in the Volga in the European part of the country, 282 kilometers northeast of Moscow .

Yaroslavl, which celebrated its 1000th anniversary in September 2010, is one of the oldest cities in central Russia . In the Middle Ages, Yaroslavl was the capital of a principality, at the beginning of the 17th century it was the de facto capital of the Russian tsarity for a few months , and before the founding of Saint Petersburg, Yaroslavl was considered the second largest city in Russia. Today the city is a popular tourist center and is part of the Golden Ring of Russia , a group of old Russian cities northeast of Moscow. The old town with many churches from the 17th century, the ensemble of the Erlöser-Transfiguration Monastery and a well-preserved road network from the 18th and 19th centuries with predominantly classicist secular buildings has been inscribed on the UNESCO list as a world cultural heritage since 2005 .

geography

Location and natural environment

The city is located in the eastern part of Yaroslavl Oblast, which is one of the 85 subjects of the Russian Federation , and 282 kilometers northeast of Moscow . The closest cities are Tutayev (34 km as the crow flies northwest of Yaroslavl), Gavrilow-Jam (37 km south) and Nerechta (47 km southeast). The city ​​center of Yaroslavl is located immediately north of the mouth of the Kotorosl on the right bank of the Volga, but the entire urban area is spread over a total area of ​​over 205 km² and also includes territories south of the Kotorosl and on the left bank of the Volga. With over 600,000 inhabitants, Yaroslavl is the largest city on the Volga upstream from Nizhny Novgorod and is a traffic junction for several regional and national roads and railway lines (including the Trans-Siberian Railway ).

Yaroslavl and the Yaroslavl Oblast are located in the central part of the Eastern European Plain , which is characterized in areas northeast of Moscow by a hilly landscape with heights of mostly no more than 200 meters. Typical of the natural landscape of the Yaroslavl Oblast is the wealth of mixed and coniferous forests , in some places there are also larger swamps .

climate

Yaroslavl and its immediate vicinity have a temperate continental climate typical of central Russia , for which a cold, snowy and dry winter and a moderately warm summer are typical compared to central Europe.

Frozen Volga in Yaroslavl in winter 2006

Winter in and around Yaroslavl begins around the beginning of November and lasts around five months. The coldest month of the year is January with an average daily temperature of −8.2 ° C; Temperatures below −20 ° C are not uncommon at this time, in exceptional cases (as most recently in January 2006) it can get −35 to −40 ° C, but occasionally plus degrees also occur in January (as in 1932, when a thaw lasted 17 days in January). The rivers including the Volga usually freeze over during the winter months. The snow cover is on average 35 to 50 cm thick, but can be up to 70 cm in particularly snowy winters. The spring months are characterized by a relatively low amount of precipitation. From the end of March to the beginning of April a stable thaw sets in with snow and ice melting, in April temperatures of over 20 ° C can occasionally occur. Typical of the summer in Yaroslavl is the relatively large amount of rainfall, which reaches its peak in July. July is also the warmest month of the year with an average daily temperature of 23.3 ° C and occasional values ​​of over 30 ° C. Autumn begins in September, which lasts around two months and is characterized by relatively high humidity, a small number of sunny days and rapidly falling temperatures (first ground frost possible as early as September). The average annual rainfall in the city is 591 mm, with the most rainfall in July at 84 mm, while it reaches its minimum in the winter months (but especially in February and March).

The tabular and graphic overviews of the average temperatures and precipitation amounts for Yaroslavl based on the time series 1961–1990 are shown below.

Yaroslavl
Climate diagram
J F. M. A. M. J J A. S. O N D.     37   -8th -16     27   -6 -14     26th   0 -9     40   9 0     52   18th 6th     65   21st 10     84   23 13     64   22nd 11     55   15th 6th     52   7th 1     46   0 -5     43   -5 -12 Temperature in ° C ,  precipitation in mm Source: Russian Federal Hydrometeorological Service

Average monthly temperatures and rainfall for Yaroslavl Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Max. Temperature ( ° C ) −8.2 −5.8 0.1 9.0 17.8 21.4 23.3 21.5 14.9 7.2 −0.2 −5.2 O 8.1 Min. Temperature (° C) −15.8 −14.2 −8.6 0.0 6.2 10.1 12.5 10.7 5.9 0.9 −5.2 −11.6 O −0.7 Precipitation ( mm ) 37 27 26th 40 52 65 84 64 55 52 46 43 Σ 591 Rainy days ( d ) 10 7th 8th 8th 9 10 11 10 10 11 11 12 Σ 117 Source: Russian Federal Hydrometeorological Service

City structure

As is usual with large Russian cities, Yaroslavl is administratively divided into city districts (so-called rajons ), the areas of which generally do not correspond to the historical districts, but rather parts of the urban area that are spatially separated from each other by rivers, large roads or railways. Yaroslavl has a total of six such boroughs, each with a population between 60,000 and 170,000. Five city districts lie on the right bank of the Volga, while the Savolschsky Rajon completely covers the part of the city on the left bank.

The following table shows the overview of Yaroslavl Stadtrajons with population figures.

Stadtrajon (Gorodskoi Rajon) Russian name Resident January 1, 2009 comment Dzerzhinsky Дзержинский 168,755 Named after Felix Dzerzhinsky Frunsenski Рунзенский 127.056 Named after Mikhail Frunze Kirowski Кировский 58,333 Named after Sergei Kirov Krasnoperekopski Красноперекопский 66,378 Name of Krasny Perekop (Roter Perekop) after the textile factory of the same name, this in turn after the victory of the Red Army at Perekop Leninsky Ленинский 67,390 Named after Lenin Savolschski Заволжский 118.424 Name means behind the Volga

history

City foundation and the Middle Ages

The date of the founding of the city of Yaroslavl is generally assumed to be 1010, but the first human settlements existed on the site of the present city several millennia earlier. During excavations, Neolithic settlement remains from the 3rd to 5th millennium BC were found. Found on the left bank of the Volga opposite the mouth of the Kotorosl. In the 1st millennium AD, the Yaroslavl area, like most of the other areas of what is now central Russia, was inhabited by the Finno-Ugric tribes of the Merja . The first Slavic settlers on the Volga must not have existed until the 9th century . Still adherents of paganism , they moved north and east from the Kievan Rus to farm and hunt there.

Memorial stone at the place where Yaroslavl was founded

The founding of today's city is also connected with the Slavs: In 1010, the Kiev prince Yaroslav the Wise built a fortress at the mouth of the Kotorosl, exactly on the site of a Slavic settlement, and named it in honor of "Yaroslavl". The following legend exists for this foundation. The place at the confluence of the Kotorosl into the Volga, near which the historical center of Yaroslavl is located today, had an extremely favorable location for the conditions at the time. In the absence of mainland roads, trade was carried out almost exclusively on waterways, and the Volga was one of the most important routes. Robberies on merchant ships were correspondingly frequent. Yaroslav the Wise, who was just passing the Kotorosl estuary with his entourage, is said to have witnessed such an attack carried out by the pagans who lived there. According to legend, Yaroslav stood up for the raided merchants and defeated the pagans. He made them promise never to attack ships again and tried to convert them to Christianity . They refused, however, and when Yaroslav returned to the settlement with missionaries a short time later, the angry pagans let loose a bear on Yaroslav. However, he managed to kill the mighty animal with a battle ax . The pagans then gave up and submitted to Yaroslav. He had the place at the Kotorosl estuary consecrated and founded a church there. A little later, Jaroslaw, who knew about the strategically favorable location of the place, had a fortress built there. Based on historical documents that describe the work of Yaroslav the Wise, it is assumed that his supposed fight against the bear and thus the founding of the city of Yaroslavl happened in 1010.

Under Yaroslav the Wise as well as later, the city he founded served as a fortress to protect the waterway from the Volga to the royal residence of Rostov in the upper reaches of the Kotorosl , where Yaroslav ruled from 988 to 1010. In addition, in its early days, Yaroslavl was one of the easternmost cities of the Kievan Rus. Although the origin of the city is attributed to Prince Yaroslav, Yaroslavl was first mentioned in 1071 in a written document, the Nestor Chronicle . All that is known about the development of the city in the 11th and 12th centuries is that it originally consisted of a wooden fortress similar to the old Russian Kremlin , but that by the beginning of the 13th century it had grown significantly beyond the fortress walls. The Yaroslavl Savior Transfiguration Monastery must have existed since the beginning of the 13th century at the latest.

At the beginning of the 13th century, Yaroslavl belonged to the principality of Vladimir-Suzdal and served its then ruler, Grand Duke Constantine, as one of the residences. When Constantine, shortly before his death in 1218, divided the inheritance of these residences among his sons, his second son Vsevolod received the Yaroslavl land, which he has since ruled as the Principality of Yaroslavl . This principality, the capital of which Yaroslavl became and which also included territories to the northwest of it (including the current city of Poschechonje ), existed until it was annexed to the Grand Duchy of Moscow in 1463.

Battle of the Gramberg. A painting from the 17th century.

The cityscape of Yaroslavl in the 13th and 14th centuries was characterized by wooden structures, which is why there were very often fires, which in individual cases devastated almost the entire city; this happened shortly after Vsevolod came to power in 1221. Another constant threat to the city were attacks by foreign warriors, who often struck Russian principalities during the centuries of the Mongol invasion of Russia . A particularly severe attack on Yaroslavl occurred in 1257 when troops of the Golden Horde under Möngke Khan attacked the Yaroslavl principality and murdered most of the city's residents, including Prince Constantine , the youngest son of the principality's founder, Vsevolod. At the place of the unsuccessful fight against the Tatars, on a hill on the right bank of the Kotorosl called Gramberg (Russian Тугова гора ), there is a church built to commemorate the battle and a high cross in the churchyard.

