Fungicide Resistance Action Committee
The FRAC ( Fungicide Resistance Action Committee ) is an association of various companies to strengthen measures against fungicide resistance .
aims
- Recognize and predict resistance problems
- Bundle and disseminate information on resistance
- Establish guidelines for preventing resistance
- Establish rules for fungicide resistance studies
- Increase cooperation with universities, authorities, PSM consultants, sellers and farmers
Members
The companies Adama , Bayer CropScience , Cheminova , Dow , DuPont , FMC , Isagro , KI Chemical ( Kumiai - Ihara ) and Syngenta are members of FRAC International.
FRAC code
The fungicides are divided into the following groups according to their mode of action:
- A: nucleic acid synthesis
- B: mitosis
- C: breathing
- D: protein synthesis
- E: signal transmission
- Q: Fatty Acid Synthesis and Membranes
- G: sterol synthesis
- H: cell wall (chitin synthesis)
- I: Melanin synthesis in the cell wall
- P: resistance induction ( host plant defense induction )
- M: multiple effects
- U: Unknown aiming mechanism
code | attackpoint | Active ingredient group | Risk of selection of resistant biotypes with frequent use of preparations with the same mechanism of action | Example active ingredients | Example products (/ = no longer permitted) |
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A1 phenylamides (PA) | RNA polymerase I. | Acylalanines | high | Benalaxyl |
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Furalaxyl |
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Metalaxyl (= mefenoxam) | Ridomil (Metalaxyl-M) | ||||
Oxazolidinones | Oxadixyl |
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Butyrolactones | Ofurace |
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A2 Hydroxy (2-amino) pyrimidines | Adenosine deaminase | Hydroxy (2-amino) pyrimidines | medium | Bupirimate |
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Dimethirimol |
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Ethirimol |
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A3 heteroaromatics | DNA / RNA synthesis | Isoxazole | none | Hymexazole | Tachigars |
Isothiazolinones | Octylisothiazolinone | ||||
A4 carboxylic acids | Topoisomerase II ( gyrase inhibitor ) | Carboxylic acids | not clear | Oxolinic acid | |
B1 MBC fungicides : negative cross-resistant to B2 | β-tubulin / inhibition of the spindle apparatus | Benzimidazoles | very high | Benomyl |
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Carbendazim | Aagrano, Harvesan, |
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Fuberidazole | in many stains, |
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Thiabendazole |
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Thiophanates | Thiophanate methyl and ethyl | Cercobin, Don Q, |
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Sample zimidazole | Anthelmintics ad us. vet. | ||||
B2 N-phenylcarbamate : negative cross-resistance to B1 | β-tubulin / inhibition of the spindle apparatus | N -phenyl carbamates | high | Diethofencarb |
|
B3 benzamides / thiazolecarboxamide | β-tubulin / inhibition of the spindle apparatus | Toluamides | low to medium | Zoxamide | in Electis (with Mancozeb ), Zoxium |
Ethylaminothiazolecarboxamides | Ethaboxam | ||||
B4 phenylureas | Cell division | Phenylureas | none | Pencycuron (fusarium stain) |
|
B5 benzamides | spectrin -Delokalisation | Pyridine methylbenzamides | none | Fluopicolide | in Infinito (with Propamocarb ) |
B6 cyanoacrylates | Actin / myosin / fimbrin function | Aminocyanoacrylates | medium to high | Phenamacril | |
C1 complex I inhibitors | Complex I: NADH dehydrogenase | Pyridinamines | none | Diflumetorim |
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Pyrazole-5-carboxamides | Tolfenpyrad | ||||
C2 SDHI / SDH inhibitors | Complex II: succinate dehydrogenase | Benzanilides (phenylbenzamides) | medium to high | Benodanil |
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Flutolanil | Moncut | ||||
Mepronil |
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Phenyloxoethylthiophenamides | Isofetamide | ||||
Pyridinylethylbenzamides | Fluopyram | Luna Privilege / Experience | |||
Furancarboxamides | Fenfuram |
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Oxathiine carboxamides | Carboxin |
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Oxycarboxin |
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Thiazolecarboxamides | Thifluzamide |
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Pyrazole-4-carboxamides | Benzovindiflupyr | ||||
