History of the city of Dillingen / Saar
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The history of the city of Dillingen / Saar begins with the Gallo-Roman settlement Contiomagus , which existed at the intersection of the highways Metz - Mainz and Trier - Strasbourg , in what is now the Lease district . 275/276 Contiomagus is destroyed and rebuilt in the course of the great migration . Diefflen was first mentioned in a document in 1324 and the Old Castle was first mentioned in 1357 . Between 1618 and 1648 there was devastation in the Thirty Years War . In 1685, Ludwig XIV gave Dillingen permission to build ironworks at the gates of Saarlouis. In 1815 the region becomes Prussian . In 1949 Dillingen received city rights. In 1990 a 2000 year celebration was held in Dillingen and Lenten.
Prehistory and early history
As numerous archaeological finds show, the Saar Valley was already inhabited by people in the Paleolithic . The oldest evidence of the presence of prehistoric people in the area is the “ Ludweiler hand ax ”, a stone tool that is around 200,000–300,000 years old. The Wallerfangen hand ax found in 2018 on the opposite side of the Saar from Dillingen is assigned to the Mesolithic period . The oldest traces of settlement in today's Dillinger urban area go back to the Neolithic . Numerous stone axes , also known as "thunderbolts", have been found on the Dillinger and Pachten districts from this time. Stone axes were woodworking tools, certainly also weapons and objects of prestige. The young and end Neolithic axes ( hammer and battle axes ) in particular are mostly interpreted as weapons.
In the area of the documentation of these stone axes, the pastor Philipp Schmitt from Dillingen and his friend from Saarlouis judiciary and notary Nicolas Bernard Motte achieved remarkable achievements in the 19th century .
In the immediate vicinity of Dillingen in 1850 near Wallerfangen in the districts of "Eichenborn" and "Lehmkaul", rich bronze depots from the late Urnfield period (9th century BC), a multi-staggered section of fortifications from the Hallstatt period (8th-6th centuries), are documented . Century BC) on the Limberg and a burial ground with a "princess grave" distinguished by gold neck and arm rings from the latest Hallstatt period (around 500 BC) a certain central function of the area in prehistoric times.
In Celtic times, today's Dillingen city area was under the influence of the Treveri and Mediomatrics tribes .
Antiquity
The Gallo-Roman settlement of Contiomagus arose during the settlement phase after the conquest of Gaul by Gaius Julius Caesar from 58 to 51 BC. BC Contiomagus was at the intersection of the highways Metz - Mainz and Trier - Strasbourg , in what is now the district of Pachten. In 275/276 Contiomagus was destroyed and rebuilt in the course of the great migration .
middle Ages
Post-Roman times and Frankish repopulation
Based on grave finds in the vicinity of today's Pachten church, it can be assumed that ancient leasing did not lie idle for long, if at all, in the post-Roman period, but rather was colonized by Frankish again very early, at the latest since the 7th century. This is also confirmed by other archaeological finds (weapons, jewelry).
The name Dillingen (originally Dullingen, only since the 16th century Dillingen) should refer to a Franconian town founder named Dullo. It remains unclear why the medieval place name Lenten no longer has any reference to the original Gallo-Roman place name Contiomagus . Diefflen (first mentioned as Dieffendael; today's spelling determined by royal Prussian decree of January 16, 1858) means "settlement in the deep valley" (meaning the Nalbacher valley, whose lowest-lying village was Diefflen).
First documentary mentions
The oldest written message of "Dillingen" and "Leases" can be found in the document of the Trier bishop Albero von Montreuil (1131-1152), according to which 76 parishes in the Saar area, including "Dullinga" and "Pahta", go to the grave every year on Palm Sunday of Abbot Liutwin had to go on a pilgrimage to Mettlach Monastery on the Saar.
Diefflen was first mentioned in a document in 1324 and the Old Castle was first mentioned in 1357 .
Part of Lotharingia
With the Treaty of Verdun of August 10, 843, the area of today's city of Dillingen was assigned as part of the Franconian Central Empire to Emperor Lothar I as the immediate royal domain (Lotharii Regnum). Lothar I's successor as king (but without the dignity of emperor) was his son Lothar II ; he gave the greater territory, to which Dillingen, Lothar and Diefflen belong, the name "Lotharingien" ("the kingdom of Lothar"). After King Henry I had restored central power in Eastern Franconia, the Lorraine Duke Giselbert also submitted to him in 925 . Heinrich incorporated the Duchy of Lorraine as the fifth tribal duchy in Eastern Franconia . Thus, in 925, today's urban area with the Lorraine ruling territory finally came to the East Franconian Empire .
Part of Upper Lorraine
With the disintegration of the old duchy into the duchies of Upper Lorraine and Lower Lorraine , today's urban area came to Upper Lorraine and was part of the ducal property. Dillingen and leases were subordinate to the ducal Lorraine office of Siersberg on the other side of the Saar. Both villages had their own jurisdiction at least since the 13th century.
Office Siersberg
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The Siersberg office exercised tax rights, regalia, monopoly rights and military sovereignty in Dillingen and leases on behalf of the Dukes of Lorraine . The basic sovereignty as well as the middle and high jurisdiction was exercised by the local feudal lordship, the Lords of Siersberg as Lorraine fiefs. The men from Siersberg were also men from Dillingen. The Lords of Siersberg are first documented in 1131.
The manor houses of the Siersberg lords in Dillingen and on the Siersburg , built as castle fortifications, were used to control shipping on the Saar as well as the passing trade routes, such as the Flandernstrasse from Italy to Flanders (below the Limberg in the Pachtener Bann with the Niedüberquerung near Siersdorf) as well as the old one Roman road from Metz via Tholey to Mainz .
With the conquest of Siersburg by Archbishop of Trier Arnold I in 1172, the actual fiefdom giver Duke Simon II of Lorraine was forced to recognize the Trier fiefdom over Dillingen and Siersberg.
Alsatian church patronage
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The church patronage at Dillingen was bought by the Lords of Dillingen around 1250 from the women's monastery on Mount Odile in Alsace . The Odilienberg monastery subordinated the medieval parish of Dillingen (today St. Johann ) to its founder, Odilia. At the corner of Trierer Straße (old post route to Trier through the Dillinger Forest ) and Dieffler Straße there was an additional Chapel of St. Odile until 1912. Opposite it, a spring originally rose up which attracted numerous pilgrims and which was also dedicated to the Alsatian saints. A small hermitage was assigned to the chapel, in which a hermit lived who had to look after the little Odile chapel. These hermits belonged to a Hermit Brotherhood under the control of the Diocese of Trier
The memory of the Alsatian patronage of the Odilienberg Abbey over Dillingen is still preserved today in Dillingen through the naming of the Odile School and the Odile Fountain on Odilienplatz and the Odile Memorial (see section Art ) in front of the Saardom .
Disputes between Lorraine, Trier and Saarbrücken
In further sovereign disputes over the rule of Dillingen in the 14th century, the Archbishopric of Trier under Archbishop Balduin of Luxembourg , one of the most influential imperial princes of his time and one of the most important Trier electors, was able to assert itself again against Lorraine. Duke Rudolf von Lothringen , who in 1333 had refused to recognize Trier's sovereignty over Dillingen and Siersberg due to a demonstrative absence at the men's court in Merzig , had to contractually recognize Balduin's fiefdom the following year. It was only with the death of Archbishop Balduin that the Trier fiefdom over Dillingen and Siersberg gradually fell into oblivion and Lorraine raised new claims, so that the disputes remained virulent, as Siersberg and Dillingen were of strategic importance as bases on the central Saar.
A fiefdom dependency of the lords of Dillingen and Siersberg under the counts of Saarbrücken since the year 1388 is documented. There were disputes about this fiefdom in the 16th century between the Lords of Dillingen and the Counts of Saarbrücken before the Imperial Chamber Court, the highest court of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation in Speyer , since the Lords of Dillingen only wanted to recognize Lorraine's fiefdom . The conflict could be settled out of court through barter deals and the Saarbrücken counts left the feudal sovereignty over Dillingen. From then on, Dillingen remained subordinate to Lorraine and its "Bailliage d´Allemagne", the German Bellistum in Wallerfangen on the other side of the Saar.
Extinction of the House of Dillingen and Siersberg
The male line of the lords of Dillingen and Siersberg died out with the death of Lantwein von Dillingen-Siersberg, who died childless, in 1554 or 1555. With regard to the place leasing, two manors can be mentioned in the late Middle Ages: the aristocratic dynasty in Fraulautern and the Teutonic Order Comturein in Beckingen . The tenant possessions were donated to the two religious communities.
Dieffler bailiwick
Diefflen as part of the Nalbachert Valley was under a bailiwick:
- before 1327 - 1336 Nikolaus von Kastel I.
- before 1344 -? Rupprecht of Saarbrücken
- before 1388 - before 1405 Nikolaus von Kastel II.
- before 1405 - before 1425 Johann von Lewenstein I.
- before 1425 - 1439 Johann von Lewenstein II.
- after 1439 - before 1478 Krapp von Saarburg
- 1478 - after 1509 Heinrich von Ratsamshausen
- before 1514 - after 1522 Heinrich von Harancourt
- before 1522 - 1527 Jacob von Harancourt
- 1527 - before 1545 Johann Ludwig Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken (co-bailiff Johann von Braubach)
- 1548 - after 1560 Alexander von Braubach
- after 1560 - 1633 Wilhelm Marzloff von Braubach
- 1633 - approx. 1664 Electoral Palatinate administers the fief itself
- after 1664 - 1681 Charles Henri Gaspard de Lénoncourt-Blainville
- 1681 - 1697 Under the administration of the Réunionskammer in Metz
- after 1697 - 1711 Electoral Palatinate administered the fief itself
- 1711–1750 Johann Wilhelm Ludwig von Hagen on the moth
- after 1750–1791 Karl Emmerich von Hagen and his brother Johann Hugo von Hagen
Early modern age
Loan handover to the Braubach house
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With the death of Lantwein von Dillingen-Siersberg, who died childless, in 1554 or 1555, the rule of Dillingen passed to the son of his sister Lyba, nee. from Dillingen-Siersburg, who was married to Johann von Braubach, bailiff of the Lorraine office of Saargemünd : Alexander von Braubach, Lorraine bailiff of Saaralben . In 1557, Alexander von Braubach was enfeoffed by the Palatinate Elector Ottheinrich from the Wittelsbach family with goods in the Nalbach Valley that Alexander von Braubach had already bought in 1548. The feudal interweaving of Dillingen with the Nalbach Valley, to which Diefflen also belonged, begins. In the next generation, the von Baubach family died out as Lords of Dillingen in 1633. In the female line, the rule of Dillingen was transferred to Franz von Savigny, Baron de Lemont, by a Braubach daughter.
Early modern witch trials
With the beginning of the early modern era, the witch craze spread in Dillingen and the surrounding area , which particularly raged between 1570 and 1634. Especially the ducal Lorraine chief judge Nikolaus Remigius achieved notoriety for the extermination of the supposed witches and devil worshipers. The most extensive trial in Dillingen was carried out in 1603. During the process there was a veritable wave of denunciations from alleged accomplices of the three women accused and an ever increasing fantasy of the allegedly used harmful magic. The trial ended with the execution of the accused.
The witch trials of the Nalbach valley, to which Diefflen belonged, were carried out in Dillingen, but the executions were then carried out in Nalbach (1575 and 1591/1592 several people from the Nalbach valley / unknown outcome of the proceedings, 1595 a man from Diefflen, 1595 a woman Piesbach, 1602 a man from Körprich, approx. 1605 each a man from Piesbach and Körprich, 1609 a man from Diefflen, who allegedly had sexual intercourse with his horse and was therefore also executed together with his horse, 1611 a man and a woman from Körprich / unknown outcome of the proceedings as well as several accusations in the years 1602 and 1611). The execution of the executions (cremation while alive) was carried out by an executioner (messenger) from Roden .
Thirty Years' War
Destruction by French and Imperial troops
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Between 1618 and 1648 there was severe devastation in Dillingen and its surroundings during the Thirty Years' War , especially in the last phase of the war from 1635. When the Lorraine Duke Charles IV took sides with the German Emperor Ferdinand II , France occupied King Louis XIII. Lorraine. In 1624/1625 the first major military billeting took place on the Saar, years before France officially entered the war in 1635. The castles of Dillingen and Siersberg were occupied by French soldiers.
Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, vicomte de Turenne (1611–1675)
Abraham de Fabert (1599–1662)
Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar (1604–1639)
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End of September 1635, in the area of Dillingen fleeing from the imperial army French under La Valette, Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne and Abraham de Fabert and their allies Swedes under Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar in order on a barrel bridge and two fords to cross the Saar and flee to the then fortified town of Wallerfangen . The French Marshal Turenne commanded the Saar crossing. This led to skirmishes and the imperial troops could inflict losses on the enemy. Among others, the Swedish Colonel Bernholf von Crailsheim was killed.
A short time later, the imperial family under Matthias Gallas also succeeded in crossing the Saar near Dillingen. After several battles and five assaults could Wallerfangen be taken and plundered by Croatian mercenaries. Dillingen was not spared from these looting either. The residents had tried to keep at least part of their property in the castle safe from the marauders, but here too it was taken and looted. Even after the withdrawal of the imperial troops from the Dillingen area, attacks, looting and war contributions remained virulent.
Population decline due to war
In addition, there were famines and epidemics. The surviving remnants of the population barely had a livelihood. In a population census for the purpose of taxing the German Bellistum of the Duchy of Lorraine in 1643, 18 people including refugees were counted in Dillingen . During the terrible years of 1632 and 1656, the jury's book of leases no longer shows any entries, that of Dillingen none between the years 1633 and 1647.
