Bavarian

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Bavarian ( Boarisch )

Spoken in

GermanyGermany Germany
BavariaBavaria Bavaria ( Old Bavaria )
SaxonySaxony Saxony (southern Vogtland )

AustriaAustria Austria (except Vorarlberg and Ausserfern in Tyrol ) Italy
ItalyItaly 

South-TirolSouth-Tirol South-Tirol

SwitzerlandSwitzerland Switzerland ( Samnaun , Graubünden ) Hungary (including Ödenburg ) Czech Republic ( Bohemian Forest )
HungaryHungary 
Czech RepublicCzech Republic 

speaker an estimated 12 million speakers
Linguistic
classification
Official status
Official language in -
Language codes
ISO 639 -1

-

ISO 639 -2

gem (other Germanic languages)

ISO 639-3

bar

Upper German-speaking area after 1945: blue: Bavarian-Austrian dialects
Bavarian dialects:
  • Northern Bavarian
  • Middle or Danube Bavarian
  • South Bavarian
  • As Bavarian , often also Bavarian-Austrian (Bavarian in Bavaria : Boarisch or Bairisch ; in Austria named after places and regions, e.g. Weanarisch in Vienna or Styrian in Styria ; in South Tyrol : South Tyrolean ) is used in German linguistics due to common Linguistic features denote the south-eastern dialect group in the German-speaking area . Together with the Alemannic and East Franconian in the west, the Bavarian dialect group is one of the Upper German and thus also one of the High German dialects . With an area of ​​around 125,000 km², the language area of ​​the Bavarian dialects is the largest German dialect area; The Bavarian dialects are spoken here by a total of around 12 million people in the German state of Bavaria (mainly Old Bavaria ), most of the Republic of Austria (excluding Vorarlberg ) and the South Tyrol region, which belongs to Italy .

    The Bavarian dialect group is classified by the International Organization for Standardization as an independent individual language (the language code according to the ISO 639-3 standard is bar ) and has been listed by UNESCO in the Atlas of Endangered Languages since 2009 . With a history going back over 1000 years to the older Bavarian tribal duchy , Bavarian is a historically developed, independent dialect association of the German language (such as Alemannic or Low German ), which, however, has never been standardized . Bavarian is not a dialect of the standard High German written language , which only developed much later as an artificial equalization language and is also a dialect of the German language. The difference between Bavarian and Standard High German is e.g. B. greater than that between Danish and Norwegian or between Czech and Slovak . The simultaneous growth of a person with dialect and standard language is considered in brain research as a variant of multilingualism , which trains cognitive skills such as concentration and memory.

    Since the Bavarian-Austrian dialects are spoken in the east of the Upper German language area, they are also referred to as East Upper German . The spelling Bavarian , which describes the language area of ​​the Bavarian-Austrian dialects, should not be confused with the spelling Bavarian or Bavarian , which refers to the territory of the State of Bavaria. Bavarian-Austrian is also not to be confused with Austrian German , which - like Federal German High German in Germany and Swiss High German in Switzerland - is the Austrian standard variety of Standard High German .

    The name of the Bavarians

    etymology

    Celtic pottery shard from Manching with the inscription "BOIOS" or "BAIOS"

    The word Bavarian is a dialectological term that is derived from the name of the Bavarian settlers and their tribal dialect. It must be separated from the word Bavarian, a geographical-political term that refers to the Free State of Bavaria, where non-Bavarian dialects are also common.

    The origin of the name of the Bavarians is disputed. The most widespread theory is that it comes from the putative Germanic compound * Bajowarjōz (plural). This name has been passed down as Old High German Beiara , Peigira , Latinized Baiovarii . It is believed that this is an endonym . Behind the first link Baio is the ethnicon of the previous Celtic tribe of the Boier , which is also preserved in the Old High German landscape name Bēheima 'Böhmen' (Germanic * Bajohaimaz 'home of the Boier', late Latin then Boiohaemum ) and in onomastic connecting points ( Baias , Bainaib , etc.) .

    The term goes back to the area of Bohemia , which owes its name to the Celtic people of the Boier . The second link -ware or -varii of the resident designation Bajuwaren comes from ancient Germanic * warjaz 'residents' (cf. Old Norse Rómverjar 'Römer', old English burhware 'city dwellers'), which belongs to defend ( ancient German * warjana- ) (cf. also Welsh gwerin 'crowd'). The name 'Baiern' is therefore interpreted as 'inhabitant of Bohemia'. A more general interpretation, which does not imply the origin from Bohemia, is that of “people of the land of Baja”.

    It is believed that the Celtic people of the Boier mixed with the rest of the Roman population and immigrants and that the name passed to the entire newly formed people. The oldest written find on German soil is a pottery shard with the inscription "Baios" or "Boios" and was found in the Celtic oppidum of Manching (near Ingolstadt on the Danube). This find can also be written evidence of the Boier migration to Old Bavaria. The phonetic matches are obvious, but some scholars disagree. In science it is currently considered relatively certain that the Bavarians did not advance into the land between the Danube and the Alps in one big hike, but in individual spurts and settled this area together with the already resident Romans and Celts. There the various immigrants grew together to form these Bavarian wares, which Jordanis described in his Gothic history in 551 .

    Probably the Bavarians were formed from different ethnic groups:

    • from remnants of the Celtic population ( Vindeliker )
    • from native Romans
    • from several Elbe and East Germanic tribes (including Marcomanni , Rugier , Varisker , Quaden )
    • from Alemannic, Franconian or Thuringian, Ostrogothic and Longobard ethnic groups
    • from descendants of the mercenaries of the Roman border troops

    In modern research there is no longer any talk of a closed immigration and land occupation of a fully trained people. It is assumed that the Bavarian tribes will be formed in their own country, i.e. the country between the Danube and the Alps.

    The oldest written tradition of Bavarian is the collection of laws of the Lex Baiuvariorum from the early Middle Ages. The work, which is mainly written in Latin, contains everyday Bavarian words and fragments as a supplement.

    Bavarian and Bavaria

    In linguistics , the spelling Bavarian and Bavarian language area is used. In contrast, the word Bavarian does not designate any language dialects, but refers to a political territory, the Free State of Bavaria . The different spellings were introduced because on the one hand in Bavaria Franconian and Alemannic (in Franconia and Bavarian Swabia ) dialects are spoken in addition to the Bavarian (in Old Bavaria ) , on the other hand the Bavarian dialects are not limited to Bavaria, but also in Austria, South Tyrol and spoken in some isolated linguistic islands in the northern Italian province of Trentino and in a village in the Swiss canton of Graubünden ( Samnaun ). The historical spelling Baiern for the evolved Bavarian state structure was replaced by an order from October 20, 1825 by King Ludwig I with the spelling Bavaria, i.e. with the letter y .

    Spread and delimitation

    The Bavarian spread in the course of migration movements of people beyond today's southern Bavaria east of the Lech and in the course of the Middle Ages over today's Austria east of the Arlberg, South Tyrol and some areas in western Hungary (today's Burgenland), Italy, as well as parts of today's Slovenia and Czech Republic. During this time, parts of Bavarian (in what is now southern and eastern Austria) mixed with Slavic and Rhaeto-Romanic language elements. This becomes clear with certain place names and in some dialect expressions.

    The Bavarian dialect areas are part of a dialect continuum that has developed through geographical isolation and thus the development of local communication. The southern Bavarian dialect area in Tyrol includes the areas of the old County of Tyrol, which did not include the Tyrolean Unterland and Ausserfern . Carinthia was separated from Bavaria in 976 (as was Styria in 1180) and annexed to Austria in 1335 by Emperor Ludwig the Bavarian . The situation is similar with the northern Bavarian dialects, because the balance of power has changed over time, especially in the Upper Palatinate . The mixed areas between Central and South Bavarian can be identified by belonging to the Duchy of Austria (Tiroler Unterland to Tyrol and Styria to Austria) and by hiking movements such as B. in the then diocese of Salzburg .

    With more than 13 million speakers, Bavarian is the largest contiguous dialect area in the Central European language area. The Bavarian language area covers a total of 150,000 km². The dialects of the following areas belong to Bavarian :

    In Nuremberg room a Franco-of Bavarian dialect transition is resident which, although predominantly East Frankish has features but leaves most recognized in the vocabulary strong Bavarian influence. Many of them go back to the numerous immigrants from Upper Palatinate who found a new home in this northern Bavarian metropolis during the period of industrialization . In the Middle Ages, however, Nuremberg was directly on the Franconian-Bavarian language border.

    Bavarian, along with Alemannic and East Franconian, is one of the Upper German dialects of High German .

    Internal system

    Bavarian can be divided into three areas - North, Central and South Bavarian - based on linguistic features. Between these there are transition rooms, which are named as North Central Bavarian ( example ) and South Central Bavarian.

    Northern Bavarian

    The North Bavarian language area

    Northern Bavarian is spoken in the greater part of the Upper Palatinate , in the southeastern parts of Upper Franconia ( Sechsämterland ) and Middle Franconia , in the northernmost part of Upper Bavaria and in the southernmost part of Saxony (Südvogtland). In the south-eastern Upper Palatinate and in the northernmost part of Lower Bavaria , mixed forms of northern and central Bavarian - linguistically called northern central Bavarian - are spoken, with the city of Regensburg being a central Bavarian language island within this area.

    The dialects of the Upper Palatinate and the Bavarian Forest are also called “Waidlerische”. Linguistically speaking, these are North Bavarian, North Central Bavarian and Central Bavarian dialects, with the North Bavarian elements gradually increasing towards the north.

    The East Franconian dialects in eastern Middle Franconia up to and including Nuremberg show a strong northern Bavarian influence and thus mark a transition area between Bavaria and Franconia.

    Northern Bavarian is an original variant of Bavarian, which still retains many archaisms that have already died out in the central Middle Bavarian language area. It has many phonetic peculiarities, some of which it shares with the neighboring East Franconian dialects. In the following, the important phonetic characteristics of North Bavarian are listed, through which it differs from Central Bavarian.

    Northern Bavarian is particularly characterized by the "fallen diphthongs" (preceded by mhd. Uo, ië and üe ) and the diphthonged Middle High German long vowels â, ô, ê and œ ; For example, the standard German words brother, letter and tired ( monophthonged vowels) correspond here to Brouda, Brejf and mejd (first monophthonged, then again diphthonged ) instead of Bruada, Briaf and miad (preserved diphthongs) as in Middle Bavarian south of the Danube. Furthermore, for example, the German standard corresponds sheep here Schòuf (mittelbair. Schoof ), red here Rout / rout (mittelbair. Red / rout ), snow here Schnèj (mittelbair. Snow ), or angry here Bey (mittelbair. Bees ).

    In the northern and western northern Bavarian dialects, these diphthongs are also preserved before the vocalized r and thus form triphthongs, for example in Jòua, Òua, Schnoua, umkèjan, Beja, what southern and central Bavarian Jåår, Oor, Schnuòua, umkeern, Biia and standard German Year, ear, cord, reverse, beer equals.

    In the dialects in the west and north-west of the northern Bavarian language area, a characteristic elevation of the vowels e (and ö after rounding) and o to i and u is recorded, for example Vuugl and Viigl, in contrast to the more southern forms Voogl and Veegl for standard language Bird and birds. Incidentally, this elevation is also considered a characteristic (East) Franconian feature. In the northeast of the language area these sounds are the diphthongs , among others , and in general, so Vuagl and Viagl.

    Unlike in Middle Bavarian (and similar to neighboring Franconian dialects), L after vowel is not or not completely voweled, but remains as a semi-consonant / semi-vowel, with some of the vowels (especially e and i ) in front of it changing (e.g. correspond to North Bavarian Wòld, Göld, vül / vul, Hulz / Holz, Middle Bavarian Wòid, Gèid / Gööd, vui / vèi / vüü, Hoiz and in the standard language Wald, Geld, viel, Holz ).

    G is (in contrast to Middle Bavarian and South Bavarian) inwardly and outwardly softened in certain sound environments to ch ( spirantization ). That is standard German way here Weech, lean here moocher, right here richtich (not provided to teach is sanded). In terms of linguistic history, this spiraling can be traced back to Central German influence, but it is not identical with the sound and occurrence relationships in today's Central German dialects, although it is more pronounced in the west and north of the northern Bavarian region than in the southeast.

    The plural forms of diminutive and pet forms usually end in - (a) la, in the singular with - (a) l, for example Moidl = girls, d 'Moi (d) la = girls.

    Verbs with double vowels such as au or ei in Northern Bavarian consistently end in -a: schaua, baua, schneia, gfreia, in contrast to the Middle Bavarian schaung, baun, schneim, gfrein (= look, build, snow, look forward ).

    The ending -en after k, ch and f has been retained as a consonant in the northern northern Bavarian dialects, for example hockn, stechn, hoffn, Soifn (= soap ). In the more southern northern Bavarian dialects, as in the central Bavarian dialects further south, it has become -a , i.e. hocka, stecha, hoffa, Soifa.

    The weakening of the consonants and the nasalization of vowels is common to North Bavarian and Central Bavarian. These characteristics are described in more detail in the following section on Middle Bavarian.

    The form niad for Middle Bavarian net and the various forms of the personal pronoun for the 2nd person plural are also characteristic: enk, enks, ees, èts, deets, diits, diats, etc.

    In terms of the special vocabulary, North Bavarian as a whole cannot be differentiated from Central Bavarian, because there are different regional distributions word for word. From language atlases one can see, however, that there are increasing similarities (apart from phonetic subtleties) between (Upper) East Franconian and North Bavarian dialects in the west and north of the North Bavarian language area, such as Erdbirn instead of Erdåpfl (= potato ), Schlòut instead of Kamin, Hetscher instead of Schnàggler (= hiccups), Gàl (= nag ) instead of Ross (= horse).

    In the north-east there are also similarities with East-Central German dialects, such as Pfà (rd) (= horse ) instead of horse. Duupf / Duapf (= pot ) instead of Hofa / Hofm. In the south-east, commonalities with the “waidler” dialects, such as Schòrrinna instead of Dochrinna, Kintl / Raufång instead of Schlòut / Kamin. Examples of small-regional variants are Ruutschan and Ruutschagàl instead of Hetschan and Hetschagàl (= children's swing and rocking horse ) or Schluuder / Schlooder instead of Dopfa / Dopfm / Dopfkàs (= topfen / quark ) in the westernmost Upper Palatinate.

    Middle Bavarian

    Middle Bavarian is spoken in Lower Bavaria , Upper Bavaria , in the south of the Upper Palatinate , in Flachgau in Salzburg , in Upper Austria , Lower Austria and Vienna . The Tiroler Unterland , Salzburg Innergebirg (without the Flachgau), Upper Styria and Burgenland form the south-central Bavarian transition area . In the north-west there is a broad transition zone to the East Franconian and Swabian regions. Some phonetic characteristics of the Middle Bairischen, especially the diphthong / oa / for MHG. Ei (for example Stoa or stoan = "stone"), to a smaller extent, the l-vocalization, penetrate into a wedge, including the city Dinkelsbühl up across the state border to Baden-Württemberg .

    It has a great influence on its sister dialects in the north and south, as almost all of the larger cities in the Bavarian language area are located in the Danube region; This also means that Central Bavarian enjoys a higher level of prestige and is well known outside of its speaking area. The regional differences along the Danube lowlands from the Lech to the Leitha are generally smaller than the differences between the various Alpine valleys in the South Bavarian region.

    A general characteristic of these dialects is that Fortis sounds like p, t, k are weakened to the Lenis sounds b, d, g. Examples: Bèch, Dåg, Gnechd (“Pech, Tag, Servant”). Only k- is retained in the initial sound before the vowel as a fortis (for example in Khuá “cow”). In addition, the final -n can nasalise the preceding vowel and fall off itself, as in kôô (“can”, not even nasalized ko ) or Môô (“man”, not even nasalized Mo ). Whether or not a nasal vowel occurs varies from region to region.

    Central Bavarian can still be subdivided into West Central Bavarian (also sometimes called "Old Bavarian") and East Central Bavarian. The border between these runs through Upper Austria and is gradually shifting westward towards the state border between Germany and Austria due to the strong pressure exerted by the Viennese dialect .

    In Upper Austria (with the exception of the more strongly radiating city dialects in the central area and the inner Salzkammergut ), in the Salzburg outskirts (Flachgau) as well as in the linguistically conservative regions of the Lower Austrian Waldviertel and Mostviertel , as in neighboring Bavaria, the (West Central Bavarian) Old Bavarian tribal tongue is at home; the local dialects form a dialect association with the neighboring dialects of Lower Bavaria , the Danube Bavarian . Unlike the East Central Bavarian, it originated on the soil of the old tribal duchy.

