Košice

Košice ([ ˈkɔʃɪʦɛ ] pronunciation ^?^/^I , German Kaschau , Hungarian Kassa , Romani Kascha , New Latin Cassovia ) is a town on the Hornád River in eastern Slovakia near the border with Hungary . With its 238,593 inhabitants (as of December 31, 2019) it is the second largest city in the country after Bratislava .

Košice is the central place in Eastern Slovakia and the seat of a regional association ( Košický kraj ). The city is divided into four administrative districts (okresy). The city is a Greek Catholic and Evangelical Reformed bishopric . The seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese has also been located here since 1995 . Košice is also a university town, seat of the constitutional court and a center of the Roma ethnic group in Slovakia.

Košice and surroundings in a satellite photo

geography

location

Košice is located in Kaschauer boiler (Košická kotlina) on the river Hornád in the eastern edge of the Slovak Ore Mountains in the mountain ranges Čierna hora (in the northwest) and volovec mountains (southwest); the Torysa flows on the eastern city limits , the basin is bordered in the east by the Slanské vrchy mountain formation . Other significant rivers are the Čermeľský potok and the Myslava, as tributaries on the right bank of the Hornád, and the Ida in the Šaca district. The city is connected to the third largest city Prešov (36 km north) by a number of municipalities and is located about 400 km east of the capital Bratislava. The borders with Hungary, Ukraine and Poland are respectively 20, 80 and 90 km away. The city area extends over 242.77 km²; the highest point is in the northwest on the hill Vysoký vrch (literally "high hill", 851 m nm ), the lowest point is in the southeast at 184 m nm. The city center is at 208 m nm

Košice borders the following municipalities: Kostoľany nad Hornádom and Družstevná pri Hornáde in the north, Budimír and Beniakovce in the Northeast, Hrašovík , Košické Oľšany , Sady nad Torysou and Košická Polianka in the east, Vyšná Hutka , Nižná Hutka , nižná myšľa and Kokšov-Bakša in the southeast , Valaliky , Haniska and Sokoľany in the south, Bočiar , Seňa , Veľká Ida , Šemša and Malá Ida in the south-west, Baška and Nižný Klátov in the west and Vyšný Klátov , Košická Belá , Veľká Lodina and Sokoľ in the north-west.

Panorama from the southeast; Old town with Elisabeth Cathedral on the right

climate

Košice lies in the temperate zone and in the area of the continental climate with four distinct seasons. Summers are usually warm and dry, winters cold and humid.

Average monthly temperatures and rainfall for Košice

	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Max. Temperature ( ° C )	0.5	3.2	9.3	15th	20.3	23.2	25.1	25.1	20.3	14.3	6.2	1.4	O	13.7
Min. Temperature (° C)	-5.6	-3.9	-0.4	4.2	8.9	11.8	13.4	13.1	9.2	4.5	-0.2	-3.9	O	4.3

Precipitation ( mm )	25th	24	26th	49	70	86	83	70	53	47	42	33	Σ	608

Rainy days ( d )	13	11	10	12	14th	14th	13	11	10	10	13	14th	Σ	145

Source: Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute (SHMÚ)

history

Kosice in 1617

Emergence

The area is an old settlement area ( Neolithic , Bronze Age ). Avars settled in the 7th century , Slavic finds date from the 8th century. In the 9th century the city was part of the Principality of Neutra and then of Greater Moravia .

Towards the end of the 11th century, the city was incorporated into the Kingdom of Hungary . The core of today's Košice was formed by a Slavic settlement in today's Kováčska Street. Parallel to this old settlement, the exact date of its origin is unknown, German colonists founded a trading settlement in the neighborhood at the beginning of the 13th century. The two settlements merged in the 13th century, and the resulting Slavic-German settlement was one of the first cities in the kingdom to receive its first city rights around 1248. Shortly before that, in 1230, the city was first mentioned in writing (as villa Cassa ).