The abbot Philipp Gretsch von Wadgassen reports on a church bill from 1652 that cannibalism even occurred in the area because of the great famine. The area around Dillingen with the Amt Siersberg lost over 70% of its population due to the war (comparison years: 1590/1667). While the Thirty Years' War in other parts of Germany came to an end with the Peace of Westphalia between Münster and Osnabrück in 1648, the conflict in Lorraine continued to smolder. Dillingen, as part of Lorraine, was outside the scope of the provisions of the Peace of Westphalia. There were still raids by marauding mercenary armies of the Lorraine or French. The war between France and Lorraine did not end until the Peace of Vincennes near Paris in 1661.
In a population census from 1667 by the Siersberg office, 15 households are recorded for Dillingen and 16 for leases. For the Nalbacher Tal, to which Diefflen belonged, only 47 households were counted according to the report of the Nalbacher Maier to the Trier Elector from 1664/65 (loss of 65% of the pre-war population).
Absolutism in the 17th / 18th centuries century
Devastation in the Dutch War
A few years after the Treaty of Vincennes in 1661, Dillingen was again the area of operations for the Dutch War (1672–1678 / 79). In 1670, the French King Louis XIV occupied all of Lorraine. A French army under Marshal François de Créquy (1624–1687) drove out the Lorraine Duke Charles IV (1604–1675) and conquered his fortresses within a short time.
As a result of the war, in which the Kurtrier and the Holy Roman Empire were drawn into, the village and castle in Dillingen were severely devastated and the residents were brutally harassed by the Soldateska.
When, in mid-May 1677, Charles V of Lorraine, a nephew and official successor of Charles IV of Lorraine, who had died in 1675, made an advance to Lorraine as an imperial military leader in order to take the Duchy from France again, Dillingen and its castle were taken over by the Austrians conquered under Count Starhemberg , taken the previous French occupiers into captivity and hanged the commandant of Dillingen Castle.
Lénoncourt-Blainville feudal lordship
After the male line of Dillingen died out due to the death of Franz de Savigny and his wife Anna Magdalena (née von Braubach), who had only one daughter, Antoinette de Savigny, Dillingen came to her husband Francois de Lénoncourt in 1657, Marquis de Blainville, who came from an influential Lorraine family. Since the Electoral Palatinate law applied in the Nalbach Valley, which excluded female succession, this territory with the village of Diefflen was no longer owned by the family. The Nalbach Valley could only be regained in 1665.
The Dillingen ironworks was founded by the Lénoncourt family . Today your family coat of arms is the company logo of the Dillinger Hütte . However, Francois de Lénoncourt, who died in 1664, stayed mostly at the Lorraine court in Nancy and left his wife alone with their only son Charles Henri Gaspard in Dillingen. Charles Henri Gaspard de Lénoncourt immediately assumed the rule, which lasted until his death in 1713. Due to a trusting relationship with the Lorraine ruling house, he became its envoy to the French royal court in Versailles and was in personal contact with King Louis XIV. After the Peace of Ryswyk in 1697, which ended the Palatine War of Succession of Louis XIV, Lénoncourt became envoy of Lorraine to the papal Courtyard in Rome. He was also raised to the rank of State Councilor and Grand Chamberlain under the reign of Duke Leopold (1690–1729) of Lorraine .
Mercantilism and Enlightened Absolutism
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Charles Henri Gaspard de Lénoncourt had the property boundaries re-measured in the spirit of mercantilism and enlightened absolutism . To the 376 acres of arable land and 130 feet of meadows that were owned by the farmers, he added 260 acres from his own estate to improve the economic basis of his subjects. To alleviate the food shortage between the end of winter and the first mowing, the farmers were allowed to graze their horses and cattle in his forests.
The most momentous decision of Charles Henri Gaspard de Lénoncourt, however, was to have founded the Dillinger Hütte , which still exists today . Some of his ancestors had already owned iron hammers in Lorraine. In December 1685, King Louis XIV in Versailles granted Marquis de Lénoncourt-Blainville permission to build iron works and smelters in Dillingen:
“Louis, by the grace of God King of France and Navarre, greetings to all present and future! Our dear and very dear, Sieur Marquis de Lénoncourt-Blainville, has submitted to us that the area of Dillingen, half a mile from Saarlouis, on the Prims river, which flows into the Saar, belongs to him and that he is above it High judge is. He now wishes to build iron works, steelworks, smelters and blast furnaces in this area, which would not only increase his income from the rule mentioned - without causing any harm or disadvantage to others - but also for the merchants and iron dealers, as well as ultimately great relief and much benefit would accrue for the whole. So he humbly asked us to give him permission to do so. We have taken all of this into consideration and will have mercy on him, considering his devotion and zeal shown on all occasions for our service. "
In addition, Louis XIV determined that the Dillinger Hüttenwald must be preserved by Lénoncourt and his legal successors, that the operation of the ironworks should not harm anyone and that until the end of the existence of the ironworks, the royal domain treasury for the granted permission, a base rate of 1 Écu would be paid in gold. Finally, the king ordered that the councilors of the Metz parliamentary court had to register this royal approval and had to ensure that the ironworks could run without disturbances and hindrances.
As a result of the reunion policy of Louis XIV, Lénoncourt was forced to subordinate the rule of Dillingen to the lordship of the French crown at the Reunionskammer in Metz in 1681 .
Diefflen under the rule of the Palatinate
Diefflen, as part of the Nalbach Valley, was withdrawn from Lénoncourt between 1699 and 1711 as the last Lorraine bailiff in the Nalbach Valley and placed under the self-administration of the Electoral Palatinate .
Diefflen under the rule of Hagen zur Motten
In 1711 Diefflen, which belonged to the Electoral Palatinate Bailiwick of the Nalbach Valley (with Körprich, half of Bettstadt and the Unterdorf in Nalbach), was given a baron by the Palatinate Elector Johann Wilhelm von der Pfalz (also known as "Jan Wellem"; 1658-1716) Johann Wilhelm Ludwig von Hagen zur Motten ( La Motte Castle ) as a man's fief and since 1714 as an inheritance. This fiefdom lasted until the French Revolution . According to a list of residents in the Nalbach Valley, Diefflen had 54 families in the middle of the 18th century and covered an area of 503 hectares.
In 1685 the French king, in his new role as liege lord Dillingens Lenoncourt, gave permission to build an ironworks in Dillingen. Since then, the history of the town has been shaped by the history of the Dillinger Hütte.
First upswing in the iron industry
With the Peace of Rijswijk in 1697, which reversed the French reunions and restituted the Duchy of Lorraine, the rule of Dillingen was wrested from the Kingdom of France. As a result, the new Dillinger Eisenwerk experienced severe restrictions in its economic expansion due to customs borders to the north and east. The ironworks experienced an unusual expansion of the sales market during the American War of Independence 1778–1783, when the French Navy bought up the entire iron production of the plant over several years in order to be able to support the North Americans in their fight against England .
Changing aristocratic rule and growing influence of the French crown
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In 1743, the Dillingen estate and its ironworks were sold by the Lénoncourt family to the Marquis Francois Toussaint de Viray, advocate general of the Duke of Lorraine at the Supreme Court of the Duchy of Lorraine. He sold Dillingen three years later, on March 3, 1746, to his brother-in-law Charles Francois de Tailfumyr, Seigneur de Cussigny.
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When the Duke of Lorraine and Bar (from 1729–1737) and thus feudal lord of Dillingens and leases, Franz III. Stephan (1708–1765), who married the imperial daughter Maria Theresa in 1736, had to do without Lorraine and Bar on February 13, 1737 and was exchanged for Franz II. Grand Duke of Tuscany (1737–1765) and from November 21 1740 co-regent in the Habsburg hereditary lands and since 1745 as Franz I Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. By diplomatic agreement between the emperor and the French crown, Stanislaus I. Leszczyński , the father-in-law of the French king Louis XV., Was now appointed Duke of Lorraine and Bar.
Although Dillingen and leases as part of the Duchy of Lorraine were only to fall to the French crown by contract with the death of the Polish king and Duke of Lorraine Stanislaus I. Leszczyński (1677–1766, Duke of Lorraine and Bar since 1736), they were already through in 1748 Order to keep all public files and parish registers in French.
With the death of Stanislaus I. Leszczyński on February 23, 1766, France took over the rule of Lorraine and thus also of Dillingen and leases. Thus, the state border between France and the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation ran between Dillingen and Diefflen.
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As a baptized Jew, the Dillinger feudal taker Tailfumyr had a Jewish cemetery laid out on the border with Diefflen in the Dillinger Forest under Dillinger's ban in 1755. Under his rule there was also a separation of property between the rule and the smeltery. Tailfumyr sold the smelting works in 1754. In 1757–59, Tailfumyr built the Dillingen paper mill and printing shop in Dillingen with the permission of Duke Stanislaus I. Leszczyński of Lorraine . Until 1864, the Dillinger paper mill was the most important employer in the area alongside the Dillinger Hütte.
As a result of the divorce from his wife, the Marquise Toussaint de Viray, Tailfumyr had to have the Dillingen estate auctioned publicly in 1762.
Dillingen went to the couple Louise Charlotte nee for 147,710 francs. d´Osquet and Albert Lasalle, the wealthy son of the temporary tenant of the Dillinger Hütte and tax farmer under King Ludwig XV, Georg Theodor Lasalle. Albert Lasalle, who had become particularly rich through the catering organization of the French army, was raised to the status of imperial baron by Emperor Franz I of Habsburg-Lothringen (1745-65) through the mediation of Trier Elector Johann Philipp von Walderdorff . This allowed him to call himself Seigneur von Dillingen. After his death at the age of 47 in 1769, he was buried in what was then Dillinger's Luzienkirche (now St. John the Baptist ).
Lasalle's wife Louise Charlotte b. On April 3, 1787, d'Osquet sold the Barony of Dillingen for 200,500 francs to Baron Phillipp Wilhelm Justus von Mandell , Knight Ludwig and colonel in the Nassau Cavalry Regiment.
Dillingen is raised to a French duchy
Probably because of disputes with the hut owners, von Mandell sold the Dillingen estate to Prince Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbrücken on January 22, 1789 at a price of 225,000 francs. The prince wanted to equip his second wife Katharina Kest ("Gänsegretel von Fechingen") with the Dillingen estate , who had previously been the maid of the prince's maitress, Frau von Dorsberg. The Dillingen rule also included rights in the localities of leasing, Itzbach (today Siersburg), Fickingen (today Saarfels), Bettingen (today Schmelz), Diefflen and Nalbach.
Prince Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbrücken reached the French King Louis XVI. by "lettres patentes" of April 1789 from Versailles the elevation of the previous barony of Dillingen to a duchy.
As a result, Balthasar Wilhelm Stengel, the son of Friedrich Joachim Stengel , began converting the previous Dillingen Palace into a ducal residence.
It was not until many years after the death of his wife Wilhelmine von Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (1751–1780) that Ludwig married Katharina “on the right hand” on February 28, 1787. Before this official marriage, the relationship already had six descendants who legitimized their origins from the morganatic marriage ("left hand") that had previously been concluded on September 1, 1774 :
- Ludwig Albrecht (1775–1784)
- Ludwig Carl (1776–1799)
- Luise (1778–1855) ⚭ 1802 in Berlin with Anton Joseph Fischer (1780–1862)
- Heinrich (1779–1781)
- Ludwig (1785–1796)
- Katharina (1786–1818) ⚭ September 25, 1810 in Mauer near Heidelberg with Heinrich Friedrich Wilhelmi (1786–1860)
Only the youngest son, Adolph von Ottweiler (1789–1812), was born as a fully legitimate descendant of the Princely House. Accordingly, the Saarbrücken church book entry for Adolph Reichsgraf von Ottweiler from 1789 reads simultaneously “Prince of Nassau and Duke of Dillingen”.
Due to the turmoil of the French Revolution , the Prince and Princess of Nassau-Saarbrücken had to flee from the invading revolutionary troops in 1793 and the French state pulled in the Duchy of Dillingen. Ludwig, who was already suffering from health problems, took up residence in exile in Kurmainz in Aschaffenburg . He died there in 1794. His remains were buried in the castle church in Usingen . On 23 November 1995 his remains were in the Castle Church (Saarbrücken) reburied . Adolph von Ottweiler , the longest-living son of the Nassau-Saarbrücken family, was the second Duke of Dillingen in terms of nobility since 1794. After he had volunteered for Napoleon's Russian campaign in March 1812 , he was so badly wounded on August 16, 1812 in the Battle of Smolensk by a shoulder shot and during a subsequent patient transport that he was so badly wounded on the night of 9/10. Succumb to his injuries and frostbite in Vilnius December 1812 . With his death, the line of the dukes of Dillingen died out in the male line.
French Revolution
Dillingen in the Ancien Régime
The great social and political upheavals of the French Revolution began to make themselves felt as early as the 1750s. So it came to increased resistance of the peasants in the Dillinger area with regard to the fulfillment of the compulsory service and the stately duties. In order to cover the costs for the new construction of the Teutonic Order Commandery in nearby Beckingen , which had been ordered by the Elector of Cologne , Clemens August I of Bavaria , in his function as Grand Master of the order, a large part of the Leased forest was to be cut down. As a result, the tenants filed a lawsuit, which was referred to the office of Busendorf (now Bouzonville ). Nevertheless, the Pachten forest was cut down; today's "Pachtener Heide" was created.
In 1786 the Pachten farmers came together with the residents of the neighboring town of Beckingen to protest against the heavy burdens of serfdom . However, the conflict that reached the parliament in Metz ended without any noticeable success for the farmers. In the following year, 1787, the tenants refused to do compulsory labor at a building site.
After a previous announcement of the pulpit in the Sunday service, people's assemblies were held in Lachten on March 8, 1789 and in Dillingen on the following day, at which letters of appeal ( Cahiers de Doléances ) with numerous points of criticism were drawn up and signed.