    The old form for “are” is also typical of West Central Bavarian: hand (“Mir hand eam inna worn” = “We found out”). “Us” often appears as “ins” and “zu” as “in” (“Da Schwåger is in's Heig'n kema” = “the brother-in-law came to make hay”). "If" is resolved with "boi" (= as soon as): "Boi da Hiabscht umi is" = "when autumn is around / over". The old Germanic temporal adverb "åft" is used next to "na" in the sense of "afterwards", "afterwards". The latter forms are now limited to rural areas.

    In Upper Austria the dialect of the Innviertel and the neighboring Lower Bavarian dialect form a historical unit - politically, the Innviertel did not become Austrian until 1814. While the dialect of the Innviertel undergoes a noticeable change in sound towards the east (towards Hausruck ) ( ui becomes ü, e.g. "spuin" / "spün", increasing å-darkening), the transitions further east along the Danube are over the Traunviertel flowing towards the Mostviertel (East Central Bavarian). In addition, towards the east the influence of Viennese increases, which in recent decades has increasingly overlaid the down-to-earth dialects. This Viennese impact is most noticeable in the larger cities and along the main traffic routes.

    The Eastern Austrian branch of Middle Bavarian goes back to the dialect of the Babenberg sovereign area Ostarrichi , which arose in the wake of the Bavarian eastern settlement . Eastern Central Bavarian has a Slavic substratum and a Franconian superstrat , which is reflected in the special vocabulary and some phonetic peculiarities. In addition, East Central Bavarian was enriched with many Slavic, Yiddish and Hungarian foreign words during the Habsburg Empire, which clearly sets it apart from West Central Bavarian.

    In spite of the dwindling dialect in the larger cities of the Danube region, the city dialects of Munich and Vienna are still to a certain extent "prime dialects " for West and East Central Bavarian. The following phonetic signs characterize the relationship between West and East Central Bavarian:

    Isogloss western variant eastern variant Standard German
    ui vs. üü (<ahd. il ): vui
    Schbui, schbuin
    i wui, mia woin
    vüü
    Schbüü, schbüün
    i wüü, mia wöön / woin
    a lot of
    game,
    I want to play, we want to
    å vs. oa (<ahd. ar ): i få, mia fåma
    håt, heata
    Gfå, gfâli
    i foa, mia foan
    hoat, heata
    Gfoa, gfeali
    I drive, we drive
    hard, harder
    danger, dangerous
    oa vs. â (<ahd. ei ): oans, zwoa, gloa,
    hoaß, hoazn,
    dahoam, stoa
    âns, zwâ, glâ,
    hâß, hâzn,
    dahâm, Stâ
    one, two, small,
    hot, heating,
    at home, stone
    o vs. à (<ahd. au ): i kàf, mia kàffa (n) i kòf, mia kòffa (n) i buy, we buy
    illegal: i kimm, mia kemma (n) i kumm, mia kumma (n) I'm coming, we're coming

    The table is greatly simplified. In the western variant, the “r” is often spoken, which is often vocalized in East Central Bavarian and standard German; so z. B. i får, hart, hårt, hirt.

    In addition, the Viennese influence has the effect that in the East Central Bavarian dialect area there has been a tendency in the last few decades to replace the old oa with the Viennese â . However, this language change has not yet led to a clear dialect border, as even in the far east of Austria (Burgenland) the historical oa still holds against the Viennese aa, just as in large parts of Lower Austria and Upper Austria. The ancestral (Old Bavarian) word ending -a instead of -n (måcha, låcha, schicka) is also common there.

    The "ui dialect" can be found on the eastern edge of the Middle Bavarian region, in the Weinviertel region and in Burgenland. Here a ui (Bruida, guit) corresponds to the common in Central and South Bavarian among others (Bruada, guat). In the Lower Austrian Weinviertel in particular, however, these variants are on the decline. This phenomenon goes back to an old Danube Bavarian form, some of which is found much further west.

    In conservative dialects of old Bavaria and western Austria north and south of the Danube, ia often appears as oi when it goes back to old Upper German iu , e.g. B. as “Floing” (from bair.-mhd. Vliuge , bair.-ahd. Fliuga ) instead of “Fliang”, north bair. “Fläing” (fly) (which is adapted to the Central German representation, cf. mhd. Vliege , ahd. Flioga ); a reflex of the old Upper German iu is also preserved in the personal name Luitpold .

    In Danubian (especially Eastern Austrian) dialects, o is often raised to u ( furt instead of "fort").

    The "rural", the dialect that is or was spoken in the Hausruckviertel and in the western Traun and Mühlviertel has or had a certain independence . Here, instead of the East Central Bavarian long o (root, grooß, Broot = red, large, bread), the diphthong eo occurs, with the emphasis on the second part of the twilight. That results in reot, greoß, Breot. Both oo and eo are spoken very openly and could just as easily be written åå or . In the western Mühlviertel there are also forms with an inverted diphthong such as red, groeß, broet. However, all these forms are rarely heard today.

    A typical distinguishing criterion between the Danube Bavarian (large part of Austria, Lower Bavaria and the Upper Palatinate) and the south-western group (large part of Upper Bavaria, Tyrol, Carinthia, large parts of Salzburg and the Styrian Oberennstal) is the dissolution of initial and final -an and final -on . While the double sound in the Danube-Bavarian area is pronounced predominantly as ã (Mã, ãfanga, schã = man, begin, already ), a light, partly nasal o is at home in the southwest (Mo, ofanga, scho). For example, lift for hold is characteristic of the south-western dialects , instead of the High German word lift , the word lupfen is used.

    Western Upper Austria (Innviertel, Mondseeland), parts of the Salzburg region and the upper Ennstal belong to the West Central Bavarian region. Here the diphthong ui (i wui, schbuin), which is common in old Bavaria, is used . In: Lower Bavaria (and in rural areas of Upper Austria) one often encounters öi instead of ü ( vöi = a lot, schböin = to play). In parts of Upper and Lower Bavaria, ej is also widespread (vej, schbejn). In the western Salzkammergut and in Salzburg, the form schbiin is used.

    Phonically, the (core) Upper Bavarian, Tyrolean and the above-mentioned transitional dialect in the Alpine region are very close. -An- appears as a light -o- (who ko, the ko) and r plus consonant is resolved consonantically (schwå r z / schwåschz instead of Danubian schwooz or schwoaz ). Similarly, in the down-to-earth dialect of the Hausruck area and other remote and traffic-free areas of Upper Austria, it is called schwåchz or Kechzn (candle), but this has recently been disappearing more and more in favor of schwoaz or Keazn .

    The language border between Upper Bavarian and the “Danube Bavarian” Lower Bavarian is not identical to the borders of the two administrative districts, as Lower Bavaria was once much larger than it is today. That is why people on both sides of the Salzach, in parts of the Inn Valley and in the western Hallertau, still speak with the Lower Bavarian tongue.

    The Lech forms the western border of the Bavarian and separates it from the Swabian language area. Nevertheless, people near Lech (Pfaffenhofen, Schrobenhausen, Landsberg am Lech) already speak with a Swabian touch ( I håb koa Luscht) (→ Lechrain dialect ).

    Central Bavarian also includes the dialects in southern Bohemia and South Moravia, which are in danger of becoming extinct; they are similar to those in the neighboring area, but are usually more conservative. On the other hand, innovations can also be observed, e.g. B. long a instead of oa for mhd. Ei (as in Vienna and Southern Carinthia).

    South Bavarian

    South Bavarian is spoken in Tyrol , in the Swiss municipality of Samnaun , in South Tyrol , in Werdenfelser Land , in Carinthia , in parts of Styria (especially in western Styria ) and in the German- speaking islands of Veneto , Trentino (see Cimbrian ) and Carnia . Upper Styria, the Salzburger Alpengaue and the Tiroler Unterland belong to the transition area between southern and central Bavarian. The Zarzerian and the Gottscheerian were also southern Bavarian.

    The affricate , which arose in the High German sound shift from k , is secondary to the area of ​​western southern Bavarian and high and high Alemannic. In Alemannic, the initial k has disappeared, so that the initial affricate is now a typical characteristic of Tyrolean in particular.

    South Bavarian is a rather inhomogeneous linguistic landscape, but it has some characteristic features. It is divided into halfway closed language areas and numerous transitional dialects, the exact delimitation of which is almost impossible.

    Probably the best known South Bavarian dialect is Tyrolean . In addition to the strong affricatization, its most prominent feature is the pronunciation of “st” in the interior of the word as “scht” (“Bisch (t) no bei Troscht?”). Here is an original distinction is maintained, since the s -sound, which was inherited from the Germanic example, in Old High German namely, sch was spoken -like, in contrast to the s -According, by the High German sound shift from Germanic * t originated. This sch -like pronunciation attests to German loanwords in West Slavic languages, e.g. B. Polish żołd (Sold). To this day, this has been preserved in the interior of the word st in the Palatinate, Alemannic, Swabian and Tyrolean languages. The sp is also pronounced in Middle Bavarian as šp , z. B. Kaspal (Kasperl). As in Middle Bavarian it is called `` scht '' (first), `` Durscht '' (thirst), because rs is pronounced as in almost all Bavarian dialects.

    Verbs in the infinitive and plural, as in written German, always end in -n . Middle High German egg appears as "oa" ( hey , it 's 'it's hot'). The "Tyrolean" is spoken in North Tyrol (Austria) in the so-called Tyrolean Central and Oberland, in all of South Tyrol (Italy) and in a transitional variant in East Tyrol (Austria). The East Tyrolean dialect is gradually changing into Carinthian. The Werdenfels dialect around Garmisch and Mittenwald is also Tyrolean.

    In the Tyrolean Oberland around Landeck , in the Arlberg area and the side valleys behind, the Alemannic influence is unmistakable. All infinitives and plurals end in -a ( verliera, stossa etc.). The majority of the Ausserfern region with the district town of Reutte already speaks an Alemannic dialect that is part of Swabian ("Tyrolean Swabian", with similarities to the dialect of the neighboring Ostallgäu).

    In the Tiroler Unterland ( Kitzbühel , Kufstein , St. Johann , Kaisergebirge ) one does not speak Southern, but Central Bavarian ( l -ocalization, st inside the word ... with the exception of the tendency to affricatization, it shares all characteristics with West Central Bavarian). To the ears of “outsiders” it sounds like a harder variant of Upper Bavarian, with which it otherwise corresponds completely. The infinitives end after n-, ng- and m- on -a ( singa 'sing', kema ' to come'), otherwise on -n .

    Together with the Alpine transitional dialects noted under the heading “Middle Bavarian”, the “Lower Bavarian” also shares some phonetic similarities such as the mostly subtle affricates that can be found everywhere. The dialects of the Salzburger Gebirgsgaue are all bridge dialects. The Pinzgau dialect behaves largely like that of the Tyrolean lowlands, the Pongau dialect shows Danubian influences and the Lungau dialect Carinthian influences.

    The other major southern Bavarian core dialect is Carinthian . Like the East Central Bavarian, it has a compact Slavic substrate. Carinthia was in fact inhabited by Slavic tribes in the early Middle Ages and beyond; After the Bavarian conquest of the land, the Slavs (the Winden or " Windische ") were gradually assimilated, yet they left traces in the German dialect of Carinthia. The soft melody of Carinthian is reminiscent of South Slavic, many proper names end in -ig (Slovene -ik ) and some dialect words also correspond to Slavic. Typical characteristics of the Carinthian dialect are the different distribution of the vowel quantity and the gentle affricatization (like voiced gg ).

    In addition, the Carinthian denotes strong sound darkening ("a" often becomes "o" instead of å ) and in the south monophthonging from mhd. Ei to a ( Dås wās i nit 'I don't know')

    The South Bavarian has no r- vocalization , but it is advancing especially in city dialects. After vowels, l is not vocalized here, but as a preliminary stage e and i are rounded before l (e.g. Mülch ). In the cities the l -ocalization is advancing (also with proper names , e.g. Höga ). In addition, some southern Bavarian dialects differentiate between strong and weak sounds , as in Dåch next to Tåg, old k in Carinthia and in parts of Tyrol and Salzburg has been shifted to the affricate kch, as in Kchlea (clover). This affricate represents a phoneme (cf. the minimal pair rukn 'back' / rukchn 'back').

    A characteristic of the Carinthian dialect is the so-called Carinthian stretching: Due to interference with Slovenian, many vowels are pronounced long, contrary to the High German norm, for example låːs lei laːfm 'just let it go'. This phenomenon has the consequence that, for example, “oven” and “open” coincide aloud (oːfm), as does Wiesn and know to [wi: zn].

    Another feature of South Bavarian is the use of the words sein (1st person) and seint (3rd person) instead of the written German “are” (to me, be happy , we are happy ”). This shape is typical for the Tyrolean and Carinthian. However, it is hardly to be found in the transition dialects to Central Bavarian, which have already been mentioned several times. Instead, the Middle Bavarian san is used, sometimes with phonetic shades ( sän etc.).

    Dialects of West and East Styria are characterized by the diphthongization of almost all accented vowels, which is colloquially known as "bark". In the vernacular, the o is mainly used together with u and ö with a subsequent ü ( ould 'old', Öülfnban 'ivory').

    More precise subdivision

    Apart from the historical isoglosses discussed above, Bavarian can also be divided into other dialects, which are mainly based on the regions. A specialty is the Viennese , but also the Munich . In Austria the Hianzisch in Burgenland, the Styrian dialects , the Carinthian dialects and the Tyrolean dialects exist . A very distinctive dialect in Upper Austria is the dialect of the Salzkammergut , in Lower Bavaria the Waidler language . In addition, there is Cimbrian and Eger German from the linguistic islands in Northern Italy and Bohemia.

    Phonology

    Vowels

    Bavarian distinguishes long and short vowels from one another; However, this is not expressed in writing, but, as in standard German, by the number of consonants following the vowel: if there is only one or no consonant after the vowel, it is usually long; if two or more follow it, it is short. Here ch and sch each apply like a consonant, since these letter combinations only correspond to one sound.

    The distribution of long and short vowels is completely different in Bavarian than in standard German, so that it sometimes seems as if every corresponding standard German word with a long vowel is short in Bavarian and vice versa; however, this is only partly true.

    In total, Bavarian distinguishes between at least eight vowels, each with two levels of quantity.

    Compare the following comparisons:

    vocal long vowel standard German short vowel standard German
    dark ɑ or ɒ what what ? / iAudio file / audio sample what what ? / iAudio file / audio sample Wåssa Wåssa ? / iAudio file / audio sample Water water ? / iAudio file / audio sample
    middle ɐ Staad Country Mass Maß (beer)
    light a Dràm Dràm ? / iAudio file / audio sample Dream dream ? / iAudio file / audio sample dràmma dràmma ? / iAudio file / audio sample dream dream ? / iAudio file / audio sample
    light e és és ? / i , Héndl Héndl ? / iAudio file / audio sample Audio file / audio sample you you ? / i , chicken chicken ? / iAudio file / audio sample Audio file / audio sample wegga (d) wegga (d) ? / i , dreggad dreggad ? / iAudio file / audio sample Audio file / audio sample away away ? / i , dirty dirty ? / iAudio file / audio sample Audio file / audio sample
    dark ɛ Bede Bede ? / iAudio file / audio sample Peter Peter ? / iAudio file / audio sample bèdt! conditional! ? / iAudio file / audio sample pray! pray! ? / iAudio file / audio sample
    i gwiss gwiss ? / iAudio file / audio sample sure sure ? / iAudio file / audio sample know know ? / iAudio file / audio sample know know ? / iAudio file / audio sample
    O Ofa / Ofn Ofa ? / iAudio file / audio sample Furnace furnace ? / iAudio file / audio sample offa / offn offa ? / iAudio file / audio sample open open ? / iAudio file / audio sample
    u Train train ? / iAudio file / audio sample Train train ? / iAudio file / audio sample zrugg zrugg ? / iAudio file / audio sample back back ? / iAudio file / audio sample

    The speaker in the above Examples speak Middle Bavarian and of course German as their mother tongue, but with a Bavarian accent.

    In the Middle Bavarian dialects of Austria and in parts of Salzburg, vowels are usually long before weak sounds and r, l, n , and short before strong sounds. For distribution in Carinthia s. Carinthian dialect.

