Fungicide Resistance Action Committee

The FRAC ( Fungicide Resistance Action Committee ) is an association of various companies to strengthen measures against fungicide resistance .

aims

• Recognize and predict resistance problems
• Bundle and disseminate information on resistance
• Establish guidelines for preventing resistance
• Establish rules for fungicide resistance studies
• Increase cooperation with universities, authorities, PSM consultants, sellers and farmers

Members

The companies Adama , Bayer CropScience , Cheminova , Dow , DuPont , FMC , Isagro , KI Chemical ( Kumiai - Ihara ) and Syngenta are members of FRAC International.

FRAC code

The fungicides are divided into the following groups according to their mode of action:

• A: nucleic acid synthesis
• B: mitosis
• C: breathing
• D: protein synthesis
• E: signal transmission
• Q: Fatty Acid Synthesis and Membranes
• G: sterol synthesis
• H: cell wall (chitin synthesis)
• I: Melanin synthesis in the cell wall
• P: resistance induction ( host plant defense induction )
• M: multiple effects
• U: Unknown aiming mechanism

code	attackpoint	Active ingredient group	Risk of selection of resistant biotypes with frequent use of preparations with the same mechanism of action	Example active ingredients	Example products (/ = no longer permitted)
A1 phenylamides (PA)	RNA polymerase I.	Acylalanines	high	Benalaxyl	Galben, Tairel , in Fantic F / M
				Furalaxyl	Fonganil, fungarid
				Metalaxyl (= mefenoxam)	Ridomil (Metalaxyl-M)
		Oxazolidinones		Oxadixyl	Sandofan
		Butyrolactones		Ofurace	Ortho 20615
A2 Hydroxy (2-amino) pyrimidines	Adenosine deaminase	Hydroxy (2-amino) pyrimidines	medium	Bupirimate	Nimrod
				Dimethirimol	Milcurb
				Ethirimol	Milstem, Milgo
A3 heteroaromatics	DNA / RNA synthesis	Isoxazole	none	Hymexazole	Tachigars
		Isothiazolinones		Octylisothiazolinone
A4 carboxylic acids	Topoisomerase II ( gyrase inhibitor )	Carboxylic acids	not clear	Oxolinic acid
B1 MBC fungicides : negative cross-resistant to B2	β-tubulin / inhibition of the spindle apparatus	Benzimidazoles	very high	Benomyl	Agrocit, Benlate, Benosan, Fundazol, Tersan
				Carbendazim	Aagrano, Harvesan, Bavistin, Derosal, Thicoper
				Fuberidazole	in many stains, voronite
				Thiabendazole	Arbotect, Mertect, Tecto
		Thiophanates		Thiophanate methyl and ethyl	Cercobin, Don Q, Topsin
				Sample zimidazole	Anthelmintics ad us. vet.
B2 N-phenylcarbamate : negative cross-resistance to B1	β-tubulin / inhibition of the spindle apparatus	N -phenyl carbamates	high	Diethofencarb	Sumico
B3 benzamides / thiazolecarboxamide	β-tubulin / inhibition of the spindle apparatus	Toluamides	low to medium	Zoxamide	in Electis (with Mancozeb ), Zoxium
		Ethylaminothiazolecarboxamides		Ethaboxam
B4 phenylureas	Cell division	Phenylureas	none	Pencycuron (fusarium stain)	Monceren
B5 benzamides	spectrin -Delokalisation	Pyridine methylbenzamides	none	Fluopicolide	in Infinito (with Propamocarb )
B6 cyanoacrylates	Actin / myosin / fimbrin function	Aminocyanoacrylates	medium to high	Phenamacril
C1 complex I inhibitors	Complex I: NADH dehydrogenase	Pyridinamines	none	Diflumetorim	Pyricut
		Pyrazole-5-carboxamides		Tolfenpyrad
C2 SDHI / SDH inhibitors	Complex II: succinate dehydrogenase	Benzanilides (phenylbenzamides)	medium to high	Benodanil	Calirus
				Flutolanil	Moncut
				Mepronil	Basitac
		Phenyloxoethylthiophenamides		Isofetamide
		Pyridinylethylbenzamides		Fluopyram	Luna Privilege / Experience