The general financial lease, which was used to collect all state monopoly taxes, was heavily criticized in the Dillingen complaint. Within the list of state monopolies, the so-called “ Gabelle ”, the salt tax, was particularly hostile to the Dillingen subjects: “This salt tax makes salt so expensive that the poor cannot even buy salt for their soup for weeks, that many poor family fathers over the border has to go to buy the cheaper salt there. ”The Dillingern also hated the existing customs barriers between the Lorraine and the old French areas:“ We are subjects of the one king. ”Other points of criticism are the iron tax, the leather tax, lack of infrastructure measures (which a reminder bridge and road to Saarlouis and the establishment of necessary flood dams), the oppressive labor services , stately duties as the new potato tithe, excessive pigeon breeding by the noble family, which leads to the fact that the farmers would pecked away the seeds in the fields blocking the stately Forests and the dues for the church.
Similar objections are also expressed in the Letters of Complaint and also about points of criticism such as Besthaupt (delivery of the best or second best head of cattle when the head of the household dies), sales tax, entry and move-out money, ban rights (ban wine, ban mill, ban oven), construction and transport fronts as well as agricultural ones Support services for the branch of the Teutonic Order in Beckingen added. Finally, the tenants asked the French government in their letter of complaint to remedy the points of criticism raised and to check the aristocratic demands on them for their real justification.
Dillingen from 1789
The day laborer Conrad Bernard and the blacksmith Philipp Hector were elected as Dillinger delegates for the election of the members of the French National Assembly. In leases , Simon Hector and Adam Reiter were elected as delegates.
At the session of August 4, 1789 , in the French National Assembly , the request of the letters of appeal from all provinces of France was granted and all special rights of the nobility and clergy were abolished with immediate effect. The circumcision of feudal rule was celebrated by the people of Dillingen with the planting of a freedom tree , music and dance as well as cheerful carousing.
In 1790 the Dillinger paper mill and printing house printed a patriotic report from the department of the Moselle to the inhabitants in the countryside , which celebrates the achievements of the French Revolution in propaganda . When the local pastor in Dillingen refused to take the oath on the revolutionary constitution of France in 1791, the Dillingen parish council withdrew his access to the church. Theis fled to Trier in 1792/1793 after being attacked by supporters of the revolution. In an attempt to return to Dillingen, Theis was arrested by the French and deported to the right bank of the Rhine. Theis was only granted amnesty in 1803 and was able to return to Dillingen.
In contrast to Theis, the pastor of leases , Christoph Hauck, had taken the oath on the revolutionary constitution and was able to stay in leases in his parish. For numerous anti-revolutionary Catholic residents, Hauck was therefore considered a traitor to the faith. They boycotted his sacraments and had their children baptized or first communion in Nalbach , Düppenweiler , Bietzen or Merzig . In the following period, too, there were boycotts of constitutional (sworn) clergymen who had been transferred to Dillingen by the population. Church equipment and parish capital were confiscated by the revolutionary authorities or forcibly exchanged for assignats (paper money). Dillingen was subordinated to the diocese of Metz in 1790 (after it was incorporated into the Kingdom of Prussia , the parish was provisionally subordinated to the diocese of Trier . This was confirmed in 1821 by the papal bull " De salute animarum ").
The still existing feudal rights on the lands, which the Dillinger farmers had been granted by the Prince of Nassau-Saarbrücken , were questioned more and more critically. In 1791 the French government in Paris asked the delegate Lasalle whether these rights were still valid. They were told that this was still the case. This means that taxes were still paid to the prince in 1791.
It was only under massive pressure from the population that Prince Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbrücken and Duke zu Dillingen decreed the abolition of serfdom and a reduction in the feudal burden on January 20, 1793, hoping to secure his rule: “We are now through current decrees and reliefs give the subjects the clearest proof of our paternal love, we also assure ourselves in advance that they consider themselves to be bound to further, owed loyalty, trust and devotion to us and our Princely House and everything for the prosperity of the country Contribute whatever is up to you with all your might. "
In the same year Ludwig , who was in poor health, and his wife Katharina fled from the French Revolution in May to exile in Kurmainz in Aschaffenburg . Ludwig died there in 1794. His remains were buried in the castle church in Usingen . Duchess Katharina von Dillingen died in Mannheim in 1829 . The French state pulled in the Duchy of Dillingen . The estate was leased.
Administratively, Dillingen and leases were initially assigned to the canton of Beckingen (later to the canton of Rehlingen ), to the arrondissement of Diedenhofen (today Thionville ) and to the Moselle department with the capital Metz . For a time, before the arrondissements were formed, there was still a district administration in Saarlouis , which had administrative rights in Dillingen. Diefflen, as part of the Nalbacher valley, belonged to the canton Lebach , the arrondissement Saarbrücken and the Saardépartement with the capital Trier .
Dillingen in the Revolutionary Wars
With the outbreak of the coalition wars in 1792 and the declaration of war by revolutionary France on Austria and Prussia , the Dillingen area temporarily became a theater of war. Prussia and Austria, who had already decided on joint action against revolutionary France with the Pillnitz Declaration in 1791 , advanced, but had to retreat across the imperial borders after the cannonade at Valmy . Austrian troops besieged the French positions and the Saarlouis fortress in the Dillinger area ( Nalbacher Tal, Düppenweiler , Lebach ) . Individual advances were also made against Dillingen. When the Austrians ordered the revolutionary freedom tree to be cut down in Dillingen, a republican from Dillingen shot an Austrian soldier. The perpetrator was discovered and immediately executed.
When Dillingen was occupied by the Austrians, the Dillinger Hütte , which was demolished as a French armaments factory, and the paper mill were destroyed.
In the course of the so-called " Levée en masse ", which was introduced in France during the First Coalition War , the young men of Dillingen were drafted into the French revolutionary army between the ages of 15 and 35. About 40 young people from Dillingen immediately emigrated. The rest of the drafts were taken to Pfalzburg (now Phalsbourg / Département Moselle), where some managed to escape. The skirmish battles between the French and Austrians dragged on in the Dillinger area until 1794.
It was not until July 1794 that the French made their breakthrough to the Rhine . In connection with the religious-political efforts of 1793 to abolish Christianity, the festival of the goddess of reason was celebrated on June 8, 1794 in nearby Saarlouis . In Dillingen the mission cross was desecrated by outsiders.
On October 17, 1797 Diefflen, as part of the Nalbacher Tales, like all left-bank territories in a secret additional articles of the Treaty of Campo Formio , between France, represented by Napoleon Bonaparte , and the Holy Roman Emperor Francis II. Was closed, France slammed.
The peace ended the First Coalition War begun by France on April 20, 1792. An official regulation of this border shift was made at the Rastatt Congress (December 9, 1797 to April 23, 1799), which, however, was not regularly ended due to the outbreak of the Second Coalition War .
After the conquest of the German territories on the left bank of the Rhine by the French revolutionary armies in 1794, Dillingen, Pachten and Diefflen became part of the newly created Département de la Sarre (German Saardepartement ) from 1798 . Under international law, the assignment took place through the Peace of Lunéville on February 9, 1801 . The Saar department stretched from the northern Eifel near Blankenheim to what is now Saarland . Most of the 4935 square kilometers area was previously part of the Electorate of Trier . Within the Saar department, what is now Dillingen's urban area belonged to the Saarbrücken arrondissement and the Lebach canton . The prefecture of the Département de la Sarre was in Trier .
19th century
Incorporation into the Kingdom of Prussia
On New Year's Eve 1813/1814, the Prussian Field Marshal Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher managed to cross the Rhine with around 50,000 Prussian and Russian soldiers near Pfalzgrafenstein Castle . With this action began the end of Napoleonic rule over Dillingen. In his text "To the residents of the left bank of the Rhine" of January 1, 1818, Blücher made the new political situation unmistakably and drastically clear to the population: "I will secure your property. Every citizen, every farmer stays quietly in his apartment, every civil servant in his place, we continue to do our duties undisturbed. From the moment the Allied troops enter, however, all communication with the French Empire must cease. Anyone who does not comply with this order is committing treason to the allied powers, is brought before a military tribunal and suffers the death penalty. "
As early as January 11, 1814, Blücher had advanced to the Saar and forced the French under Marshal Auguste Frédéric Louis Viesse de Marmont to flee. The advance of the Prussian troops also interrupted the French telegraph line from Metz to Mainz , which ran through what is now Dillingen's urban area .
After Napoleon Bonaparte had been forced to abdicate, was with the Bourbon Louis XVIII. the first Treaty of Paris concluded on May 31, 1814, according to which France was restricted to the state borders of 1792. The German-speaking Dillingen and leasing should therefore remain with France.
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After Napoleon's return and his final defeat at Waterloo on June 18, 1815 as well as his exile on the island of St. Helena , Dillingen and leases were separated from France in the Second Peace of Paris and handed over to the Kingdom of Prussia ( Rhine Province ). Several petitions from merchants from Saarbrücken and St. Johann and a signature campaign under the leadership of Saarbrücken Mayor Heinrich Böcking , which aimed to join the Saarorte to the Kingdom of Prussia , played a not insignificant role.
When the question of the future state affiliation of the Saar places was discussed in the course of the wars of liberation in 1814/15, Böcking was, alongside Philipp Fauth, the most outstanding advocate of incorporation into Prussia . Böcking belonged to various delegations, in particular the deputation sent to the Paris Peace Conference in the summer of 1815 . There was very close contact with the Prussian negotiator in the Paris peace negotiations in 1815, Karl August Freiherr von Hardenberg .
In Article I, Paragraph 1 of the Second Peace of Paris, the course of the border was defined accordingly and on November 20, 1815 by King Friedrich Wilhelm III. of Prussia , Emperor Franz I of Austria and Tsar Alexander I of Russia initialed:
"From Perle it runs through Launsdorf , Wallwick , Schardorff , Niederweiling , Pellweiler , so that all these villages with their parishes remain in France, up to Houvre , and then follows the former borders of the Principality of Saarbrücken , in such a way that Saar-Louis , and the course of the Saar with the localities and their parishes lying to the right of the line indicated above remain outside the French borders. Of the borders of the former Principality of Saarbrücken, the line of demarcation remains the same that currently separates Germany from the departments of the Moselle and the Lower Rhine , up to the Lauter , which further forms the border up to its outlet into the Rhine. The entire area on the left bank of the Lauter, including the Landau fortress, is united with Germany. However, the city of Weissenburg , which is cut by this river, remains entirely with France, with a circumference of no more than a thousand French fathoms on the left bank of the Lauter, which the commission to be appointed for the forthcoming demarcation will determine more precisely. "
On November 30, 1815, the Prussian government officially took possession of the Saar places in the Ludwigskirche in Saarbrücken by the royal Prussian commissioner Mathias Simon on behalf of King Friedrich Wilhelm III.
During a stay in Saarbrücken, on November 27, 1815, State Chancellor Karl August von Hardenberg gave the Appellate Councilor Mathias Simon, who was in the Prussian service and who had previously acted as a judge in Trier, the power of attorney to own the new area under the title Grand Duchy of Lower Rhine for Prussia to take. Dillingen, leases (without Diefflen) were owned by Simon together with the area around the Saarlouis fortress on December 2, 1815 as part of a celebration in the Saarlouis church of St. Ludwig in the possession of the Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm III. taken:
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"I, the undersigned, Königlich-Prussischer Oberappelations-Rath in the Grand Duchy of Lower Rhine, power of the above power of attorney, Royal Prussian Commissioner, to take possession of the areas, places and places ceded by France to Prussia, and until the definitive organization with the upper administration of these areas, Oerter and places, commissioned.
After today, December 2nd, seven o'clock in the morning, the solemnity of the taking of possession was announced by the ringing of the bells, (I) went to the main church at 10 o'clock, where the Lord Mayor of Saarlouis, along with his alderman, and all members of the magistrate, then all other public officials, had gathered.
The Royal Prussian Major General von Steinmetz , the commanding general, in the areas, places and places ceded by the peace treaty of November 20, were also present, along with their general staff.
The Royal Prussian military present in Saarlouis had come under rifle and the celebratory procession was accompanied by the vigilante guard and their music.
I, the undersigned Royal Commissioner, with the consent of the Major General von Steinmetz, High Born, read out the above power of attorney from the State Chancellor, Prince von Hardenberg Your Highness, and informed the assembly of my mission.
Immediately the Lord Mayor and all members of the Magistrate, in their own name and as representatives of the residents, were committed to the new sovereign, Sr. Majesty, King Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia and his successors.
A separate written act was drawn up in this regard and signed by all members of the magistrate.
The whole gathering sounded three cheers for the new sovereign.
Accordingly, in my capacity as Royal Commissioner, and with regard to the taking of possession of the Saarlouis fortress in agreement with Major-General von Steinmetz and his presence, I declared that the real taking over of the city and fortress of Saarlouis, and all other places Cantons of Saarlouis and Rehlingen, and Sirck of the Moselle department, which by the peace treaty of November 20, ceded by France, and according to the special agreement reached between Prussia and the other allied powers, the states of Sr. Majesty the King of Prussia, of my most gracious lord, are incorporated, in the name of His Majesty the King of Prussia, be accomplished; decreed that the royal. Prussian coats of arms are placed on all town and community halls; and the inhabitants of the city and fortress of Saarlouis, and of the other ceded areas, places and places, expelled to the subjects of loyalty and duty against the new sovereign.
A Te Deum sung by the Catholic clergy and the Gebät Salvum fac regem for the preservation of His Majesty the King of Prussia, the new sovereign, concluded this solemn act.
The current possession and seizure protocol is to be printed and, instead of the possession and seizure patent, posted in the city and fortress of Saarlouis, and in all ceded communities, places and squares.
This is what happened in Prussian Saarlouis, December 2, 1815. The Royal Commissioner Mathias Simon "
The Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm III. personally visited Dillingen in August 1817 and supported the Dillinger Hütte in procurement of materials in cooperation with the Prussian State Chancellor Karl August Freiherr von Hardenberg . Both operated the economic entry of the Stumm family in the iron and steel works in 1818 in order to massively limit the high French capital participation in the company that had now become Prussian. By 1828, Carl Friedrich Stumm had a 60 percent stake in the Dillingen company.