Bixafen | in Aviator / Input / Skyway Xpro (with prothioconazole ) | ||||
Fluxapyroxad | Adexar (with epoxiconazole ) | ||||
Furametpyr |
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Isopyrazam | Seguris (with epoxiconazole ) | ||||
Penflufen | Emesto, EverGol | ||||
Penthiopyrad | Fontelis, Vertisan | ||||
Sedaxane | in vibrance gold | ||||
Pyrazole carboxamides | Pydiflumetofen |
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Pyridinecarboxamides | Boscalid | Cantus, Champion, Signum (with pyraclostrobin) | |||
C3 QoI fungicides / strobilurins | Complex III: cytochrome c reductase at the Qo site | Methoxy acrylates | high | Azoxystrobin | Amistar, Ortiva |
Coumoxystrobin | |||||
Enoxastrobin | |||||
Flufenoxystrobin | |||||
Picoxystrobin | Acanto | ||||
Methoxycarbamates | Pyraclostrobin | Convertible | |||
Pyrametostrobin | |||||
Triclopyricarb (Tricyclopyricarb) | |||||
Oximino acetate | Kresoxim-methyl | Stroby, Discus | |||
Trifloxystrobin | Twist / Gem / Swift, Flint | ||||
Oximino-acetamides | Dimoxystrobin | as an admixture in Cantus / Swing Gold | |||
Fenamistrobin | |||||
Metominostrobin | |||||
Orysastrobin | |||||
Oxazolidine dione | Famoxadone | in Charisma, Equation Pro and Tanos | |||
Dihydro-dioxazines | Fluoxastrobin | in EfA | |||
Imidazolines | Fenamidon | in Fenomenal (with Fosetyl-aluminum ), Sereno | |||
Benzyl carbamates | Pyribencarb |
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C4 QiI fungicides | Complex III: cytochrome c reductase at the qi site | Cyano imidazoles | unknown, accepted as medium to high | Cyazofamide | Mildicut, Ranman |
Sulfamoyl triazoles | Amisulbrom |
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C5 decoupler | Interruption of oxidative phosphorylation | dinitrophenyl crotonate | none | Binapacryl |
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Meptyldinocap |
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Dinocap |
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Dinitrophenols | Dinobuton |
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2,6- dinitroaniline | Fluazinam (fusarium stain) |
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C6 organozinc compounds | Inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation | Triphenyltin compounds | low to medium | Fentin acetate , fentin hydroxide |
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C7 thiophenecarboxamides | ATP production in the mitochondria | Thiophenecarboxamides | low | Silthiofam | Latitude |
C8 QoSI fungicides | Complex III: cytochrome c reductase at the Qo site, stigmatellin subunit; no cross-resistance to group C3 | Triazole pyrimidylamines | assumed: medium to high | Ametoctradin | only as an admixture |
D1 AP fungicides | Methionine synthase | Anilino pyrimidines | medium |
Cyprodinil |
Chorus, Kayak, Radius, Switch (with Fludioxonil), Unix |
Mepanipyrim | Frupica | ||||
Pyrimethanil | Scala | ||||
D2 antibiotics | Protein synthesis | low to medium | Blasticidin S. | ||
D3 antibiotics | Protein synthesis | Hexopyranosyls | medium | Kasugamycin | |
D4 antibiotics | Protein synthesis | Glucopyranosyls | high | Streptomycin | |
D5 antibiotics | Protein synthesis | Tetracyclines | high | Oxytetracycline | |
E1 quinolines (azanapthalenes) | Signal transmission (exact mechanism unknown) | Quinolines | medium | Quinoxyfen | Arius, Fortress |
Proquinazid | Talendo, Talius | ||||
E2 PP fungicides | MAP kinases in the signal chain: os-2, HOG-1 | Phenylpyrroles | low to medium | Fenpiclonil |
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Fludioxonil (standard fusarium stain) | Celest, in Landor and Switch | ||||
E3 dicarboximides | MAP kinases in the signal chain: os-1, Daf-1 | Dicarboximide | medium to high | Iprodion | in Paroli, Rovral |
Chlozolinate |
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Procymidone |
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Vinclozolin |
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Dimethachlone | |||||
F1 | no longer forgiven | ||||
F2 | Phospholipid synthase, methyltransferase | Phosphorothiolates | low to medium | Ditalimfos |
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Edifenphos |
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Iprobefos |
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Pyrazophos |
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Dithiolanes | Isoprothiolane |
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F3 AH fungicides and heteroaromatics | Lipid peroxidation | Aromatics | low to medium | Biphenyl | |
Chloroneb |