    Dark vs. medium vs. light a

    Phonologically, the Bavarian dialects differentiate between up to three a-qualities. This means that a distinction is sometimes made between light à, medium a and dark å , with light à originating from the Middle High German ä or the diphthongs ou / öu, in Carinthian and Viennese also from the diphthong ei . Today in Bavarian lààr it says empty compared to standard German , both from mhd. Lære, i glààb compared to I believe, both from ich g (e) loube, kärntn. / Wien. hààß (rest of Bavarian: hoaß ) compared to hot, all from mhd. heiz. The representation of a Middle High German a-sound, however, is usually a "darkened" one, i.e. H. a sound further back in the mouth and also more highly developed from the position of the tongue. So appear Middle High German Wazzer, hare, wâr example as water, Haas, waar / woa compared to standard German Water, Hare and true. Regionally, there can also be variations between the dark å and the middle a (see mia håmma / mia hamma ), but not between one of these two a sounds and the light à . Umlaut occurs especially in the formation of the diminutive with the suffixes -l and -al . i.e. , dark -å- becomes light -à-. Below are some examples of the a -sound, including some distinct minimal pairs :

    dark å
    as in engl. (US) to call [⁠ ɑ ⁠] or Hungarian a [ɒ]: a lab [ɒ lɒb]
    middle a
    like [ ɐ ]
    light à
    like [ a ⁠] or even more open
    å ('from / to') A8 ('[Autobahn] A8') à ('after'), àà ('also')
    wåhr ('true') i wa (r) ('i was') i would be ('I would be')
    mia håm ('we have') mia ham ('we have') mia hàn ('we are')
    Ståd ('city') Staad ('State') stààd ('still'), Stàddal ('town')
    Såg ('sack / saw') Saag ('coffin') Sàggal ('little bag') / Sààg (à) l ('little saw')
    Måß ('the measure') Mass ('die Mass [beer]') Màssl ('luck')

    NB: Unstressed a are always light and are therefore not marked as such. This is especially true for the indefinite article, which is always unstressed, as well as for all unstressed a in inflected endings (e.g. in the plural of nouns and in the case of the adjectives).

    The shortest sentence, which contains the three "a", is: "Iatz is des A àà å." (Now the A [= the A string of the guitar] is also off [= torn] ...)

    Pronunciation of place names

    In almost all Bavarian place names that end in -ing , any -a- present in the stem must be pronounced lightly; So “Plàttling” (not * “Plåttling”) and “Gàching” (instead of * “Gårching”), also “Gàmisch” (instead of * “Gåmisch”) and beyond that “Gràz” (not * “Gråz” - the city was called in the Middle Ages finally “Grätz”, from which the light a ) developed. Exceptions are some place names with -all- such as “Bålling / Båing” (Palling) or “Dålling” (Thalling).

    Differentiation from the above

    Standard German speakers perceive the light à in Bavarian as ordinary a , while the dark å is mostly an open o, which is why many Bavarians also tend to write dark a as o (ie mocha instead of måcha for “to do”). However, this notation leads to a coincidence with the Bavarian o, which is always spoken in a closed manner (i.e. direction u ). The words for “oven” and “open” in Bavarian do not differ in the quality of the vowels, but only in the length of the vowels, which, as in standard German, is expressed by the doubling of consonants (also known as gemination ): Ofa (long) vs. offa (short) with constant vowel quality.

    Closed vs. open e

    The sharp separation that still exists in Middle High German between the open e-sound inherited from Germanic and the closed e-sound resulting from the primary umlaut of a has been abandoned in large parts of Bavarian, so that almost every stressed short e is closed (in In contrast to standard German: here all these are open), d. i.e., it sounds closer to i than standard German e. There are only a few words with a short open è; the best example is the following minimal pair: beds ("beds", with a closed e ) vs. bètn ("pray", with an open è ). In standard German, however, it is exactly the other way around in this example: the word “bed” has an open (because it is short), the word “pray” has a closed (because it is long) e. However, there are also exceptions to this. The Salzburg mountain dialects, for example (but also other) preserve the old order in most positions, so it there ESSN instead essn , Wetta or Wèitta with diphthongization for "weather" instead of Weda , but bessa "better" Est "branches" or knitted "Guests" means.

    Unstressed i or e

    In addition to the unstressed a, there is also another unstressed vowel in Bavarian, which stands between i and e , and is spoken more openly (direction e ) or closed (direction i ) depending on the dialect . It mostly originated from the secondary syllable -el in words like gràbbin ("crawl") or Deifi ("devil") and is written below as i . This sound is not to be confused with that which occurs only in the definite article of the masculine (in the forms im, in ), which lies between i and dull ü .

    Schwa-Laut

    In most Bavarian dialects, the Schwa sound, which corresponds to the unstressed e in standard German, has no phoneme status. Regionally it occurs in certain positions as an allophone to the unstressed a and i .

    Diphthongs

    Another characteristic of Bavarian is the retention of the Middle High German diphthongs ie, üe, uo as ia and ua, as in liab, griassn, Bruada (“dear, greetings, brother”), which distinguishes it from East Franconian Bruda , which is simple like the high language Long vowels used. Towards the west, Bavarian delimits itself with Dåg, Wåsser and dàd (“day, water” and “täte”) from Swabian Dààg, Wàsser and däät .

    These diphthongs are joined by the new diphthongs öi, oi, ui, which arose from the vocalization from l after vowel to i . In total, most Bavarian dialects distinguish 10 diphthongs, namely:

    diphthong Examples standard German diphthong Examples standard German
    ea i hea (her) I hear egg no New
    oa i woass I know åi, oi fåin, foin fall
    ia d'Liab love öi, äi schnöi, schnäi fast
    among others i dua I do ui i fui I feel
    ouch i look I am looking ou Doud death

    Historical digression: old vs. young egg

    A special characteristic of Bavarian is the vowel oa ( pronounced as a in Eastern Austria ), which arose from the Middle High German ei . This sound change only affects the so-called older ei of German, but not the younger ei, which only emerged from the Middle High German long î in the course of the New High German diphthong and therefore no longer participated in the sound change. That is why it is called in Bavarian "oans, zwoa, three" - the first two numerals have an older ei as the stem vowel, the third numeral a younger ei, which was still third in Middle High German .

    However, there is a third, even younger egg in Bavarian , which arose from the rounding of the diphthong nhd. Eu , äu , which is derived from the long vowel mhd. Iu ([ ]), or mhd. Öu . However, reflexes of an older sound level can still be found. In Tyrolean dialects it can be nui (new), tuier (expensive) or Tuifl , while in Salzburg, for example, noi (new), toia (expensive) or Toifi can be heard. A brief overview:

    According to Middle High German sound level Bavarian loudness New High German sound level English comparison
    old egg egg oa, z. B. gloa, Goaß, Stoa, Loab, hoazn ei, z. B. small, goat, stone, loaf, heat clean, goat, stone, loaf, heat
    middle egg î ei, z. B. white, three, riding, Leiwi ei, z. B. know, drive, ride, body white, drive, ride, life
    young egg iu ei, z. B. nei / neig / neich, deia, Deifi, Greiz, Hei / Heing eu, z. B. new, expensive, devil, cross, hay new, dear, devil, cross, hay

    In North Bavarian oa (Middle High German ei ) appears as oa, oi or åå (the latter only in the north towards East Franconian ) depending on the dialect and sound environment . This is how a kloana Stoa sounds like a kloina Stoi in parts of northern Bavaria.

    Remarks

    Spiritual words

    There are, however, exceptions to the sound change rule ei > oa, which mainly concern words that were presumably preserved in their old form through their use in worship; These are spirit, flesh, holy and the month names May, which should actually be Goast, Floasch, hoalig, and Moa , but do not exist in this sound form in Bavarian.

    Boa (r) or Baier?

    The conventional Bavarian sound for "Baier", "Bairin", "Baiern", "Bavarian" and "Bavaria" is Boa (r), Boarin, Boa (r) n, boaresch / boarisch, Boa (r) n. In the 20th century, however, the written German sounds have spread - depending on the word. In the older dialect, the name of the country was also often combined with the neuter article: s Boarn "das Bayern".

    Consonants

    The Bavarian consonant system comprises around 20 phonemes, the status of which is partly controversial:

    Bavarian consonants
      bilabial labio-
    dental
    alveolar post-
    alveolar
    palatal velar glottal
    Plosives b p   d t     g k ʔ
    Affricates pf   ts   ( kx )  
    Nasals m   n     ŋ  
    Vibrants     r        
    Fricatives   f v s ( z ) ʃ ( ç ) ( x ) H
    Approximants         j 1    
    Lateral     l        

    The sound j is a semi-vowel. Parenthesized consonants are allophones of other consonants; these are distributed as follows:

    • h occurs only in the initial sound, its allophones x and ç in contrast, in the internal or final volume
    • z occurs as a voiced variant of s in some dialects, v. a. intervocalic; but never in the initial sound, as is the case in stage German
    • Some dialects, especially southern Bavarian dialects such as Tyrolean, know the affrikata kx , which arose from the High German sound shift .

    Although the Fortis plosives p and t coincide with their Lenis counterparts b and d in the initial sound, they cannot be regarded as two allophones of one phoneme each , since they have different meanings in certain positions. Only in the initial sound can they be viewed as variants, the pronunciation of which depends on the following sound - see the following paragraph and the glottic stroke below.

    Plosives or plosives

    In most Bavarian dialects and the Fortis Lenis- are plosives p, t, k , and b, d, g in initial position and collapsed between vowels and will not be further distinguished. That is why the “day” is called da Dåg in Bavarian , the “cross” is called as Greiz, and the “parsley” is called da Bêdasui, and that is why words like “drink” and “penetrate” fall together to form dringa . The only Fortis sound is k- at the beginning of a word, if it is followed by a vowel; before r, l and n it is also to g lenited. It should be noted, however, that the Bavarian lenes are bare but generally voiceless. For North and Central Germans they don't sound like b, d, g, but like a mixture of these and p, t, k.

    The sounds b, d and g are fortified at the beginning of the word before s, sch, f and h ; However, these new Fortis sounds do not have a phoneme , but only an allophone status, because they only occur in certain environments where their Lenis variants do not occur, and therefore cannot relate to them in a meaningful way. Examples of fortization in Bavarian:

    Lenis Fortis standard German
    b + hiátn > p hiátn watch over
    d + hex > t hex the witch
    g + hoitn > k hoitn held

    Fricatives or gliding sounds

    The Bavarian knows five fricatives; f (voiceless) and w (voiced) form a pair. The fricative s is always voiceless except before n , so in contrast to German also at the beginning of the word. For this purpose, the written letter combinations with sounds coming ch and sch, wherein ch as allophone [⁠ x ⁠] or [⁠ ç ⁠] (after -i- or -e- ) to anlautendem h [⁠ h ⁠] occurs in the internal or final volume. Unlike in German, the sound ch does not come after -n- , hence bair. Minga, mank, Menk vs. German Munich, some, monk,

    Sonorants

    The Bairische has the same sonorant inventory as the standard German, namely the nasals m, n and ng [⁠ ŋ ⁠] and l, r and j. The r is rolled in some areas with the tip of his tongue, (so-called. Uvulares in other parts of the uvula r ), without this being perceived by Bavarian-speakers as an error.

    Morphology (theory of forms)

    Nominal inflection

    The entire Bavarian noun inflection is based on the noun whose grammatical gender or gender constitutes the declension of the noun phrase; d. That is, both article and adjective and other attributes must be aligned in gender, case and number with the noun they accompany. There are three genera: masculine, feminine and neuter. The cases or case nominative, dative and accusative as well as the numbers singular and plural exist as paradigmatic categories . Adjectives can also be increased.

    The article

    In Bavarian nouns are divided according to their grammatical gender, gender ; The gender is usually not recognizable by the noun itself, but by its accompanying specific article:

    masculine feminine neuter Plural
    da dog (the dog) d'Ruam (the turnip) as / 's child (the child) de / d'Leid (the people)

    The definite article singular of the feminine, d ', often assimilates to the initial sound of the accompanying noun: before fricatives (f, h, s, z) it is hardened to t' , before labials (b, m, p) to b ' and before velars (g, k) assimilated to g'- . Examples:

    d '> t' d '> b' d '> g'
    t'woman (the woman) b'Bian (the pear) g'Gåfi / Gåbe (the fork)
    t'Haud (the skin) b'Muadda (the mother) g'Kua (the cow)
    t'Sunn (the sun) b'Pfånn (the pan)

    Before f- , however, it can also become p ' in Allegro pronunciation : p'Frau (the woman), p'Fiaß (the feet).

    The indefinite article, on the other hand, is identical for all three genera in the nominative ; In contrast to standard German, however, Bavarian also has an indefinite article in the plural (see French des ):

    masculine feminine neuter
    a Må (a man) a woman (a woman) a child (a child)
    oa Måna (men) oa woman (a) n (women) oa Kinda (children)

    In the basilect , a before a vowel becomes an. In Lower Bavarian the indefinite article occurs in the plural partly in the phonetic form oi , in Carinthian as ane; the definite article always keeps the final vowel ( de, nie d ' ).

    The article is inflected in Bavarian, i.e. i.e., the case is made clear by it. Because most nouns in Bavarian have lost all case endings, the case display is largely concentrated on the article. An overview of his paradigm:

    best. masculine feminine neuter Plural
    nom: there dog d'Ruam as child / 's child de Leid / d'Leid
    dat: in the dog da Ruam in the child de Leid / d'Leid
    battery: in dog d'Ruam as child / 's child de Leid / d'Leid
    indefinite masculine feminine neuter Plural
    nom: a dog a Ruam a child oa / oi sorrow
    dat: on the dog ana / oana Ruam on the child ane / oane suffering
    battery: to dog a Ruam a child oa / oi sorrow

    The noun

    The noun is one of the inflected parts of speech in Bavarian; Its most striking criterion is - as in other Germanic languages ​​- the gender (gender), which is only rarely based on the object to be designated and therefore has to be learned with every word. However, those familiar with the German language should have no problem with that.

    Plural formation

    Bavarian has retained three of the four cases commonly used in standard German : nominative, dative and accusative . The latter two partially coincide; Genitive is only preserved in frozen expressions. As in standard German, the Bavarian noun is rarely declined, but expresses case through the accompanying article. There are different classes of declension , which mainly differ in the formation of the plural; As a rough guideline, a distinction is made between weak declination (so-called n-class) and strong declination (so-called a-class).

    Weak nouns

    Weak nouns usually end in -n in the plural. Many weak feminines already form the singular on the suffix -n, so that in the plural they either read the same or add -a (in analogy to the strongly inflected nouns). The weak masculine especially have an ending for the oblique case in the singular , i.e. H. for all cases except the nominative, preserved. Mostly it is -n.

    The class of weak nouns (W1) includes masculine and feminine nouns with -n in the plural as well as all feminines with the plural ending -an (which usually end in -ng in the singular ; the -a- is a so-called scion vowel or epenthetic ). Furthermore, all masculine and neuter that end in the singular with the suffix -i can be classified here. Many of the related nouns of Standard German are strong there, however, hence the standard German plural for comparison:

    W1: -n Singular Plural standard German Singular Plural standard German Singular Plural standard German
    m: Hås Håsn Hare bush Bushn bush Deifi Deifin devil
    f: -n Brugg Bruggn Bridge, bridges Goass Goassn goat nut Nuts nut
    f: -an Dàm Dàman lady Schlång Schlångan Snake Clothing Notice newspaper
    n: Oar Oarn ear Bleami Bleamin flower Shdiggi Schdiggin piece

    Strong nouns

    There are no case endings for the strong declension classes; the only change in the word takes place in number inflection, i.e. when changing from singular to plural. There are different ways of marking the plural in Bavarian. Strong masculine and neuter characters use the ending -a, which mostly originated from the Middle High German ending -er and is still preserved as such in New High German . However, there are also words that have only recently been added to this class , i.e. form an a -plural without ever having an er -plural. Feminines often form their plural with the ending -an, as the word ending itself does: oa ending, zwoa endingan.