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In 1816, today's urban area of Dillingen was incorporated into the newly founded Prussian district of Saarlouis .
Diefflen, which belonged to the Nalbach mayor, was no longer part of France after the first peace in Paris. It was subordinate to an Austrian-Bavarian regional administration commission, which was installed on January 16, 1814 with its seat in Kreuznach . This was intended as a temporary measure, as it had not yet been conclusively clarified which power Diefflen would fall to as part of the regained German territories on the left bank of the Rhine. This meant that the eastern ban border of Dillingen and Lenten and the western ban border of Diefflen were also the state border for more than a year.
Diefflen, as part of the Nalbach Valley, came under Prussian administration on July 1, 1816 from the Ottweiler district to the Saarlouis district. On the same day, the Dieffler residents, along with all the residents of the Nalbach Valley, were released from the subordination of the Emperor of Austria and placed under the control of the King of Prussia.
According to the 1821 census, Diefflen had 83 houses, 89 households and 455 inhabitants.
From 1821 to 1829 Diefflen was administered by the mayor's office in Fraulautern in personal union, as the Nalbacher Tal community, consisting of six villages (founded as a legal form in 1815), could not raise the administrative costs for the mayor's office. From 1830, the administration of the mayor of the Nalbach Valley passed from Fraulautern to Saarwellingen (personal union) and lasted until December 31, 1899.
On April 25, 1854, the three Dieffler members of the Samtgemeinderat of the Samtgemeinde Nalbacher Tal applied for the dissolution of the Samtgemeinde and the separation of their lands. This was also justified by a request to the district president in Trier : “The poverty of the localities has become the mockery and proverb of the area. Because everything is still communal, there is no ennobling of the land and the profit is therefore very small, and there is no blessing on it (...) Because wealth is the highest blessing in life, it would drive poverty out of the country and thus morality and morality ennobled and the place Diefeln (sic!) put in the situation to rise from the dust "
The community separation was then decided on September 1, 1854 with 7 against 2 votes of the Nalbacher joint council members and approved on June 16, 1858 by the King of Prussia , Friedrich Wilhelm IV., At Babelsberg Castle . The mayoral administration remained in Nalbach and until 1899 in Saarwellingen . (It was not until 1969 that the mayor's office separated from Nalbach and became part of the city of Dillingen Saar.)
At the beginning of the 19th century the infrastructure was in poor condition. The economic development of the Dillinger Hütte is also viewed critically by the Prussian master builder Karl Friedrich Schinkel , who traveled to the Saar Valley in April 1826:
"At Dillingen, on the continuation of our journey, we saw a rolling mill, where a large mass of iron and copper sheets are manufactured between beautifully twisted, enormous rolls, otherwise the great work was very much in its childhood."
A stone Primsbrücke was only built in 1840 . Street paving began in the 1860s. The crossing over the Saar was ensured in the municipality by a ford and a ferry. The next Saar Bridge was in Saarlouis. Delayed by the First World War , the first Saar Bridge could only be opened to traffic in 1929 by Sir Ernest Wilton , the British President of the Saar Government Commission.
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In the middle of the century, Dillingen pastor Philipp Schmitt describes the community as follows: "Dillingen is located in a very beautiful area of the Prims, over which a stone bridge leads, not far from its mouth. It has 1,305 inhabitants and has two schools. The village is famous Because of its two large factories. These are operated through a canal derived from the Prims and each employ around 200 people. Their products go through the entire territory of the German Customs Union . Both factories belong to anonymous companies. The sheet metal factory has existed since 1685. It sells black plate and Tinplate and prepares her iron and her machines herself. She has auxiliary workshops in Geislautern , Bettingen and Münchweiler , which belong to the same company. The paper factory has existed since 1758, makes the most beautiful paper in Germany, delivers 400 reams a day and sends it to Königsberg and Krakow A very nice point in Dillingen is d he Heiligenberg. Nowhere is the valley of the Saar and the Prims as beautiful as it is here. From this little hill you can see 20 villages and the Saar appears eight times. "
Dillingen during the Franco-German War
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The Franco-German War from 1870 to 1871, a military conflict between France on the one hand and the North German Confederation under the leadership of Prussia and the southern German states of Bavaria , Württemberg , Baden and Hesse-Darmstadt allied with it, on the other hand, had far-reaching consequences for Dillingen.
The trigger was the dispute between France and Prussia over the question of the Spanish candidacy for a Hohenzollern prince . The Prussian Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck had the Ems dispatch , with which he had been informed that King Wilhelm I had rejected French demands, published in a provocatively shortened form. This aroused nationalist outrage on both sides and prompted the French Emperor Napoleon III. on July 19, 1870 to declare war on Prussia.
Immediately after the declaration of war became known, the population in Dillingen and the other places in the Saar Valley began buying hamsters and rising prices enormously. From 20./21. In July the Saarlouis District Office was relocated to Dillingen by District Administrator Heinrich Friedrich von Selasinsky due to the risk of war.
The population of Dillingen, Lenten and Diefflen had a hard time in the years 1870/71 and beyond. While a major drought in the early summer of 1870 caused great damage to agricultural yields, a subsequent wet phase spoiled the autumn potato harvest.
In addition, there were the war-related demands of the military for the provision of carts, pre-stressing lines and bivouacs on the agricultural areas. The population had to provide the soldiers and their horses with natural produce and offer them quarters. Dillingen alone had 115 officers, 3,546 soldiers and 2,132 horses to accommodate and look after. The military share thus exceeded the number of residents of Dillingen (2,417). In addition, the proportion of poor day labor families in Dillingen was very high: of 2,417 Dillingen residents, 392 families with 1,900 people (= 78.6% of the community population) were without self-employed or permanent income in agriculture.
The factories in Dillingen were closed due to the war. In addition to those directly conscripted, 49 men were called up for the Landwehr in Dillingen . In total, the Saarlouis district had to raise 657,854 marks in war costs in 1870.
There were also numerous wounded to be treated. Margaretha Schaeffner from Dillingen was awarded the Royal Prussian Cross of Merit for women and virgins for her selfless work in 1872 . The award was made at the personal suggestion of the Prussian Queen Augusta , which was subsequently confirmed or carried out by the King.
The shaving of the landscape caused by gunfire, the demolition of buildings and the artificial damming of the Saar to almost 7 m for the purpose of a military inundation in the wide vicinity of the nearby Saarlouis fortress also had not inconsiderable consequences for the population . The locks under the bridge in front of the German Gate in Saarlouis were closed by offset beams and at the same time the three needle weirs of the Saar near Gersweiler were pulled downstream .
On the Limberg , the military built entrenchments in order to be able to prevent the enemy, who could conceivably advance over the plateau of the Saar-Nied-Gau, from setting up cannons there in the direction of Dillingen and Saarlouis . All Saar ships and boats were sunk so that the enemy could not use them.
From November 2nd, around 80,000 French prisoners of war were transported to Trier via the Dillinger track area.
In addition to the consequences of the war described, an epidemic cattle epidemic spread in Dillingen and the entire Saarlouis district: rinderpest . The reason for this was that the military administration had driven en masse infected herds of cattle from Eastern European areas behind the troops into the Franco-German border area in order to supply the troops. There was a large cattle collecting point in the vicinity of Saarlouis train station . Because of the concentration of troops in the Saar Valley, the epidemic reached its culmination point here. The aggressive rinderpest virus from the genus Morbillivirus can survive for up to five months in hay, straw or in the ground and leads to death in up to 90% of cases.
The animals died within a very short period of time or had to be slaughtered and buried in so-called Schindkaulen because of the further risk of disease. Material that came into contact with the infected animals had to be disinfected or incinerated. Willows could not be used for months. Dillingen and the surrounding communities were declared a restricted area from October 1, 1870 by decree of the Trier government with far-reaching measures. For example, larger public gatherings of humans and animals had been banned. Nevertheless, the introduced disease flared up again and again. In Dillingen and other places in the Saarlouis district, 1,123 animals fell victim to the war-related epidemic.
War compensation for the population by the state was only partially and very slowly paid out.
Prosperity phase after the founding of the Empire in 1871
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With the start of armor plate production at the Dillinger Hütte in the 1870s, the prosperity of the community of Dillingen grew significantly. The population increased from 2600 to 5300 between 1877 and the turn of the century. The communities Lachten and Diefflen also experienced a sharp increase in population and gradually developed from farming villages to industrial workers' settlements with part-time farming. In 1876, on August 13, a major fire destroyed the mostly thatched farmhouses in Diefflen to about 50 percent. The consequences were so devastating that a report from the Saarlouis district administration office classified Diefflen as the poorest district municipality in 1892. As early as 1858, Dillingen was connected to the railway network (Saarbrücken-Trier). In 1901, with the opening of the Dillingen-Busendorf (now Bouzonville) and Dillingen-Primsweiler lines, Dillingen became a traffic junction.
Due to the increased influx of Protestant workers in the previously purely Catholic parish of Dillingen, a separate Protestant elementary school was founded in 1908, for which a separate building was built in Karcherstrasse from 1911 to 1913.
On April 1, 1897, the communities of Dillingen and Leases left the association of the mayor's office Fraulautern and were merged into an independent mayor's office in Dillingen. Together, both communities now had 5,667 inhabitants. The Dillinger Hütte , which had massively promoted the establishment of its own mayor's office in Dillingen for economic reasons, employed 2,528 people at that time.
Within a few years, rural communities became flourishing communities:
- 1897: Introduction of electric street lighting
- 1899: Construction of the slaughterhouse
- 1902: Construction of a central water supply
- 1902: Establishment of a secondary school
- 1902: The Volksgarten is laid out
- 1904: Installation of a central sewage system with a sewage treatment plant
- 1906: Construction of a gym and a fire brigade equipment house
- 1907: Construction of a leased elementary school
- 1907: Construction of a grammar school
- 1907: New construction of the town hall
- 1913: New construction of a central slaughterhouse and cattle yard
The new buildings of the parish churches built in the historicist style also fall during this period of prosperity in Dillingen, Lenten and Diefflen: St. Maximin in Leases (neo-Gothic; 1891–1892, tower roof destroyed by hurricane 1895, then reconstruction), Saardom (Holy Sacrament) (neo-Romanesque , 1911–1913) and Protestant church (neo-Romanesque individual forms, 1902, demolished in 1967, then rebuilt by the architects Wandel, Hoefer and Lorch ) in Dillingen, St. Josef and St. Wendelinus in Diefflen (neo-Gothic, 1899–1900).
The alignment plan drawn up by the municipality of Dillingen for the construction of streets and squares was supplemented by a general development plan in 1924 by the Cologne urban planning inspector under Lord Mayor Konrad Adenauer , Alfred Stooß.
Prussian culture war against the Catholic Church
In the Kulturkampf , the conflict between the Kingdom of Prussia and later the German Empire under Chancellor Otto von Bismarck and the Catholic Church under Pope Pius IX. As a predominantly Catholic community, Dillingen was badly affected. The clashes escalated from 1871, but ended by 1878 and diplomatically settled in 1887.
As a result of the Kulturkampf that since 1868 vacant pastorate was in leases no longer occupied. The salary of Dillingen pastor Peter Hillen was blocked. The urgently needed implementation of new church building plans for Lenten, Dillingen and Diefflen, which is parishly administered from Nalbach, was a long way off, although the population grew steadily and the existing church buildings were no longer sufficient. The social and charitable activities of the church in Dillingen, Pachten and Diefflen had become impossible.
The Kulturkampf conditions in Dillingen further intensified the anti-Prussian resentment of the Catholic population of Dillingen. Protest meetings organized by the Center Party took place in Dillingen and many other places in the area . On May 5, 1874, the chaplain Julius Wilhelm Imandt (1846–1915), who had been employed in Dillingen since the fall of 1873, was arrested and imprisoned in Saarbrücken . As a result, several hundred people gathered in front of the rectory in Dillingen for a protest rally. Pastor Hillen called on the population to calm down against the Prussian government Bismarck, so that there was no escalation. After the Kingdom of Prussia blocked Hillen's salary, he was provided for by voluntary donations from the Dillingen population. Imandt remained in custody until July 1874 and was expelled from Prussia in September 1874. After a secret return he went into exile in Austria in consultation with Bishop Matthias Eberhard , then stayed in Bavaria and Belgium and was only able to return to the Saar after the Kulturkampf had subsided, where he was pastor in Roden from 1888 to 1912 .
The office of sexton and organist had previously been provided by a state-employed teacher. Now he was forbidden to work in the parish under threat of professional consequences by the state. The appointment of the organist Meiser also ran into difficulties, since Meiser was a member of the Catholic Center Party .
The bitterness of the Catholic population persisted for a long time, but was then alleviated by the phase of economic prosperity in the so-called founding years , which also increased prosperity in Dillingen considerably.
Early 20th century
First World War
Shortly before the First World War , 6,725 people were employed at Dillinger Hütte (ironworks in the entire region: 31,000). The entire population of Dillingen (not including Diefflen and leases) rose to more than 9,000 people. Through the establishment of a navy under Kaiser Wilhelm II. And before that under Kaiser Wilhelm I , the Dillinger Hütte achieved a central position in terms of arms production in the German Empire. It was the only company in the empire to manufacture ship sheet metal and armor plates.
It was not until the end of the 1880s that Dillinger Hütte shared the market in this area with the Krupp works in Essen . Nevertheless, the order situation for Dillingen remained huge, as the special sheets manufactured there were not only delivered to the Reich, but also to England , Holland , Austria-Hungary , Russia and China . Due to the importance of the armaments industry, the Prussian Crown Prince Friedrich Wilhelm von Prussia and the half-brother of the Chinese Emperor Guangxu , Zaifeng , alias Prince Chun II (father of the last Chinese Emperor Puyi and from 1908 to 1911 Regent of China), visited the community of Dillingen and their hut.