Kosice in the Kingdom of Hungary

In the centuries that followed, Košice was one of the most important and largest cities in the Kingdom of Hungary. Its location on a trade route to Poland and various privileges meant that trade flourished and its importance grew. The first guild rules have been handed down from 1307. After the defeat of the Aba family by Charles I's troops in the Battle of Rozhanovce in 1312, several rights were borrowed from the town in exchange. In 1347 Košice became the second free royal city in the Kingdom of Hungary after the capital Buda . In 1369 the city received its city arms from King Ludwig the Great . It was the first sovereign award of a coat of arms to a legal entity in Europe. Until then, this privilege was only available to natural persons. The city's development reached its peak in the 14th and 15th centuries. In the 15th century, the city played an important role in the Pentapolitana - a union of five cities in what is now eastern Slovakia - Košice, Prešov , Bardejov , Sabinov and Levoča . In the middle of the 15th century it came under the rule of Johann Giskra (Jan Jiskra). However, it remained one of the most important and largest centers in the 16th and 17th centuries.

Košice around 1900

In the 16th century the city was affected by the wars between Ferdinand I and Johann Zápolya . In the 17th and 18th centuries, Kaschau was the residence of Franz II Rákóczi (Hungarian Rákóczi Ferenc, Slovak František Rákoci). This is also where the anti-Habsburg uprisings flared up most violently. In 1670 the Habsburgs had a fortress built. In the 1670s, Kaschau was besieged by Kurucs several times . In 1682 the city was conquered by Imre Thököly , who lost it again in 1685. The fortress was destroyed in 1713. In the 17th century, Košice was the de facto capital of Upper Hungary, which at that time was the name for today's eastern Slovakia and parts of today's northeastern Hungary - and thus for the northern half of what was then Hungary. From 1563 to 1686 the city was the seat of the "Upper Hungary Captain" and from 1567 to 1848 the seat of the Spiš Chamber, a branch of the highest tax authority in Vienna for Upper Hungary.

At the beginning of the 18th century, the Ottomans were repulsed and the city's importance dwindled as new trade routes passed the city. The rich medieval city subsequently developed into an agricultural provincial town. Most of the city walls were demolished in the 18th century. In 1802 a diocese was founded. The first factories were built in the 1840s. The area around the city was the scene of several battles in the course of the revolutions of 1848/49 . The Hungarian army captured the city on February 15, 1849, but was repulsed by Russian intervention troops on June 24, 1849. The first railway line was built from Miskolc in 1860 . Shortly afterwards the lines to Tschop , Prešov and Žilina followed .

World wars

After the break-up of Austria-Hungary , Košice fell to Czechoslovakia on December 29, 1918, and in the summer of 1919 it was the seat of the "Slovak Soviet Republic" for a short time. Czechoslovak rule was confirmed by the Treaty of Trianon . After the First Vienna Arbitration , Kaschau was again part of Hungary from 1938 to 1945 .

When the Jews from Hungary were exterminated , the station was a border station. Important information about the number of Holocaust victims in Hungary comes from here . The first two transports from Hungary passed here at the end of April 1944 on their way to Auschwitz. After a two-week break, the trains came regularly, two to six a day. This gives posterity a list of the trains with the deportees that passed the border station, and therefore one knows how many Jews were on each train. So were z. For example, on May 16, around 17,000 people were deported to Auschwitz in five transports; on May 25, there were almost 16,000 people in five transports.

A prefabricated housing estate in the Staré Mesto district in 1971

During the Hungarian rule in World War II , the city was bombed on June 26, 1941. The Hungarian government then declared war on the Soviet Union . In 1945 the city was captured by the Red Army and for a short time acted as the provisional capital of Czechoslovakia. Here the government passed the Kaschau program on April 5, 1945 .

post war period

Under the rule of the Communist Party , which came to power in February 1948, numerous prefabricated housing estates were built; as a result of industrialization, in particular the construction of the East Slovak Ironworks (now US Steel Košice), the city grew rapidly and was the fifth largest in Czechoslovakia.

The city was together with Marseille European Capital of Culture 2013.

In 2017 Košice was awarded the honorary title of “ Reformation City of Europe ” by the Community of Evangelical Churches in Europe .

Name of the place

The German, Hungarian and Slovak name comes from the personal name Koša or from Slovak koša (for example "forest clearing" or rather "clearing" like Roth or Reuth ; derived from the verb kosiť "mowing"). The Hungarian surname Kassai refers to the name of the city.

population

Population development
year	Residents	year	Residents
1480	10,000	1930	58,100
1800	6,000	1942	67,000
1820	8,700	1950	60,700
1846	13,700	1961	79,400
1869	21,700	1970	142,200
1890	28,900	1980	202,400
1910	44,200	1991	235.160
1921	52,900	2001	236.091
		2013	240,000