    You can divide nouns into different classes based on their plural forms. The most common possibilities of plural formation are umlaut or suffixation; both options can also be combined. -N and -a appear as plural endings ; There are the following variants of umlauts:

    S1: Umlaut (UL) Singular Plural standard German S2: UL + -a Singular Plural standard German
    å> à Nåcht (f) Night night
    å> e Dåg (m) Deg Day Lånd (n) Lenda country
    o> e Dochta (f) Dechta daughter Hole (noun) Lecha hole
    u> i Fox (noun) Fichs Fox Mouth (noun) Minda mouth
    au> ai Mouse (noun) Corn mouse House (noun) Haisa House
    ua> ia Bruada (m) Briada Brothers Buach (n) Biacha book
    åi, oi> äi, öi Fåi (m) Fäi case Woid (noun) Woida Forest

    The examples given here form classes 1 and 2 of strong nouns, which are characterized by an umlaut plural. The class (S1) has no additional plural identifier besides the umlaut, so it is endless; only masculine and feminine members belong to her. Class S2, which is characterized by the umlaut plural plus the ending -a (which mostly corresponds to the standard German ending -er ), includes some masculine and many neuter. The same rules for umlaut apply as above:

    Class S3 includes all masculine , feminine and neuter without umlaut with the plural ending -a; most feminines end in the singular with the original dative ending -n. Some masculine nouns whose stem ends in vowel have the ending -na:

    S3: -a Singular Plural standard german Singular Plural standard german Singular Plural standard german
    m: Bàm Bàm, Bàma tree Mõ, Må Måna man Stõa Stõa, Stoana stone
    f: A One owl Paradeis Paradeisa tomato
    n: child Kinda child Liacht Liachta light Gschèft Gschèfta business

    The last strong class (S4) are nouns with zero plural, for example 'fish' (m) and 'sheep' (n). In some dialects, however, these nouns express the plural by shortening or lengthening the vowel. This class actually only consists of masculine and neuter; however, all feminines ending in -n, which historically belong to the weak nouns, can also be counted here, as their plural is also unmarked: 'Àntn - Àntn' "duck". However, these feminines gradually change to group S3 and adopt the ending -a in the plural (cf. the example of an "owl" above ).

    There are also some irregular plural forms in Bavarian:

    Singular Plural standard German
    m: Boar, also Baia Baian Baier
    f: Beng Benk (Seat) bench
    n: Gscheng Gschenka gift
    Aug Aung eye
    Fàggi Fàggin / Fàggal Piglet, pig
    Kaiwi Kaiwin / Kaibla calf

    The following words only exist in the plural: Suffering (people), Heana / Hiana (chickens), Fiacha ( the cattle, for example cattle; not to be confused with Fiech, Fiecha , for example mosquitoes).

    Case relics

    Some weak masculine nouns have retained case endings in the oblique cases , i.e. in the dative and accusative, e.g. B. Fåda "father" and Bua "son; Boy, boy ":

    best. Singular Plural best. Singular Plural
    nom da Fåda t'Fådan nom da Bua d'Buam (a)
    dat at Fådan di Fådan dat at the boy di Buam (a)
    battery to Fådan t'Fådan battery to Buam d'Buam (a)

    Often d / is assimilated across the word boundary ( Sandhi ), so it is mostly called Nom./Akk. Pl. B Fådan and b buam (a).

    Just as Fada inflect Baua "Bauer" Boi "ball", Breiss (of Prussian) "North German; Fremder ”, Depp “ Depp ”, Buasch [Austrian]“ Bursche, Bub , Junge ” Frånk “ Franke ”, Frånzos “ Franzose ”, Hiasch “ Hirsch ”, Hås “ Hase ”, Lef “ Löwe ”and a few others. Similar to Bua, the words Råb inflect "Rabe" and Schwåb "Schwabe": all forms except nominative singular have the stem ending -m instead of -b : Råm, Schwåm; the plural forms Råma, Schwåma are rare.

    Excursus: gender deviating from standard German

    The grammatical gender of a noun is marked on the article (see above). In most cases, the gender of a Bavarian word corresponds to that of the corresponding word in standard German. But there are quite a few exceptions. Many of them can also be found in the neighboring Alemannic dialects , for example in Swabian .

    It should be noted that in Austrian Standard German the use of gender differs from Federal German in individual cases and corresponds to the usage of Bavarian language.

    standard German Bavarian standard German Bavarian
    the ash da Åschn (m) the cart, ( in Austria too ) the cart da Kårn (m)
    the butter da Budda (m) the dish as Della / Dölla, as Dala (n)
    the radio da radio (noun) the comment also: as comment (s)
    the potato da Kardoffe (m) the drawer da drawer ( noun )
    the onion da Zwife (m) the jam s'Mamalàd (n)
    the virus da virus ** (m) the chocolate da Tschoglàd (m)
    the shard da Scheam (m) the sock, ( in Austria ) the sock da Socka (m) / as Segge (n)
    the toe da Zêcha (m) the prong da Zaggn (m)
    the parsley da Bèdasui / Bèdasüü (m) the rat da Råtz (m)
    the skirt da Schurz (m) the wasp da Weps (m)
    The Lord's Prayer da Vadtaunsa * (m) the tick, ( in Austria also ) the tick da Zegg (m)
    the month also: s Monad *** (n) The Grasshopper da Heischregg (m)
    the hay d'Heing (f) or as Hai (n) the snail, ( in Austria also ) the snail da Schnegg (m)
    the tunnel as Tunnöi / Tunnöö / Tunell [-'-] (n) the tip, ( in Austria ) the tip da Schbiez (m)
    the swamp d'Sumpfn (f) the corner, ( in Austria ) the corner s'Egg (n)
    the fat b'Feddn (f) the Masel, ( in Austria also ) the Masen d'Màsn
    the ketchup, (in Bavaria / Austria) the ketchup s'Ketchup (n) the praline the praline (s)

    * Also "the paternoster" (rare) is male in Bavarian.
    ** This modification, based on the Latin words ending in -us and German words ending in -er, which are almost always masculine, shares Bavarian with everyday and colloquial high German.
    *** Especially in the expressions "every month" (every month), "next month" (next month), "last month" (last month) etc. - but never with month names: da Monad Mai etc.

    Pronouns

    Personal pronouns

    In terms of personal pronouns , Bavarian, like many Romance and Slavic languages, differentiates between stressed and unstressed forms in the dative (only 1st, 2nd singular) and accusative (only 3rd singular and plural); There is also an independent politeness pronoun in the direct address, comparable to the German "Sie":

    1st singular 2nd singular 3rd singular 1st plural 2nd plural 3rd plural Politeness pronouns
    nom i you ea, se / de, des mia Eß / öß / ia * se Si
    unstressed i - -a, -'s, -'s -ma -'s -'s -'S
    dat mia slide eam, eara / iara, dem us enk / eich * ea, eana Eana
    unstressed -ma -there
    battery -mi -de eam, eara / iara, des us enk / eich * ea, eana Eana
    unstressed -'n, ..., -'s -'s Si

    * These forms are considered "less" Bavarian, but are typically Franconian.

    In North Bavarian the nominative is the 2nd pl. Dia, in South Bavarian the dative is the 3rd pl. Sen.

    When combining several unstressed personal pronouns that are shortened to -'s , the connecting vowel -a- is inserted; In contrast to German, there are different variants of the order of arrangement. There can also be ambiguity - a couple of examples:

    unstressed * (written out) standard German
    1.a) Håm it zoagt there? Håm s (e) d (ia) (de) s scho zoagt? Have they shown you yet?
    or: Håm sd (ia) s (dia) scho zoagt? Have they shown you yet?
    1.b) Håm'sas da scho zoagt? Håm s (de) sd (ia) scho zoagt? Have they shown you yet?
    or: Håm s (e) da d (ia) scho zoagt? Have they shown you yet?
    2.a) Håd a ma'n no ned gem? Håd (e) am (ia) (der) n no ned according to? Hasn't he given it to me yet?
    2 B) Håd a'n ma no ned according to? * Håd (e) ad (ern) m (ia) no ned according to? Hasn't he given it to me yet?
    Possessive pronouns

    a) predicative:

    masculine feminine neuter Plural
    nom mẽi mẽi mẽi my
    dat meim meina meim my
    battery my mẽi mẽi my

    b) attributive:

    masculine feminine neuter Plural
    nom meina my mine my
    dat meim meina meim my
    battery my my mine my

    The possessive pronouns deina and seina also inflect like this. The possessive pronoun (Fem. Sg.) Iara ("their") has penetrated from the standard German language; originally Bavarian also uses the pronoun seina for female owners . Often the noun adjective der mei (nige) (der dei (nige), der sein (nige), in the plural: de meinign, de deinign ...) is used: "Whom ghead der?" - "Des is da mẽi!" (= that's mine!)

    Indefinite and question pronouns

    Just like the possessive pronouns listed above, the indefinite pronouns koana “none” and oana, which means “one” in standard German, inflect ; the latter can be prefixed with the word iagad- (“Any-”), as in German .

    There is also the indefinite pronoun ebba, ebbs "someone, something"; it is pluralless and inflected as follows:

    person Thing
    nom ebba ebbs
    dat ebbam ebbam
    battery ebban ebbs

    So here a distinction is not made between the sexes, but between people and things.

    The same applies to the question pronoun wea, wås "who, what":

    person Thing
    nom wea What
    dat whom whom
    battery whom What

    Adjectives

    Many Bavarian adjectives have a short form and a long form. The former is used in the predicative position, i.e. when the adjective forms a predicate with the auxiliary verb sei (for example as Gwand is rosa ). The long form is used when the adjective serves as an attribute of a noun (for example the rosane Gwand ), in the nominative neuter singular the short form can also be used (a rosa (n) s Gwand). Short form and long form often differ (as in the example) by a final consonant, which the short form lacks (in this case -n ), and only occurs in the long form ( des Sche n e Haus, but: Sche ). Most of the time these final consonants are -n, -ch, -g.

    Declination of adjectives

    As in German, adjectives are inflected in an attributive position, i.e. that is, they have different endings. A distinction must be made between whether they accompany a noun with a definite article (and therefore inflect in a certain form) or one with an indefinite article (and then inflect it according to an indefinite pattern). If adjectives are used substantively, i.e. only with an article, they are also based on this. The adjective sche (beautiful) serves as an example, the stem of which is expanded by -n when inflected (except for the neuter singular).

    "Sche" indefinite masculine feminine neuter Plural
    nom: a schena Mon a beautiful woman a little child d 'schena sorrow
    dat: on beautiful Mon. anaschenan wife at the beautiful child I'm suffering
    battery: to beautiful Mon. a beautiful woman a little child d 'schena sorrow
    "Sche" determined masculine feminine neuter Plural
    nom: there nice Mo d 'beautiful woman a beautiful child d schena sorry
    dat: (i) m schena Mon da schan woman am schena (n) child d schena sorry
    battery: n nice Mon d 'beautiful woman a beautiful child d schena sorry

    In the predicative position, on the other hand, adjectives - as in German - are not inflected, but only used in their nominal form:

    predictive masculine feminine neuter Plural
    indefinite: a Mo is cal a woman is shit a child is shit d sorry sàn sche
    certainly: da Mo is she d'Woman is she the child is shit d sorry sàn sche
    Increase in adjectives

    In Bavarian, the suffix -a is used to form the comparative , the first form of increase. The basis of the comparative is the long form described above; some adjectives have umlauts, others change the vowel length or the consonantic end. Examples from West Central Bavaria:

    umlaut positive comparative Standard German
    no umlaut:
    gscheid gscheida Smart
    no neiga / neicha New
    liab liawa dear
    schiach schiacha ugly
    hoagli hoaglicha picky
    diaf diaffa deep
    with vowel abbreviation:
    å> e: long lenga long
    å> à: warm warm warm (West Middle Bavarian)
    o> e: rough grewa rough
    big gressa big
    u> i: stupid dimma stupid
    healthy gsinda healthy
    young jinga young
    oa> ea: broad breada wide
    gloa gleana small
    hate heaßa hot
    after weacha soft
    woam weama warm (East Central Bavarian)
    oa> öi: koid köida cold
    oid oida old
    ua> ia: kuaz kiaza short

    For the superlative , depending on the landscape, a separate shape is created on (as in standard German) -st or not. In the latter case, the comparative is used as a superlative offset. The sentence “Max Müller is the tallest of the twelve boys” in Bavarian can produce the following variants: “Vo de zwöif Buam is dà Müller Màx am gressan (comparative) / am greßtn (superlative) / seldom dà greßte / dà gressane.” It there is also a suppletive adjective enhancement, i.e. enhancement with another word stem (so-called strong suppletion) or a stem extension (so-called weak suppletion):

    Suppletion positive comparative superlative Standard German
    strong: guad better am bessan Well
    stâd leisa am leisan quietly
    weak: deia (a deirigs ...) deiriga at deirigan expensive

    Numeralia (numerals)

    Bavarian numerals end differently depending on the region, but mostly with -e, which they often repel in an attributive position; they are immutable, so do not inflect. An exception to this is the numeral oans for the number 1.

    The following is a list of the most important Numeralia ; they are difficult to pronounce for non-native speakers, partly because of their unusual consonant sequences:

    1 oas / oans / àns 11 öif (e) / ööf 21st oana- / ànazwånzg (e)
    2 zwoa / zwà * 12 twelve (e) / twelve 22nd zwoara- / zwàrazwånzg (e) 200 zwoa- / zwàhundad
    3 three 13 dreizea / dreizen 23 dreiazwånzg (e) 300 threehundad
    4th fiar (e) 14th fiazea / fiazen 24 fiarazwånzg (e) 40 fiazg (e) 400 fiahundad
    5 fimf (e) 15th fuchzea / fuchzen 25th fimfazwånzg (e) 50 fuchzg (e) 500 fimfhundad
    6th seggs (e) 16 sixth / sixth 26th seggsazwånzg (e) 60 sixty (e) 600 six dog ad
    7th siem (e) 17th sibzea / sibzen 27 simmazwånzge 70 sibzg (e) / siwazg (e) 700 siemhundad
    8th eighth) 18th åchzea / åchzen 28 åchtazwånzge 80 åchtzg (e) 800 åchthundad
    9 no / no 19th neizea / neizen 29 no longer 90 no (s) 900 neihundad
    10 zeene / zeah 20th Zwånzg (e) e / twenty (e) 30th thirty 100 hundad 1000 dausnd
    • West Central Bavarian still differentiates regionally into three genders when it comes to the number “two”: “two” (masculine), “zwo” (feminine) and “zwoa / zwà” (neuter), although this distinction is now out of date or out of date and through the neuter form "zwoa / zwà" has been displaced.

    Example sentences: "Sie hand ea two" = "There are two (men, boys etc.)", "Sie hand ea two" = "There are two (women, girls etc.)".

    Substantiated numbers are masculine in Bavarian, as in Austrian German, while feminine in Germany:

    Bavarian Standard German (D) Bavarian Standard German (D)
    da nulla the zero da Åchta the eight
    da Oasa / Oansa / Ànsa the one there no the nine
    da Zwoara / Zwàra the two da Zena the ten
    there Dreia the three there Öifa / Ööfa the elf
    da Fiara the four da Zwöifa / Zwööfa the twelve
    da fimfa the five da Dreizena the thirteen
    da sixa the six da Dreißga thirty
    da Simma / Siema the seven da Hundada the hundred

    Verbal system

    The Bavarian only knows a synthetic tense , the present tense . All other tenses, namely future and perfect tense , have been formed analytically since the Upper German past tense decline. As a mode in addition to indicative and imperative , Bavarian also has a synthetic, i.e. H. Formed without an auxiliary verb , subjunctive , which corresponds to the standard German subjunctive II (mostly in function of the unrealis , the optative or as a polite form).

    Conjugation of weak verbs

    As in German, the indicative expresses reality; it is formed by adding different endings to the verb stem and is generally relatively close to standard German. Sometimes the plural endings differ from standard German. In the following the example paradigm of the weak verb måcha (to make) in the indicative and subjunctive as well as in the imperative:

    måcha indicative imperative conjunctive
    1. Sg i can - i måchad
    2nd Sg are you doing måch! you måchast
    3rd Sg he makes - he måchad
    1st pl mia måchan * måchma! mia måchadn
    2nd pl eat it does it! eat måchats
    3rd pl se måchan (t) ** - se måchadn

    Participle of this verb is gmåcht - see for more details under past .

    * See the next paragraph.
    ** Regarding the 3rd person plural, it should be noted that in some areas (for example in Carinthia) the ending t from Old High German has been retained, which has become the general plural ending in Swabian (mia, ia, si machet).

    In the 1st person plural, only one form was used. In fact, in addition to the (older) short form above, there is also a (younger) long form, which (except in the subordinate sentence, where it is ungrammatic in most regions) is the more commonly used. It is formed by replacing the ending -an with the ending -ma , i.e.: måchma. For the origin of this form s. u. Digression .

    Verbs with alternations

    However, there are verbs that deviate from this ending scheme because their stem ends in -g or -b , and thus merges with the original infinitive ending -n to -ng or -m . In addition, the stem ending -b before the vowel ending is usually fricatized to -w- . This creates so-called end-of-speech changes in flexion; Examples are sång (to say) and lem (to live):

    sång indicative imperative conjunctive
    1. Sg i såg - i sågad
    2nd Sg you say say! you sågast
    3rd Sg he says - he sågad
    1st pl mia så ng - mia sågadn
    2nd pl eat sågts - eat sågats
    3rd pl se så ng (t) - se sågadn

    The past participle is gsågt; Participle I is not in use.

    lem indicative imperative conjunctive
    1. Sg i live - i le w ad
    2nd Sg you live live! you le w ast
    3rd Sg he lives - he le w ad
    1st pl mia le m - mia le w adn
    2nd pl eat live - eat le w ats
    3rd pl se le m (t) - se le w adn

    The participle I reads lewad "alive", the participle II is alive.