The smelter site became a permanent construction site: In 1877 the first rolling mill for armor plates began production, in 1881 the first Siemens-Martin steelworks went into operation, in 1896 the new heavy plate mill and a Thomas steel mill . In 1886 a test bombardment area for ship armor plates was set up. From 1900 a new factory hall with large-format machines was built almost every year. From 1914 onwards, production was converted to war needs. A bullet factory was set up in which grenades could be turned. In addition, the French shareholders of Hüttenwerke, who had previously held 42.9% of the share capital, were expropriated by law in 1917 and their shares were sold to German shareholders.
During the First World War, Dillingen, an important location for the German armaments industry (armored plate production by Dillinger Hütte ), was attacked on August 25, 1915 by around 30-35 Allied aircraft. About 90 bombs fell over the municipality, but many of them did not explode as duds. The furnace was hit by two bombs. Serious damage occurred to the Gleisdreieck, in Merziger Strasse and to the bridge over the Prims . Six people were killed and 25 injured in this first bombing. In the period that followed, over 170 bombings fell over the surrounding area.
Russian prisoners of war and civilians from Belgium were also employed at Dillinger Hütte during the First World War. On August 25, 1916, French planes attacked the city. Two or three Russian prisoners of war were killed in the ironworks. In another air raid on November 11, 1916, four Belgian workers were injured, and one died from his serious injuries. As of December 1, 1916, 718 prisoners of war were deployed in Dillingen.
In response to the first attacks on Dillingen, the Supreme Army Command organized a special air raid. Anti-aircraft stations consisting of flak batteries , listening devices, a captive balloon line and searchlights were set up on the ridges around Dillingen .
During the First World War, over 200 Dillinger and 111 Dieffler men were killed as soldiers on various fronts.
Dillingen in the time of National Socialism
Political conditions during the rule of the League of Nations
The Treaty of Versailles made the Saar area subject to the League of Nations from 1920 and did not return to the German Reich until 1935 after the referendum on January 13th. Already on June 30th / 6th In July 1932, a local group of the NSDAP Saar with initially 60 members was founded in Dillingen. The statutes submitted by Alois Lauer declared the "fight against materialism and the seditious Jewish spirit" as the goal. After the annexation to the German Reich, there were several riots by the National Socialists against dissenters in Dillingen. On the other hand, the resistance of the Dillingen workers' movement was organized at the beginning of October 1933, when the Dillingen SPD-Saar founded an “anti-fascist front” under their local chairman Franz Glaubens and the KPD- Saar under Ambrosius Thomaser. In the period that followed, the alliance also included people from other worldviews, including left-wing Catholics of the Vitus Heller movement .
In the last free municipal council of the municipality of Dillingen (1932–1935), the NSDAP Saar was represented with two seats straight away, while the other parties had 21 votes (Center 6, People's Party 6, KPD 5, German-Saarland People's Party 2, SPD 1 , Workers and Peasants Party 1). On November 23, 1933, Alois Lauer appeared for the first time as leader of the German Front in the Dillingens local council. At the municipal council meeting on December 13, 1934, the Jewish businessman Eugen Levy, who was also a member of the district council and one of the deputy mayor of Dillingen, was excluded from the council by a majority.
Referendum in 1935
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In the referendum on January 13, 1935, 90.5% in the Saar area voted for annexation to the German Reich, and 91.19% in the Saarlouis district.
According to the voting report, the population of the municipality of Dillingen voted as follows:
- Eligible voters: 9,308
- Invalid votes: 0
- Valid votes for maintaining the current legal system (status quo): 904 votes = 9.71%
- Valid votes for union with France: 57 votes = 0.61%
- Valid votes for unification with Germany: 8,347 votes = 89.67%
The result of the vote had the consequence that anti-fascists from Dillingen were also driven into emigration. The Dillingen KPD chairman, Ambrosius Thomaser, fled to France in January. Nikolaus Schneider (from Diefflen) and Ludwig Forster fled to Spain, where they fought against the fascist Franco regime in the international brigades . Other members of the Dillingen opposition were imprisoned in the Flossenbürg or Dachau concentration camps. According to city information, 129 people (including many Jews) left the community as emigrants in January / February 1935 alone.
Politically motivated street renaming
After the reorganization, the new municipal council immediately decided on the politically motivated renaming of Hüttenwerkstrasse in Joseph-Goebbels -Strasse, Friedrich-Ebert-Strasse in Hermann-Göring -Strasse , Heiligenbergstrasse and Karcherstrasse in Am Platz des 13. January, for Dillingen Johannesstrasse in Strasse der SA , Feldstrasse in Hans-Schemm- Strasse , the rose garden in Platz des 13. Januar, Saarlouiser Strasse in Saarlauterner Strasse, Saarstrasse in Schlageterstrasse , Schäferweg in Adolf-Hitler-Strasse. The following streets were renamed in leases: Nachtweidstraße in Horst-Wessel-Straße, Marienstraße in Ostmarkstraße, Maximinstraße in Deutsche-Front-Straße. Also in 1935 the local mayor (1935-1940) Hermann Greilach in Diefflen renamed the streets: Dillinger Strasse and Nalbacher Strasse in Strasse des 13. Januar, Grabenstrasse in Befreiungsstrasse, the church square in Adolf-Hitler-Platz, Wiesenstrasse in German Front Street.
Incorporation of leasing
With effect from April 1, 1936, leases were incorporated into Dillingen.
Opposition to National Socialism
But even after the referendum of 1935, the opposition to National Socialism in Dillingen was not over. According to a complaint from the security officer of his company, the stove factory Bartz, the Dillingen social democrat Jakob Burger was sentenced to death as an active anti-fascist by the People's Court on March 27, 1944 for "preparing for high treason and degradation of military strength" and was sentenced to death in Stuttgart's Urbanstrasse prison on March 7, 1944. Executed June 1944. After the end of the war, Göbenstrasse was renamed Jakob-Burger-Strasse in honor of Burger. However, the renaming only lasted ten years until it was incorporated into the Federal Republic of Germany . In addition, the political leader of the leased KPD local group Johann Schmitt and Heinrich Bies (also KPD) fell victim to the Nazi terror in the concentration camp.
In the year of his Abitur examination at the Ludwigsgymnasium (Saarbrücken) , Willi Graf , who later became a member of the Christian-motivated White Rose resistance group , completed the Reich Labor Service in Dillingen from April to October 1937 . Willi Graf was used for straightening work on the Prims and lived in a barrack camp (RAD camp “Irminsul”) opposite the entrance to the Dillinger Hütte at Dieffler Tor on the site of today's Weiß-Kreuz Stadium.
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The Jewish community
In 1928 the Jewish community in Dillingen consisted of around 130 people. In the 1920s, the Jewish community converted a house on Schlossstrasse into a synagogue. As in the rest of Germany, the first leaflet campaigns were carried out in Dillingen in 1933, calling for a boycott of Jewish shops. In 1934 the Jewish cemetery on the border of Diefflen was desecrated for the first time . The pressure became so great that numerous Jews left Dillingen and the Jewish community in Dillingen had to apply for its dissolution as a corporation in November 1935. In December 1935 only 11 Jews were still living in Dillingen. On November 9, 1938, the Dillinger SA and members of the NSDAP met on the occasion of the celebration of the (failed) Munich Hitler coup of 1923, in order to subsequently set fire to the Dillingen synagogue on the so-called Reichskristallnacht . There was humiliation and mistreatment of the few remaining Jews in Dillingen and their homes and businesses were demolished. Again the Jewish cemetery in Diefflen was desecrated. Following the action, the Dillingen civil parish confiscated around 20 hectares of land from the Dillingen Jews. The Jews still living in Diefflen were forced to move to Nalbach after the November pogrom. On October 22, 1940, they were deported to the Gurs concentration camp .
Slave labor
During the war, 2000-3000 forced laborers from the occupied areas were conscripted at the Dillinger Hütte in Dillingen . These forced laborers were held in inhumane conditions in several detention centers. In 1962 a collective grave was laid out in the back of the Jewish cemetery in Diefflen for dead forced laborers and their children who were born in the camp and died soon after their birth.
War preparations
In the run-up to the planned war, the construction of the Siegfried Line began in 1937 , the line of which runs from the Belgian border to Switzerland. One of the leased bunkers was restored in 2008 and can be visited. In the Saarlouis district and thus also in the municipality of Dillingen, the west wall was built to the right of the Saar .
Beginning of the Second World War and first evacuation
With the beginning of the Second World War in 1939, as part of the clearing of the Red Zone on September 1, 1939, the complete evacuation of Dillings, Leases and Diefflens was forcibly ordered. The residents had to leave their homes within a few hours. The salvage areas were: Cologne , Helmstedt , Halberstadt , Köthen-Anhalt , Kassel , Bad Abbach and its Gemling district in Lower Bavaria, as well as various locations in Thuringia and Saxony for Diefflen . The residents of Dillingen were housed in a total of almost 360 districts in Germany.
During the time of the evacuation, the municipal administration only had one processing point in Limbach, then in Halberstadt and finally in Michelbach.
After the campaign in the west , in June 1940, the preliminary planning for the repopulation of Dillingen and leasing began. The withdrawal of the population was not completed until December 1940. So were on
- July 6, 1940: 64 inhabitants,
- August 3, 1940: 4,700 inhabitants,
- September 4, 1940: 11,597 inhabitants,
- October 2, 1940: 12,046 residents returned home. By December 18, 1940, 12,626 people were back in Dillingen and leases.
Allied air strikes
The air raids began in 1942. During the night of September 1st to 2nd (2:30 am), British bombers threw incendiary and high-explosive bombs on Dillingen and Saarlautern due to a navigation error . The actual target had been Saarbrücken. On August 27, 1944 around noon in the Dillinger station area, a German ammunition train was hit by a Republic P-47 Thunderbolt squadron of the 356th US Fighter Group. The explosion that followed dragged on for over an hour and wreaked havoc in the area. Railroad tracks were torn from their anchorages and thrown hundreds of meters. A piece of rope broke through the roof of the Saardome . On October 7, 1944, 36 bombers of the type Martin B-26 Marauder, a medium-weight medium- range bomber of the 394th US bomber group, totally destroyed the railway bridge of the Niedtal route across the Saar north of Lenten.
Second evacuation
As a result of the Allied invasion of northern France on June 6, 1944, the front pushed towards Dillingen from the west from mid-November. Thereupon a second evacuation of the population to the Palatinate, to Württemberg , Franconia and Bavaria was ordered on November 20, 1944 , which was carried out at the beginning of December 1944. This rather haphazard evacuation was no longer supported by all sections of the population. Many hundreds of residents preferred to wait for the expected end of the war on site and hid in bunkers, cellars or rock tunnels during the numerous bomb attacks.
Front area
In the late afternoon of November 27, 1944, Dillingen was first attacked by US artillery from the heights west of the Saar. Until March 1945, Dillingen, Pachten and Diefflen were battle zones and suffered severe damage during this time.
The 90th US Infantry Division was able to cross the flood-leading Saar between Wallerfanger Bridge and Rehlingen at four points with assault boats and form a bridgehead on St. Nicholas Night (December 5th / 6th) 1944 . In the course of the day, the Americans managed to strike a temporary footbridge over the Saar. The attempt to build a heavy bridge on the site of the old dredged Saarfurt failed. On the eastern side of the Saar, the US combat units were involved in heavy fighting on the railroad and bunker line, so that the attack was slow. Despite the massive use of artificial fog, the Americans did not succeed in building a solid bridge over the Saar on this day.
On December 8th, the 1st Battalion of the 358th Infantry Regiment was able to occupy the station and the slaughterhouse. In order to relieve the heavily harassed US units fighting in the north of the municipality, it was decided to attack the southwestern flank of the Hüttenwald . At dawn on December 9, 1944, US troops launched an attack on the slopes north-east of Dillingen, which were massively fortified with bunkers. The attack led to the relief of the units in the north. Since at this point in time no bridge had been constructed over the Saar, the Americans only had a captured 7.5 cm anti-tank gun from the German Wehrmacht in the area of the eastern bank of the Saar. It was not until the early afternoon of December 9, 1944 that American pioneers succeeded in transporting them across the Saar with the help of rafts, jeeps and anti-tank guns . In the early evening the first tanks were transferred.
On December 10th there was heavy fighting in houses and bunkers in the area of the slaughterhouse. In order to prevent the impending collapse of the American front, the support mission of the 513rd Squadron of the 406th US Fighter Group was ordered. A heavy US ferry got stuck in the bank mud of the Saar and could no longer be used. On December 11, the 358th and 359th US infantry regiments tried unsuccessfully to force a breakthrough through the German lines. On December 12th, the combat strength of the 90th US Infantry Division was estimated internally at 43%. Under the protection of an artificial smoke screen, the US saar ferry could be restarted so that an anti- tank and anti-tank gun company could cross over. But on December 13, the US ferry was again put out of action by German artillery.
In the early morning of December 15, the US 90th Infantry Division attacked with all available forces and gained greater ground east of the railway line during the fighting with the German Wehrmacht. This led to the collapse of the German main battle line.
With the beginning of the Battle of the Bulge , parts of the German 21st Panzer Division and the German 404th People's Artillery Corps were detached from the fighting around Dillingen. As a result, on December 18, towards evening, the US troops succeeded in conquering almost all of Lenten and Dillingens up to the Dieffler border. To ward off the German Ardennes offensive, General George S. Patton ordered the Dillingen and Ensdorf bridgeheads to be cleared on December 19, 1944 . The US 90th Infantry Division then began to detach its units from the Dillingen bridgehead: during the day, defenses were delayed and at night they were relocated to the west bank of the Saar. On December 22, 1944, the last rear guards of the 90th US Infantry Division were on the west bank of the Saar . The Dillingen bridgehead was completely cleared. The breakthrough in the Siegfried Line between Litermont and Hoxberg was omitted.