In 1293 and 1322 there were further destructive attacks by the Golden Horde on Yaroslavl, in 1278 and 1364 devastating plague epidemics occurred there . Yaroslavl often had to be completely rebuilt, with some of the predecessor buildings of sacred buildings that have survived to this day, such as the Savior Transfiguration Monastery and the Monastery of the Assumption of Mary in Tolga, founded in 1314 on the left bank of the Volga . In 1463 the Yaroslavl Principality was absorbed into the latter in the course of the expansion of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, while the former territory of the Principality became a Ujesd (district) within the Grand Duchy of Moscow . From this point on, the history of Yaroslavl was inextricably linked with that of Moscow and later the unified Russian state.

16th century and the time of turmoil

In the 16th century, too, the city was repeatedly ravaged by large-scale fires, which meant that nothing of the medieval structure of Yaroslavl was preserved and stone buildings were gradually built in their place. The most prominent example of this is the Savior Transfiguration Monastery, which was destroyed in 1501 and rebuilt a few years later. In the years 1506–1516, among other things, the Savior's Transfiguration Cathedral of the monastery was built, which is now considered the oldest surviving structure in Yaroslavl. Further individual buildings were built in the monastery by the middle of the 16th century, and for the first time in the city's history it was provided with a stone fortification wall with watchtowers. During the reign of Ivan IV "the Terrible" , when the Russian principalities, including Moscow, united to form the unified tsarist Russia , the two most important monasteries of Yaroslavl also benefited from generous donations from the Tsar's court, as Ivan often made pilgrimages there.

The construction activities were also favored by a strong economic boom, which Yaroslavl experienced in the second half of the 16th century. The increase in the city's prosperity was mainly due to its location on the Volga, which was part of the trade route between Moscow and the northern sea port of Arkhangelsk . As a result, Yaroslavl became an important transshipment point for international trade, had shipping moorings and several warehouses, some of which were operated by English or German merchants.

Site plan of the Transfiguration Monastery, early 17th century.

Yaroslavl's economic prosperity in the late 16th century was temporarily brought to an end by the years of bad harvests and the subsequent period of so-called Smuta (time of turmoil) from 1598 to 1613. Like all other Russian areas, Yaroslavl was affected by the extreme famine and was a potential target for Polish-Lithuanian interveners who took advantage of the desolate political and economic situation in the Russian state. Yaroslavl was directly affected by the invasion in 1608, when the impostor Pseudodimitri II, supported and armed by the Polish-Lithuanian power, launched a campaign against Moscow (which he was unable to bring under his control) and several Russian cities to the north and northeast started from it. After Pseudodimitri's troops managed to take Rostov, among others, the Yaroslavl governor, with the support of the upper class, decided to leave the city to the attackers without resistance. Although the city had also committed itself to paying a high tribute to the Poles, in the winter of 1608/1609 there were repeated looting and arbitrary acts by the attackers who ruled the city. This provoked popular uprisings several times, but each time they were suppressed by Pseudodimitri's soldiers. It was not until the spring of 1609 that a Russian people's army formed in Vologda succeeded in liberating several cities on the Volga from the Poles, including Yaroslavl.

As early as May 1609, another Polish army around Aleksander Józef Lisowski attempted to bring the strategically important Yaroslavl under control of the invaders. He managed to penetrate into the unfortified suburbs, whereupon most of the townspeople withdrew to the town center, which was then secured by earth walls. After Lisowski was able to get behind the earth walls through betrayal, the Yaroslavl people withdrew to the old wooden kremlin and the Transfiguration Monastery and stubbornly defended the city from there. The siege of the city lasted until May 22nd, despite their military superiority, the Poles did not succeed in capturing it.

Despite the failures of the invaders in northeastern Russia, they kept Moscow under control from August 1610. In 1611 a Russian people's army tried to drive the Poles out of the Moscow Kremlin for the first time and without success . A year later, Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitri Poscharsky initiated another popular army in Nizhny Novgorod , which was initially stationed in Yaroslavl for several months on the way to Moscow. During this period from April to July 1612, Yaroslavl was the de facto capital of the Russian state, since the most important state issues were decided by a council made up of representatives of the most important noble families and the leaders of the people's army. After being stationed in Yaroslavl, the people's army headed straight for Moscow. Not least thanks to the support of Yaroslavl volunteers, he succeeded in liberating Moscow in October 1612 and thus finally put an end to the Polish-Lithuanian intervention.

Yaroslavl as a trading center and governorate capital

With the general economic recovery of the Russian state after the end of the Smuta, Yaroslavl also regained its importance as a trading center. At that time it was located on several trade routes: trade with India and countries in the Orient was carried out across the Volga to its lower reaches , the northern trade route via the city of Vologda led to the Archangel North Sea port, and there were road connections over the Urals to Siberia . This favorable location was very conducive to the economic prosperity of the city and, in addition to the trade in imported goods, also greatly favored own craft activities. Most widespread were the tanning and leather crafts, in which around 700 masters specialized in Yaroslavl in the middle of the 17th century; Other important crafts in Yaroslavl at that time were textiles, silversmiths and the manufacture of cosmetics and perfumery products.

In the course of the 17th century, the city's economic importance favored unprecedented population growth, which led to Yaroslavl already having around 15,000 inhabitants by the end of the century, making it the second largest city in tsarism after Moscow. At the same time, this period was formative for the urban development of Yaroslavl, as a large number of stone church buildings were built in the 17th century, some of which are still an important part of the old town ensemble. These include the Nikolaus Church “the Promising One” (1621), the Church of the Nativity (1644), the Prophet Elijah Church (1650) and the church ensemble in the suburb of Korowniki (1649–1669). Most of these churches were donated by wealthy Yaroslavl merchants who occasionally managed to hire renowned fresco and icon painters for the interior design of the new places of worship, as can be seen today in the example of the Prophet Elijah Church.

Alexei Bogolyubov . A cross procession in Yaroslavl , 1863

In 1658, another major conflagration broke out in Yaroslavl, which destroyed almost all wooden structures in the city including the Kremlin. From this time on, the urban structure of Yaroslavl, which has been preserved to this day, began to form, with both sacred and secular buildings made of stone. Due to the brisk construction activity in Yaroslavl, the brick making industry also experienced a considerable spread within a few decades.

From the beginning of the 18th century, Yaroslavl increasingly transformed itself from a trading center into a haven of handicrafts and industry, which was also due to the fact that with the establishment of Saint Petersburg in 1703 the former importance of the Russian northern sea port of Arkhangelsk for foreign trade declined. However, the capital accumulated by Yaroslavl merchants in the decades of flourishing foreign trade allowed them to invest in new ambitious projects and thus initiate the development of Yaroslavl as an industrial city. In 1722, with the textile manufactory opened by Ivan Tames on the right bank of Kotorosl-the first industrial enterprise of the city and at the time one of the first textile factories in Russia. It is still in operation today as the Krasny Perekop (Russian: Красный Перекоп ) textile factory . In addition to the textile industry, the leather craft continued to play a key role in the city's economic life in the 18th century.

Volga promenade with the decorative pavilion. Postcard, around 1915

In the 1770s, Yaroslavl rose to become a provincial center due to its economic importance and the large population: In the course of the administrative reform promoted throughout the Russian Empire under Empress Catherine II "the Great" , Yaroslavl received its own city coat of arms in 1778 and became the center of a governorship in 1777 and in 1796 a governorate of the Tsarist Empire. As a high-ranking administrative center, Yaroslavl, like all other provincial capitals of the empire, received a general development plan in 1778. This initiated a new wave of construction activities in the city, the traces of which can often be seen to this day. A fan-like network of representative streets with two to three-storey buildings, predominantly in the classical style , formed around Elija Square, which was chosen as the central square of the city, with the Prophet Elija Church . A prominent example of this is the former House of Charity (1786), which is now one of the buildings of the Yaroslavl University .

For Yaroslavl, the 19th century was marked by further significant urban development activities as well as by constant industrialization and expansion of the infrastructure . In 1803 the first university in Yaroslavl and the forerunner of today's Yaroslavl University was opened with the Faculty of Higher Sciences . In 1812 the first permanent bridge over the Kotorosl was built opposite the Transfiguration Monastery, and in 1820 the bank of the Volga near the Yaroslavl town center was fortified and expanded into a promenade, on which later several other buildings in the classical style (including the governor's house (1821 –1823), today a building of the art museum) were built. In 1860 Yaroslavl was connected to Moscow and other cities by the first telegraph line, and in 1870 the first railway connection followed with the line between Yaroslavl and Moscow . In 1873 an aqueduct was put into operation in the city , and in 1899 construction began on the first line of the electric tram , which opened in late 1900. Shortly before the turn of the century, Yaroslavl had around 71,600 inhabitants according to the first all-Russian census of 1897 .

20th and 21st centuries

A church in Yaroslavl that was destroyed after the uprising. This was canceled in 1930.

Even immediately before the beginning of the First World War , Yaroslavl was considered a wealthy industrial city with a well-developed infrastructure for the time. However, the events of the October Revolution of 1917 and the Civil War of 1917–1920 led to economic decline for several years, which led to a significant population decline in Yaroslavl. The so-called Yaroslavl Uprising , which took place from July 6 to July 21, 1918 , had particularly serious consequences for the city . A group of conservative activists tried to overthrow the new Bolshevik state power in the Yaroslavl governorate with an armed uprising. The insurgents initially managed to bring large parts of the city under their control, then the Bolsheviks surrounded Yaroslavl, bombarded the city with artillery for several days and bombed it from the air. The uprising was suppressed, over 600 people died in the city, and more than 2,000 buildings were destroyed or badly damaged.

The economy of Yaroslavl only got going again in the early Soviet period in the course of the rapid industrialization of the Soviet Union . The commissioning of the first power plant in 1926, the start of mass production of synthetic rubber in the SK-1 plant , which in turn paved the way for the domestic production of automobile and aircraft tires in 1928, are considered to be important milestones for the Yaroslavl economy at this time founded Yaroslavl tire plant, as well as the commissioning of the rubber - asbestos -Kombinats in 1933. also founded in 1916 automotive plant Yaroslavl gained in the 1930s nationwide notoriety by, among others, dump trucks, tractor-trailers and buses as well as trams and trolleybuses for use made in Moscow.