    Verbs with a subject suffix -a- or -i-

    Another group of verbs whose infinitive ends in -an or -in shows the ending -d in the 1st person singular ; the theme-a or -i- is retained throughout the indicative paradigm. These verbs often correspond to the German verbs ending in -ern (> -an ) or -eln (> -in ); As an example, first zidan (trembling), which on the one hand shows ( -a- >) r -containing forms in the subjunctive , on the other hand can fall back on doubling the syllable -ad- :

    zidan indicative imperative r-subjunctive dupl. conjunctive
    1. Sg i zidad - i zid r ad i zid ad ad
    2nd Sg you zidast zidad! you zid r ast you zid ad ast
    3rd Sg he zidad - he zid r ad he zid ad ad
    1st pl mia zidan - mia zid r adn / zid r adma mia zid ad n / zid ad ma
    2nd pl eat zidats - eat zid r ats eat zid ad ats
    3rd pl se zidan (t) - se zid r adn se zid ad n

    In contrast to the above verb, the next verb kàmpin (to comb) has only one possibility of the subjunctive in addition to the periphrastic subjunctive that is possible everywhere (using the subjunctive of the auxiliary verb doa ), namely stem modulation i > l; a doubling of syllables as above is not possible:

    kàmpin indicative imperative l subjunctive
    1. Sg i kàmpid - i kàmp l ad
    2nd Sg you fight kàmpid! You Kamp l ast
    3rd Sg he fights - he kàmp l ad
    1st pl mia kàmpin - mia kàmp l adn
    2nd pl eating kàmpits - eating kàmp l ats
    3rd pl se kàmpin (t) - se kàmp l adn

    Conjugation of strong verbs

    Strong verbs sometimes form their subjunctive with ablaut instead of the ad suffix, but you can also combine both. In the case of strong verbs with stem vowels -e-, -ea-, -ai- (see examples above), umlaut to -i-, -ia-, -ui- occurs in the indicative singular and imperative , unlike in standard German as well 1st person. The stem vowel -a- , on the other hand, is not changed: he strikes.

    kema indicative imperative Conj. + Ablaut Conj. + Ablaut + ad
    1. Sg i kim - i kâm i kâmad
    2nd Sg you kimst kimm! you came you kâmast
    3rd Sg he kimt - he came he kâmad
    1st pl mia keman - mia kâman / kâma mia kâmadn / kâmadma
    2nd pl eat kemts - eat it eat kâmats
    3rd pl se keman (t) - se kâman se kâmadn

    Participle of this verb is kema - see for more details under past .

    Strong verbs can also show alternations -b - / - w - / - m- ; Example according to "give":

    according to indicative imperative Conj. + Ablaut Conj. + Ablaut + ad
    1. Sg i give - i gâb i gâ w ad
    2nd Sg you give give! you gave you gâ w ast
    3rd Sg he gives - he gave he gâ w ad
    1st pl mia ge m - mia gâ m / gâ m a mia gâ w adn / gâ w adma
    2nd pl eat it - eat there eß gâ w ats
    3rd pl se ge m (t) - se gâ m w adn

    Participle II of this verb is acc.

    As an example for the -g - / - ng- change sèng "see" is used; However, there are also forms without -e - / - i- alternation:

    sèng indicative imperative Conj. + Ablaut Conj. + Ablaut + ad
    1. Sg i sig / sèg - i sâg i sâgad
    2nd Sg you sig / sègst sig / sèg! you say you saas
    3rd Sg he sigt / sègt - he says he sâgad
    1st pl mia sè ng - mia sâ ng / sâ ng ma mia sâgadn / sâgadma
    2nd pl eat sègts - Eat sâgts eat sâgats
    3rd pl se sè ng (t) ng 'S! se sâ ng sâgadn

    Participle I of this verb is sègad "seeing", participle II gsèng.

    Prompts

    Bavarian has an imperative form for the 2nd person singular. Requests for the 1st and 2nd person plural as well as for polite salutation are expressed with indicative forms, if necessary with a clitic personal pronoun. The following rules for education apply:

    • for the 2nd person singular take the root word without ending; with strong verbs, the stem vowel -e- becomes -i-; this usually leads to equality with the form of the 1st person Sg. Ind. - the personal pronoun du is usually not used (except in the emphasis ): måch !, får !, kimm !, give! etc.
    • for the 2nd person plural use the indicative form; the stressed personal pronoun can be used optionally: måchts !, fårts !, kemts !, give! etc.
    • for the 1st person plural, the so-called hortative , take the so-called long form of the indicative, which always ends in - (m) a (this is the formerly clitized personal pronoun, see historical excursus on clitization); the emphasized personal pronoun mia can be used optionally: måchma !, fårma !, kemma !, gema! etc.
    • In the polite form of address, the indicative of the 3rd plural is used, which is the root plus the ending - (a) n; the unstressed form of the politeness pronoun -S must be clitized : måchan'S !, fårn'S !, keman'S !, gem'S! etc.

    conjunctive

    A subjunctive with a clitized personal pronoun can be used in the function of an optative . The forms on -ma correspond to the long forms of the subjunctive, which the 1st person plural has analogous to the long forms of the indicative.

    Conjugation of auxiliary verbs

    Some verbs that are often used rarely have conjugation changes, which is why they are listed here. They also show many regional special forms. These include first of all the auxiliary verbs sei (sein), håm (have) and doa / dea / duan (to do).

    be indicative imperative conjunctive
    1. Sg i bi - i wâr / wârad *
    2nd Sg you are bi! you know / ware *
    3rd Sg he is - he wâr / wàrad *
    1st pl mia sàn / hàn - mia wân / wâradn
    2nd pl eat sàts / hàts - eat wâts / wârats *
    3rd pl se / Se sàn (t) / hàn (t) - se wân (t) / wâradn *

    As with all verbs, the long subjunctive forms can also appear as long indicative forms in the parent sentence. The past participle reads gwen, more rarely gwesn.

    håm indicative imperative conjunctive
    1. Sg i hå (n) - i hedd / hêd
    2nd Sg you have - you hest / hêst
    3rd Sg he håd - he hedd / hêd
    1st pl mia håm / håmma - mia heddn / hêdn
    2nd pl eat håbts - eat hets / hêts
    3rd pl se / Se håm (t) - se heddn (t) hêdn (t)

    The past participle reads ghåbt, regionally also ghåd.

    The most important modal verb in Bavarian is doa (n), which occurs in many regional forms that cannot possibly all be listed here. The stem vowel can be -oa- with plural umlaut -ea- (mostly West Central Bavarian ), -ua- without umlaut (more in East Central Bavarian) and -ua- with plural umlaut -ia- (especially Tyrolean). However, in all dialects there are so-called Allegro forms for the indicative plural, which show the short stem vowel -à- instead of diphthongs . In addition, an -n is added to the infinitive from region to region , or not.

    Here the West Central Bavarian paradigm with umlaut in the indicative plural:

    doa (n) indicative imperative conjunctive
    1. Sg i dua - i dâd / dâdad *
    2nd Sg you duast doa! you dâst / dâdast *
    3rd Sg he duad - he dâd / dàdad *
    1st pl mia dean / dàn - mia dâdn / dâdadn *
    2nd pl eat deads / dàts - eß dâdats / dârats
    3rd pl se / Se dean (t) / dàn (t) - se dâdn (t) / dâdadn *

    The past participle is då (n).

    * These forms are quite rare here; they also appear with -r- instead of -d- : i dàrad etc. (see also 2. Pl in the paradigm). In the second person plural, on the other hand , the long form with a d or r insert is mandatory, since the expected form dàts in would be the same as the allegorical form of the indicative.

    modal verbs

    Most of the modal verbs in Bavarian as well as in standard German are so-called Preterito-Presentia . These often have a vowel change in the indicative inflection , zero ending in the 3rd person singular and a strong participle II (which is always the same as the infinitive and is therefore not specified separately). The following are the paradigms of the most important modal verbs:

    deaffa (allowed)

    indicative Singular Plural conjunctive Singular Plural
    1st person i deaf mia deaffan / deafma 1st person i deaffad mia deaffadn
    2nd person you deactivate eat deafts 2nd person you deaffaast eat deaffats
    3rd person he deaf se deaffan (t) 3rd person he deaffad se deaffadn

    kina (can)

    indicative Singular Plural conjunctive Singular Plural
    1st person i kå / i ko mia kinan / kenan / kimma / kemma 1st person i can / can mia kàntn / kuntn
    2nd person you can eat kints / kents 2nd person you can / art eat kànts / kunts
    3rd person he kå se kinan (t) / kenan 3rd person he can / can se kàntn / kuntn *

    There is also the regular subjunctive i kinad. The long forms of the 1st person plural in the subjunctive are mia kàntma and mia kuntma; In the indicative plural there are also forms with the stem vowel -e instead of -i-, which, however, lead to a coincidence with the plural paradigm of the verb kena (to know) and are therefore only used regionally.

    meng ( like; also love in non-modal use )

    indicative Singular Plural conjunctive Singular Plural
    1st person i may mia meng (ma) 1st person i mêchad mia mêchadn
    2nd person you like eat megts 2nd person you mêchast eat mêchats
    3rd person he måg se quantity (t) 3rd person he mêchad se mêchadn

    miaßn (must)

    indicative Singular Plural conjunctive Singular Plural
    1st person i mua (ß) mia miaßn / miaßma 1st person i miassad mia miassadn
    2nd person you have to eat it 2nd person you miassast eat miassats
    3rd person he mua (ß) se miaßn (t) 3rd person he miassad se miassadn

    where (want)

    indicative Singular Plural conjunctive Singular Plural
    1st person i wui / woi mia wuin / wuima
    woin / woima
    1st person i wuiad / woiad mia wuiadn / woiadn
    2nd person you know / where is eat wuits / woits 2nd person you wuiast / woiast eat wuiats / woiats
    3rd person he wui / woi se wuin (t) / woin (t) 3rd person he wuiad / woiad se wuiadn / woiadn

    The modal verb soin / suin (shall) also inflects .

    Irregular verbs

    The last preterito presentation in Bavarian is wissn (know), which is not a modal verb but is inflected in a similar way to this:

    indicative Singular Plural conjunctive Singular Plural
    1st person i woass mia wissn / wissma 1st person i wissad mia wissadn
    2nd person you know you know 2nd person you know eat wissats
    3rd person he wore se know (t) 3rd person he wissad se wissadn *

    However, the past participle of this verb is formed weakly: gwisst, more rarely gwusst.

    More irregular verbs are listed below:

    (to go)

    indicative Singular Plural conjunctive Singular Plural
    1st person i gê mia gèngan / gèmma 1st person i gàng (ad) mia gànga (d) n
    2nd person you gêst eat gèts 2nd person you gàng (a) st Eß gàng (a) ts
    3rd person he gêd se gèngan (t) 3rd person he went (ad) se gànga (d) n

    The verb is a special case: on the one hand the long form of the first person is plural gèmma, on the other hand the subjunctive “i gàng (ad)” is a Bavarian self-formation. Bavarian students are therefore often of the opinion when learning the standard German subjunctive II, to “go” these “gänge” rather than “go”.

    This influenced the paradigm of the following verb:

    stê (stand)

    indicative Singular Plural conjunctive Singular Plural
    1st person i stê mia stèngan / stèmma 1st person i stand mia stàndn / stàndma
    2nd person you stêst eat stè (g) ts 2nd person you are standing eat groan
    3rd person he stêd se stèngan (t) 3rd person he stands se standn

    past

    The imperfect , the synthetic past tense of the standard German and in principle also the Bairischen exists in only two words: is (with was and) Woin (with woit , whereby these are) not without controversy native forms; it could be a loan from the high-level language. With these it is used to describe states, whereas with events the perfect tense predominates here as well. For more information, see Upper German past tense shrinkage .

    The perfect tense is used to express the past; it is analytically formed with one of the two auxiliary verbs ham or sei plus participle II (see below). A distinction is made between strong and weak verbs on the basis of the formation of the past participle ; this is formed with the prefix g- and the suffixes -n or -a (strong verbs) or -t (weak verbs). The prefix can disappear from the main initials g, b, t, d, k, p, z (except in South Bavarian) and so the past participle can coincide with the infinitive. A list of all strong Bavarian verbs can be found here .

    Past participle

    The participle of simultaneity, also called participle I or present participle, is formed with the suffix -ad (in Austria rather -ert), for example:

    • drenzad "crying"
    • drågad "carrying"
    • (g) schiaglad " cross-eyed ; fumbling "
    • (g) spinnad "spinning"
    • stingad "smelly"
    • Brennad "burning"
    • blearad "blaring"
    • bliarad "blooming"

    These participles are used as adjectives or adverbs - in an attributive position, as part of a nominal predicate, or semi-essential. As a rule, they are not used to form tenses, as is the case in English (but see next section).

    Past participle

    All classes of weak verbs form their past participle on the suffix -t or -d; therefore they do not need to be further distinguished. The prefix g- disappears just like in the strong verbs before plosives (g, b, d, t, k, p) and is hardened to k- before fricatives (s, sch, h ...) . Tribe change rarely occurs:

    Verbs with a fricative stem ending -f-, -s-, -z- or -ch- use the forti suffix -t-:

    • bàssn, bàsst - fit, fit
    • brotzn, brotzt - brag, bragged
    • browsn, browst - browse, browsed
    • butzn, betzt - clean, cleaned
    • dånzn, dånzt - dance, danced
    • dràtzn, dràtzt - pissing, pestering
    • gugazn, gugazt - cough, cough
    • hoffa, hoped - hoped, hoped
    • kocha, cooks - cook, cooked
    • låcha, glåcht - laugh, laughed
    • måcha, gmåcht - do, done
    • ràffa, gràft - tussle, tussle
    • schwànzn, gschwànzt - truant, truant
    • sîmsn, gsîmst - texting, texting
    • soacha, gsoacht - piss, piss
    • stèssn, gstèsst - push, push

    Likewise verbs with stem ending -gg- or -bb-:

    • båbba, båbbt - glue, glued
    • bigga, biggt - glue, glued
    • brogga, broggt - pick, picked
    • jobba / jobbn, jobbt - jobbing, jobbing
    • jogga / joggn, jogged - jogged, jogged
    • jugga, gjuggt - itchy, itchy
    • schigga, gschiggt - send, sent
    • stegga, gsteggt - plugged in, plugged in
    • stobba, gstobbt - stop, stopped

    Verbs with a nasal stem ending -m-, -n- or -ng- have the Lenis variant -d-:

    • dràmma, dràmd - dream, dream
    • fånga, gfångd - catch, caught
    • (g) långa, glångd - rich, rich
    • leana, gleant - learn, learned
    • måcha, gmåcht - do, done
    • shine, shine - shine, shine
    • woana, gwoand - cry, cry
    • wona, gwond - live, used

    Short verbs:

    • drân, drâd - turn, turn
    • mân, gmâd - mow, mowed
    • nân, gnâd - sew, sewn
    • sân, gsâd - sow, sown
    • rean, gread - cry, cry
    • spöin / spuin, gspöid / gspuid - play, played
    • wân, gwâd - blow, blow
    • wöin, gwöid - choose, chosen
    • zoin, zoid - pay, paid / pay, paid
    • zöin, zöid - count, counted

    Short verbs with a reinforced dental suffix -dt-:

    • bån, bådt - bathe, bathed
    • bèn, bèdt - pray, prayed

    Verbs with stem ending -l- or unstressed -i - / - a-:

    • biesln, biesld - piss, piss
    • driggin, driggid - dry, dried
    • gàtln, gàtld - gardening, gardening
    • gràxln, gràxld - climb, climbed
    • kàmpin, kàmpid - comb, combed
    • kàtln, kàtld - playing cards, playing cards
    • schnàxln, gschnàxld - fuck, Fucked
    • wåggin, gwåggid - wiggle, wiggled
    • ziedan, ziedad - tremble, trembled
    • zöitln, zöitld - tent , camped

    In Bavarian, unlike in German, back umlaut is also reduced in the following verbs:

    • brena, burn - burn, burn
    • kena, kend - know, known
    • rena, grend - run, run

    It is only present in one verb:

    • bringa, bråcht - bring, brought

    In some verbs the stem end is fortified:

    • denga, thinks - think, thought
    • Schenga, give - give, give

    In addition, the end-of-speech changes apply to g and b stems:

    • frång, gfrågt - ask, asked
    • lem, lives - live, lived
    • leng, gleger - lay, lay
    • sång, gsågt - say, said

    Without a dental suffix, verbs with a stem ending -t- appear:

    • åwatn, gåwat - work, worked

    For the participles of strong verbs that are formed with ablaut and nasal suffix, see List of strong verbs (Bavarian language) .