Andrassy house

According to the 2011 census, the city had 240,433 inhabitants (2001 census: 236,091). The average population density was 1,014.3 inh / km². The most populous of the five districts is Košice II with 82,676 inhabitants (2001: 79,850), followed by Košice I with 68,467 (2001: 68,262), Košice IV with 59,242 (2001: 57,236) and Košice III with 30,048 (2001: 30,745). The largest ethnic group are the Slovaks with 177,581 inhabitants (73.86%, 2001: 210,340), followed by Magyars with 6,379 (2.65%, 2001: 8,940), Roma with 4,892 (2.03%, 2001: 5,055), Russians with 1,643 (0.68%, 2001: 1,279) and Czechs with 1,293 (0.54%, 2001: 2,803). Other ethnic groups are Ukrainians (758 inh., 2001: 1,077 inh.) And Germans (308 in., 2001: 398 in.). The ethnic group could not be determined for 45,922 inhabitants (19.10%, 2001: 4,936).

In 2011 there were 108,278 inhabitants (45.03%, 2001: 137,642) Roman Catholics , 14,732 (6.13%, 2001: 17,831) Greek Catholics , 7,418 (3.09%, 2001: 9,301) Lutherans , 4,881 ( 2.03%, 2001: 6,286) Calvinists , 2,984 (1.24%, 2001: 3,412) Orthodox , 1,336 Apostoles (2001: 700) and 782 (2001: 1,276) Jehovah's Witnesses ; 1,196 inhabitants were of other denominations not included in the statistics (2001: 515). 39,909 inhabitants (16.60%, 2001: 45,683) described themselves as atheists , and for 57,127 inhabitants (23.76%, 2001: 11,533) religious affiliation could not be determined.

In the following only official (until 1918 Hungarian, then Czechoslovak, 2001 Slovak) census results are used.

The originally Slovak-German city received a larger and permanent Hungarian settlement at the beginning of the 16th century, when today's Hungary was occupied by the Turks and numerous Hungarians fled to the north. The arrival of the Hungarian population was also encouraged by the temporary occupation of the city by Johann Zápolya , who drove the German population, who supported the anti-king Ferdinand von Habsburg , out of the city and replaced it with a Hungarian population. Although the proportion of the Hungarian population gradually increased in the following centuries, the proportion of Hungarians was below the proportion of Slovaks until the early 19th century. Other important ethnic groups were Germans and Jews .

From 1784 to the beginning of the 19th century, the number of inhabitants halved from 12,000 to 6,000. Slovaks made up the clear majority, Hungarians only in second place. In the course of the age of the nation states, an open Magyarization also occurred in the Kingdom of Hungary and thus in Košice. In the years around 1850 Košice already had 13,200 inhabitants, the importance of the city increased, and the number of Slovaks and Hungarians was roughly equal. In the first half of the 19th century, however, the German Wilhelm Richter described Košice as a city in which mostly "Slavs and Germans, less Magyars" lived after his exploration trip through the Kingdom of Hungary.

After the Austro-Hungarian equalization of 1867, the targeted Magyarization was intensified and within 20 years (1880-1900), according to Hungarian data, the proportion of the Hungarian population of the city rose from 41% to 67%, while the proportion of Germans and Slovaks increased significantly sank. Thus Košice (like many other cities in southern Slovakia) only became a predominantly Hungarian city after 1880 as a result of the Magyarization.

After the creation of Czechoslovakia in 1918, the proportion of Slovaks gradually increased again because many Hungarians had to leave the city, Hungarian officials and teachers were replaced by Czech (later Slovak) and many Slovaks immigrated to what was now the largest city in the entire eastern part of Czechoslovakia . This process was only briefly halted by the fact that after the First Vienna Arbitration between 1938 and 1945 , Kaschau belonged again to Hungary and in 1938 another 30,000 Slovaks and Czechs had to leave the city. After 1945, several thousand Hungarians again had to leave the city, and the proportion of the remaining Hungarian population decreased due to the influx of Slovaks from the neighboring, rather poor areas of Slovakia. At the last census in 2011, only 2.6% of the population said they were Hungarian.

The population development over the last 150 years:

1850:? % Slovaks, 39.71% Hungarians,? % Germans

1880: 42% Slovaks, 41% Hungarians, 17% Germans.