Volkov Square and Volkov Theater in Yaroslavl. Photography, 1959

In the years of the Second World War , Yaroslavl was spared an occupation by the German Wehrmacht, as it was ultimately unable to advance to Moscow and east of it. Nevertheless, the city was hit by air raids several times in the years 1942–1943, mainly due to its important traffic situation - the railway bridge built over the Volga in Yaroslavl in 1913 was the only bridge in the upper reaches of the river. In one of the most serious air raids on the night of June 11, 1943, over 120 people were killed in the city, around 150 others were injured, and over 200 buildings (including some of the tire factory's workshops) were completely destroyed. Most of the city's industrial plants, including the tire factory, as well as the automobile and textile factories, switched their production to armaments and army supplies during the war years. In total, over 200,000 people from the Yaroslavl area were killed on the front lines of World War II. A memorial with a memorial flame at the mouth of the Kotorosl commemorates them.

During the siege of Leningrad , a large number of children who could be evacuated from there via the frozen Lake Ladoga (the so-called Road of Life ) found refuge and a new home in Yaroslavl. In addition, there was a POW camp 276 in Yaroslavl in the post-war years for German prisoners of war of the Second World War .

In the second half of the century, the industrialization and expansion of the city continued: in 1961 an oil refinery was put into operation, and from the 1960s onwards new residential areas were built throughout the city, including on the left bank of the Volga, which was opened in 1965 by a new road bridge was connected to the city center. In 1968 the population of Yaroslavl exceeded 500,000 for the first time in its history and rose steadily into the 1990s.

Russian postage stamp for the 1000th anniversary of Yaroslavl

In July 2005, the architectural ensemble of Yaroslavl city was by the UNESCO in the World Heritage List was added. The protection was placed according to criteria 2 ("an outstanding example of the interaction of cultural and architectural influences between Western Europe and the Russian Empire") and 4 ("an outstanding example of the urban planning reform ordered by Empress Catherine the Great in all of Russia, implemented between 1763 and 1830 "). In the same year, preparations began for the celebrations for the 1000th anniversary of Yaroslavl, which were celebrated on the second weekend in September 2010. As part of the preparations for the anniversary, the city administration carried out numerous measures to modernize and expand the city's infrastructure, for the implementation of which the city received grants from the Russian state budget. As part of this investment program, a new road bridge over the Volga was put into operation in 2006, which was named the Jubilee Bridge on this occasion , and the Yaroslavl Zoo was opened in August 2008, which was expanded again in September 2010.

On September 7, 2011, a plane crash occurred near Yaroslavl with over 40 fatalities .

In 2012 the citizens elected Yevgeny Urlashov , who had renounced the Kremlin party “United Russia”, as mayor despite any possible obstruction by the authorities. After only one year - and after he had declared that he would run for governor - he was arrested on charges of allegedly demanding a bribe and in 2016 sentenced to 12.5 years of strict camp imprisonment and a fine of around one million euros .

Population development and population

The 2010 census of Yaroslavl showed a population of 591,486 inhabitants, making Yaroslavl 23rd among the largest cities in Russia . The city's population is composed almost exclusively of ethnic Russians , most of the residents are Russian Orthodox . Other ethnic groups and religious denominations play only a subordinate role in Yaroslavl, but there is a mosque in the city, which was built in 1914 on the initiative of the city's Tatar community, as well as a Jewish community center with a synagogue.

Yaroslavl reached the highest population in its history with over 636,000 inhabitants in the early 1990s, in the following years the number decreased significantly, as was the case in most cities in Russia during the economic crises of the 1990s. The following table shows the rounded number of inhabitants since the beginning of the survey in 1811. What is striking is the almost doubling of the population within a decade in the 1930s - a consequence of forced collectivization and the resulting rural exodus in the Soviet Union at that time. On the other hand, there was a significant population decline in the years of the revolutions and civil war (between 1914 and 1923).

year Residents 1811 23,800 1840 34,900 1856 26,900 1863 27,700 1897 * 71,616 1914 111,200 1923 91,000 1926 * 112,200 1931 155,500 1939 * 299,359	year Residents 1956 374,000 1959 * 407.071 1962 443,000 1967 498,000 1970 * 517.314 1973 549,000 1976 576,000 1979 * 596,951 1982 614,000 1986 630,000	year Residents 1989 * 632.991 1992 636,900 1996 627,500 1998 623,300 2002 * 613.088 2005 605.200 2007 604,000 2008 605.200 2010 * 591.486
Note: * Census data (1926 rounded)

politics

heraldry

Yaroslavl has two of its own heraldic symbols with a city ​​coat of arms and a city ​​flag . Both have the same motif, based on the city's founding legend, with the bear and the battle ax .

First city coat of arms from 1778

The first coat of arms of Yaroslavl became the official city symbol on August 31, 1778. At that time it consisted only of a silver-colored shield with the image of a bear with a golden battle ax with a golden handle on his left front paw. In 1856 the coat of arms was replaced by a new version in which the image of the bear is additionally provided with a stylized imperial crown above the shield as well as with golden oak branches and the blue ribbon of the Order of St. Andrew around the shield. In this version, the coat of arms remained in force as a city symbol until 1918. After the Soviet state power abolished the tsarist city and provincial symbols, Yaroslavl did not officially have a city coat of arms until the end of the 20th century. The third and current version was approved by the city administration on August 23, 1995. The motif is based on the version from 1856, but does not contain any representation of the oak branches or the blue ribbon. The tsar's crown above the shield was also replaced there by the monomachie's cap - a symbol of Russian autocracy and a common motif in the heraldry of Russian cities.

The city flag of Yaroslavl was introduced as an additional city symbol with effect from May 22, 1996. It shows the city coat of arms in the version from 1995 on a light blue rectangular flag cloth, whereby the coat of arms must take up at least a third of the area of ​​the cloth.

administration

The city administration of Yaroslavl consists of the mayor's office ( merija , Russian мэрия ), whose boss (and thus head of the city) is the mayor , and the municipal authority ( муниципалитет ), whose members are determined in the course of local elections.

The building of the Yaroslavl Mayor's Office

The mayor's office takes on the role of the executive in the power structure of the city . It is headed by the mayor, who is directly elected every four years by the city's citizens. This office was held from December 1991 to April 2012 by Viktor Vladimirovich Volontschunas of the United Russia party , who took up his first term after being appointed by then President Yeltsin and was re-elected four times. From April 2012 Yevgeny Robertowitsch Urlaschow from the Civic Platform party , who stood as an independent against the candidate of the ruling party, held the office of mayor of Yaroslavl. He was ousted from office in 2013 "through a dubious corruption process". In addition to the mayor, there are eight vice mayors, each of whom is responsible for a specific department. There are around two to six specialist departments within each department, which report to the respective vice mayor. For example, six departments (social security and employment promotion, physical culture and sport, youth policy, education, health care and cultural policy) are subordinate to the vice-mayor's apparatus for social policy and culture.

The municipality of the city represents the legislative organ of the local self-government and thus essentially corresponds in its function to a city parliament or a city duma . It consists of 36 MPs, who are elected for a period of four years in their respective constituencies. In the regular meetings of the municipality, decisions are made, among other things, on the composition and use of the city budget. An audit office and four specialist commissions have the control function over the actions of the municipality.

Each of the six city districts has its own territorial administration, which is part of the city's mayor's office. In addition to the city administration, the administration and the Duma of the Yaroslavl Oblast are also located in the city.

Twin cities

Yaroslavl has partnership relations with seven foreign cities:

• Jyväskylä , Finland (since 1966)
• Poitiers , France (since 1970)
• Coimbra , Portugal (since 1984)
• Kassel , Germany ( Hesse ) (since 1988)
• Burlington , USA (since 1988)
• Exeter , UK (since 1989)
• Hanau , Germany (Hesse) (since 1994)

House of Russian-German friendship in Yaroslavl

The partnership between Yaroslavl and Kassel was sealed on January 25, 1988 by an agreement which, among other things, goes back to an initiative of the former cosmonaut Valentina Tereschkowa , then chairwoman of the Union of Soviet Associations for Foreign Friendships. The agreement was signed between the Mayor of Kassel at the time, Hans Eichel, and the Chairman of the Yaroslavl Executive Committee, Alexander Rjabkow. Relations between the city of Yaroslavl and Germany were supplemented in May 1994 by a further partnership agreement, this time with the city of Hanau. At the same time, after around five years of preparation, the House of Russian-German Friendship was opened in the center of Yaroslavl. a. Offers exchange programs, advisory services for studying abroad and German language courses. There is also a hotel in the house. In Germany, the partnership between Yaroslavl and Kassel is managed by the Association Partners for Yaroslavl e. V. and those between Jaroslawl and Hanau from the association friendship with Jaroslawl e. V. coordinated.

Culture and sights

Yaroslavl is one of the eight cities on the Golden Ring tourist route northeast of Moscow and is also the largest of these cities. The city is mainly known for its architecture, but also has a range of cultural attractions that should not be neglected.

Buildings

In Yaroslavl, despite the damage caused by the civil war and the air raids in World War II, large parts of the historical building fabric from the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries have been preserved, making the old town a monument to urban development in the Russian Empire. In total, the city center of Yaroslavl has around 140 individual architectural monuments on an area of ​​almost 600 hectares. The ensemble, including the Monastery of the Savior Transfiguration, has been on the UNESCO World Heritage List since 2005 . Striking architectural monuments can also be found away from the city center.

Old town

View of the city center from the bell tower of the Savior Transfiguration Monastery

The old town includes an approximately triangular area that is bounded in the south and east by the Kotorosl and Volga rivers and is identified on the city map by a geometric, sometimes fan-like street network from the 18th and 19th centuries.