    In South Bavarian other rules sometimes apply. The prefix ge is retained (in front of sonorants as g- ). Before fricatives, the prefix becomes k- (ksegn, khåp), before plosives the e is retained, before r it becomes kh- (khred, khråtn).

    A special change can occur with håm (to have): In addition to ghåbt (southern khåp ), it also forms ghåd.

    Finally , the past becomes analytical , i.e. with the inflected forms of one of the two auxiliary verbs håm or sei , whereby the proportion of verbs that require sein is higher than in standard and especially North German (more on this soon).

    aspect

    As in most Germanic languages ​​and dialects, the aspect category is not explicitly pronounced in Bavarian. However, there are ways to express incohative actions by using the participle I in conjunction with the verb wern ("to be"):

    • he house is burned "the house started to burn"
    • di Bàm sàn bliarad worn "the trees began to bloom"

    In other contexts, especially in the case of weather conditions, incohativity is expressed with kema to the + infinitive :

    • he kimt to Wedan "there will be a thunderstorm soon"
    • he kimt to the snow "it will soon snow"

    Morphosyntax

    In Bavarian, the transition from word inflection to sentence structure ( syntax ) is often fluid, which is why many areas of grammar are best captured by morphosyntax .

    prepositions

    In Bavarian, as in German, prepositions can merge with the definite article to form a word (cf. standard German for dem = bei, an dem = am, unter den = unter, etc. ). However, far more prepositions are affected by this process in Bavarian than in German; an overview:

    preposition Date Sg. M./n. (-m) Date Sg. F. (-there) Date Pl. (-Di) Akk. Sg. M. (-n) Acc. Sg. F., Acc. Pl. (-D) Acc. Sg. N. (-S) Standard German
    on at the ånda and I on ånd åns, ås on
    af afm afda afdi afn afd afs on
    fia, foa fiam, foam fiada, foada fiadi, foadi fian, foan fiad, foad fias, foas in front
    hinta hintam hintada hintadi behind hintad hintas Behind
    in, a in the inda, ada indi, adi in, on ind, ad ins, as in
    iwa iwam iwada iwadi iwan iwad iwas over
    unta untam untada untadi untidy untad untas under
    nema, newa nemam, newam nemada, newada nemadi, newadi neman, newan nemad, newad nemas, newas Next
    at at the both both - - - at
    wenga, wega wengam, wegam wengada, wegada wengadi, wegadi - - - because of
    to to, to also zudi - - - to
    fia - - - fian fiad fias For
    genga, gga - - - gone, gone gengad, gad gengas, gas against
    around - - - umman umd around around

    Since prepositions direct the stress to the following sentence element, they can only be followed by stressed, never unstressed personal pronouns.

    Preposition use

    In Bavarian, the prepositions “nach” and “in” have only been used for towns and cities since the influence of Standard German; traditionally one says however a or af / auf (= after ) and z ' (= in ); so one drives z. B. on Daha if you go to Dachau and on Minga instead of "to Munich"; then you are then z'Minga, not “in Munich”. Likewise, one is also z'Wea ("in Vienna"), z'Strâwing ("in Straubing") or z'Grâz ("in Graz"), no matter how difficult it is to bundle consonants at the beginning of the word. Hence the joke that all Bavarian place names begin with z-! On holidays, depending on the landscape, there is either z ': z'Ostan, z'Weihnachtn; or on: on Easter, on Christmas; or under the influence of the standard language ; However, a Baier would never use these words (as is possible in Northern Standard German) without a preposition to indicate the time.

    Conjunctions

    A regional specialty is the temporal conjunction åft, which is used in large parts of the Bavarian language area, but tends to be more in rural areas. It corresponds etymologically to the English after and means "afterwards".

    Local coding without preposition

    In southern Bavarian dialects, there are preposition-free information on place and direction (adverbials). Accordingly, one does not go “to church” or “to the market”, but ma gêd Kiacha / Moakt, without using any preposition. The local meaning is marked by the absence of the article, which is otherwise mandatory for every noun. Further examples: I live in Knittelfeld, I wår school, he goes to first grade school (cf. also Latin Romae in Rome, Romam to Rome; Hindi Dillî calnâ go to Delhi instead of Dillî ko calnâ ).

    Adverbs of place and direction

    Bavarian has a complex system of directional adverbials that relate to the speaker's perspective; Just as in German, depending on whether the movement is away from the speaker or towards the speaker, the affixes -hin- (e.g. ein -hin, vernacular "eini") or -her- (e.g. B. ab-her, verbal “åwa” or “owa”) can be added to the adverb (in Viennese, however, there is no distinction between this, e.g. auffi and auffa are combined to auffe ). In German, as well as in Western Bavarian, these affixes are used back and forth as prefixes, i.e. placed in front of the adverb. In Eastern Bavarian the opposite is the case: the affixes are used as suffixes, i.e. that is, added to the back of the adverb. The suffix -hin to -i, regional -e is weakened, the suffix -her to -a. A comparative overview:

    preposition from speaker (-i) Standard German (to) to the speaker (-a) Standard German (her-)
    å, åb åwi down, down åwa down, down
    å, ån åni * up åna approach
    on / af auffi / affi up auffa / affa up
    out also out aussa out
    there- dåni behind (to the side) dåna * hertan (from the side)
    by duachi through duacha [rare] * through
    fia fiari (Forward) fiara emerged
    hinta hintari / hinddre (to the rear) hintara / hinddra (to the rear)
    zua zuari / zu (a) wi added zuara / zu (a) wa (near)
    around ummi over umma over

    Especially in the northern and southern Bavarian language areas there are formal and phonetic modifications of these word types, so in the northern Bavarian Upper Palatinate the form iwri / a is used next to ummi / a in the sense of "over" / "over", åwi / a and eini / a appear in many places as eichi / a or oichi / a. In the southern Bavarian dialect area, the consonants in the directional adverbs are often dropped.

    In the majority of the Bavarian language area, adverbs of direction are formed in the form described above with the help of suffixes. Only in western Upper Bavaria are the abbreviations of the High German directional adverbs common in the Swabian and Franconian-speaking areas ( 'nei and ' rei in the sense of "in, in" or 'nüber and ' over in the sense of "over" and "over"). This variant is used to the west of an imaginary line that runs from Kelheim via Freising and Dachau to Starnberg and further south-west towards Benediktbeuern and Ettal. Munich lies in a transition area where both forms are used in parallel.

    Clitization of personal pronouns in Bavarian

    In Bavarian a process has taken place that is called clitization in linguistics . Especially for Bavarian, the addition of one or more personal pronouns to the conjugated verb is meant here. This addition results when there is a pronominal form after the verb. For example, as in standard German, the subject moves behind the predicate in the question :

    normal sentence structure inverse sentence structure
    we do do we
    mia dean dean mia?

    The personal pronoun is usually weakened because it is not emphasized. This means it is phonetically reduced. So the just mentioned mia results in “we” -ma, but also dia “you” -da, she often -s, eat “her” also -s, and so on. From the weakening mia to -ma in this example it is only a small step to the contraction of verb ending -n and initial sound of the personal pronoun m-:

    stressed subject unstressed subject
    dean mia? dean ma? > deama?

    This is also the reason why the pronoun of the 1st person plural in Bavarian is m- : the Middle High German verb ending -n and the initial sound of the personal pronoun w ir are fused to m (also in Swabian). This m was then no longer analyzed by the speakers as a verb ending, but as the initial sound of the personal pronoun, which is why the motto of the Lower Bavarians is: “mia hàmma mia!” And not “we are we!”. However, the on is m- anlautende personal pronouns for the first plural almost all High German dialects in common and so far no Bavarian specialty; it also occurs in Alemannic, Franconian , Palatinate and Thuringian .

    The above example explains the phenomenon using the first person plural in the nominative . However, other persons and cases are also clitized. The following examples are intended to illustrate this.

    Standard German Bavarian
    I like her. I måg-s.
    Then he hears her. Dånn heat-as.
    Then he gives it to me.
    od .: Then he gives it to me.
    Dånn gives-a-ma-s.

    Note: The clitized personal pronouns have been separated by hyphens.

    In the first example the direct object (accusative object) is clitized, while in the second the subject and accusative object are added to the verb. Finally, in the third example, the subject, accusative and dative object are combined with the verb. It should be noted that the sequence of clitized dative and accusative objects in Bavarian can sometimes differ from the sequence of pronouns in standard German.

    But not only verbs can serve as an element to which the weakened personal pronouns are added. This is also possible with introducers of subordinate clauses. For example it says:

    Standard German Bavarian
    Is she going? Is it okay?
    Because she likes him. Wai-sn måg.
    That he gives it to you. That-a-da-n exist.

    It is also important that if a personal pronoun has been clitized, then the full form of the same may no longer appear in the same (partial) sentence. A standard language sentence such as you asleep can only you asleep, as a question sentence Schlåft-s? be realized, never but * you sleep-s. The latter form is ungrammatic .

    A special case and an exception to what has just been mentioned are the nominative forms of the 2nd person singular , in a large part of Bavarian also the 2nd person plural , as well as the 1st person plural in parts of Bavaria, South Bohemia and parts of Carinthia. Here there is no longer just pure clitization, but the former clitics already have the status of an inflectional ending .

    The du, the 2nd person singular, was already added to the original ending -s in Old High German by inverse sentence order , which resulted in the now standard-language ending -st .

    normal sentence structure (ahd.) inverse sentence structure (ahd.) translation
    you nimis (> you nimist) nimis you> nimis you You take.

    The same applies to the 2nd person plural, where the pronoun followed the original ending -t in the verb and thus formed the ending -ts , which is now mandatory for all verbs in the 2nd person plural in large parts of the Bavarian dialect space.

    normal sentence structure inverse sentence structure
    you do do you
    eat deat (> eat deats) deat eat? > deats?

    This process also applies to the 1st person plural, although here the -ma did not become an inflectional ending in all dialects of Bavarian. In addition, there are additional restrictions in some dialects where this is the case (see also below).

    The special case that was mentioned before is that in cases where the pronouns of the 2nd person singular and plural, as well as (to a limited extent) the 1st person plural in the nominative have already been “clitized”, the full-tone forms in the same (Partial) sentences may (but do not have to) occur.

    Example sentence translation
    2nd person singular You are asleep. You sleep today.
    2nd person plural Eß schlåfts haid â no. You are still sleeping today.
    1st person plural Mia schlåfma. We sleep.

    With inverse sentence structure:

    Example sentence translation
    2nd person singular Are you going to eat haid? Are you going to eat today
    2nd person plural Go (eat) haid eat? Are you going to eat today?
    1st person plural Gemma (mia) haid essn? Are we going to eat today?

    The above also applies of course to the introducers of the subordinate clauses.

    Example sentence Standard German
    2nd person singular I ask di whether st you heid nu epps dua st . I ask you if you still do something today.
    2nd person singular I ask if s / ob ts eß heid â nu epps deat s . I ask you if you still do something today.
    1st person plural Mia know ma ned whether ma mia heid nu epps dean. We don't know if we're going to do anything today.

    Note: The dialect from which the example for the 1st person plural originates illustrates the problem briefly mentioned above that the -ma in dialects, where it usually occurs as an inflectional ending , can also have exceptions ( dean, not deamma in the subordinate clause) . In parts of Carinthia, where the phenomenon of the flexivic -ma can also be found, the example sentence might also be grammatical if it were placed in the subordinate clause instead of dean deamma .

    syntax

    Word order

    The word order differs from that in the standard language in the following constructions:

    • the direct object follows the indirect one, for example tell me;
    • trailing adjectives (when stressed, for example dog, vàreckdà !; da Månn, da ålte );
    • Initial position of the verbs (emphasis or answer, for example kumm i glei as an answer to when kummst z'uns );
    • Perfect of the modal verbs (only in basilect, for example he håt miassn aufstehn ).

    Other deviations can also occur regionally.

    In subordinate clauses with modal verbs there are often non-projective dependencies, which means that most Bavarian dialects cannot be described with a context-free grammar.

    Verbrektion

    Some verbs in Bavarian require a different section than in standard German, e.g. B. diaschtn ("thirst"), dràmma ("dream") and pure ("regret"). They are used with the logical subject in the dative or accusative (so-called quirky case ); a formal subject is often absent:

    mi slashes I'm thirsty
    di badly you dream badly
    of the reid eam he regrets that

    Predicative attributes

    In Bavarian, unlike standard German, adjectives are marked in an attributive position; the invariable suffix -a or -e is used for this; These are solidified Nom. Sg.-forms (masculine or feminine). Such attributes can be related to subject as well as object. Examples:

    Des schmeggt koid a (koid ' e' ) bessa. - It tastes better cold.
    Almost hèttn's'n lewad a (lewad ' e' ) eigråm. - They almost dug him in alive.

    Substitute forms

    In dialect, certain infinitive constructions (subject and object clauses, AcI) are avoided and replaced by subordinate clauses with a finite verb, for example:

    • black iss, that it is called a work fint (it is difficult to find work today)
    • I'm not used to getting up friah (I'm not used to getting up early)

    Similarly, attributive participle phrases are also avoided, for example:

    • de children, de wås / wo laffa (the running children)

    Participles are used adverbially with restrictions, for example:

    • I am sitting and sleeping

    negation

    One area in which Bavarian is very creative is negation, as there is the so-called double negation , which is by no means a litote .

    Example: In da Ståd huift koana neamdm nêda; that ar-eam amoi a bit wås z'eßn gâbat, when the amoi koa Göid nêd håt, åba nâ: There are koane friendly people take away, there is nia koana nothing. (Nobody helps in the city; he could give him a little something to eat once the person has no money, but no: there are no more friendly people, there never is anyone. Literally: in the city nobody helps anyone not; that he would give him a little something to eat if he didn't have any money, but no: there are no friendly people anymore, there is never nobody there.)

    This sentence, although admittedly constructed, could well be pronounced that way. However, one can just as easily pronounce the following Bavarian sentence: In da Ståd huift da koana; that ar-eppa amoi a bit wås z'eßn gâbat, when dear amoi koa Göid håt, åba nâ: There are never any friendly people, there is never anything. (synonymous).

    All that remains to be said is that a Baier can negate a sentence once or several times, the meaning generally remains the same (exceptions below).

    The following words are used for negation:

    Bavarian standard German use
    ned, neda Not general negative word
    nia No way) negates dates
    nimma, neama no more, no: * never expresses change
    nothing, mermaid Nothing denies things
    niangdwo, niagadwo nowhere denies location information
    niagads, nindaschd nowhere denies location information
    koa [inflected] no negates nouns
    koana (only in nom.!) none negates people
    neamad (s), neamde, neamd no one negates people
    ( Dat. Neamdm * acc. Neamdn *)

    * neamdm and neamdn cannot be distinguished from the pronunciation ([nεam'm]).

    Failure of "es" in impersonal sentences

    The formal subject it is often elided, e.g. B. he is the biggest Docker where give (t). Especially in the mixed-language Carinthian Unterland, the formal subject does not exist under Slovenian influence, e.g. B. raining (It's raining).

    courtesy

    Bavarian has significantly more means of expression for differentiating politeness than standard German offers. For many modal particles , which play an important role in everyday language, there are two versions - one for people whom you use and one for those who are spoken (although you are often referred to as you in the village anyway especially in the cities). A brief overview of the most important particles:

    familial form (duzform) distinct shape (Siezform) Correspondence in standard German
    Ha? Hans? I beg your pardon?
    gäi, göi? gengans? Is not it?
    biddsche! biddschen, bidd Eana schee! you are welcome!
    marci! / dangsche! dangschen / dang Eana schee, Vagoids (Eana) god! Thank you very much!

    The following greetings, which are part of the lexicon, are also an expression of this complex system of politeness.