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Diclorane (DCNA) |
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Quintozen (PCNB) |
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Tecnazen (TCNB) |
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Tolclofos-methyl | Rizolex | ||||
1,2,4-thiadiazoles | Etridiazole |
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F4 carbamates | Cell membrane permeability | Carbamates | low to medium | Iodocarb (IPBC) | |
Propamocarb | Previcur N, in tattoo | ||||
Prothiocarb |
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F5 | today H5 | ||||
F6 microbes | Cell membranes | Bacillus | none |
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens QST 713 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB 24 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MBI 600 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens D747 |
Serenade MAX (QST 713), Taegro (FZB24) |
Bacillus pumilus GB34 | Sonata (GB34) | ||||
F7 plant extracts | Cell membranes | Terpenes | none | Australian tea tree extract ( Melaleuca alternifolia ) | Timorex gold |
G1 DMI fungicides (SBI class I) / Conazole |
C14 demethylase in sterol synthesis ( erg11 / cyp51 ) | Piperazine | medium | Triforine |
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Pyridines | Pyrifenox |
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Pyrisoxazole |
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Pyrimidines | Fenarimol |
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Nuarimol |
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Imidazoles | Imazalil (enilconazole) | Fungazil | |||
Oxpoconazole |
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Pefurazoate |
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Prochloraz | Cirkon, Mirage, Sportak, in Ampera (with tebuconazole) | ||||
Triflumizole |
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Triazoles | Azaconazole |
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Bitertanol |
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Bromuconazole | granite | ||||
Cyproconazole | radius | ||||
Diclobutrazole |
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Difenoconazole | Score, in Spyrale (with fenpropidin ) | ||||
Diniconazole |
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Epoxiconazole | opus | ||||
Etaconazole |
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Fenbuconazole |
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Fluconazole (antifungal) | Diflucan | ||||
Fluotrimazole |
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Fluquinconazole | flamenco | ||||
Flusilazole | Capitan, |
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Flutriafol |
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Hexaconazole |
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Imibenconazole |
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Ipconazole |
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Itraconazole (antifungal medicine) | Sporanox | ||||
Metconazole | Caramba | ||||
Myclobutanil | Systhane | ||||
Penconazole | topaz | ||||
Propiconazole | Desmel, |
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Simeconazole |
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Tebuconazole | Folicur, many stains | ||||
Tetraconazole | Emerald, eminent | ||||
Triadimephone |
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Triadimenol | Bayfidan, |
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Triticonazole |
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Triazolinthione | Prothioconazole | Proline | |||
G2 amines (SBI class II) | Sterol-Δ14-reductase and sterol-Δ8 / 7-isomerase ( erg24, erg2 ) | Morpholines | low to medium | ||
Aldimorph | |||||
Dodemorph |
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Fenpropimorph | in Brio, Diamant, Juwel and Opus Top, purely in Corbel | ||||
Tridemorph |
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Piperidines | Fenpropidin | in Agent, Gladio and Spyrale | |||
Piperalin | |||||
Spiroketalamines | Spiroxamine |
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G3 SBI class III | 3-keto reductase / demethylation at C4 ( erg27 ) | Hydroxanilides | low to medium | Fenhexamid | Teldor |
Aminopyrazolinones | Fenpyrazamine | Prolectus | |||
G4 SBI class IV | Squalene epoxidase ( erg1 ) | Thiocarbamates | none | Pyributicarb | |
Allylamines | Naftifin , terbinafine | for medical use only | |||
H4 polyoxines | Chitin synthase | Nucleosides | medium | Polyoxines | |