The most famous sight there is the Savior-Transfiguration Monastery ( Russian Спасо-Преображенский монастырь , Spasso-Preobrazhensky monastyr ) on the Kotorosl. It was probably founded in the 12th century, making it the city's oldest attraction. At the same time, its ensemble includes the oldest surviving structure in Yaroslavl, the Savior-Transfiguration Cathedral ( Спасо-Преображенский собор , Spasso-Preobrazhensky sobor ) from 1516. As was often the case for medieval Russian monasteries, the Savior also fulfilled Transfiguration Monastery originally not only had the function of a religious monastery, but also that of a citadel or a Kremlin , which can be seen from the fortification walls with watchtowers from the 16th century, which have been completely preserved to this day. Within these walls, the massive white church buildings with many seemingly asymmetrically arranged towers and lavishly decorated interiors are representative examples of typical old Russian architecture. There is also a gate church, which is followed by the former monks' cells and the treasury . In addition to its historically valuable architecture, the monastery played a prominent role in the history of both the city of Yaroslavl and the Russian state. During the time of turmoil at the beginning of the 17th century , it was able to successfully repel a siege by Polish-Lithuanian troops, and a little later the people's army around Minin and Poscharski headed for Moscow from the monastery wall to free the latter from foreign rulers. At the end of the 18th century, the oldest surviving manuscript of the igor song , the most famous work of medieval Russian-language literature, was found behind the monastery walls . There is also a permanent exhibition in the monastery dedicated to the Igloo song, in which, among other things, a workstation from the 12th century by the unknown author of the epic, which has been reproduced with the greatest possible fidelity to the original.

Volga tower

The extensive and still very busy square in front of the north gate of the monastery, which serves as the main entrance to the monastery, is called Epiphany Square ( Богоявленская площадь , Bogojawlenskaja ploshchad ). It owes its name to the Epiphany Church ( Богоявленская церковь ) at the southern end of the square and in the immediate vicinity of the Kotorosl bank. This church, which is based on traditional Moscow sacred architecture with its five-domed end, the semicircular Kokoshnik ornaments below the roof and a separately attached bell tower , was built in the years 1684–1693 and represents one of the most famous examples of Yaroslavl's heyday in the 17th century Churches built in the 17th century. The elaborate fresco painting in the interior was carried out by Yaroslavl artists during the construction of the church.

The two streets running parallel to each other from Epiphanien-Platz in a north-westerly direction represent part of the urban planning concept for Yaroslavl from the 18th and 19th centuries. They were built in 1820–1821 as new splendid boulevards exactly on the site of a city fortification first half of the 16th century, which at that time supplemented the fortification of the Transfiguration Monastery and the wooden kremlin from the time of the city's foundation with a series of earth walls and an artificial moat between the Kotorosl and the Volga. The facilities lost their importance by the 18th century and were demolished at the beginning of the 19th century. Only two watchtowers that were built in stone during the last reconstruction of the city fortifications in the middle of the 17th century have survived to this day. One of them is called the Blasius Tower ( Власьевская башня , Vlasjewskaja Baschnja ) and is located on the former fortification line northwest of the Transfiguration Monastery, the second is called the Volga Tower ( Волжская башня , Wolschskaja башня , the former fortification line at the extreme south-east of the Volschskaya Bashnja ) and is located at the south-eastern end of the line of fortifications.

Prophet Elijah Church

On the former fortification line there are important buildings of the classicism , in particular the trading rows ( Гостиный двор , Gostiny dwor ) - these were built in 1813-1818 shortly after the demolition of the earth walls and with their Ionic portico are externally reminiscent of comparable market hall buildings from the 19th century in many other Russian cities - as well as the magnificent neoclassical building of the Volkov Theater from 1911 . The latter is on Volkov Square ( площадь Волкова , Ploshchad Volkova ); there the boulevard makes a bend to the northeast along the former ramparts and continues to the Red Square ( Красная площадь , Krasnaja Ploschtschad ) near the banks of the Volga. This square has a completely different name than the square of the same name in Moscow : While the latter originally meant "beautiful square" in Old Russian usage, the square in Yaroslavl was only given its current name in the 1920s in honor of the Red Guard . Here, too, splendid historical buildings can be seen, including the three-storey former house of the aristocratic assembly ( Дворянское собрание , Dworjanskoje sobranije ), the main building of the Yaroslavl University in a former high school building and the Art Nouveau fire-brigade observation post built in 1911 into the 1970s served its original purpose.

Prophet Elijah Church from the inside

To the east of the boulevard, within the boundaries of the former earth fortifications, is the core of the old town, which extends as far as the Volga, a district shaped by a geometric network of small streets, at the center of which is one of the most famous church buildings in Yaroslavl. It is the Prophet Elijah Church ( Церковь Илии Пророка , Zerkow Ilii Proroka ), which, like the Epiphany Church, is a prominent monument to urban development in the 17th century. Before the completion of today's building in 1650, various predecessor churches stood in its place, of which the oldest, which still existed during the reign of the city's founder, Yaroslav the Wise, was consecrated to the prophet Elijah . The cross- domed church crowned with five onion domes , the architecture of which is also based on Moscow traditions, is particularly known for its interior painting, which has been spared major fires and acts of war in its history and is therefore very well preserved to this day. The frescoes on the vault and the walls were completed around 1680 by a total of 15 masters from Yaroslavl and Kostroma and represent a particularly complex and splendid ensemble of wall paintings with catchy motifs from the Old Testament , among others . The place where the church and one The bell tower with a tent roof and a similar tent-shaped side chapel was considered the central square of the city during the planning of Yaroslavl in the 18th and 19th centuries and was also used as a venue for markets and folk festivals.

Vakhromeev House

In the architectural image of the streets of the city center, church buildings alternate with predominantly classicist secular buildings from the 18th and 19th centuries. Examples of representative secular buildings are the Art Nouveau former private house of the merchant Wachromejew (Russian Дом Вахромеева , Dom Wachromejewa , end of the 18th century) on the square in front of the Elijah Church, as well as the former government administration built there (1785, too building of government offices ( Здание присутственных мест , Sdanije prissutstwennych mest ) called), and the former charity house ( Дом призрения ближнего , Dom prisrenija blischnego , 1786), in which the time the first orphanage of the city was and now one of the campus buildings of the University Yaroslavl is. The Volga promenade, laid out in the 1820s, is also classicist, with, for example, the decorative pillar pavilion (1840s) over the river, the administrative building of the Northern Railway Directorate (mid-19th century) and the current building of the Yaroslavl Art Museum (1821 –1823) stand out. In the area of ​​the Volga promenade there are also several churches: One of these is the single-domed Church of St. Nicholas "the Promising One " ( Церковь Николы Надеина , Zerkow Nikoly Nadeina ), which was built between 1620 and 1621 and is one of the early examples of Yaroslavl church building known for the splendid iconostasis preserved inside , the design of which is attributed to Fyodor Volkov , the founder of the first Yaroslavl theater. In the Church of the Nativity of Christ ( Церковь Рождества Христова , Zerkow Roshdestwa Christowa ) from the years 1635–1644, the tent-shaped bell tower stands out as one of the rare examples of a bell tower erected directly above the church gate. At the southern end of the Volga promenade stands one of the city's oldest preserved secular buildings: it is the former Metropolitan Palace ( Митрополичьи палаты , Mitropolitschji palaty ) built in the 1680s , a two-storey and comparatively unadorned rectangular building that now houses part of the art exhibition.

Restored Cathedral of the Assumption

The southern part of the city center, which ends at the confluence of the Kotorosl with the Volga, is an area characterized by green spaces, a significant part of which was called by the wooden fortifications of the Yaroslavl Kremlin (also called wooden town ( Рубленый город , Rubleny gorod ) into the 17th century ) was included. The Kremlin itself burned down in 1658 and was not restored, but its exact location is still reminiscent of the St. Nicholas Church, built in 1695 in the wooden town ( Церковь Николы Рубленого , Zerkow Nikoly Rublenogo ). Nearby there was the Dormition Cathedral ( Успенский собор , Uspenski sobor ) from 1642 until its demolition in 1937 , which has been faithfully rebuilt in the same place since 2004 and consecrated by Patriarch Kyrill on September 12, 2010 during the city anniversary celebrations has been. If one follows the course of the embankment from the former wooden town in the direction of the Savior-Transfiguration Monastery, two more churches can be seen on the right: the Savior Church in the city , built in 1672 ( Церковь Спаса на Городу , Zerkow Spassa na Gorodu ) and the solemn one Archangel Michael Church ( Церковь Архангела Михаила , Zerkow Archangela Michaila ) from 1682.

South downtown

Church of St. Dimitrios of Thessaloniki

To the west of Epiphany Square, other important buildings can be found on the Kotorosl riverside promenade and in its vicinity. Is known, for example, a built 1671-1677 ensemble of two churches, Church of Saint Dimitrios of Thessaloniki ( Церковь Димитрия Солунского , Zerkow Dimitrija Solunskogo ) and the Church tribute the MTA ( Церковь Похвалы Пресвятой Богородицы , Zerkow Pochwaly Preswjatoi Bogoroditsy ). While the former is a rather simple single-domed building with an adjoining tent-roofed bell tower, the Church of Homage to the Blessed Mother has a rather unusual construction for Yaroslavl standards, consisting of a rectangular base with a Tuscan eight-column portal and a semicircular apse attached to the side . The frescoes inside the churches date from the 1680s. In walking distance of the ensemble, almost directly on the bank of the Kotorosl, another sacred monument from the heyday of Yaroslavl stands out: this is the Church of St. Nicholas "the water carrier" ( Церковь Николы Мокрого , Zerkow Nikoly Mokrogo ) from the years 1665–1672 . It is a five-domed cross-domed church with two tent roof chapels attached to the north and south. The frescoes in the interior of the church date from 1673 and mainly contain motifs from the life of Nicholas of Myra , the patron saint of this church.

A striking example of classicist public development on the Kotorosl promenade is the former building of the ecclesiastical consistory ( Духовная консистория , Duchownaja konsistorija ), which was built in 1815 based on a design by the Italian city architect Luigi Rusca . It has a strictly symmetrical construction with a central part, the facade of which facing the Kotorosl is decorated with a portal made of Ionic columns that extends to the second floor, and two side wings added in the middle of the 19th century.