    Lexicons

    An overview of the most important word fields and word formation options:

    Greetings

    The most important chapter in learning a language are of course the forms of greeting and salutation. An overview of the most important:

    Bavarian (Use) Correspondence in standard German literal transfer
    Hello! (familiar; greeting / farewell) Hello Howdy! (always dozen) "Servus!" (Also common in standard German, from the Latin servus = (your) servant, slave)
    (Hawe-) dere! (formal to familiar; greeting / farewell; also outdated: formal; greeting) no "(I have the honor!"
    Griaß di (God)! (familiar; greeting) Hello there! "(It) bless you (God)!"
    Griaß enk / eich (God)! (familiar; greeting) Greet you! "(It) bless you (God)!"
    Greet Eana (God)! (formal; greeting) Good day, Grüß Gott "(It) bless you (God)!"
    Hello God! (formal; greeting) Good day, Grüß Gott "(It) bless (you) God!"
    Pfiaddi (God)! (familiar; farewell) Goodbye! "(It) keep you (God)!"
    Pfiat enk / eich (God)! (familiar; farewell) Goodbye! (to more than one person) "(It) keep you (God)!"
    Pfiat Eana (God)! (formal; farewell) Goodbye! "(It) keep you (God)!"
    Pfia God! (formal; farewell) Goodbye! "(It) guard (you) God!"
    (Af) Widaschaung! (formal; farewell) Goodbye! "Goodbye!"
    Bà-bà! - with an emphasis on the 2nd syllable (cordial and familiar; farewell) Goodbye! (to one or more people) (more common in Austria) (Greetings to) Papa
    Gua (d) Moang! (formal; breakfast greeting) Good Morning! dto.
    Moang! / Moing! (familiar; breakfast greeting) (Good Morning! dto.
    Guan'Åmd! (formal; evening greeting) Good evening! dto.
    Guade Nåcht / guad 'Nacht! (familiar and formal; goodbye at night) Good night (to a person) dto.
    Guad enk / eich Nåcht! (familiar; goodbye at night) Good night! (to more than one person) "Good night!"
    Enjoy your meal! (familiar and formal; meal greeting) Good Appetite! "Enjoy your meal)!"
    Moizeid! (familiar and formal, greeting, meal greeting) good afternoon! "Enjoy the meal!"

    Contrary to many prejudices about Bavarian piety, the rich fund of greetings shows that it is quite possible in Bavaria to avoid the word God "God" when dealing with other contemporaries if it runs counter to one's own faith. Linguists also cite the large repertoire of different greetings as a reason why the word “bye” has not yet really caught on in the Bavarian language area. There is simply no gap that this greeting could fill in.

    Specific vocabulary

    In order to do justice to regional differences, some words are marked separately:
    A Austrian vocabulary (especially Danube Austria)
    B Old Bavarian vocabulary (Upper and Lower Bavaria, possibly Upper Palatinate)
    H Burgenland vocabulary (Heanzisch)
    K Carinthian vocabulary
    S Styrian vocabulary
    T Tyrolean vocabulary
    W Viennese vocabulary

    Nouns

    Bavarian shares many job titles with other southern German dialects, e.g. B. Metzger (in Austria Metzker ) "Fleischer" carpenter "carpenters," Spangler "locksmith" - some believe sharply, then z. B. the Bavarian Beck often replaced by the North German "baker"; other job titles such as Zeidler , in standard German "beekeeper", and Hafner , in standard German "potter", are disappearing more and more with the craft itself. Especially Austrian expressions like Sàndler for “homeless” or Striezi for “pimp” hold up better.

    The Bavarian colloquial language is often characterized by a variety of terms for one and the same thing in standard German; this wealth is often perceived as crude by non-Bavarians, and not so much as poetic - the "mouth" can for example be mouth (neutral), Mei (= mouth, coll., but not negative), Goschn (cheeky) or Goschal (affectionate), Bàbbn (just as cheeky), Lêtschn (derogatory) or Fotzn (insulting).

    Special clothing vocabulary concerns the Joppn ("jacket") and the Pfoidl or Pfoadl ("shirt", but also Hemad ) and the like. v. m .; “Clothing” in general is referred to as gwand . The word dirndl not only describes the corresponding item of clothing, but is also used to denote "girls" in Altbaiern, while in Austria the word Mâdl predominates here. Boys are generally called Buam (Sg. Bua ), in Austria also Burschn, Beaschn, in Carinthia and Styria also Ledda (Sg. Lodda ).

    There are also special Bavarian words in the field of fauna, e.g. B. Giggal (m) for "cock", Bibbal (n) also Ziwarl (n) for "chick", hot (al) or Heinß (al) for "young horse, foal", Goaß for "goat" (resp. "Geiß", an outdated term in High German, but still very common in the South German dialects in the respective form), Hebbal for "young goat", Får (n) for "young bull, bull calf", Böichn (f, ahd. Belihha) for "coot", Imp (m) or Impn (f) for "bee", Oachkàtzl for "squirrel", Brotz (m; Latin loan word) for "toad", Håtz for "jay" etc.

    For the special vocabulary in the field of food, see Bavarian-Austrian kitchen vocabulary .

    Verbs

    Bavarian Standard German Bavarian Standard German
    ådaun nudge loana lean
    åglånga touch, touch loatn steer, steer
    si åwiduan to grieve luang look, peek
    åzipfn a annoy, annoy lusn listen, listen
    båbba glue meamin grumble, grumble
    bân toast [bread] mosan nag, moan
    båtzn mess up mugazn W scold quietly / secretly
    build plow odln manure (fertilize with manure)
    si bâzn bask paprize A season with paprika
    beaschn scuffle parry to obey
    petrol plead; scold pfigazn W Pipes
    biesln to pee pfugazn W giggle
    bigga glue press rush
    blånga + Akk + af lust + acc + after râtschn chatter, chat
    böiffan scold grumble nag, moan
    brogga pick rean cry, howl
    brunzn piss recha rake, rake
    dabågga endure, cope roasn to travel
    dàchin steal sâbln, sâwin run
    daduan kill sàndln hang around doing nothing
    add please, do good schåffa + dat arrange, command
    deftn put down, humiliate look (g) look
    dinkn + acc seem ("think") + date shit push, push, bowling
    drân rotate schepfn A work
    dràtzn annoy, bother schiagln, schiang squint; cheat, fuss
    dreim (stV: driem) do, do schliaffa (stV: gschloffa) whet, sneak
    drenzn cry schloaffa haul
    driggin dry smack talk, chat
    si stupid hurry up dirty smile
    si eiweimberln ingratiate yourself puff to breathe
    eiwoagga soaking schnàxln B fuck
    carnage A turn through the meat grinder schneim (stV: gschniem) snow
    feanzn mock, mock schnoatn chop, chop
    fencing beg beautiful fart
    fine rotten, rot schupfa gently throw, push
    (si) fine missing, going wrong sekkiern A annoy, annoy
    fexn to harvest sempan nag, complain
    nasty gnaw away siedn (stV: gsottn) to brew, to cook [coffee]
    flâdan A steal soacha pee, piss
    si frettn to struggle söicha to smoke
    friasn, froisn freeze spåna understand
    fuxn steal; not go smoothly speachn S peek
    ok praise, brag speanzln ogling, flirting
    si gfrein rejoice speim (stV: gspiem) throw up
    gleschn Miss a slap sprang columns
    gletzln scrape, scratch stèssn (swV: gstèsst) bump
    gliam, gloim (stV: glom) split, chop [wood] stigga stimulate, interest
    gneißn to notice; understand strân sprinkle
    godless lounging, lolling; sleeping deeply strawànzn stray
    grain scratch stroaffa (stV: gstroffa) strip
    gruff steal sudan A moan, moan
    gråsn weeding tachining A lounge around; blue, tail off
    gràttln fiddling around Tschentschn moan, nag
    grâwin go moldy úråssn waste, waste
    gràxln climb Wake up, wake up flutter; fan
    griang to get wait slap
    gugazn W cough, cough wheat haunt
    hàckln A work woing rolling
    good limp; trot wualn teem
    hudln rush, rush zân consume; tug
    hupfa leap zàxln pull, pull
    hunzn annoy, annoy zumpan jostle
    kean sweep, sweep add suck
    kewin, kebbln jiggle, nag zwigga pinch; Validate the ticket
    leitn (stV: glittn) ring, ring, ring

    Adjectives

    The most productive suffix for forming adjectives is -ad; it either goes back to the suffix -ert , or to the suffix -end, which is actually used to form the present participle (see there; both suffixes are verbatim in Bavarian). Stem endings in brackets (usually -g or -ch ) are only spoken when the adjective is inflected and thus given a vowel ending.

    Bavarian Standard German Bavarian Standard German
    ågfressn offended gschleggad slimy [in people]
    åper snow free gschmeidi (g) A Great
    embarrassed outrageous gschmoaßn slim
    ausstocha picky gschnåbbad cheeky, snippy
    båbbad sticky gschodad hairless, disheveled
    båcha A cheesy; humid gsöicht smoked
    båmpad rough, gruff gspàssi (g) funny
    båtschad clumsy gstingad smelly
    biggad sticky gstumpad dull, dull
    blåddad bald gumpad restless, nervous
    inflated bloated; thick gwåmpad bulbous, stout
    bare hàxad barefoot hai, hâl smooth [on ice]
    bumbalgsund very healthy haudi (g) exhausted
    damned confused, dazed hànti (g) bitter [with coffee]
    dàntschi (g) cute, lovely hâtschad cumbersome
    dearic A deaf, hard of hearing hieni (g) (hie) broken; dead
    dèbbad stupid hintafotzi (g) sneaky
    doarad B deaf, hard of hearing hoaglad picky
    doiggad clumsy hoibschâri (g) half-hearted
    drâmhàbbad oversleep come on comfortable
    dreggad dirty canvas W wonderful, great
    drenzad tearful len soft
    drutschad simple-minded, naive lêtschad slack, slack
    dusi (g) hazy, foggy liab personable, nice
    entrisch strange, strange lind unsalted; from soft to liquid consistency
    fabàndlt in a relationship må (b) crumbly
    fakuid, faköid catches foolish insane
    fâd boring no (g), no (ch) New
    smart pretty neidi (g) jealous or stingy
    gâch suddenly pfànzi (g) B graceful
    gàmsi (g) lustful pound (g) B Great
    gàmpri (g) lustful ràss sharp; unfriendly
    gfleggad blotchy resch crispy; sour [with wine]
    ghoazt / ghàzt A humid roglad fidgety, nervous
    glumpad useless, useless ruachad greedy
    gnâtschi (g) dejected såmft gently
    goschad cheeky schiach ugly
    gray bath unsightly schleißi (g) shabby; careless
    grànti (g) ill-tempered; angry secant A annoying
    greisli (ch) awful siari (g) stingy
    griabi (g) B enjoyable so I impure, cloudy
    scabby) disgusting, disgusting stâd silent
    big head arrogant (g) wågglad shaky
    grossgoschad loudmouthed wèpsad restless, fidgety, hyperactive
    gschàmmi (g) shy, ashamed wualad excited
    gschead nasty zâch tough, difficult
    gscheggad piebald ziagad viscous
    gscheid Smart zimpfti (g) cozy
    gschiaglad squinting; lying two unsympathetic
    gschlåmpad messy

    Adverbs

    There are some differences to standard German, especially when it comes to the times of day:

    Bavarian Standard German Bavarian Standard German
    af d'Nocht in the evening iatz (ad) now
    agràt B of all things in da Frua In the morning
    at da Nocht at night iwahàps at all
    oreidig / oraidig ugly, disgusting / strange, coarse lei TK just
    just, nua, neta Upper Austria, aglei just light about [question adverb]
    last here oim / ålm T always
    marriage anyway; for sure oiwei always
    ready last year pfeigråd immediately, exactly
    fei Tinting particles with which the statement should be emphasized to the interlocutor pfent quickly
    gâch suddenly, unexpectedly pomâli W slowly
    grod just; just sauwa quite
    gscheid efficient, pretty sagging damned
    gswift quickly söitn Rare; remarkable
    hey this year úmbàndi (g) extraordinary
    hait, hold T well, well zmoast mostly

    Time

    When specifying the time, there are some rifts in the German-speaking area that do not necessarily coincide with regional dialects; Nevertheless, Bavarian (together with other Upper German dialects) can be separated from North and Central German after using the preposition at quarter of an hour:

    12:15 - bair .: Fourth still twelve; North Bavarian and East Central Bavarian mainly: viertl oans; western East Central Bavarian: "vial iwa zwäife" (quarter past twelve)

    12:30 - bair .: hoibe / a oans

    12:45 - bair .: Standard: Dreiviertl oans / Viertl vor oans, rarely: Viertl af oans

    Especially with full hours it is necessary not to forget the -e with the numbers from four onwards:

    16:00 - bair .: viare

    16:30 - bair .: hoibe / a fümfe

    Of course, in the first example for East Central Bavarian, especially for Viennese, àns instead of oans, and for part of North Bavarian oins for oans and vejatl for viertl .

    As in the English-speaking world, the 12h format is used in Bavaria:

    14:30 - hoibe three (at Nammidog) or in northern Bavarian halwer three (at Nammitoch)

    Monetary units

    At the time of the D-Mark, the following denominations were common in Altbaiern:

    • Pfenning: 1 pfennig
    • Zwoaring: 2 pfennigs
    • Fimfal, Fümfal: 5 pfennigs
    • Zehnal, Groschn: 10 Pfennig
    • Fuchzgal, Fuggal: 50 pfennigs
    • Màg, Màgl, Iggl: 1 mark
    • Zwiggl: 2 marks
    • Dåla, Fimfa, Fümfa: 5 marks

    Most of these designations were transferred to the corresponding euro units, with the addition of “Zwånzgal” (in Austria “Zwànzgal”) for the 20-cent coin. This term was already used in the Schafkopf language for the basic tariff 5/20 (Fimfal / Zwånzgal) during the D-Mark era .

    The term “Dåla” (standard German: Taler) is not used for the five-euro note; The “Iggl” is also slowly going out of fashion, not to mention the “Màgl”, a diminutive of the D-Mark, of course.

    Days of the week

    The Bavarian weekday names, which etymologically differ from standard German (i.e. Tuesday and Thursday), come from the influence of Gothic . However, they are on the decline and are only used in rural areas today; many Bavarians are already completely unknown:

    Standard German Bavarian Explanation
    Monday Månda / Mondåg Old High German  mānatag "day of the moon", with Bavarian a for o and loss of the final -g
    Tuesday Iadda / Ergedåg / Deansdåg / Diada or Ertag , short form of Ergetag , hybrid formation after Greek Árēos (hēmera) "day of the god of war Ares"; see. plus Alemannic Zistig , Zyschtig (Germanic god of war Ziu )
    Wednesday Migga / Mitchtåg / Middwoch / Micha Contracted form of the standard German word (with the occasional sound development tw > gg ), Old High German mittawehha , loan translation from church Latin media hebdomas 'the middle of seven (days of the week)' (see Sicilian meazeamda , old Italian mezza edima )
    Thursday Pfinzda / Pfinsdåg / Dunnasdåg or Pfinztag , Middle High German phinztac , from Gothic * paíntē dags , a hybrid formation from the Greek pémptē (hēméra) "fifth day", i.e. the fifth day of the week (starting from Sunday, see the word "Pentecost")
    Friday Freida / Freidåg Old High German frīatag , from the Germanic goddess Fria composed
    Saturday Såmsta / Såmståg or Saturday , Old High German sambaztag , composition in Gothic * sambatō (opposite the learned Gothic sabbatō ), borrowed from vulgar Greek sámbaton ' Sabbat ' (cf. Romanian sâmbǎtǎ , old French sambedi )
    Sunday Sunda / Sundåg Old High German sunnūntag "day of the sun", with Bavarian u for o and fading

    Names

    In Bavarian the surname is often put in front of the first name, e.g. B. the Huber Franz .

    For the first names see Bavarian names

    Word formation

    Verbal prefixes

    There are two verbal prefixes that have a counterpart in standard German, but are much more productive in Bavarian.

    there-

    da- (< der- ) corresponds to standard German er, but also occurs with verbs that cannot have this prefix in the high-level language. It often means the concise coping with an action and is also used for various types of killing; therefore verbs with this prefix are always perfective (see also verbal aspect ).
    Examples:

    • dabågga (< der + packen ) “create; endure, cope "
    • si dabårma (< der + barmen ) "have mercy" (more common than in the Hdt.)
    • daduan (< who + do ) "kill" (joking)
    • daseng (<who + see) "can (barely) see"
    • (si) darenna (<who + run) "running (just about) reaching"; [refl.] "kill oneself"
    • si dasàffa (< who + drink ) " drink yourself to death"
    • daziang (< who + pull ) "can (just) pull"

    zsåmm-

    zsåmm [com] corresponds to the standard German together-, but it is used more often than this.
    Examples:

    • zsåmmbringa "create"
    • zsåmmkema " get ready "
    • zsåmmfårn “bring down; drive to scrap "
    • zsåmmdrân " employ "
    • zsåmmhaun "smash"
    • zsåmmklaum " pick up"
    • si zsåmmsaffa "drink up" ("juice eich zsåmm")

    Collective nouns

    Collective nouns are sometimes formed with the suffix -àch , which, however, is limited to South Bavarian and Central Bavarian on the border with Swabia . Examples:

    • Erlàch alder bushes
    • Gschwistràch siblings
    • Kindràch children, crowd of children
    • Kreitlàch herb
    • Standràch rock
    • Staudàch perennials, bushes

    The diminutive

    Bavarian has regionally different diminutive suffixes, of which -l, -e and -al (< -erl ) are the most common. The former is heavily lexicalized, i.e. that is, it is often no longer understood as a diminutive. So Bavarian, like Dutch and Alemannic , has a number of lexicalized diminutives; Examples:

    • For “horse” in Bavarian either Rooß or Pfeadl is used, but both are equivalent (i.e. Pfeadl is no longer a diminutive). To denote a small horse, the suffix -al is used: a Pfeaddal. The diminutive Ressl zu Rooß is used more for the figure of the knight in chess (cf. German Rössel ).
    • "House" has two different diminutive forms: Haisl. which is often, but not always, used to describe the toilet (formerly outside, now also inside the house) ("as Scheißhaisl"); Haisal , on the other hand, is clearly a small house.