		Furancarboxamides		Fenfuram	Panorama
		Oxathiine carboxamides		Carboxin	Arbosan (with Imazalil), Kemikar, Vitavax
				Oxycarboxin	Plantvax
		Thiazolecarboxamides		Thifluzamide	Greatam
		Pyrazole-4-carboxamides		Benzovindiflupyr
				Bixafen	in Aviator / Input / Skyway Xpro (with prothioconazole )
				Fluxapyroxad	Adexar (with epoxiconazole )
				Furametpyr	Limber
				Isopyrazam	Seguris (with epoxiconazole )
				Penflufen	Emesto, EverGol
				Penthiopyrad	Fontelis, Vertisan
				Sedaxane	in vibrance gold
		Pyrazole carboxamides		Pydiflumetofen	Adepidyn
		Pyridinecarboxamides		Boscalid	Cantus, Champion, Signum (with pyraclostrobin)
C3 QoI fungicides / strobilurins	Complex III: cytochrome c reductase at the Qo site	Methoxy acrylates	high	Azoxystrobin	Amistar, Ortiva
				Coumoxystrobin
				Enoxastrobin
				Flufenoxystrobin
				Picoxystrobin	Acanto
		Methoxycarbamates		Pyraclostrobin	Convertible
				Pyrametostrobin
				Triclopyricarb (Tricyclopyricarb)
		Oximino acetate		Kresoxim-methyl	Stroby, Discus
				Trifloxystrobin	Twist / Gem / Swift, Flint
		Oximino-acetamides		Dimoxystrobin	as an admixture in Cantus / Swing Gold
				Fenamistrobin
				Metominostrobin
				Orysastrobin
		Oxazolidine dione		Famoxadone	in Charisma, Equation Pro and Tanos
		Dihydro-dioxazines		Fluoxastrobin	in EfA
		Imidazolines		Fenamidon	in Fenomenal (with Fosetyl-aluminum ), Sereno
		Benzyl carbamates		Pyribencarb	Fantasista
C4 QiI fungicides	Complex III: cytochrome c reductase at the qi site	Cyano imidazoles	unknown, accepted as medium to high	Cyazofamide	Mildicut, Ranman
		Sulfamoyl triazoles		Amisulbrom	Leimay
C5 decoupler	Interruption of oxidative phosphorylation	dinitrophenyl crotonate	none	Binapacryl	Acricid, dapacryl
				Meptyldinocap	Karathane, Kindred
				Dinocap	Arcotan
		Dinitrophenols		Dinobuton	Design
		2,6- dinitroaniline		Fluazinam (fusarium stain)	Shirlan
C6 organozinc compounds	Inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation	Triphenyltin compounds	low to medium	Fentin acetate , fentin hydroxide	Brestan
C7 thiophenecarboxamides	ATP production in the mitochondria	Thiophenecarboxamides	low	Silthiofam	Latitude
C8 QoSI fungicides	Complex III: cytochrome c reductase at the Qo site, stigmatellin subunit; no cross-resistance to group C3	Triazole pyrimidylamines	assumed: medium to high	Ametoctradin	only as an admixture
D1 AP fungicides	Methionine synthase	Anilino pyrimidines	medium	Cyprodinil	Chorus, Kayak, Radius, Switch (with Fludioxonil), Unix
				Mepanipyrim	Frupica
				Pyrimethanil	Scala
D2 antibiotics	Protein synthesis		low to medium	Blasticidin S.
D3 antibiotics	Protein synthesis	Hexopyranosyls	medium	Kasugamycin
D4 antibiotics	Protein synthesis	Glucopyranosyls	high	Streptomycin
D5 antibiotics	Protein synthesis	Tetracyclines	high	Oxytetracycline
E1 quinolines (azanapthalenes)	Signal transmission (exact mechanism unknown)	Quinolines	medium	Quinoxyfen	Arius, Fortress
				Proquinazid	Talendo, Talius
E2 PP fungicides	MAP kinases in the signal chain: os-2, HOG-1	Phenylpyrroles	low to medium	Fenpiclonil	Beret, Galbas
				Fludioxonil (standard fusarium stain)	Celest, in Landor and Switch
E3 dicarboximides	MAP kinases in the signal chain: os-1, Daf-1	Dicarboximide	medium to high	Iprodion	in Paroli, Rovral
				Chlozolinate	Serinal
				Procymidone	Sumisclex, Sumilex
				Vinclozolin	Ronilan, Ornilan
				Dimethachlone
F1	no longer forgiven
F2	Phospholipid synthase, methyltransferase	Phosphorothiolates	low to medium	Ditalimfos	Leucon, Frutogard, Laptran, Plondrel