South of the Kotorosl

On the right bank of the Kotorosl, directly opposite the Savior-Transfiguration Monastery, there is a very rural area, which is characterized by small streets with typical Russian wooden houses. In the middle of this area rises a hill, which is also known as Gramberg ( Тугова гора , Tugowa gora ). A church building with an adjoining cemetery can be seen on top. This is the 1691 built Church of the Martyr Paraskeva Pyatnitsa ( Церковь Параскевы Пятницы , Zerkow Paraskewy Pjatnizy ), which was built on the site of an older church and the memory of the here took place in 1257 Battle of the inhabitants of Yaroslavl against the Tatar attacker serves. The Yaroslavians lost the battle at that time; many of them had fallen, which is why this hill served as a place of mourning for a long time afterwards and was probably given the name "Gramberg" for this reason. The cemetery, where the fallen soldiers found their final resting place at the time, is one of the oldest burial sites in Yaroslavl that has survived to this day.

Church of St. John Chrysostom in Korovniki

In the same district south of the Kotorosl, directly opposite the confluence of the latter in the Volga, there is a well-known ensemble of two church buildings on the river bank in the old suburb of Korowniki, the construction of which began in 1649 and was completed 20 years later. The first of the two was the Church of St. John Chrysostom ( Церковь Иоанна Златоуста , Zerkow Ioanna Slatousta ) to be completed. It has a strictly symmetrical shape with five domes and two tent-like side extensions - this symmetry was a result of the reforms of the Moscow Patriarch Nikon , which came into force shortly before the building of the church , which among other things regulated the shape of the new churches to be built. While the St. John Chrysostom Church was built as a (unheated) summer church, the second house of worship in the ensemble, the Church of the Icon of the Mother of God of Vladimir ( Церковь Владимирской иконы Божией Божией Матери ), also in the beginning of winter Bosch , Zerkow Vladimirskoi Services conducted. It looks similar to the Church of St. John Chrysostom, but has no tent extensions, and the tower over the church gate in the so-called Moscow Baroque style was only given towards the end of the 17th century. In addition to the two churches , the Korovniki ensemble, which today belongs to the Russian Orthodox Old Ritualist Church , includes a 37 meter high bell tower with an octagonal shaft that was built in the 1680s . Because of its very slim appearance, the tower was nicknamed Yaroslavl Candle ( Ярославская свеча , Jaroslawskaja swetscha ).

Also on the right bank of the Kotorosl, but a few kilometers further upstream, is the Church of Remembrance of the beheading of John the Baptist in Toltschkowo ( Церковь Усекновения главы Иоанна Предтечи в Толчкове , Zerkow Usseknowenija glawy Ioanna Predtechi w Toltschkowe ) the largest church in Yaroslavl. The church was built between 1671 and 1687 and, together with the two laterally attached apses, has a complex closure of a total of 15 onion domes, which is a unique appearance for an old Russian church. Inside the church, the frescoes contain over 500 different motifs, including in particular scenes from the Apocalypse . The seven-tier bell tower to the south of the church is 45 meters high and is stylistically based on the Moscow Baroque.

Walking distance of the place of St. John the Baptist's Church is another sacred monument of the late 17th century: This is the 1687 completed Cathedral of Theodor Icon of Our Lady ( Собор Фёдоровской иконы Божией Матери , Sobor Fjodorowskoi ikony Boschijei Materi ), which stands out due to the unusually high ratio between the heights of the central church tower (22 meters) and the basic rectangle of the building (14 m).

Left bank of the Volga

Tolga monastery

The part of the Yaroslavl urban area on the left bank of the Volga is predominantly rural. The most famous sight there is the Monastery of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary in Tolga ( Свято-Введенский Толгский монастырь , Swjato-Vwedenski Tolgski monastyr ), which is located a little upstream from the Jubilee Bridge in the eponymous location of Tolga. Besides the Monastery of the Savior Transfiguration, it is the only completely preserved monastery in Yaroslavl. It was founded, according to tradition in 1314 and still home to an original icon of the Mother of God from the 13th century, commonly called Tolga icon ( Толгская икона , Tolgskaja ikona is known) and moves to the convent because of her rumored miraculous effects many pilgrims. The current architectural ensemble of the Tolga Monastery dates largely from the 17th century. This applies to the fastening of the convent, which traditionally consists of an enclosing wall having a plurality of towers, but also for known structures in the interior of the convent, including the refectory with the Exaltation Church ( Крестовоздвиженская церковь , Krestowosdwischenskaja Zerkow , 1625) and the main church to Mary Tempelgang ( Введенский собор , Vvedensky sobor , 1681–1688).

Museums

As a tourist center, Yaroslavl has several museums of national importance. Above all, the Yaroslavl State Museum Reserve ( Ярославский государственный музей-заповедник ) is to be mentioned, which is located on the site of the Savior-Transfiguration Monastery and to which, in addition to the buildings and expositions of the monastery, there are several Elija Church) as well as the memorial museum in the Yaroslavl birthplace of the opera tenor Leonid Sobinow . Within the monastery there are several permanent exhibitions and temporary expositions, including historical objects of applied art from the monastery treasury in the Yaroslavl Treasures exhibition, as well as a display of early medieval weapons and a replica workspace from the 12th century in the themed exhibition on the Igor song . In total, the Yaroslavl museum reserve houses over 200,000 exhibits.

Yaroslavl Art Museum

The Yaroslavl Art Museum ( Ярославский художественный музей ), founded in 1919 on the Volga promenade, is the only museum of its kind in Yaroslavl Oblast and, with around 70,000 exhibits, one of the largest in the Russian province. Works and objects of decorative and applied arts from the Middle Ages can be seen here. The museum's icon collection includes works by Yaroslavl painters, some of which date from the 13th and 14th centuries, the collection of paintings includes original works by artists such as Repin , Kramskoi and Brüllow , and the Applied Arts Department has one Collection of porcelain and glass products from the 18th and 19th centuries.

There are also on the Volga River Promenade, both the Museum of History of Yaroslavl ( Музей истории города Ярославля ), which includes the house museum of the Belarusian poet Maksim Bahdanovič heard as well, which was founded in 1993 private museum Music and Time ( Музыка и время ). The latter, one of the first private museums in post-Soviet Russia at the time, offers visitors an insight into an extensive collection of antiques with a focus on objects that produce sound (including music boxes , music boxes , bells, etc.). In 2009, Yaroslavl's museum offerings were expanded to include the My Favorite Bear Museum ( Мой любимый Мишка ), the exhibition of which, as a kind of tribute to the heraldic animal of Yaroslavl, includes around 700 teddy bears of various ages and designs, mainly donated from private collections.

In addition to the museums in the city, the Karabicha complex ( Карабиха ), 15 km south of the city, consists of a classicist mansion built in the middle of the 18th century with ancillary buildings and a 15-hectare landscaped garden. The property is best known because it belonged to the prominent poet Nikolai Nekrasov in the years 1861–1875 and is the place of origin of a number of his well-known works. Today a house museum of the poet can be visited there.

Theater and cinema

Volkov Theater Yaroslavl

There are three theaters in Yaroslavl . The most well-known of them is the Volkov Theater , which is housed in a representative neoclassical building in the old town , built in 1911 . It is named after the amateur actor Fyodor Volkov , who founded Russia's first public theater in 1750 on his own initiative in Yaroslavl and for this reason is today considered a pioneer of Russian theater. Although the Wolkows troupe only played a few months in Yaroslavl and after their assignment to Saint Petersburg in Yaroslavl there was only regular theater operation from the beginning of the 19th century, the city is often referred to as the home of Russian theater. Today the theater includes two stages with a total of over 1000 seats and is one of the most famous theaters in the Russian province.

In addition to the Volkov Theater, Yaroslavl has a puppet theater ( Yaroslavl State Puppet Theater , founded in 1927), a children's and youth theater ( Yaroslavl State Theater of Young Audiences , founded in 1984) and the private Yaroslavl Chamber Theater (founded in 1999). The city's range of stages is complemented by a philharmonic ( Yaroslavl State Philharmonic , founded in 1937) and a stationary circus (founded in 1963).

The ten or so movie theaters in the city include some houses from the Soviet era with a long history (such as Rodina , built in 1959 , which can now also show 3D films ) and modern multiplex cinemas from the Russian chains Cinema-Star and Kinomax .

A rather unusual leisure facility for Russian provincial cities is the Yaroslavl Planetarium . It was founded in 1948 and for a long time was located in a former church building. In April 2011, after a two-year construction period, a new planetarium was built, which now bears the name of Valentina Tereschkowa .

Green spaces

The "Strelka" of Yaroslavl

There are around 30 parks and city gardens in the urban area of ​​Yaroslavl, which, together with smaller green spaces, cover a total area of ​​around 2000 hectares (almost 10% of the urban area). The rural district on the left bank of the Volga, where there are several urban pine forests , is considered to be relatively rich in green spaces . The city's most famous green area, however, is the park in the city center at the confluence of the Kotorosl and the Volga. A memorial stone today reminds us that, according to the city's founding legend, the battle of Yaroslav the Wise against the bear took place there. To the south of the park there is an approximately 400-meter-long headland known as Strelka ( Стрелка ), at the end of which is the mouth of the Kotorosl. Also at the mouth of the Kotorosl opposite the Strelka is an island that is a popular destination for recreation in summer with beaches, cafes, boat stations and rides .

As part of the investment program for the 1000th anniversary of the city, the first construction phase of the Yaroslavl Zoo was opened on August 20, 2008, giving the city its own zoo for the first time in its history . It currently has an area of ​​over 100 hectares and is designed as a landscape park with spacious animal enclosures that meet all the requirements of species-appropriate housing. You can see native wild animals (including moose , brown bear , red deer , wolf ), but also exotic species ( zebra , Bennett kangaroo , trample, etc.).

Sports

Arena 2000

One of the most famous Yaroslavl sports clubs is the HK Lokomotive Yaroslavl ice hockey club , which takes part in the Continental Hockey League (KHL) and is three-time Russian champion (1997, 2002 and 2003). Its home arena is the multi-purpose arena 2000 , which was completed in 2001 and has almost 9,000 seats and is used not only for ice hockey games but also for events in various indoor sports as well as for concerts and exhibitions. On September 7, 2011, a large part of the team from the 2011/12 season was killed in a plane crash near the city.