H5 CAA fungicides (carboxylic acid amides) | Cellulose synthase | Cinnamic acid amides | low to medium | Dimethomorph | in Zampro (with Ametoctradin ), Forum, DMM |
Flumorph | |||||
Pyrimorph | |||||
Valinamides, carbamates | Benthiavalicarb | Valbon | |||
Iprovalicarb | in Melody Combi (with Folpet ) | ||||
Valifenalat | Valis | ||||
Mandelic acid amides | Mandipropamid | Revus, Pergado | |||
I1 MBI-R (melanin biosynthesis inhibitors - reductase) | Reductase in melanin biosynthesis | Isobenzofuranones | none | Phthalide | |
Pyrroloquinolines | Pyrochilon | ||||
Triazolobenzothiazoles | Tricyclazole | ||||
I2 MBI-D (Melanin Biosynthesis Inhibitors - Dehydratase) | Dehydratase in melanin biosynthesis | Cyclopropanecarboxamides | medium | Carpropamide |
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Carboxamides | Diclocymet |
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Propionamide | Fenoxanil | ||||
I3 MBI-P (melanin biosynthesis inhibitors - polyketide synthase) | Polyketide synthase in melanin biosynthesis | Trifluoroethyl carbamate | none | Tolprocarb | |
P1 Benzothiadiazole (BTH) | Salicylic acid synthesis | Benzothiadiazoles | none | Acibenzolar , Acibenzolar- S- methyl | Bion |
P2 Benzisothiazolinone | Benzisothiazolinone | none | Probenazole |
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P3 thiadiazolecarboxamides | Thiadiazolecarboxamides | none | Isotianil | Stout, routine | |
Tiadinil | V-get | ||||
P4 polysaccharides | Polysaccharides | none | Laminarin | ||
P5 plant extract | complex mixture | none | Reynoutria sachalinensis extract | ||
Unknown | Cyanohydroxyiminoacetamides | low to medium | Cymoxanil |
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Unknown | Phosphonates | low | Fosetyl-Al | Aliette | |
Phosphoric acid and salts | |||||
Unknown | Benzotriazines | none | Triazoxide | in EfA | |
Unknown | Benzenesulfamides | Flusulfamide |
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U6 | Amidoximes | at Sphaerotheca | Cyflufenamid | Vegas | |
U8 | Actin destruction (suggested) | Benzophenones | medium | Metrafenone | Flexity, Vivando |
Benzene pyridines | Pyriofenone | Property | |||
U12 | Cell membrane destruction (suggested) | Guanidine salts | low to medium, in Venturia inaequalis | Dodin | Syllite |
U13 | Cyano-methylene-thiazolidines | Flutianil | |||
U14 (formerly C5) | Pyrimidine hydrazones | Ferimzon | |||
U15 | Oxystyrene binding protein inhibition (suggested) | Piperidinylthiazolisoxazolines | Oxathiapiproline | ||
U16 | Cytochrome c reductase , unknown starting point | 4-quinolylacetate | Tebufloquin | ||
U17 | Tetrazoyloxime | Picarbutrazox | |||
U18 (formerly H3) | Trehalase | Glucopyranosyl antibiotics | none | Validamycine | |
M1 | Multiple effects | inorganic | assumed to be low | Copper salts: copper oxychloride , copper (II) hydroxide , copper octanoate , copper sulfate , copper (I) oxide | Funguran, Cuprozin, Cueva, Cuproxate |
M2 | Network sulfur | Tiovit, Stulln etc. | |||
M3 | Dithiocarbamates | Mancozeb | Dithane NeoTec, |
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Maneb |
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Metiram | Polyram, in convertible top (with pyraclostrobin ) | ||||
Ferbam |
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Propineb |
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Thiram |
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Zineb |
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Ziram |
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M4 | Phthalimides | Captan | Malvin, Merpan | ||
Folpet | Folpan | ||||
Captafol |
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M5 | Chloronitrile | Chlorthalonil (fusarium stain) | Bravo, |
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M6 | Sulfamides (sulfuryldiamide) | Dichlofluanid |
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Tolylfluanid |
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M7 | Until guanidine | Guazatin , iminoctadine (fusarium pickling) |
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M8 | Triazines | Anilazine |
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M9 | Anthraquinones | Dithianon | Aktuan, Delan | ||
M10 | Quinoxalines | Quinomethionate |
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M11 | Maleimide | Fluorimide |
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M12 | Polypeptides ( lectin ) | White Lupine Extract ("BLAD") |
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ FRAC Presentation 2014
- ^ Organization of the FRAC
- ↑ FRAC Code List 2016 ( Memento of the original from July 29, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.