1900: 23% Slovaks, 67% Hungarians, 9% Germans

1910:? % Slovaks, 75.4% Hungarians,? % Germans

1930: 60.2% Slovaks / Czechs, 16.4% Hungarians, 4.7% Germans, 8.1% Jews

1950: 95% Slovaks / Czechs,? % Hungary,? % Germans, 0% Jews

1970: 95% Slovaks / Czechs, 3.9% Hungarians,? % Germans

Attractions

View of the Elisabeth Cathedral

Music fountain at the State Theater

Church of the Divine Mercy

The city center and most of the historical buildings are located on or around the main street (Hlavná ulica) . The largest protected urban area in Slovakia is located in the city. The dominant feature of the city is undoubtedly the 15th century Elizabeth Cathedral , the largest church in Slovakia. The executioner's bastion and the mill bastion are the remains of the former city fortifications. Other historic attractions include the St. Michael's Church , the St. Urban Tower , the Norbertine 's Church, the old Town Hall, the Bishop's Palace and the State Theater. There is also a city park between the main street and the train station and a zoo in the Kavečany district . From the current architecture, one should first mention the Church of the Divine Mercy or the Library of the Technical University .

See also:

Culture

performing Arts

The State Theater

There are several theaters in Košice. The State Theater Košice (Štátne divadlo Košice) was founded in 1945 under the name of the East Slovak Theater. It consists of three ensembles: drama, opera and ballet. Its stately building in a prominent location dates from 1899 and is the work of the Transylvanian architect Adolf Láng , who was mainly active in Hungary, but also in the Netherlands. Other theaters are the Marionette Theater (Bábkové divadlo) and the Old Town Theater (Staromestské divadlo) . Due to the presence of the Hungarian Roma minorities, the Hungarian Thália and the first professionally run Roma theater (Theater Romathan) are also located here. The Slovak State Philharmonic Košice ( Štátna filharmónia Košice, SFK ), located in the House of Arts, is also of supraregional importance (Dom umenia), which is characterized by excellent acoustics . Concert tours have taken the orchestra to many countries of the world, chief dirigent is from the Czech Republic originating Zbyněk Müller .

In addition to the Slovak- speaking stages, there is also a theater in Romani , the language of the Roma, and performances in the language of the Hungarian minority.

Museums, galleries

The East Slovak Museum (Východoslovenské múzeum) is the oldest museum in the city; it was founded in 1872 as the Upper Hungarian Museum (Felsőmagyarországi Múzeum) . It includes nine exhibitions in the city, including the history of the city and the monument to Francis II Rákóczi. Founded in 1947, the Slovak Technical Museum (Slovenské technické múzeum) includes a planetarium and is the only museum in Slovakia devoted to the history of science and technology. The Aviation Museum Košice is also a subsidiary of the Technical Museum and presents a cross-section of aviation history . The East Slovak Gallery was founded in 1951 as the first regional gallery and specializes in the art of what is now eastern Slovakia. The Vojtech Löffler Museum represents the works of the sculptor Vojtech Löffler. The Mihal gallery is a smaller gallery that is located in a hotel and has original works by Andy Warhol in its collection . In 2013, the city of Košice was awarded the title of European Capital of Culture , and on that occasion the old barracks were converted into a new cultural center. Under the name Kasárne / Kulturpark , it is also used to present contemporary art with the new art hall . In May 2015, a new, independent cultural center was opened in the former tobacco factory - the Tabačka Culture Factory .

Kasárne / cultural park
Hala umenia / Košice Art Hall
SPOT Važecká

Sports

The Košice Marathon has been held with few interruptions since 1924, making it the oldest marathon in Europe and the second oldest in the world after the Boston Marathon . It is held annually on the first Sunday in October.

The football club FC VSS Košice existed until 2017 and last played in the 2nd division . Other historically significant football clubs are 1. FC Košice , the first Slovakian participant in the UEFA Champions League, and Lokomotíva Košice . The HC Košice ice hockey club takes part in the Slovak extra league and is a four-time Slovak champion. He plays his home games in the Steel Aréna (capacity 8,378). Another club in town is the Good Angels Košice basketball club .

Politics and administration

The 22 districts of Košice

The city is the seat of one of the eight regional associations in Slovakia, the Košický kraj with 801,460 inhabitants. The Constitutional Court (Ústavný súd Slovenskej republiky) has its seat in Košice, and one of the branches of the National Bank of Slovakia is also located here. The consulate of Hungary is also located here.