    However, the suffix -al can also lose its diminutive function:

    • a Såchal is not a small thing, but a small property.
    • As in standard German, a Blàtzal is a cookie or biscuit, not a small place (the latter would be called Blatzl in Bavarian ).
    • a Drimmal may be a small thing , but in standard German it is more precisely a dog poop.

    Umlauts must be used when forming the diminutive; the umlaut å> à is mandatory (and continues to be productive); other umlauts are not always used - examples:

    • a Gloggn - a Gleggal ("a bell, a little bell"), but: a Goschn - a Goschal ("a mouth" (vulgar) - "a mouth" ( endearing word))
    • a Kuacha - a Kiachal ("a cake, a little cake"), but: a Gurkn - a Gurkal ("a cucumber, a gherkin")
    • a Drumm - a Drimmal ("a Trumm, a Trümmlein"), but the cause of the latter: a Hund - a Huntal ("a dog, a puppy")

    Some diminutive forms that end in -al also appear in the form -e (with a long, closed "e"):

    • a Bank - a Bànkal - a Bànge (a bank - a small bank)
    • a Kuacha - a Kiachal - Kiache (a cake - little cake)

    If the root of the word ends in -n or in a nasal vowel, an epenthetic -d- is inserted before the diminutive suffix; nasalized -n is returned :

    • a Pfånn - a Pfàndl ("one pan - one pan")
    • a Stoa - a Stoandl / Stoandal ("a stone - a stone")
    • a Må - a Màndal (the diminutive does not designate a small man, but the male in the biological sense, as in German)

    Some diminutives show umlaut e> à; However, they are lexicalized, so the umlaut may be considered unproductive:

    • a Hefn - a Hàfal ("a pot - a (large) cup")
    • a human - a Mànschgal ("a human - a play figure")
    • a Stempn - a Stàmpal ("a peg - a portion of schnapps")

    Diminutive of foreign words on vowel finals partially erase these:

    • a Auto - a Autal ("a car - a small or cute car")

    Many non-primitive diminutives often refer to people who are pityed in some way; However, they are not swear words, but rather expressions of pity:

    • a Wàsal ("a poor person"; basic word possibly being or orphan? )
    • a Båtschal ("a clumsy, clumsy person")

    There are other diminutives whose basic words do not exist:

    • a Biwal / Bibbal ("a chick")
    • a Noagal ("a leftover drink", mostly used in the plural; etymologically connected to "incline")

    In the Berchtesgadener Land , parts of the Salzburger Land, Salzkammergut and the Bavarian Oberland as well as in the Tyrolean Unterland and the Styrian Tauern region, the diminutive suffix is ​​usually not - (a) l, but -ei. The little boy, for example, becomes a Hansei. In Berchtesgaden , marmots are called Mankei; other examples: dirnei for girls, keschzai for little candles , etc.

    Spelling

    Bavarian is also often written down (by dialect authors, musicians).

    Here are some guidelines on how to pronounce the spelling used in the article:

    • The r after vowels except a usually becomes a light à before the consonant. However, there are also Bavarians who sometimes say a strongly rolled r after o and u.
    • The r after a, on the other hand, is also often pronounced at the end of a word and before a consonant, and is strongly rolled, so always - also at the end of a word - before a vowel.
    • Unstressed -er is always pronounced like light a, but shorter.
    • For the regulation of the a and its variants, see above under phonology and in the discussion of this article.
    • ä and ö are pronounced like e and ü like i.
    • äi and öi are pronounced roughly like English ai in pain .
    • ei, on the other hand, is completely normal standard German ei. If it does not correspond to standard German eu , it is sometimes easily spoken in the direction of ai.
    • g is pronounced before f, s and sch like k ; gh is always pronounced like k : ghabt, ghåitn, etc. This also applies to the yo gh urt.

    literature

    Studies

    • Barbara Loester: The Pluricentric Borders of Bavaria. In: Mats Andrén et al (Ed.): Cultural Borders of Europe. Narratives, Concepts, Practices in the Present and the Past. Berghahn Books, New York / Oxford 2017, ISBN 978-1-78533-590-7 , pp. 85–99.
    • Anthony R. Rowley: Bavarian: Successful Dialect or Failed Language? In: Joshua A. Fishman, Ofelia Garía (Eds.): Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity. Volume 2: The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts. Oxford University Press, including Oxford / New York 2011, ISBN 978-0-19-539245-6 , pp. 299-309.
    • Peter Wiesinger : The Central and Southern Bavarian Dialects in Bavaria and Austria. In: Charles V. J. Russ (Ed.): The Dialects of Modern German. A Linguistic Survey. Routledge, London 1990, ISBN 0-415-00308-3 , pp. 438-519.

    Dictionaries
    The vocabulary of the Bavarian dialects in Bavaria is recorded and described:

    Bavarian in Bavaria:

    • Johann Andreas Schmeller: Bavarian Dictionary. Oldenbourg, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-486-52603-0 .
      The classic of the Bavarian dialect dictionaries. Difficult to handle because of Schmeller's peculiar literacy. Includes Franconia and Swabia.
    • Ludwig Zehetner: Bavarian German. Heinrich Hugendubel Verlag / edition vulpes, Kreuzlingen / Munich / Regensburg 2005, ISBN 3-9807028-7-1 .
      The spelling is often based on standard German.

    Bavarian in Austria and South Tyrol:

    • Otto Hietsch: From "anbandeln" to "Zwetschkenknödel". To the Austrian Lexical Cultural Guide. Tyrolia, Innsbruck / Vienna 2000, ISBN 3-7022-2351-7 .
      As the subtitle suggests, it is only of limited use as a dictionary. Still very informative. Written in English.
    • Otto Hietsch: Bavarian into English. 3 volumes. Dick, Neutraubling 1994-1997, DNB 946404704 .
    • Egon Kühebacher (edit.): Tyrolean Language Atlas. 3 vol .: vocalism, consonantism, linguistic atlas. (= German Language Atlas. Regional Language Atlases. Ed. By Ludwig Erich Schmitt, Karl Kurt Klein, Reiner Hildebrandt, Kurt Rein. Vols. 3 / 1–3). Marburg: NG Elwert Verlag, 1965–1971.
    • Walter Rieder: Small Salzkammergut dialect word collection. 2nd edition, Salzkammergut Media, Bad Ischl 2011, ISBN 3-901572-21-X .
    • Josef Schatz : Dictionary of Tyrolean dialects . 2 volumes. Wagner, Innsbruck 1955–1956 (= Schlernschriften 119/120). Unchanged reprint 1993, ISBN 3-7030-0252-2 .
    • Johann Baptist Schöpf: Tirolisches Idiotikon. Wagner, Innsbruck 1866.
    • Peter Wehle: Do you speak Viennese? Ueberreuter, Vienna 1980, ISBN 3-8000-3165-5 .

    Reference works on grammar Bavarian in Old Bavaria:

    • Cordula Maiwald: The temporal system of the Middle Bavarian. Winter, Heidelberg 2002, ISBN 3-8253-1402-2 .
    • Ludwig Merkle: Bavarian grammar. Heimeran Verlag, Munich 1975, ISBN 3-7765-0198-7 .
    • Johann Andreas Schmeller: The dialects of Bavaria represented grammatically. Hueber, Munich 1821. (Reprint: Sendet, Wiesbaden 1969, ISBN 3-253-02033-9 )
    • Karl Weinhold: Bavarian grammar. F. Dümmler, Berlin 1867.

    Phonology

    • Robert Schikowski: The phonology of the West Middle Bavarian. (= Munich contributions to general and historical linguistics; Vol. 1). Master's thesis, LMU Munich 2009. (full text)

    Representations of the dialects

    • Reinhard Hallstein (Ed.): Do you speak Bavarian? For Bavaria and those who want to become one. (Illustrations: Judith Kroboth). Tosa, Vienna 2006, ISBN 3-902478-38-1 .
    • Gerald Huber : Delicious and bleak. A little Bavarian word lore. Societätsverlag, Frankfurt am Main 2008, ISBN 978-3-7973-1100-9 .
      popular scientific presentation of the vocabulary and etymology of Bavarian
    • Rudolf Ernst Keller : Upper Austrian. In: German Dialects. Phonology & Morphology, with selected texts. Manchester University Press, Manchester 1961, pp. 200-247.
    • Werner König : dtv-Atlas German language. Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, Munich 2004, ISBN 3-423-03025-9 .
      in relation to the historical significance of Bavarian for the German language as a whole
    • Ingo Reiffenstein: Salzburg dialect geography. The South Central Bavarian dialects between Inn and Enns. Wilhelm Schmitz Verlag, Giessen 1955, DNB 453963536 .
    • Joseph Maria Lutz : Bayerisch (series Was not in the dictionary , Vol. III), Piper Verlag, Munich 1932
    • Manfred Renn, Werner König : Small Bavarian Language Atlas. Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-423-03328-2 .
      about all dialects in Bavaria, not just the Bavarian ones; also interesting in terms of the dialect continuum
    • Anthony R. Rowley : North Bavarian. In: Charles V. J. Russ (Ed.): The Dialects of Modern German. A Linguistic Survey. Routledge, London 1990, ISBN 0-415-00308-3 , pp. 417-437.
    • Eberhard Wagner: The Franconian dialect book. CH Beck, Munich 1987, ISBN 3-406-31800-2 .
      about the Franconian dialects in Franconia / Bavaria; interesting here in terms of northern Bavarian
    • Peter Wiesinger: Phonetic-phonological research on vowel development in German dialects. Volumes 1 and 2. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 1970 (Studia Linguistica Germanica 2).
    • Ludwig Zehetner: The Bavarian dialect book. CH Beck, Munich 1985, ISBN 3-406-30562-8
      on the Bavarian dialects in old Bavaria / Bavaria in all aspects

    Dialect care

    • Wolfgang Lindner: Language culture alongside culture language. Dialect nursing associations in old Bavaria. Dissertation, University of Regensburg 2006 ( full text ).
    • Edition Bavaria. Special issue # 8: South German and Bavarian. Edited by the House of Bavarian History. Augsburg 2015. ISBN 978-3-7917-2638-0 .

    See also

    Web links

    Wikisource: Bavarian dictionaries  - sources and full texts
    Commons : Bavarian language  - collection of images

    Footnotes and individual references

    1. Rowley (2011), pp. 299f; Bavarian. In: ethnologue.com. Ethnologue: Languages ​​of the World, accessed January 13, 2017 .
    2. Rowley (2011), pp. 299f; Upper Austria in the Bavarian language area . Adalbert Stifter Institute of the State of Upper Austria, accessed on November 17, 2019.
    3. Scope of denotation for language identifiers. and 639 Identifier Documentation: bar
    4. a b Rowley (2011), p. 300; Bavarian language, dialects and dialects. In: fbsd.de. Friends of the Bavarian Language and Dialects e. V., accessed on January 13, 2017 .
    5. ^ Günther Koch: Bavarian in Germany. In: Joachim Herrgen, Jürgen Erich Schmidt (Hrsg.): Language and space. An International Handbook of Language Variation. Walter de Gruyter Verlag, Berlin / Boston 2019, ISBN 978-3-11-026129-5 , p. 280.
    6. Hans Ulrich Schmid: Bairisch: The most important in brief. CHBeck Verlag, 2012, foreword.
    7. Löster: The Pluricentric Borders of Bavaria. P. 96; Sprachpfleger explains: "Bavarian is the real standard German". In: merkur.de, April 9, 2018, accessed November 17, 2019, 7:05 pm; Mark Lückermann Darmstadt: The Hanoverians speak the purest German: Right? In: zeit.de, June 8, 2000, accessed November 17, 2019, 7:13 pm; Wolfgang Walter Menzel: Vernacular Science. Max Niemeyer Verlag, Tübingen 1996, p. 47; Harald Wiederschein: Researchers confirm: dialects make you smart. In: focus.de, June 18, 2016, accessed on January 22, 2020.
    8. The linguist and Mundard expert Prof. Anthony Rowley from the Ludwig Maximilians University in Munich to the newspaper Baby und Familie , cf. Sandra Schnid: Dialect: Advantage or disadvantage for children? In: baby-und-familie.de, April 3, 2019, accessed on November 18, 2019, 11:13 am; Harald Wiederschein: Researchers confirm: dialects make you smart. In: focus.de, June 18, 2016, accessed on January 22, 2020.
    9. Ludwig Rübekeil, The name 'Baiovarii' and its typological neighborhood , in: The beginnings of Bavaria. From Raetien and Noricum to the early medieval Baiovaria . St. Ottilien, University of Zurich 2012, p. 152. online
    10. Ludwig Rübekeil, Diachrone Studies , 337 f.
    11. Vladimir Orel, A Handbook of Germanic Etymology . Leiden, Brill 2003, p. 449.
    12. Brigitte Haas-Gebhard : The Baiuvaren: Archeology and History. Regensburg 2013, ISBN 3-7917-2482-7 . P. 192
    13. a b Ludwig Zehetner: The Bavarian dialect book. Verlag C. H. Beck, Munich 1985, ISBN 3-406-30562-8 , p. 16.
    14. ^ Ludwig Zehetner: The Bavarian dialect book. CH Beck, Munich 1985, ISBN 3-406-30562-8 , pp. 66 and 85.
    15. ^ Ludwig Zehetner: Bavarian German. Heinrich Hugendubel Verlag / edition vulpes, Kreuzlingen / Munich / Regensburg 2005, ISBN 3-9807028-7-1 , keyword -ig.
    16. Cf. Neu, David: One speaker - several dialects: code mixing and code switching in the tridialectal space around Dinkelsbühl. Published online at urn: nbn: de: bvb: 824-opus4-2153 or http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ku-eichstaett/frontdoor/index/index/docId/215
    17. Bavarian language area. In: bairische-sprache.at. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
    18. Schikowski, Robert: The phonology of the West Middle Bavarian. January 1, 2009, accessed March 19, 2018 .
    19. Mhd. Word material from:
      Matthias Lexer: Middle High German pocket dictionary. With addenda by Ulrich Pretzel.
      38th edition. S. Hirzel Verlag, Stuttgart 1992.
    20. See Bavarian Dictionary , Volume I, columns 1531–1535, Lemmata Bayer, bayerisch / bairisch, Bayern .
    21. Isabel Alexandra Knoerrich: Romanisms in Bavarian: an annotated dictionary with maps of the Upper Bavarian Language Atlas (SOB) and the Small Bavarian Language Atlas (KBSA) as well as a discussion on morphosyntax and syntax. Dissertation, University of Passau, 2002
    22. a b Welcome to bayrisch-lernen.de, the language portal for Bayern friends and those who want to become one. Retrieved March 19, 2018 .
    23. Compare:
      Duden. The grammar. Indispensable for correct German.
      Dudenverlag, Mannheim et al., 2005, 7th edition. [= Duden Volume 4], p. 885.
    24. a b compare:
      Peter Wiesinger: Die Flexionsmorphologie des Verbums im Bairischen.
      Publishing house of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1989, pp. 39–44.
    25. a b compare:
      Peter Wiesinger: Die Flexionsmorphologie des Verbums im Bairischen.
      Publishing house of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1989, pp. 36–39.
    26. Compare to:
      Wilhelm Braune, Ingo Reiffenstein (arrangement): Old High German Grammar I. Phonics and Forms.
      15th edition. Max Niemeyer Verlag, Tübingen, 2004, § 306 b, p. 261.
    27. Helmut Berschin : Ade, Pfiatdi and Tschüss: So say the Bavarians Servus Münchner Merkur of June 11, 2012, p. 3.
    This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on December 27, 2005 .