				Edifenphos	Hinosan
				Iprobefos	Kitazin
				Pyrazophos	Afugan, Curamil
		Dithiolanes		Isoprothiolane	Fuji-one
F3 AH fungicides and heteroaromatics	Lipid peroxidation	Aromatics	low to medium	Biphenyl
				Chloroneb	Demosan
				Diclorane (DCNA)	Botran, Allison, Resiran, Ditranil
				Quintozen (PCNB)	Botrilex, Tritisan, Folosan, Terrachlor
				Tecnazen (TCNB)	Foloran, Fusarex
				Tolclofos-methyl	Rizolex
		1,2,4-thiadiazoles		Etridiazole	Terrazole
F4 carbamates	Cell membrane permeability	Carbamates	low to medium	Iodocarb (IPBC)
				Propamocarb	Previcur N, in tattoo
				Prothiocarb	Previcur
F5	today H5
F6 microbes	Cell membranes	Bacillus	none	Bacillus amyloliquefaciens QST 713 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB 24 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MBI 600 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens D747	Serenade MAX (QST 713), Taegro (FZB24)
				Bacillus pumilus GB34	Sonata (GB34)
F7 plant extracts	Cell membranes	Terpenes	none	Australian tea tree extract ( Melaleuca alternifolia )	Timorex gold
G1 DMI fungicides (SBI class I) / Conazole	C14 demethylase in sterol synthesis ( erg11 / cyp51 )	Piperazine	medium	Triforine	Funginex
		Pyridines		Pyrifenox	Rondo, Dorado
				Pyrisoxazole	Junsiqi
		Pyrimidines		Fenarimol	Rubigan
				Nuarimol	Trimidal
		Imidazoles		Imazalil (enilconazole)	Fungazil
				Oxpoconazole	Alshine
				Pefurazoate	Healthied
				Prochloraz	Cirkon, Mirage, Sportak, in Ampera (with tebuconazole)
				Triflumizole	Condor, Duotop, Trifmine
		Triazoles		Azaconazole	Rodewood, Safetroy
				Bitertanol	Baycor, Sibutol
				Bromuconazole	granite
				Cyproconazole	radius
				Diclobutrazole	Vigil
				Difenoconazole	Score, in Spyrale (with fenpropidin )
				Diniconazole	Spotless
				Epoxiconazole	opus
				Etaconazole	Sonax, Vangard
				Fenbuconazole	Indar
				Fluconazole (antifungal)	Diflucan
				Fluotrimazole	Persulon
				Fluquinconazole	flamenco
				Flusilazole	Capitan, Nustar
				Flutriafol	Impact
				Hexaconazole	Anvil
				Imibenconazole	Manage
				Ipconazole	Techlead
				Itraconazole (antifungal medicine)	Sporanox
				Metconazole	Caramba
				Myclobutanil	Systhane
				Penconazole	topaz
				Propiconazole	Desmel, tilt
				Simeconazole	Mongarit, Sanlit
				Tebuconazole	Folicur, many stains
				Tetraconazole	Emerald, eminent
				Triadimephone	Bayleton
				Triadimenol	Bayfidan, Baytan
				Triticonazole	real
		Triazolinthione		Prothioconazole	Proline
G2 amines (SBI class II)	Sterol-Δ14-reductase and sterol-Δ8 / 7-isomerase ( erg24, erg2 )	Morpholines	low to medium
				Aldimorph
				Dodemorph	Meltatox, Milban
				Fenpropimorph	in Brio, Diamant, Juwel and Opus Top, purely in Corbel
				Tridemorph	Calixin
		Piperidines		Fenpropidin	in Agent, Gladio and Spyrale
				Piperalin
		Spiroketalamines		Spiroxamine	Impulse , input, prosper
G3 SBI class III	3-keto reductase / demethylation at C4 ( erg27 )	Hydroxanilides	low to medium	Fenhexamid	Teldor
		Aminopyrazolinones		Fenpyrazamine	Prolectus
G4 SBI class IV	Squalene epoxidase ( erg1 )	Thiocarbamates	none	Pyributicarb
		Allylamines		Naftifin , terbinafine	for medical use only
H4 polyoxines	Chitin synthase	Nucleosides	medium	Polyoxines
H5 CAA fungicides (carboxylic acid amides)	Cellulose synthase	Cinnamic acid amides	low to medium	Dimethomorph	in Zampro (with Ametoctradin ), Forum, DMM
				Flumorph
				Pyrimorph
		Valinamides, carbamates		Benthiavalicarb	Valbon