The structure of the city administration consists of the mayor (primátor), the city council (mestské zastupiteľstvo), the city council (mestská rada), the city council commissions (Komisie mestského zastupiteľstva) and the magistrate (Magistrát) . The Lord Mayor is elected every four years for a four-year term. Acting Lord Mayor is the Deputy Mayor Martin Petruško .

The city is divided into 4 districts with 22 districts:

Košice I with the districts Džungľa , Kavečany , Sever , Sídlisko Ťahanovce , Staré Mesto and Ťahanovce
Košice II with the districts Lorinčík , Luník IX , Myslava , Pereš , Poľov , Sídlisko KVP , Šaca and Západ
Košice III with the districts Dargovských hrdinov and Košická Nová Ves
Košice IV with the districts of Barca , Juh , Krásna , Nad jazerom , Šebastovce and Vyšné Opátske

In addition to this division, the city is divided into 29 cadastral parishes (katastrálne územia) . In this classification, five of the districts mentioned above are further divided:

Sever - in Severné Mesto, Kamenné and Čermeľ
Staré Mesto - in Letná, Huštáky and Stredné Mesto
Šaca - in Šaca and Železiarne
Juh - in Skladná and Južné Mesto
Vyšné Opátske - in Vyšné Opátske and Nižná Úvrať

Furthermore, some parts of the city have a different name than cadastral municipality:

Džungľa as Brody
Sídlisko Ťahanovce as Nové Ťahanovce
Luník IX as Luník
Sídlisko KVP as Grunt
Západ as Terasa
Dargovských hrdinov as Furča
Nad jazerom as Jazero

Symbols

Today's coat of arms with historical variants

The symbols of Košice are the coat of arms and the flag. The coat of arms has been in use since 1369 when King Ludwig the Great granted the city the right to use its own coat of arms. The first coat of arms showed only red and white stripes and three lilies in the background. The current form has been in use since 1502.

The flag consists of two horizontal stripes of equal width, the upper one is yellow, the lower one is blue, with the coat of arms in the middle.

Twin cities

The city of Košice maintains a twinning relationship with the following cities :

Hungary Budapest , Hungary
Turkey Bursa , Turkey
Germany Cottbus , Germany
Hungary Miskolc , Hungary
United States Mobile, Alabama , USA
Serbia Niš , Serbia
Czech Republic Ostrava , Czech Republic

Bulgaria Plovdiv , Bulgaria
Finland Raahe , Finland
Poland Rzeszów , Poland
Russia Saint Petersburg , Russia
Ukraine Uzhhorod , Ukraine
Italy Verona , Italy
Germany Wuppertal , Germany

economy

Košice is the economic center of Eastern Slovakia. The city generates around 9% of the Slovak gross domestic product (2005). The largest employer in the city is the US Steel Košice steel works with around 15,000 employees. Other important branches are mechanical engineering, the food industry, services and trade.

education

After Bratislava, Košice is the most important university town in Slovakia with several universities, some of which have an international reputation: the Pavol-Jozef-Šafárik University Košice (7,868 students), the Technical University Košice (15,321 students), the Veterinary University Košice (1,459 students) , the Faculty of Theology of the Ružomberok Catholic University , the Faculty of Business Administration of the Bratislava University of Economics and the private University of Security Management in Košice (2,066 students).

There are 38 public, six private and three denominational primary schools with a total of 20,158 students. The system of secondary schools in the city includes 20 high schools with 7,692 students, 37 specialized secondary schools with 8,812 students and 27 vocational schools with 6,616 students (as of 2007).

traffic

Street

Junction Prešovská-Sečovská east of the city center, junction of 1st-order roads I / 50 and I / 68

Košice is located on the European route 50 , which comes from France through the Ukraine to the Russian Makhachkala ( Dagestan ), as well as on the European route 58 from Vienna to Rostov-on-Don . The European route 71 coming from Split / Zagreb / Budapest ends in Košice . There is a four-lane transit route from Šaca to Budimír (length about 25 km) , mostly signposted as a road, which is dedicated as 1st order roads I / 50 and I / 68 . A direct motorway connection towards Bratislava and Prague , the D1 motorway , is under construction or is partially completed. It is planned to continue this via Michalovce to the Slovak-Ukrainian border crossing Vyšné Nemecké - Uzhhorod . In the direction of Budapest, a section of the R4 expressway to the Milhosť - Tornyosnémeti border crossing was opened in November 2013 ; it is planned to build a bypass from Šaca to Košické Olšany as part of the R2 expressway .

railroad

Košice railway station

The Košice train station is the terminus of several Euro City - Intercity - and Express trains . There are direct connections to Bratislava, Prague (partly as a car train ), Budapest , Kiev , Vienna , Lemberg (Lviv), Krakow (Kraków) and Cheb . The main axis are the double-track railway lines Košice – Žilina and Košice – Tschop . In addition to the Slovak State Railways, the private railway companies Leo Express and Regiojet also offer direct connections from Prague and Bratislava to Košice. An InterCity runs once a day to Bratislava , which continues as a regional train via the Marchegger Ostbahn to Vienna.