In football , the city is represented by the club FK Schinnik Yaroslavl , who played in the highest Russian class, the Premjer League , for several seasons in the 2000s , but is currently represented in the one class lower Pervenstvo FNL . This club also has its own venue with the Schinnik Stadium, which opened in 1957 and can hold up to 22,900 spectators .

The third professional sports club in Yaroslavl is volleyball -Verein Yaroslavich home, which is represented in the Russian Volleyball Super League. This club's games are played in the Atlant sports complex , but plans have been for years to relocate the home ground to the nearby town of Tutayev , where a modern volleyball arena is under construction.

In 2006, the city administration embarked on several target programs to modernize and expand the city's sports infrastructure up to the 1000th anniversary in 2010. Among other things, a new grandstand was built for the Schinnik Stadium, and in September 2009 the multi-purpose Torpedo arena was reopened after a three-year renovation period . The construction of a new stadium with a capacity of 40,000 was planned for the 2018 Football World Cup , during which individual games were to be played in Yaroslavl. However, Yaroslavl was removed from the provisional list of venues alongside Krasnodar .

Regular events

The most important annual event in Yaroslavl is the city festival, which is celebrated on the last weekend of May on the occasion of the founding of the city. There is then a large folk festival with evening fireworks, concerts, paratrooper demonstrations and similar events. However, since the exact day the city was founded is not known, the date of the city festival has no historical reference. The celebrations for the 1000th anniversary of the city in 2010 have been postponed to the second weekend in September, a departure from the traditional date.

There are also nationally known festivals that are regularly held on the grounds of the Savior Transfiguration Monastery. Mention should be made of the annual festival Transfiguration of the Glockenspiel and church music, which takes place in August, as well as the spring festival Flowery Metamorphoses , at which flower arrangements with sunflowers or Christian themes can be seen. The city's oldest playhouse has also been hosting the Volkov Theater Festival since 2000 , which brings well-known drama collectives to Yaroslavl for guest appearances every autumn.

An important musical event in Yaroslavl is the Jazz on the Volga Festival . It has been held every two years in March since 1979 and is considered the oldest Russian festival of jazz music . Around 20 to 40 artists and bands from both Russia and abroad take part in each festival.

Since 2009, Yaroslavl has also hosted the annual Yaroslavl World Political Forum . The second forum took place at the same time as the celebrations for the city's 1000th anniversary with the main topic "The modern state: democratic standards and efficiency criteria"; Russia's President Dmitri Medvedev , Italy's Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi and South Korea's President Lee Myung-bak took part.

Economy and Infrastructure

economy

Yaroslavl is today both one of the largest industrial cities in the European part of Russia and a tourist center with a well-developed offer in the service sector.

Industry

Of the around 28,800 companies based in Yaroslavl in October 2009, around 2,200 were processing companies. Their combined turnover in the period from January to September 2009 was around 58.2 billion rubles . In the same period of 2008, before the international economic crisis escalated, its turnover was 77.16 billion rubles.

Tire factory, central entrance

Since the industrialization of the Yaroslavl region in the early Soviet period, mechanical engineering has played a key role in its economic life. In Yaroslavl, this is primarily represented by the Yaroslavl engine plant , which was founded in 1916 by aviation pioneer Vladimir Lebedew and in the 1920s and 1930s, among other things, trucks, dump trucks, buses and trolleybuses (including the double-decker trolleybus series JaTB-3 , the 1939–1948 in Moscow in regular service) produced and sold in other regions. During the Second World War, the plant switched its production to armaments, and it is now part of the Russian GAZ engineering group and specializes in the manufacture of diesel engines for trucks, buses and rail vehicles. Another traditionally important industry in Yaroslavl is crude oil processing and the chemical industry. The largest operations here are the Jaroslawnefteorgsintes refinery - a subsidiary of the mineral oil company Slawneft , which in turn is controlled by the TNK-BP and Sibneft groups - and the Yaroslavl tire plant, which has existed since the 1930s . The latter is considered one of the most famous companies in the Yaroslavl region and today produces over 160 models of tires for all types of motor vehicles as well as for aviation. Other companies in the chemical industry in Yaroslavl provide, among other plastic products, industrial carbon , paints and coatings and building materials ago.

Other important industries in the city are electrical engineering (especially the Yaroslavl electric machine plant , which specializes in the production of three-phase asynchronous machines ), shipbuilding (the Yaroslavl shipyard has been located in Yaroslavl since 1920 , which among other things produces ships for the border troops Russia builds, but also makes civilian ships, e.g. for fishing) and the railway industry (including the Remputmasch wagon repair shop ). Mention should also be made of the food and luxury goods production as well as the light and textile industry represented by a large number of medium-sized and small businesses in Yaroslavl. In the latter, the Krasny Perekop combine , which emerged from what was then the city's oldest manufacture , still plays an important role today. Another historically significant industrial company in Yaroslavl is the Balkanskaya Zvezda tobacco factory, founded in 1850 .

Trade and services

In October 2009, a total of 12,175 trading companies (including 741 restaurants) and around 5,000 other companies in the service sector were based in the city. As in most regions of Russia, especially the retail trade in Yaroslavl experienced a considerable boom in the course of the 2000s, which is now noticeable in a large number of shopping centers and large supermarkets throughout the city. In addition to local retail chains such as Perekrjostok , Magnit or Kopeika , well-known foreign retail groups are also represented in Yaroslavl with their markets, including Spar , Metro Cash & Carry , Globus and Real . But there are also, as is usual in Russia, traditional farmers' markets and each of the six districts has a larger market hall.

In the service sector, tourism and tourism play an important role in Yaroslavl. At the end of 2009, the city had 22 hotels with a total of 1,753 beds (including the four-star Ring Premier Hotel and a floating hotel on the Volga), and four more hotels are under construction. 138 travel companies are based in the city. According to the Regional Tourism Committee, Yaroslavl Oblast was visited by around 1.392 million tourists in 2009, including 213,000 foreigners.

traffic

Yaroslavl is an important hub for road, rail and inland waterway transport and in this respect benefits from its location on the Volga and its relative proximity to Moscow. Even within the city limits, it has a well-developed range of public transport.

Rail transport

Railway bridge over the Volga in Yaroslavl

Yaroslavl got its first railway connection in 1870 with the extension of the then Moscow-Yaroslavl-Arkhangelsk Railway, which originally only ran from Moscow to Sergiev Posad , up to the Volga in the north. In the period from 1870 to 1898, Yaroslavl was also connected to Vologda , Kostroma and Saint Petersburg by building further railway sections , and in 1913 the railway bridge over the Volga in Yaroslavl was completed. The route from the Yaroslavl train station in Moscow to Yaroslavl is now part of the Trans-Siberian Railway and thus Yaroslavl is a transit destination for tourists who come by train (unless it runs via the alternative route branch via Nizhny Novgorod ) from Moscow to Novosibirsk , Vladivostok or Beijing to travel.

Today four railway lines cross in Yaroslavl. The city is also the administrative seat of the Northern Regional Directorate of the Russian State Railways . The directorate, usually abbreviated as "Northern Railway", not only operates all railway lines and associated infrastructure in the Yaroslavl area, but also an almost 6000 kilometers long rail network that extends far into the northeast of the European part of Russia (including the Arkhangelsk Oblast and the republic Komi ) is enough.

There are 16 passenger stations and stops in operation within the city limits, two of which are long-distance stations. The main train station of the city is the Yaroslavl-Glawny long-distance train station located west of the city center (Russian Ярославль-Главный , literally "Yaroslavl main [bahnhof]") Volga Bridge became the city's most important rail hub. Today the station has more than 20 tracks in its area for long-distance, regional, freight and industrial traffic, as well as a representative reception building from 1952 with an extension from 1977. Most long-distance trains stop here Moscow, including all Transsib trains running via Yaroslavl, regional trains and the like. a. to Rostov , Alexandrow , Rybinsk , Danilow , Kostroma and Ivanovo .

Yaroslavl Moskovsky railway station

Yaroslavl's second long-distance train station is located south of the Kotorosl and is called Yaroslavl-Moskovsky ( Ярославль-Московский , literally "Yaroslavl Moscow [station]"). It was built in 1870 with the city's first rail link and originally served as the terminus for trains from Moscow, but lost its importance in favor of Yaroslavl-Glawny after the construction of the Volga Bridge. Today only a few long-distance trains stop there (including trains from Moscow towards Kostroma), otherwise regional trains to and from Rostov / Alexandrow, Kostroma, Ivanovo and Rybinsk are handled there. However, most of these trains also stop in Yaroslavl-Glawny. An elongated, symmetrical reception building from the late 19th century has been preserved in Yaroslavl-Moskovsky to this day.

The other 14 Yaroslavl railway stations are purely regional stations and stops for suburban traffic. All railway lines that cross in Yaroslavl are electrified with the exception of the line to Rybinsk ; however, the trains to Ivanovo, which use the electrified route in the direction of Kostroma within Yaroslavl, are diesel trains.

A park railway has also been in operation on the eastern edge of the city on the left of the Volga since 1970 . It was opened in 1970 and at that time replaced another park railway line near the Volga, which had existed since 1945 and was closed in 1958 due to flooding. In the course of preparations for the city anniversary, the park railway was completely renovated by the Northern Railway Directorate by 2008 and now consists of five stations over a length of 5.7 km. In the summer months, the route is served several times a day by two diesel-powered trains.

Transportation

Type 71-619 tram in Yaroslavl

The oldest inner-city means of transport in Yaroslavl today is the electric tram , which was one of the first tram systems in the Russian Empire when it opened in December 1900. While the Yaroslavl network consisted of nine lines in the mid-1980s, there are only four today, as a number of lines, particularly in the old town, have been shortened or closed since the 1990s. In the meantime, trams in Yaroslavl only run in the outskirts; a connection point with the railroad has been missing since the closure of a terminus near the Yaroslavl-Glawny station in August 2009. Although some modernization measures for the city's tramway were started as part of the preparations for the city's 1000th anniversary (including renewal of the rolling stock and the tracks ), other Yaroslavl tram routes are still threatened with closure, although Yaroslavl shares the fate of most Russian cities with trams.