So Dillingen and leases were taken back by the German Wehrmacht. The following three months meant almost non-stop artillery fire and air raids for Dillingen, Pachten and Diefflen, with great destruction and casualties among the civilian population. The majority of the population still remaining in Dillingen and Pachten then fled in the direction of Schmelz to escape the battle line. On January 7, 1945, the 90th US Infantry Division was replaced by the 94th US Infantry Division and on January 29, the 95th US Infantry Division in the Saarlautern bridgehead was replaced by the 26th US Infantry Division. On the night of March 5, the 26th US Infantry Division in Saarlautern was replaced by the 65th US Infantry Division, on March 6 the 94th US Infantry Division on its right flank by the 26th US Infantry Division.
On March 15, 1945, the US troops started another offensive, the so-called Operation Undertone , which aimed to conquer the Saar-Moselle triangle. The 7th and 3rd US Army and parts of the 1st French Army were able to break through the main belt of the Western Wall on March 19 . On March 17, 1945, the 65th US Infantry Division prepared to break out of the Saarlautern bridgehead , while the 261st US Infantry Regiment crossed the Saar near Menningen and tried to take the ridges south of Merzig in order to strike against Dillingen can. On March 18, the attempt by the 65th US Infantry Division to break out of the Saarlautern bridgehead failed . However, by attempting to break out, the US infantry regiments 259 and 260 were able to improve their position in the bridgehead so that the 261st US infantry regiment, coming from the direction of Düppenweiler, was able to occupy Diefflen, Dillingen and Pachten that day. On March 21st the last troops of the Wehrmacht left the Saar area. The rest of the Dillingen municipal administration returned from Dorf im Bohnental to Dillingen on March 28, 1945 . A first American command post was set up in Dillingen on April 15.
On July 10, 1945, the US troops were relieved by French occupiers.
During the entire Second World War, the following victims were to be mourned in Dillingen and Pachten: 465 soldiers, 323 missing persons, 30 civilians with a population of 14,107 (1938). 215 German soldiers who had been killed in the fighting for Dillingen, Pachten and Diefflen were buried at the Diefflen cemetery, 197 at the Dillingen forest cemetery and 314 at the Reimsbach cemetery. After the end of the war, 20 more people were killed in the explosion of mines and others Explosive devices to the victim. Regarding the Dieffler population, 272 of the 3759 inhabitants (as of 1939) died as fallen and missing as well as 33 civilians. The degree of destruction in the community of Diefflen was 30%. Approx. 60% of the urban area was destroyed in the Second World War. 92,215 cubic meters of rubble and rubble had to be cleared away from Dillingen and leases.
The loss of US troops in the fighting around Dillingen was high: 239 killed, 924 wounded, 440 missing and 1,000 soldiers incapacitated due to illness.
Dillingen after the Second World War
Street renaming after the collapse of National Socialism
After the collapse of National Socialism, an attempt was made in Dillingen to erase all memories of the Prussian-militarist past and the Nazi era in the cityscape. Numerous streets were renamed by the city administration. Some were dedicated to resistance fighters from Dillingen against National Socialism (Jakob Burger, Heinrich Bies, Johann Schmitt).
In Dillingen were renamed:
the "Platz der SA" in "Am Markt", the "Bismarckstraße" in "Beethovenstraße", the "Bittenfeldstraße" in "Odilienstraße", the "Böckingstraße" in "De-Lénoncourt-Straße", the "Blücherstraße" initially in " Pfarrstrasse ”and then in“ Dr.-Prior-Strasse ”, the“ Herrmann-Göring-Strasse ”in“ Nicola-Strasse ”(after the mayor of Dillingen, Otto Nicola). At his request, the street was then renamed "Friedrich-Ebert-Straße" and another street was named after Nicolas' first name Otto.
The following were also renamed: “Göbenstraße” in “Jakob-Burger-Straße”, the street “Am Platz des 13. Januar” in “Heiligenbergstraße”, the “Joseph-Goebbels-Straße” in “Hüttenwerkstraße”, the “Straße der SA “In“ Johannesstraße ”, the street“ Am Platz des 13. Januar ”in“ Karcherstraße ”, the“ Kaiser-Friedrich-Straße ”in“ Karl-Marx-Straße ”and a short time later in“ Merziger Straße ”, the“ Moltkestraße ” "In" Heinrich-Heine-Strasse ", the" Hanns-Schemm-Strasse "in" Feldstrasse "and a short time later in" Mozartstrasse ", the" Hindenburgallee "in" Nordallee ", the" Pestelstrasse "in" Defrancestrasse ", the “Platz des 13. Januar” in “Rosengarten”, “Roonstraße” in “Goethestraße”, “Scharnhorststraße” in “Sebastian-Bach-Straße”, “Kaiser-Wilhelm-Park” in “Volksgarten”, the “Steinmetzstraße” "In" Heinrich-Bies-Strasse "and the" Adolf-Hitler-Strasse "in" Schäferweg ".
In leases were renamed:
the "Danziger Strasse" in "Helenenweg", the "Horst-Wessel-Strasse" in "In den Zwergen" (because of the midway, i.e. transverse field markings), the "Sudetenstrasse" in "Katharinenstrasse", the "Memelerstrasse" in " Katharinenstrasse ”, the“ Ostmarkstrasse ”in“ Margaretenstrasse ”, the“ Deutsche-Front-Strasse ”in“ Maximinstrasse ”and the“ Hindenburgstrasse ”in“ Johann-Schmitt-Strasse ”.
The following were renamed Diefflen:
the “Straße des 13. Januar” in “Dillinger Straße”, the “Befreiungsstraße” in “Grabenstraße”, the “Hindenburgstraße” in “Im Rosengarten”, the “Adolf-Hitler-Platz” in “Kirchplatz”, the “Straße des January 13 "in Nalbacher Strasse" and the "Deutsche-Front-Strasse" in "Wiesenstrasse".
City elevation
In 1947 Dillingen part was the semi-autonomous Saar state and on 4 September 1949 by the Saarland state government under Prime Minister John Hoffmann to the city levied. The city elevation was celebrated with a three-day ceremony. On the day of the city elevation, the primary school in Herrenstrasse was inaugurated by Mayor Peter Lamar and Prime Minister Johannes Hoffmann . In the absence of an intact hall in Dillingen, which was destroyed by the war, the Saarland Prime Minister had to hand over the town census document in the hall of the Zech inn in Saarlouiser Straße. On behalf of the Saarland state government, Saarlouis District Administrator Alfons Diwo sent the new city warning congratulations: “From the rubble that the war has left as legacy, we all have a task of the highest responsibility: to redesign the life of the community. It is the endeavor of the government and the administration to promote all forces which are useful for the reawakening of the initiative of the individual and the creative will of the community in order to overcome the damage in all areas of life which an unfortunate war has caused us. The fulfillment of this task requires an enormous sacrifice of the present for the future. The future generations will one day measure the human size of the present generation by the courage to make this sacrifice. "
Referendum on the Saar Statute 1955
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Through the Saarland referendum on October 23, 1955, Dillingen was politically and economically attached to the Federal Republic of Germany in 1957 and 1959. In Dillingen and Pachten, 3,708 voters voted in favor of the Saar Statute and 6,460 against. In Diefflen, 1151 supported the agreement, 1447 rejected it. (The national average of the no-sayers was 67.7%.) In the wake of the annexation of the Saarland to the Federal Republic of Germany , Federal Chancellor Konrad Adenauer visited the city of Dillingen on New Year's Day 1957. Federal President Theodor Heuss paid an official visit to the city on January 22, 1957. Federal President Heinrich Lübke came to Dillingen on November 6, 1959. Konrad Adenauer repeated his visit on June 25, 1965.
Street renaming after the end of the Saar state
With the annexation to the Federal Republic, numerous street renaming from the time of the French-dominated Saar state were reversed. Prussian politicians and the military, who emerged in the 19th century with a policy that was not very friendly to France, were given special consideration. In Dillingen the following were renamed: "Beethovenstrasse" in "Bismarckstrasse", "Odilienstraße" in "Bittenfeldstrasse" (after Eberhard Herwarth von Bittenfeld ) and "De-Lénoncourtstrasse" in "Böckingstrasse" (after Heinrich Böcking , the advocate of Dillingen's incorporation and the rest of the Saar places to the Kingdom of Prussia). The "Jakob-Burger-Straße", which reminded of the resistance fighter against National Socialism from Dillingen, has now been renamed "Göbenstraße" (after August Karl von Goeben , who fought down the last remnants of the democratic revolution during the Baden campaign in 1849 and in 1870 in the Franco-German War led the VIII. Army Corps as commanding general in the Battle of Spichern ). "Heinrich-Heine-Strasse" was renamed "Moltkestrasse" (after Helmuth Karl Bernhard von Moltke , who, as chief of the general staff, played an important role in the Prussian / German victories in the German-Danish War , the Prussian-Austrian War and the German- French War ). The rose garden was renamed "Platz des 23. Oktober", the day the Saar Statute was rejected on October 23, 1955. In view of the fact that the square was renamed "Platz des 13. Januar" (day of the referendum in 1935 in the Saar region with the result of the connection to the German Reich under Adolf Hitler), the naming was placed in a certain continuity context.
"Goethestrasse" has now been renamed "Roonstrasse" (after Albrecht von Roon ). The "Sebastian-Bach-Strasse" was now called "Scharnhorststrasse" (after Gerhard von Scharnhorst ). Heinrich Bies, the resistance fighter against National Socialism from Dillingen, was deprived of the honor of the "Heinrich-Bies-Straße" named after him. The street was renamed "Steinmetzstraße" after the Prussian General Field Marshal Karl Friedrich von Steinmetz . The "Schäferweg" (from 1935–1945 Adolf Hitler Strasse) was renamed "Werderstrasse" (after the Prussian infantry general August von Werder ).
In leases, the Pachten resistance fighter against National Socialism, Johann Schmitt, was deprived of the honor of the "Johann-Schmitt-Strasse" named after him. The street was now called "Neustraße".
In Diefflen, at the suggestion of the "German Home Federation", which had been politically successful against the Saar Statute propagated by the Saar state government under Prime Minister Johannes Hoffmann , a street on the settlement in "Deutsches Eck" was named.
City partnership with Creutzwald
In 1966, the mayor of the French city of Creutzwald , Felix Mayer (term of office 1944–1971), expressed the wish to enter into a partnership with a German city near the border in a conversation with representatives of the Saarland press. A press representative who was present came from Dillingen and suggested this city as a suitable partner. When the mayor of Dillingen, Eduard Jakobs , responded positively, the course was set for a partnership. The treaty, which was signed on December 9, 1967, says: "The twin cities are convinced that quarrels and strife are a thing of the past and that the future is determined by peace, freedom and friendship". The aim of the partnership should be to encourage young people in particular to work for international understanding and to actively participate in the creation of a united Europe.
Albert Kremer, the rector of the Pachten primary school and honorary councilor of the city of Dillingen, made a significant contribution with his personal commitment to ensuring that the efforts to get closer on both sides produced positive results. Albert Kremer was made an honorary citizen of the city of Dillingen in 1976 for his services in this regard. Felix Meyer's successor in office, André Brohl, mayor of Creutzwald from 1973 to 2007, further expanded the town twinning on the French side, for which he was also honored with Dillingen's honorary citizenship. Joint events of the two municipalities were sports competitions, street festivals, city events, student exchanges, senior meetings and mutual administrative assistance of city administrations and city councils. The 50th anniversary of the signing of the partnership document between the two cities of Dillingen and Creutzwald was celebrated during a ceremony in the Dieffler parish hall. The ceremony was chaired by the mayor of Dillingen, Franz Josef Berg, and his colleague from Creutzwald, Jean Luc Wozniak. Guests of honor at the event included the Saarland Minister for European Affairs Stephan Toscani , the Consul General of the Republic of France in Saarland, Catherine Robinet, the Mayor of Dillingen's twin town Thomas Delling from Hoyerswerda and the former mayor of Creutzwald, André Brohl.
Incorporation of Diefflens
The plan to incorporate Diefflen into Dillingen dates back to the early 1920s when Camille David was mayor of Dillingen. Even then it became clear that Diefflen would develop from a farming village to a purely workers' community whose tax strength would not be sufficient to cope with larger tasks. Only in the period after the Second World War were these plans taken up again in 1951 and 1959, but were then not pursued any further.
Negotiations between a commission of the Dieffler municipal council and a commission of the Dillingen city council also led to no result in 1963/64. After further negotiations in the years 1967–1968, Dieffler commission member Josef Jost-Reiter (1926–2017) presented a “draft for the area change agreement between the city of Dillingen / Saar and the community of Diefflen”. The municipal councils of Diefflens and Dillingens voted in 1968 for the implementation of the agreement, which was confirmed by the Saarland state government under Prime Minister Franz-Josef Röder on July 19, 1969. This made Diefflen the third district of Dillingen on August 1, 1969. The area covered 5.04 km² and had 4298 inhabitants at that time.
In connection with the Saarland municipal reform in 1974, the Saarland Ministry of the Interior under Minister Ludwig Schnur proposed that the Bierbach and brickworks in Nalbach should be added to the Diefflens district, as their development is directly connected to the Diefflens. In a public survey, however, the residents of the two settlements decided with 65 votes to stay with Nalbach, 7 people were in favor of Diefflen, and two votes were invalid.