Near Košice, in Haniska , ends the broad-gauge Uzhhorod – Košice line , a single-track railway line in Russian broad-gauge (1520 mm) from the border town of Maťovské Vojkovce . On May 7, 2007, the Russian railway company RŽD and the Slovak Ministry of Transport, Post and Telecommunications signed a letter of intent. a. plans to extend this route to Bratislava. The plans that have advanced since then now envisage an extension to the greater Vienna area, see broad gauge Košice – Vienna .

Air traffic

Kosice Airport

The international airport Košice was privatized in 2006, whereby Flughafen Wien AG is the majority owner. It is located six kilometers south of the city and offers several regional scheduled flights and charter connections.

Transportation

Public transport is operated by Dopravný podnik mesta Košice (Košice City Transport Company, DPMK). The first horse-drawn tram went into operation in 1891, and electrification took place in 1914. Today's line network consists of 40 bus lines , two trolleybus lines and 15 tram lines . Four bus routes handle night traffic.

Personalities

literature

Michael Okroy : Košice was a European city / Košice boli európskym mestom - A travel and reading book on Jewish culture and history in Košice and Prešov / Sprievodca a čítanka židovských dejín v Košiciach and Prešove. Translator Adam Bžoch. Edited on behalf of the Alte Synagoge e. V. Arco Verlag, Wuppertal 2005, ISBN 978-3-938375-01-3 (German, Slovak).
Michael Okroy: Using the example of Kaschau. In: Kafka . Journal for Central Europe. Edited by the Goethe Institute , Munich. No. 14, 2004, ISSN 1619-0793 , pp. 58-66.
Tobias Weger , Konrad Gündisch: Kaschau / Košice. A little city history. Pustet, Regensburg 2013, ISBN 978-3-7917-2479-9 .

Web links

Commons : Košice - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

City website in Slovak and English
Illustration by Daniel Meisner from 1625: Cassaw. Quatuor Perniciosa Homini ( digitized version )
Illustration by Lukas Schnitzer from 1665: Cassau ( digitized version )
Creative Košice - European Capital of Culture 2013. Košice wants to become the most creative city in Slovakia - Part 1. (No longer available online.) In: labkultur.tv. Archived from the original on April 13, 2015 .; accessed on June 7, 2019
Cassovia digitalis. The digital city library (German, Slovak, Hungarian, English)

Individual evidence

↑ Monika Vrzgula: "Ci pana, ta co v tych Košicoch zrobili?" ( Memento from February 2, 2009 in the Internet Archive ). Siedma časť seriálu o slovenských mestách. In: inzine.sk, May 21, 2003, accessed on June 7, 2019 (Slovak; article about the history of Košice).

↑ Dietrich Blandow, Michael J. Dyrenfurth (Ed.): Technology education in school and industry. emerging didactics for human resource development. Verlag Springer, Berlin 1994, ISBN 3-540-58250-9 , p. 6.

↑ Z History Košíc - 18 storočie ( Memento of 25 September 2006 at the Internet Archive ). In: kosice.sk, September 25, 2006, accessed on June 7, 2019 (Slovak; history of the city of Košice on the official website - 18th century).

↑ Documents on Košice in the Auschwitz Museum , see> The extermination> The extermination of the Hungarian Jews.

^ Reformation town Košice. Slovakia. Hungarian Luther. In: reformation-cities.org, accessed on May 28, 2018.

↑ Historical demographic data - populstat.info

↑ Data on statistics.sk. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on August 24, 2014 ; accessed on August 23, 2014 (no mementos). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.