An important means of transport that is still common in the city center in Yaroslavl is the trolleybus , which has been in operation here since 1949 and of which there are currently ten lines. In contrast to the tram, the network is occasionally expanded, with individual new routes replacing the tram lines that were previously closed there. Both the trams and trolleybuses in Yaroslavl are operated by the municipal transport company Jargorelektrotrans . The tickets are comparatively cheap: A single journey costs 12 rubles for both modes of transport (the equivalent of just under 0.30 euros), although a new ticket must be purchased when changing. It is not necessary to buy a ticket before departure, as there is always a female conductor in each car .

The inner-city public transport offer is supplemented by regular buses and regular taxis , whereby both urban transport companies and licensed private providers are active here. The fares within the city are the same as those for trams and trolleybuses; for regular taxis they can be slightly higher. The buses also play an important role in suburban and interurban transport. Many of them depart from the central bus station, which is located near the Yaroslavl-Moskovsky train station.

Other traffic

Yaroslavl is the junction of several motorways, the most important of which is the M8 "Cholmogory" trunk road leading directly through the urban area of ​​Yaroslavl . It begins in Moscow and runs roughly parallel to the Trans-Siberian Railway to Yaroslavl. Further north it crosses the Volga and leads via Danilow and Vologda to the northwestern Russian Oblast Arkhangelsk , including its capital Arkhangelsk and the town of Kholmogory, which gives the street its name . In the area of ​​Yaroslavl, a branch line of the M8 branches off to the neighboring oblast center Kostroma , which leads as a trunk road of federal importance R600 (until 2010 A113) to Ivanovo , the end of a branch line of the M7 "Volga" from Vladimir .

The total length of the streets in the urban area of ​​Yaroslavl is 611.4 km. In the city center the street Ulitsa Swobody (Russian Улица Свободы , in German "Street of Freedom") is the main artery. It begins in the old town on Volkov Square, where the Volkov Theater building is located, runs around two kilometers to the west and ends in the forecourt of Yaroslavl-Glawny station. There are three road bridges over the Kotorosl and two over the Volga in the urban area; Of the two Volga bridges, the first (also called October Bridge ( Октябрьский мост )) was completed in 1966, the second ( Jubilee Bridge ( Юбилейный мост )) followed in 2006.

Hydrofoil "Meteor" on the Volga in Yaroslavl

Since 1948, Yaroslavl has had a small inland port for cargo ships on the Volga in the south of the city. The so-called river station ( речной вокзал ) is also located on the Volga promenade near the historic city center , consisting of a reception building similar to a normal station hall and several landing stages for ships. Currently, these landing stages are mainly used by cruise ships . During the Soviet era and into the 1990s, many lines of passenger ships and the fast hydrofoil boats "Meteor" and "Raketa" ran from and across the Yaroslavl river station in the spring, summer and autumn months , including to distant Volga cities such as Ulyanovsk or Astrakhan . In the meantime, however, most of these lines have been discontinued, so that ships of the line practically only go to nearby destinations such as Tutajew or Rybinsk .

There is also a small passenger airport near Yaroslavl ( Tunoschna Airport ), which, although it has the status of an international airport, actually only offers seasonal domestic connections (regularly only flights to and from Moscow-Domodedovo and Saint Petersburg ).

media

In 1784 the first printing works went into operation in Yaroslavl, two years later a local printed magazine appeared in the city for the first time, and from 1831 the Gubernskije Westi news paper was regularly printed there. Around 40 newspapers and magazines are currently published in Yaroslavl, including both purely local newspapers and regional editions of all-Russian newspapers. The best known are the local daily Severny Krai and the weekly newspapers Jaroslawskije Novosti and Jaroslawskaja Nedelja , as well as the Yaroslavl editions of the Moscow newspapers Komsomolskaja Prawda and Argumenty i Fakty .

In Yaroslavl and the surrounding area, to a large extent, all radio and television stations that broadcast their programs in central Russia can be received. Here, the national television channels has Rossiia 1 with Jaroslawija from a branch operation in Jaroslawl and emits regular local news programs on the metropolitan area Jaroslawl. In addition, three other local TV channels can be received in the region.

News from Yaroslavl and the surrounding area also offer Internet services from the region, including the YarLand agency and the Yarcom.ru portal

education

An essential part of Yaroslavl's educational infrastructure are around 90 general schools and grammar schools, over 20 technical and sports schools and around 30 technical vocational schools. Yaroslavl is also a university location and has nine independent further educational institutions with a total of almost 23,000 students.

The oldest and best-known university in the city is the Yaroslavl State University , which was founded in 1803 by the industrialist Pawel Demidow as a college for higher sciences and today bears his name. In the 19th century, the university was a pure forge of lawyers, after the October Revolution it was initially converted into a full university , but later dissolved and only re-established in 1970. Today it consists of nine faculties with a total of around 7,000 students. Yaroslavl also has its own State Technical University, which was founded in 1944 and originally served primarily as a technological forge for the city's petrochemical and rubber industries. Today it has eight faculties with over 5000 students and maintains international cooperation relationships, including with German universities. The university landscape of Yaroslavl is complemented by the State Pedagogical University, which was founded in 1908 as the Yaroslavl Teachers' Institute and today bears the name of the well-known pedagogue Konstantin Uschinski .

Other universities in the city are the Yaroslavl State Medical Academy, the Yaroslavl State Agricultural Academy, the Yaroslavl State Theater Institute, the Yaroslavl Air Defense Institute, the International Academy of Business and New Technologies and the Yaroslavl Spiritual Academy. In addition, several branches and institutions of universities from other regions of Russia exist in the city (including the Open Academy of Transportation of the Moscow State University of Transportation ).

Personalities

→ Main article : List of personalities of the city of Yaroslavl

sons and daughters of the town

Monument to Leonid Sobinov near the house where he was born in Yaroslavl

• Semjon Bobrow (1763 / 1765–1810), poet and civil servant
• Peter von Oldenburg (1812–1881), Prince of the House of Oldenburg
• Ismail Sresnewski (1812–1880), philologist, palaeographer, Slavist and ethnographer
• Alexander Lyapunow (1857–1918), mathematician and physicist
• Sergei Lyapunov (1859–1924), composer and pianist
• Konstantin Satunin (1863-1915), zoologist
• Michail Kusmin (1872–1936), author and composer
• Leonid Sobinow (1872–1934), opera singer
• Mikhail Viktorov (1892–1938), commander in chief of the Soviet naval fleet
• Bonifati Kedrow (1903–1985), philosopher and historian of science
• Tichon Rabotnow (1904-2000), geobotanist
• Alexander Dodonov (1907-1994), pilot
• Yuri Lyubimow (1917-2014), actor, theater founder and director
• Weniamin Basner (1925–1996), composer and violinist
• Soja Abramowa (1925–2013), prehistorian, archaeologist and university professor
• Pawel Kolchin (1930–2010), cross-country skier
• Juwenali Pojarkow (* 1935), Russian Orthodox Archbishop
• Valery Tarakanov (* 1941), cross-country skier
• Andrei Chomutow (* 1961), ice hockey coach
• Oleg Kisseljow (* 1967), handball player and coach
• Maxim Tarassow (* 1970), pole vaulter
• Alexei Kostygow (* 1973), handball player
• Vyacheslav Posdnyakov (* 1978), fencer
• Alexei Sagorny (* 1978), hammer thrower
• Tatiana Andrianowa (* 1979), middle-distance runner
• Alexander Schibajew (* 1990), table tennis player
• Ivan Provorov (born 1997), ice hockey player
• Lyubov Nikitina (* 1999), freestyle skier

Well-known honorary citizens

• Valentina Tereschkowa (* 1937), cosmonaut, first woman in space; went to school in Yaroslavl and worked in the Yaroslavl tire factory and in the Krasny Perekop textile factory in the 1950s
• Tikhon (Patriarch) (1865–1925), Patriarch of Moscow from 1917; 1907–1913 was Archbishop of Yaroslavl

Front of the 1000 ruble note

Others

Yaroslavl is depicted on the 1000 ruble note that was put into circulation in 2001 , making it one of the seven cities in Russia to be immortalized on national banknotes. The front of the banknote shows the Savior-Transfiguration Monastery with a memorial chapel and the monument to Yaroslav the Wise, erected in 1993, while the motif on the reverse shows the Church of St. John the Baptist in Toltschkowo and the bell tower there.

literature

• AV Fedorčuk: Jaroslavl ʹ. Istorija tvoego goroda . Akademija Razvitija, Yaroslavl 2006, ISBN 5-7797-0630-1 .
• AG Mitrofanov: Gorodskie progulki. Yaroslavl ʹ . Ključ-S, Moscow 2008, ISBN 978-5-93136-063-8 .
• Hans-Peter Riese, Heiderose Engelhardt, Klaus Bednarz , Wladislaw Goworukhin, Fritz Dressler (photographer): Russia: Moscow, St. Petersburg, The Golden Ring . Bucher , Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-7658-1503-4 (special edition Weltbild , Augsburg 2008: ISBN 978-3-8289-3206-7 ).
• Aglaya Sintschenko, Christian Funk: Moscow & Golden Ring . Travel Guide: Tips for Individual Explorers. 1st edition. Iwanowski, Dormagen 2007, ISBN 978-3-933041-31-9 .
• GK Wagner: Old Russian Cities . Scientific Book Society , Darmstadt 1980.