Honecker visit
From 7 to 11 September 1987 the chairman of the State Council of the GDR, Erich Honecker , visited the Federal Republic of Germany and was received by Federal Chancellor Helmut Kohl in Bonn. On his journey through the Federal Republic of Germany he came to Düsseldorf , Wuppertal , Essen , Trier , Bavaria and his home in the Saarland. This trip had been planned since 1983, but was blocked by the Soviet leadership at the time, because the German-German special relationship was mistrusted. From 9 to 10 September 1987 Honecker stayed in Dillingen. The Saarland CDU leader Peter Jacoby and the then chairman of the Saarland Young Union and later Saarland Prime Minister Peter Müller spoke at a protest against Honecker's visit to Dillingen, GDR human rights violations, shooting orders against GDR border refugees and the Berlin Wall . With Prime Minister Oskar Lafontaine and greats from the economy and politics of the Saarland Honecker met for a meal in the guest house of the Dillinger Hütte . The city partnership between Dillingen and the city of Hoyerswerda in the then Cottbus district was initiated in 1988 .
Stream of refugees from the GDR
In connection with the collapse of the socialist system in the German Democratic Republic in 1989/1990, there was an influx of former GDR citizens who were quartered by the Saarland State Office for Foreigners and Refugee Affairs in Lebach in the city of Dillingen. Emergency quarters have been set up in schools and gyms as well as in the Dillingen town hall.
2000 year celebration
In 1990 a 2000 year celebration was held in Dillingen and Lenten. A steel symposium was held on the occasion of Dillingen's 2000th anniversary. In local companies 5 works by 5 artists were produced, which were set up along the Saar and on an axis leading into the city center. In addition, a historical pageant about different epochs of the city's history led through the streets of the city.
literature
- Adler, Wolfgang / Schwarz, Monika: "News about the late period of the Roman vicus Contiomagus (Dillingen-Leases)", in: "Landesarchäologie Saar 2005–2009", Volume 2 of the series "Preservation of monuments in Saarland", page 217ff, Saarbrücken 2010.
- Alecu, Maria Daniela / Franke, Peter Robert: "The Roman coin find from Dillingen-Lachten 1968", in: "Contributions to archeology and art history. 16. Report of the State Preservation of Monuments in Saarland 1969 «, page 141ff, Saarbrücken 1969.
- AG der Dillinger Hüttenwerke (publisher): "For the 275th anniversary of Dillinger Hütte - 1685–1960", Dillingen 1960.
- AG der Dillinger Hüttenwerke (Ed.): "300 Years of Dillinger Hütte - A Review", Dillingen 1985.
- AG der Dillinger Hüttenwerke (ed.): "325 Years of Dillinger Hütte", Dillingen 2010.
- Behringer, Wolfgang / Clemens, Gabriele: History of the Saarland, Munich 2009, p. 114.
- Hugh Marshall Cole: The Lorraine Campaign . United States Government Printing Office , 1950 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
- Bellmann, Günther / Jost, Armin: "The Old Parish - History of the Parish of St. Johann Dillingen", History Workshop Dillingen / Saar eV, Dillingen 2010.
- Brunner, H .: "An Egyptian statuette from leases", in: "Contributions to Saarland archeology and art history. 11. Report of the State Preservation of Monuments 1964 «, page 59ff, Saarbrücken 1964.
- Georg Colesie: History of the Nalbach Valley, A Saarland Homeland History, 2nd edition, Nalbach 1990.
- Cüppers, Heinz et al .: "The Romans on the Moselle and Saar - Evidence of Roman times in Lorraine, Luxembourg, in the Trier area and in Saarland", Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 1983.
- Dehnke, Erhard: »The Roman Coins of Leases«, in: »Contributions to Saarland archeology and art history. 11. Report of the State Preservation of Monuments 1964 «, page 51ff, Saarbrücken 1964.
- Dräger, Johannes / Reuter, Stefan: "The Westwall in the Dillingen area from 1936 to today", Dillingen / Saar eV history workshop, Dillingen 2006.
- Förderverein Heimatmuseum Pachten (Ed.): "The Roman Pachten and its Surroundings", Dillingen 1990.
- Franke, Peter Robert: »Leases: The oldest cotton find north of the Alps (300 AD)«, in: »Contributions to archeology and art history. 16. Report of the State Preservation of Monuments in Saarland 1969 «, page 161ff, Saarbrücken 1969.
- Franz, Gerhard: The victory of the naysayers, 50 years after the vote on the Saar Statute, Blieskastel 2005, p. 181.
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Individual evidence
- ^ Lehnert, Aloys: "History of the City of Dillingen Saar", Krüger printing works, Dillingen 1968, p. 27.
- ↑ Constanze Höpken, Nicholas Conard: The hand ax from Wallerfangen. In: From the Stone Age to the Present - Research on Wallerfang History, published in honor of Theodor Liebertz on his 150th birthday. Association for local research Wallerfangen eV, Wallerfangen 2019, pp. 83–90.
- ↑ Schmitt, Philipp: "The Saarlouis district and its surroundings under the Romans and Celts", Trier 1850.
- ^ Nicolas Bernard Motte: Manuscript tiré des archives mêmes de Sarrelouis et de ses environs par Nicolas Bernard Motte Seigneur d'Altvillers (1777–1860), manuscript in the Saarlouis city library.
- ↑ Walter Zimmermann: The art monuments of the Ottweiler and Saarlouis districts, Düsseldorf 1934, p. 34.
- ^ Keune, Johann Baptist: On the prehistory of the Ottweiler and Saarlouis districts, in: Walter Zimmermann: The art monuments of the Ottweiler and Saarlouis districts, Düsseldorf 1934, pp. 301–338.
- ^ Hennes, Franz: Stadt Dillingen-Saar Festschrift on the occasion of the city's development, Dillingen / Saar 1949, p. 29.
- ↑ Gillet, Josef: The place name Dillingens in history, in: Saarheimat 7/8, 1964.
- ↑ Scherer, Alois: Dieffler Histories, Diefflen, as it once was in documents, reports, stories, pictures, Dillingen / Saar 2009, p. 188.
- ^ Schulte, Aloys: History of medieval trade and traffic between West Germany and Italy with connection to Venice, Volume I, Leipzig 1900, p. 426 ff.
- ↑ Brouwer, Christoph u. Masen, Jacob: Antiquitatum et Annalium Treverensium libri XXV., Lüttich 1670, I, p. 76. - Brouwer, Christoph and Jakob Masen: Metropolis ecclesiae Trevericae, quae metropolitanae ecclesiae originem, jura, decus, officia tum subjectorum illi episcopatuum, regionum, urbium, ecclesiarum, abbatiarum et monasteriorum ortus progressusque per archidiocesin Trevirensem complectitur, ed. by Christian von Stramberg. 2 vols. Koblenz 1855 and 1856.
- ↑ Baltzer, Georg: Historical notes on the city of Saarlouis and its immediate surroundings, Part II, Trier 1865, p. 132.
- ↑ Lehnert, Aloys: "History of the City of Dillingen Saar", Krüger printing works, Dillingen 1968. pp. 312-314.
- ^ Parish archive Dillingen, I, p. 277.
- ↑ Diocese archive Trier, A, VI, 12.
- ^ Lehnert, Aloys: History of the City of Dillingen / Saar, Dillingen 1968, p. 87 f.
- ^ Ruppersberg: History of the former county of Saarbrücken . After Friedrich and Adolf Köllner, revised and expanded, 4 volumes, 2nd edition, Saarbrücken 1908, I, p. 170 u. 328
- ↑ Nancy, Archives départementales, B 956, No. 30; B 933, No. 10, 12-21; B 588, No. 21, B 956, No. 33, B 588, No. 21.
- ^ Lehnert, Aloys: Geschichte der Stadt Dillingen / Saar, Dillingen 1968, pp. 133-135.
- ↑ Colesie, Georg: Geschichte des Nalbacher Tales, Eine Saarländische Heimatgeschichte, 2nd edition, Nalbach 1990, p. 32 f.
- ^ Dillingen parish archives, I / IV, p. 178.
- ^ Anton Jacob: The witch trials in Merzig and the surrounding area . In: 2nd yearbook of the Association for Local Lore in the Merzig District, Merzig 1930.
- ^ Aloys Lehnert: History of the city of Dillingen / Saar . Dillingen 1968, pp. 122-124.
- ↑ Lehnert, Aloys: Geschichte der Stadt Dillingen / Saar, Dillingen 1968, pp. 138-143.
- ^ Tritz, Michael: History of the Wadgassen Abbey at the same time a cultural and war history of the Saar area, Wadgassen 1901, p. 103.
- ^ Anton Jakob: The Thirty Years' War and its consequences for the lower Saargau . In: 3rd yearbook of the Verein für Heimatkunde im Kreis Merzig, Merzig 1934, pp. 55–74, here p. 69.
- ↑ Colesie, Georg: Geschichte des Nalbacher Tales, Eine Saarländische Heimatgeschichte, 2nd edition, Nalbach 1990, p. 107 f.
- ^ Wentzcke, Paul: Feldherr des Kaiser - Leben und Daten Duke Karl V von Lothringen , Leipzig 1943, p. 79 ff.
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- ↑ Lehnert, Aloys: "History of the City of Dillingen Saar", Krüger printing works, Dillingen 1968, p. 472.
- ^ Pauly, Ferdinand: Settlement and parish organization in the old Archdiocese of Trier. The Landkapitel Merzig, Trier 1970, p. 118.
- ↑ Ham, Hermann van: 250 years of Dillinger Hütte, 1685-1935, Dillingen 1935, pp. 26-29.
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- ↑ Sittel: History and description of the Vierherrschaft des Nalbacher Valley, LHA Koblenz, Dept. 701, No. 486.
- ↑ Colesie, Georg: Geschichte des Nalbacher Tales, Eine Saarländische Heimatgeschichte, 2nd edition, Nalbach 1990, pp. 133-136.
- ^ Hermann van Ham: 250 years of Dillinger Hütte, 1685–1935 . Dillingen 1935, p. 69.
- ^ Emmanuel Michel: Biography du Parlement de Metz . Metz 1853, p. 509 ff.
- ↑ Pfarrarchiv Dillingen I, p. 277 / see also: Hermann, Hans-Walter: Das Herzogtum Lothringen. Historical regional studies of the Saarland, Volume 2, p. 221 f.
- ^ Andreas Mailänder: Sketch of the border line . In: Local history yearbook of the Saarlouis district 1966, p. 58.
- ^ Parish archive Dillingen I / IV, pp. 190 ff.
- ^ Parish archives Dillingen I / IV, p. 219.
- ↑ Ham, Hermann van: 250 years of Dillinger Hütte, 1685–1935, Dillingen 1935, p. 80.
- ↑ Lehnert, Aloys: Geschichte der Stadt Dillingen / Saar, Dillingen 1968, pp. 158–165.
- ^ Ernst Klitscher: Between Kaiser and French Crown, The Saar Territories in the European Disputes 1740 to 1815, 3rd, revised edition, Saarbrücken 1992, p. 110.
- ^ Ernst Meyer-Camberg : The adventurous résumé of Count Adolf von Ottweiler (1789-1812) , in: Yearbook Einst und Jetzt , yearbook of the Association for Corporate Student History Research, Volume 8 (1963), Neustadt an der Aisch, pp. 92-101 .
- ↑ Count Adolph von Ottweiler: Campaign letters from 1812, in: Communications of the Historical Association for the Saar Region, Volume 8 (1901), pp. 168–220.
- ↑ Hennes, Franz: Hundred years of struggle for forest righteous. The tenants tenaciously defended an old law, article in: Saarbrücker Zeitung, 1967, No. 81.
- ^ Dillingen parish archives, I, pp. 113–118.
- ↑ Dorveaux, Nicolas et Lesprand, Paul: Cahiers de doléances of communautés en 1789. I. Baillage de Boulay et de Bouzonville, Leipzig 1908, Baillage de Thionville, Bar-le-Duc in 1922, pp 311-314.
- ^ Parish archive Dillingen III / II, p. 169.
- ^ Dillingen parish archives, I, p. 384.
- ↑ Parish archive Dillingen III / II.
- ↑ Landesarchiv Saarbrücken, Best. 22, No. 4429.
- ^ Parish archive Dillingen I, p. 59.
- ↑ Ham, Hermann van: 250 years of Dillinger Hütte, 1685–1935, Dillingen 1935, p. 74 f.
- ↑ Lehnert, Aloys: Geschichte der Stadt Dillingen / Saar, Dillingen 1968, p. 172 f.
- ^ Kiefer, Walter: Leases - Dillingen - Diefflen, Pictures from Yesterday and Today (1885–1985), Saarbrücken 1985, p. 103.
- ^ Friedrich Foerster: The field marshal Fuerst Bluecher von Wahlstatt and his surroundings, Leipzig 1821, p. 188.
- ^ Vienna Convention Act signed on June 8, 1815
- ^ Fritz Kloevekorn : Saarbrücken's past in pictures, Saarbrücken 1933, p. 142.
- ↑ State Main Archives Koblenz 442 - 6346, sheet 51.
- ↑ State Main Archives Koblenz 442 - 6346, sheet 51.
- ↑ Saar calendar vol. 5, 1827, p.106.
- ^ Intelligence Gazette Saarbrücken No. 1, 1815.
- ^ Alois Prediger: Geschichte des Landkreis Saarlouis, Vol. 1, French heritage and Prussian formation (1815–1848), Saarbrücken 1997, pp. 55–72.
- ↑ AG der Dillinger Hüttenwerke (ed.): 325 Years Dillinger Hütte 1685–2010, Volume Menschen, Dillingen 2010, p. 53.
- ↑ George Colesie: history of Nalbacher Tales, a Saarland local history , 2nd ed Nalbach 1990. P. 170.
- ↑ declaration of assignment of the Austrian General Commissioner William of Droßdik from 1 July 1816 Landeshauptarchiv Koblenz 442-3731, Leaf 59th
- ^ Declaration of takeover by the Prussian commissioner Freiherr von Schmitz-Grollenburg from July 1, 1816, Landeshauptarchiv Koblenz 442 - 3731, pages 61, 63.