				Iprovalicarb	in Melody Combi (with Folpet )
				Valifenalat	Valis
		Mandelic acid amides		Mandipropamid	Revus, Pergado
I1 MBI-R (melanin biosynthesis inhibitors - reductase)	Reductase in melanin biosynthesis	Isobenzofuranones	none	Phthalide
		Pyrroloquinolines		Pyrochilon
		Triazolobenzothiazoles		Tricyclazole
I2 MBI-D (Melanin Biosynthesis Inhibitors - Dehydratase)	Dehydratase in melanin biosynthesis	Cyclopropanecarboxamides	medium	Carpropamide	Arcado, Zabara, Solaza
		Carboxamides		Diclocymet	Delaus
		Propionamide		Fenoxanil
I3 MBI-P (melanin biosynthesis inhibitors - polyketide synthase)	Polyketide synthase in melanin biosynthesis	Trifluoroethyl carbamate	none	Tolprocarb
P1 Benzothiadiazole (BTH)	Salicylic acid synthesis	Benzothiadiazoles	none	Acibenzolar , Acibenzolar- S- methyl	Bion
P2 Benzisothiazolinone		Benzisothiazolinone	none	Probenazole	Oryzemate
P3 thiadiazolecarboxamides		Thiadiazolecarboxamides	none	Isotianil	Stout, routine
				Tiadinil	V-get
P4 polysaccharides		Polysaccharides	none	Laminarin
P5 plant extract		complex mixture	none	Reynoutria sachalinensis extract
Unknown		Cyanohydroxyiminoacetamides	low to medium	Cymoxanil	Curzate , admixed in many preparations
Unknown		Phosphonates	low	Fosetyl-Al	Aliette
				Phosphoric acid and salts
Unknown		Benzotriazines	none	Triazoxide	in EfA
Unknown		Benzenesulfamides		Flusulfamide	Nebijin
U6		Amidoximes	at Sphaerotheca	Cyflufenamid	Vegas
U8	Actin destruction (suggested)	Benzophenones	medium	Metrafenone	Flexity, Vivando
		Benzene pyridines		Pyriofenone	Property
U12	Cell membrane destruction (suggested)	Guanidine salts	low to medium, in Venturia inaequalis	Dodin	Syllite
U13		Cyano-methylene-thiazolidines		Flutianil
U14 (formerly C5)		Pyrimidine hydrazones		Ferimzon
U15	Oxystyrene binding protein inhibition (suggested)	Piperidinylthiazolisoxazolines		Oxathiapiproline
U16	Cytochrome c reductase , unknown starting point	4-quinolylacetate		Tebufloquin
U17		Tetrazoyloxime		Picarbutrazox
U18 (formerly H3)	Trehalase	Glucopyranosyl antibiotics	none	Validamycine
M1	Multiple effects	inorganic	assumed to be low	Copper salts: copper oxychloride , copper (II) hydroxide , copper octanoate , copper sulfate , copper (I) oxide	Funguran, Cuprozin, Cueva, Cuproxate
M2				Network sulfur	Tiovit, Stulln etc.
M3		Dithiocarbamates		Mancozeb	Dithane NeoTec, M 70
				Maneb	Dithane M-22 , Trimangol, Vondac
				Metiram	Polyram, in convertible top (with pyraclostrobin )
				Ferbam	Fermata
				Propineb	Antracol
				Thiram	Arasan, Fernasan , Flowsan, Thiram 80
				Zineb	Dithane Z-78, Parzate
				Ziram	Fuklasin
M4		Phthalimides		Captan	Malvin, Merpan
				Folpet	Folpan
				Captafol	Difolatan
M5		Chloronitrile		Chlorthalonil (fusarium stain)	Bravo, Echo, Daconil, Repulse
M6		Sulfamides (sulfuryldiamide)		Dichlofluanid	Euparen
				Tolylfluanid	Preventol A 5 (wood preservative), Baymat , Euparen M
M7		Until guanidine		Guazatin , iminoctadine (fusarium pickling)	Panoctin 70, Zardex W
M8		Triazines		Anilazine	Direz, Dyrene
M9		Anthraquinones		Dithianon	Aktuan, Delan
M10		Quinoxalines		Quinomethionate	Forstan, Morestan
M11		Maleimide		Fluorimide	Spat, Spartcide
M12		Polypeptides ( lectin )		White Lupine Extract ("BLAD")

Web links

• FRAC website
• FRAC MOA poster 2016

Individual evidence

1. ↑ FRAC Presentation 2014
2. ^ Organization of the FRAC
3. ↑ FRAC Code List 2016 ( Memento of the original from July 29, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.