Web links

Commons : Yaroslavl  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

• Official website of the city of Yaroslavl (Russian, English)
• City views on old postcards ( Memento from October 6, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) (Russian)
• Cityscapes from the beginning of the 20th and 21st centuries (Russian)
• German-language website about Yaroslavl
• Yaroslavl and the cities of the Golden Ring

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c} Itogi Vserossijskoj perepisi naselenija 2010 goda. Tom 1. Čislennostʹ i razmeščenie naselenija (Results of the All-Russian Census 2010. Volume 1. Number and distribution of the population). Tables 5 , pp. 12-209; 11 , pp. 312–979 (download from the website of the Federal Service for State Statistics of the Russian Federation)
2. ↑ Spiegel.de, January 19, 2006 ; Reviewed on March 20, 2010
3. ↑ ^{a b c} gorodyaroslavl.ru ; Reviewed March 5, 2010
4. ↑ Roshydromet ; checked Oct 2011
5. ^ Russian State Committee for Statistics: Population figures of Russian towns and cities as of January 1, 2009 ; Reviewed March 5, 2010
6. ↑ MGMejerovič: Tak načinalsja Jaroslavl' . Yaroslavl 1984
7. ↑ ^{a b} fotoyar.ru - History of Yaroslavl (reviewed May 8, 2010)
8. ↑ Official website of the city administration: History of the city ( Memento of the original from March 25, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; Reviewed May 8, 2010  
9. ^ Official website of Yaroslavl Oblast: History of Yaroslavl ; Reviewed May 8, 2010
10. ↑ Official website of the Yaroslavl Museum Reserve: History of the Transfiguration Monastery ( Memento of the original from February 8, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; Reviewed on August 14, 2015  
11. ↑ Z. Pastuchova, E. Ponomarëva: Drevnerusskie goroda . Rusič, Smolensk 2006, ISBN 5-8138-0470-6 , p. 268
12. ↑ it-med.ru: History of the plague epidemics in Russia ; Reviewed May 8, 2010
13. ↑ moi-jaroslavl.ru ( memento of January 19, 2012 in the Internet Archive ); Reviewed on August 14, 2015
14. ↑ Fedorčuk 2006, p. 37
15. ↑ Goroda Rossii. Enciklopedija ( Memento from October 15, 2011 in the Internet Archive ). Bolʹšaja Rossijskaja Enciklopedija, Moscow 1994/2006, ISBN 5-7107-7399-9
16. ↑ ^{a b c} Yaroslavl on mojgorod.ru ; Reviewed on March 4, 2010
17. ↑ Anti-Bolshevik Russia: Uprising of Yaroslavl ( Memento of the original from March 3, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; checked on March 15, 2010  
18. ↑ Fedorčuk 2006, p. 79
19. ↑ Maschke, Erich (Ed.): On the history of the German prisoners of war of the Second World War . Verlag Ernst and Werner Gieseking, Bielefeld 1962–1977
20. ^ Report of the 29th meeting of the World Heritage Committee ; Reviewed March 5, 2010
21. ^ Official website of Yaroslavl Oblast: List of projects for the city anniversary ( memo of December 18, 2010 in the Internet Archive ); Reviewed March 5, 2010
22. ↑ Russia looks at Yaroslavl , NZZ, April 2, 2012
23. ^ Oppositionists in power: What became of it , Moskauer Deutsche Nachrichten, September 17, 2016
24. ↑ russian-mosques.com ( Memento of the original from May 17, 2020 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; Reviewed March 5, 2010 
25. ↑ Brief description of the Yaroslavl Jewish community ( memento of the original from January 11, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; Reviewed on March 16, 2010 
26. ↑ geraldika.ru: City arms of Yaroslavl ; Reviewed March 5, 2010
27. ↑ geraldika.ru: city flag of Yaroslavl ; Reviewed March 5, 2010
28. ↑ Official website of the city administration: Structure of the mayor's office ( Memento of the original from October 4, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; Reviewed March 5, 2010  
29. ↑ regnum.ru, December 5, 2007 ; Reviewed March 5, 2010
30. ↑ Last known Putin opponent in office gives up , Handelsblatt, May 22, 2018
31. ↑ Official website of the city administration: Munizipalität ( Memento of the original from October 17, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; Reviewed March 5, 2010  
32. ↑ Official website of the city administration: Standing commissions of the municipalities ( Memento of the original of June 29, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; Reviewed March 5, 2010  
33. ↑ Official website of the city administration, section International Relations ( Memento of the original of October 27, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; Reviewed on March 2, 2010  
34. ↑ Website of the House of Friendship ( Memento of the original from June 10, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; Reviewed on March 2, 2010  
35. ↑ Archive link ( Memento of the original dated March 2, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; Reviewed on March 2, 2010  
36. ↑ http://www.jaroslawl.de/ ; Reviewed on March 2, 2010
37. ↑ Rossiyskaya Gazeta, August 31, 2005 ; Reviewed March 7, 2010
38. ↑ ^{a b} Official website of the Yaroslavl Museum Reserve ; Reviewed March 5, 2010
39. ↑ sobory.ru ( Memento of the original from February 24, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; Reviewed March 12, 2010 
40. ↑ sobory.ru ( Memento of the original from April 6, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; Reviewed March 12, 2010 
41. ↑ yaroslavlru.ru: Church of Paraskeva Pyatnitsa ; Reviewed on March 11, 2010
42. ↑ yaroslavlru.ru: Korowniki Church Ensemble ; Reviewed on March 11, 2010
43. ↑ sobory.ru ( Memento of the original from September 20, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; Reviewed March 12, 2010 
44. ↑ yaroslavlru.ru: Theodor Cathedral ; Reviewed on March 16, 2010
45. ↑ Z. Pastuchova, E. Ponomarëva: Drevnerusskie goroda . Rusič, Smolensk 2006, ISBN 5-8138-0470-6 , p. 272
46. ^ Official website of the art museum ; Reviewed March 5, 2010
47. ^ Official website of the history museum ; Reviewed on August 14, 2015
48. ^ Official website of the museum "Music and Time" ( Memento of January 28, 2010 in the Internet Archive ); Reviewed March 5, 2010
49. ↑ Komsomolskaya Pravda, September 4, 2009 ; Reviewed March 5, 2010
50. ↑ http://www.museum.ru/m587 ; Reviewed on March 14, 2010
51. ^ Official website of the Volkov Theater ; Reviewed March 6, 2010
52. ^ Official website of the puppet theater ; Reviewed March 6, 2010
53. ^ Official website of the Yaroslavl Youth Theater ; Reviewed March 6, 2010
54. ^ Official website of the Chamber Theater ; Reviewed March 6, 2010
55. ^ Official website of the Philharmonie ; Reviewed March 6, 2010
56. ^ Description of the Yaroslavl circus on circuses.su ; Reviewed March 6, 2010
57. ^ Official website of the Rodina Film Theater ; Reviewed March 6, 2010
58. ^ Website of the planetarium ( Memento of the original from July 20, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; Reviewed April 8, 2011  
59. ↑ Vesti.ru, April 8, 2011 ; Reviewed April 8, 2011
60. ↑ VILukjanenko: Spasti zelenyj SCIT Jaroslavlja ; Yaroslavl 2008 (PDF; 1.9 MB); Reviewed March 6, 2010
61. ↑ Official website of the Yaroslavl Zoo ( Memento of the original from August 9, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; Reviewed March 6, 2010 
62. ↑ Message on the official website of the club  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; checked on March 20, 2010 (page no longer available)  
63. ↑ Official website of the city administration: Sportarena Torpedo ( Memento of the original from January 11, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; Reviewed on March 2, 2010  
64. ^ Russian website for the 2018 World Cup ( Memento from August 19, 2010 in the Internet Archive ); Reviewed April 9, 2011
65. ↑ Sports Information Service : Football: World Cup 2018 host cities announced. (No longer available online.) In: zeit.de. Die Zeit , September 29, 2012, archived from the original on November 4, 2012 ; Retrieved July 31, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
66. ^ RIA Novosti, October 19, 2009 ; Reviewed on March 16, 2010
67. ↑ website of the festival ; Reviewed on March 14, 2010
68. ↑ Official website of the forum ( Memento of the original dated May 24, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; Reviewed September 13, 2010  
69. ^ Announcement by RIA Novosti , checked on August 14, 2015
70. ↑ ^{a b} Official website of the city administration: Economy and Social Affairs ( Memento of the original from February 28, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; Reviewed on March 8, 2010  
71. ^ History of the engine factory ; Reviewed on March 8, 2010
72. ^ Official website of the refinery ; Reviewed on March 8, 2010
73. ^ Official website of the tire factory ; Reviewed on March 8, 2010
74. ^ Official website of the electrical engineering company ; Reviewed on March 8, 2010
75. ↑ Official website of the shipyard ( Memento of the original from March 31, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; checked on August 15, 2015 
76. ↑ Official Website of Remputmasch ; checked on August 15, 2015
77. ↑ http://www.rucompany.ru/company.php?id_company=4101 ; Reviewed on March 8, 2010
78. ^ Official website of the Balkanskaya Zvezda factory ; Reviewed on March 14, 2010
79. ↑ Official website of the city administration: Tourism ( Memento of the original from March 10, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; Reviewed on March 8, 2010  
80. ↑ Interfax, February 3, 2010 ( Memento of February 13, 2010 in the Internet Archive ); Reviewed on August 14, 2015
81. ^ Official website of the Yaroslavl Children's Railway ; Reviewed on March 16, 2010
82. ↑ River ports of the Volga Basin in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (Russian)
83. ^ Official website of Tunoschna Airport ; Reviewed on March 8, 2010
84. ^ Official website of Tunoschna Airport ; Reviewed April 9, 2011
85. ↑ Chronology of Yaroslavl ; checked on August 15, 2015
86. ^ Official website of the Severny Krai newspaper ; Reviewed on March 9, 2010
87. ^ Official website of Yaroslavia ; Reviewed on March 9, 2010
88. ↑ YarLand , reviewed March 9, 2010
89. ↑ Yarcom.ru , reviewed March 9, 2010
90. ↑ Official website of the city administration: List of educational institutions ( Memento of the original dated December 2, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , reviewed March 5, 2010  
91. ↑ Kulturnaja Evoljuzija , reviewed on August 14, 2015
92. ↑ Website of the Yaroslavl State Technical University (Russian)
93. ↑ Official website of the city administration: Current honorary citizens of the city ( Memento of the original from January 11, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; Reviewed on March 16, 2010  
94. ↑ biography on hrono.ru ; Reviewed on March 16, 2010

This article was added to the list of excellent articles on May 27, 2010 in this version .