- ^ Motte, Bernhard: Manuscript in the Saarlouis city library, after Colesie, Georg: Geschichte des Nalbacher Tales, Eine Saarländische Heimatgeschichte, 2nd edition, Nalbach 1990, p. 173 u. 187.
- ↑ quoted from Spurk, Johann: Diefflen - Geschichtliche Entwicklung eines Heimatgemeinde, Dillingen 1964, pp. 40 ff.
- ↑ Karl Friedrich Schinkel's diary notes about a trip from Mettlach to Saarbrücken from April 23 to 25, 1826, printed by: Peter Keuth: Schinkel als Retter des “Alten Turm” in Mettlach, in: Saarheimat 4, 1957, p. 24.
- ^ Aloys Lehnert: History of the City of Dillingen / Saar, Dillingen 1968, p. 539.
- ^ Aloys Lehnert: History of the city of Dillingen / Saar, Dillingen 1968, pp. 544-547.
- ↑ quoted from: Kiefer, Walter: "Pachten - Dillingen - Diefflen, Pictures from Yesterday and Today (1885–1985)", Saarbrücken 1985, p. 46.
- ↑ Alois Prediger: Geschichte des Landkreis Saarlouis, Vol. 2, In the Age of Liberalism and Industrialization (1848–1890), Saarbrücken 2005, p. 405.
- ↑ Alois Prediger: Geschichte des Landkreis Saarlouis, Vol. 2, In the Age of Liberalism and Industrialization (1848–1890), Saarbrücken 2005, p. 389.
- ^ Alois Prediger: Geschichte des Landkreis Saarlouis, Vol. 2, In the Age of Liberalism and Industrialization (1848–1890), Saarbrücken 2005, pp. 383–474.
- ↑ Alois Prediger: Geschichte des Landkreis Saarlouis, Vol. 2, In the Age of Liberalism and Industrialization (1848–1890), Saarbrücken 2005, p. 460, 459.
- ^ Alois Prediger: Geschichte des Landkreis Saarlouis, Vol. 2, In the Age of Liberalism and Industrialization (1848–1890), Saarbrücken 2005, p. 443.
- ↑ Louis Schneider: The Cross of Merit for Women and Virgins, Berlin 1872.
- ^ Frank Wernitz, Ansgar Reiss (ed.): The Iron Cross 1813-1870-1914, History and Significance of an Award, Catalogs of the Bavarian Army Museum Ingolstadt, Volume 11. Verlag Militaria GmbH. Vienna 2013, p. 247.
- ↑ Alois Prediger: Geschichte des Landkreis Saarlouis, Vol. 2, In the Age of Liberalism and Industrialization (1848–1890), Saarbrücken 2005, pp. 396–397.
- ↑ Alois Prediger: Geschichte des Landkreis Saarlouis, Vol. 2, In the Age of Liberalism and Industrialization (1848–1890), Saarbrücken 2005, pp. 391 and 440–441.
- ↑ Alois Prediger: Geschichte des Landkreis Saarlouis, Vol. 2, In the Age of Liberalism and Industrialization (1848–1890), Saarbrücken 2005, p. 416.
- ↑ Alois Prediger: Geschichte des Landkreis Saarlouis, Vol. 2, In the Age of Liberalism and Industrialization (1848–1890), Saarbrücken 2005, pp. 391 and 445–458.
- ↑ Alois Prediger: Geschichte des Landkreis Saarlouis, Vol. 2, In the Age of Liberalism and Industrialization (1848–1890), Saarbrücken 2005, pp. 452–453.
- ^ Alois Prediger: Geschichte des Landkreis Saarlouis, Vol. 2, In the Age of Liberalism and Industrialization (1848–1890), Saarbrücken 2005, p. 458.
- ↑ Alois Prediger: Geschichte des Landkreis Saarlouis, Vol. 2, In the Age of Liberalism and Industrialization (1848–1890), Saarbrücken 2005, p. 474.
- ^ Lehnert, Aloys: Geschichte der Stadt Dillingen / Saar, Dillingen 1968, p. 457.
- ↑ Scherer, Alois: Dieffler Histories, Diefflen, as it once was in documents, reports, stories, pictures, Dillingen / Saar 2009, pp. 106-107.
- ^ Lehnert, Aloys: Geschichte der Stadt Dillingen / Saar, Dillingen 1968, pp. 558–562.
- ^ Lehnert, Aloys: Geschichte der Stadt Dillingen / Saar, Dillingen 1968, p. 370.
- ↑ Lehnert, Aloys: Festschrift on the occasion of the granting of city rights to the community of Dillingen-Saar on September 1, 1949, Dillingen / Saar 1949, p. 18.
- ↑ AG der Dillinger Hüttenwerke (ed.): 325 Years Dillinger Hütte 1685–2010, Volume Menschen, Dillingen 2010, p. 201.
- ^ Alfred Stooß: Modern architecture. In: Konrad Adenauer (Ed.): Cologne, (= Germany's urban development), 2nd edition, DARI, Berlin-Halensee 1925, pp. 94, 97.
- ^ David Blackbourn: Marpingen - The German Lourdes in the Bismarckian Period , Historical Contributions of the Saarbrücken State Archives, Volume 6, Saarbrücken 2007, ISBN 978-3-9808556-8-6 , p. 129.
- ↑ Manfred Kostka: History of the Parish Dillingen from its beginnings to the division in 1935, in: Katholisches Bildungswerk Dillingen-Nalbach eV (Ed.): 100 years Saardom, Holy Sacrament Dillingen, 1000 years Parish Dillingen, commemorative publication for the anniversary of the church consecration on 25. April 2013, Dillingen / Saar 2012, pp. 17–65, here p. 58.
- ^ Stadtarchiv Dillingen, report from the mayor of Fraulautern to the Saarlouis district administrator from June 25, 1874.
- ↑ Minutes of the municipal council from November 21, 1879.
- ↑ Karl Kammer: Trier Kulturkampfiester, selection of some prominent priest figures from the time of the Prussian Kulturkampf, based on authentic reports with a short life of the Blessed Bishop Matthias Eberhard and an introduction, Trier 1926, pp. 53-58.
- ↑ Lehnert, Aloys: "History of the City of Dillingen Saar", Krüger printing works, Dillingen 1968, pp. 178–179.
- ↑ AG der Dillinger Hüttenwerke (ed.): 325 Years of Dillinger Hütte 1685–2010, volume Menschen, Dillingen 2010, p. 58.
- ↑ AG der Dillinger Hüttenwerke (ed.): 325 Years Dillinger Hütte 1685–2010, Volume Chronik, Dillingen 2010, p. 58.
- ^ AG der Dillinger Hüttenwerke (ed.): 325 Years Dillinger Hütte 1685–2010, Volume Chronik, Dillingen 2010, pp. 58–61 and pp. 62–71.
- ^ Lehnert, Aloys: Geschichte der Stadt Dillingen / Saar, Dillingen 1968, pp. 179–181.
- ↑ AG der Dillinger Hüttenwerke (ed.): 325 Years Dillinger Hütte 1685–2010, Volume Menschen, Dillingen 2010, pp. 110–111.
- ^ Lehnert, Aloys: Geschichte der Stadt Dillingen / Saar, Dillingen 1968, p. 180.
- ^ Lehnert, Aloys: Geschichte der Stadt Dillingen / Saar, Dillingen 1968, p. 181.
- ^ Spurk, Johann: "Diefflen - The development of a small village settlement into a large workers' community", A. Krüger, Dillingen-Saar, 1964, pp. 79–82.
- ↑ Hermann Volk: Heimatgeschichtlicher Wegweiser to places of resistance and persecution 1933-1945. Volume 4, Saarland. Cologne 1990, p. 116.
- ↑ Johannes Peter: On the history of the Dillinger workers' movement 1918-1935 . Dillingen / Saar 2006, ISBN 978-3-938190-19-7 , pp. 101-135 .
- ^ Lehnert, Aloys: Geschichte der Stadt Dillingen / Saar, Dillingen 1968, p. 185.
- ^ Alois Scherer: Streets and squares in Dillingen, Pachten, Diefflen; Causes and meaning of their naming , Nalbach 1990.
- ^ Christel Wickert: Resistance and persecution of German social democrats in the 20th century. In: Social Democratic Party of Germany (ed.): Committed to freedom. Memorial book of the German social democracy in the 20th century. Marburg, 2000. p. 377.
- ^ Klaus Michael Mallmann / Gerhard Paul : The splintered no. Saarlanders against Hitler . Dietz, Bonn 1989, ISBN 3-8012-5010-5 , p. 49 .
- ↑ Peter Goergen: Willi Graf: a way in the resistance, Volume 11 of the series of the Stiftung Demokratie Saarland eV, History, Politics and Society, St. Ingbert 2009, pp. 70–72.
- Jump up ↑ Volk, Hermann: Heimatgeschichtlicher Wegweiser to places of resistance and persecution 1933-1945, Volume 4, Saarland. Cologne 1990, pp. 117-118.
- ↑ Hermann Volk: Heimatgeschichtlicher Wegweiser to places of resistance and persecution 1933-1945 . tape 4 : Saarland. . Pahl-Rugenstein, Cologne 1990, p. 115-119 .
- ↑ www.geschichtskarten.openstreetmap.de
- ^ Hans-Walter Herrmann : The franking of the red zone 1939/1940. Procedure and sources , in: Journal for the history of the Saar region, 32nd year, Saarbrücken 1984, pp. 64–89.
- ↑ Lehnert, Aloys: Festschrift on the occasion of the granting of city rights to the municipality of Dillingen-Saar on September 1, 1949, Dillingen / Saar 1949, p. 20.
- ↑ Armin Jost, Stefan Reuter: "Dillingen in the Second World War". History workshop Dillingen / Saar, Dillingen 2002, p. 314.
- ↑ Armin Jost, Stefan Reuter: "Dillingen in the Second World War". History workshop Dillingen / Saar, Dillingen 2002, pp. 313-320.
- ^ Lehnert, Aloys: Festschrift on the occasion of the granting of city rights to the municipality of Dillingen-Saar on September 1, 1949, Dillingen / Saar 1949, p. 21.
- ↑ Armin Jost, Stefan Reuter: "Dillingen in the Second World War". History workshop Dillingen / Saar, Dillingen 2002, pp. 313-320.
- ↑ (also Rundstedt-Offensive ) or company "Wacht am Rhein" , then renamed company "Herbstnebel" , Ian Kershaw : "The End", London 2011, ISBN 978-0-14-101421-0 , p. 130.
- ↑ Heinrich Meuren, Rolf A. Bauer: The storm on the Westwall 1944. In: Our home. Issue 2/80, pp. 59, 85-87.
- ↑ Armin Jost, Stefan Reuter: "Dillingen in the Second World War". History workshop Dillingen / Saar, Dillingen 2002, pp. 313-320.
- ↑ a b Georg Colesie: Geschichte des Nalbacher Tales, Eine Saarländische Heimatgeschichte, 2nd edition, Nalbach 1990, p. 244.
- ↑ Armin Jost, Stefan Reuter: "Dillingen in the Second World War". History workshop Dillingen / Saar, Dillingen 2002, pp. 313-320.
- ↑ Armin Jost, Stefan Reuter: "Dillingen in the Second World War". History workshop Dillingen / Saar, Dillingen 2002, pp. 313-320.
- ↑ Scherer, Alois: Dieffler Histories, Diefflen, as it once was in documents, reports, narratives, pictures, Dillingen / Saar 2009, p. 329.
- ^ Lehnert, Aloys: Geschichte der Stadt Dillingen / Saar , Dillingen 1968, pp. 186–196.
- ↑ Scherer, Alois: Dieffler Histories, Diefflen, as it once was in documents, reports, narratives, pictures, Dillingen / Saar 2009, p. 329.
- ↑ Scherer, Alois: "Streets and squares in Dillingen, Pachten, Diefflen - cause and meaning of their naming", published by the Realschule Dillingen and the city of Dillingen, Nalbach 1990.
- ^ Lehnert, Aloys: Festschrift on the occasion of the granting of city rights to the community of Dillingen-Saar on September 1, 1949 . Dillingen / Saar 1949.
- ^ Gerhard Franz: The victory of the naysayers, 50 years after the vote on the Saar Statute , Blieskastel 2005, p. 181.
- ^ Aloys Lehnert: History of the City of Dillingen / Saar, Dillingen 1968, pp. 203-205.
- ↑ Hundred Years of High School Dillingen 1902–2002, Festschrift des Albert-Schweitzer-Gymnasium, Gymnasium des Landkreis Saarlouis, Saarbrücken 2002, pp. 49–51.
- ↑ Scherer, Alois: "Streets and squares in Dillingen, Pachten, Diefflen - cause and meaning of their naming", published by the Realschule Dillingen and the city of Dillingen, Nalbach 1990.
- ↑ Scherer, Alois: Dieffler Histories, Diefflen, as it used to be in documents, reports, stories, pictures, Dillingen / Saar 2009.
- ↑ https://www.saarinfos.de/2017/12/stdtepartektiven-creutzwald-dillingen-ein-modell-fr-deutschland/ , accessed on June 7, 2019.
- ↑ https://www.saarbruecker-zeitung.de/saarland/saarlouis/dillingen/dicke-freunde-seit-50-jahren_aid-2239357 , accessed on June 7, 2019.
- ^ Johann Spurk: Parish Chronicle of St. Josef Diefflen 1900–1975, Saarlouis 1975, pp. 359–360.
- ↑ Georg Colesie: Geschichte des Nalbacher Tales, Eine Saarländische Heimatgeschichte, 2nd edition, Nalbach 1990, p. 244.
- ↑ George Colesie: history of Nalbacher Tales, a Saarland local history , 2nd ed Nalbach 1990. P. 245.
- ^ Paul Burgard et al. Ludwig Linsmayer: 50 years of Saarland, from incorporation into the Federal Republic to the state anniversary, (historical contributions of the Saarbrücken State Archives, vol. 5), Saarbrücken 2007, p. 274.