↑ 2011 Census: Population by Ethnicity ( Memento of November 14, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 256 kB) - Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic (Slovak), accessed on September 17, 2013

↑ Summary 2001 Census - Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic

↑ 2001 census: permanent resident population by ethnicity ( memento of November 29, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) - Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic

↑ Permanent resident population by denomination ( Memento of November 29, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) - Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic

↑ 2011 census - population by denomination ( memento of November 14, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 256 kB) - Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic (Slovak), accessed on September 17, 2013

↑ Tourist information on Košice ( Memento of May 24, 2011 in the Internet Archive ). In: slovakia.travel, accessed on June 7, 2019 (source: Vydavateľstvo DAJAMA).

↑ An article about the opening of the Tabačka Culture Factory (Slovak).

↑ Local government. Vice Mayor. Martin Petruško. ( Memento of the original from May 29, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: kosice.sk, accessed on May 28, 2018 (“MUDr. Richard Raši , PhD., MPH, resigned from his mandate as Lord Mayor of Košice with effect from March 26, 2018, after he was appointed Deputy Prime Minister of the SR for investments and IT. The duties of the mayor are carried out by the deputy mayor JUDr. Martin Petruško in accordance with paragraph 13b, paragraph 4 of Act No. 369/1990 on municipalities. "). @1@ 2

↑ Úrad geodézie, kartografie a katastra SR (Geodesy, Cartography and Cadastral Office of the Slovak Republic), accessed on May 30, 2011

↑ Comune di Verona - Grandi Eventi - Gemellaggi e Patti d'Amicizia . Retrieved April 24, 2018.

↑ UrbanAudit. Košice. (No longer available online.) In: urbanaudit.org. European Commission. Directorate-General Regional Policy. Unit D2 Urban Actions, archived from the original ; accessed on June 7, 2019 (English, Košice not listed; search function no longer active).

↑ Základné školy k September 15, 2007 ( Memento from February 27, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 131 kB), Košický kraj Gymnáziá k September 15, 2007 ( Memento from February 27, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 121 kB ), Košický kraj Stredné odborné školy k September 15, 2007 ( Memento from February 27, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 143 kB), Košický kraj ( Memento from February 27, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 142 kB), Košický kraj Stredné odborné ucilištia k September 30, 2007 ( Memento of February 27, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 148 kB): data from Ústav informácii a prognóz školstva (Institute for Information and Forecasts of the School System)

↑ Širokorozchodná trať by mohla byť postavená do roku 2014. In: 24hod.sk. May 7, 2007, accessed August 23, 2014 .

↑ MHD Košice - (see under “Mapy a trasy”> “Trasy liniek”) .

^ Via Košice as the central marshalling yard for deportation trains to the Shoah .

[1] Monika Vrzgula: "Ci pana, ta co v tych Košicoch zrobili?" ( Memento from February 2, 2009 in the Internet Archive ). Siedma časť seriálu o slovenských mestách. In: inzine.sk, May 21, 2003, accessed on June 7, 2019 (Slovak; article about the history of Košice).

[2] Dietrich Blandow, Michael J. Dyrenfurth (Ed.): Technology education in school and industry. emerging didactics for human resource development. Verlag Springer, Berlin 1994, ISBN 3-540-58250-9 , p. 6.

[3] Z History Košíc - 18 storočie ( Memento of 25 September 2006 at the Internet Archive ). In: kosice.sk, September 25, 2006, accessed on June 7, 2019 (Slovak; history of the city of Košice on the official website - 18th century).

[4] Documents on Košice in the Auschwitz Museum , see> The extermination> The extermination of the Hungarian Jews.

[5] Reformation town Košice. Slovakia. Hungarian Luther. In: reformation-cities.org, accessed on May 28, 2018.

[6] Historical demographic data - populstat.info

[7] Data on statistics.sk. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on August 24, 2014 ; accessed on August 23, 2014 (no mementos). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2

[SODB2011nar-8] 2011 Census: Population by Ethnicity ( Memento of November 14, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 256 kB) - Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic (Slovak), accessed on September 17, 2013

[9] Summary 2001 Census - Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic

[10] 2001 census: permanent resident population by ethnicity ( memento of November 29, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) - Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic

[11] Permanent resident population by denomination ( Memento of November 29, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) - Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic

[SODB2011nab-12] 2011 census - population by denomination ( memento of November 14, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 256 kB) - Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic (Slovak), accessed on September 17, 2013

[13] Tourist information on Košice ( Memento of May 24, 2011 in the Internet Archive ). In: slovakia.travel, accessed on June 7, 2019 (source: Vydavateľstvo DAJAMA).

[14] An article about the opening of the Tabačka Culture Factory (Slovak).