Timeline botany
The botany timeline contains information on various fields of research in this subject. Mycology is also included , as this was at least previously included in botany and today many fungal research is carried out at botanical institutes.
As far as possible, results of applied botanical research, for example on phytopathology, were taken into account. If possible, the original title of the work in which the researcher in question published his results is mentioned in the article.
Until 1500
| around 322 BC Chr. | Aristotle (384–322 BC) | Founder of scientific botany and creator of natural history. |
| around 300 BC Chr. | Theophrastus of Eresus (370–285 BC) | Pupil of Aristotle. Author of the oldest scientific work on plants and thus founder of botany as a scientific discipline. |
| at 65 | Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella († around 70 AD) | In De re rustica 400 plant species and their diseases are described. |
| at 77 | Gaius Plinius Secundus (around 23–79 AD) | In Naturalis Historia numerous plant species, plant diseases and possibilities are described for combating it. |
| at 100 | Pedanios Dioskurides [Dioscorides] (~ 70 AD) | With about 500 described plant species, the most extensive plant list of ancient times. Coined the term botany . |
| 812 | Walahfrid Strabo (around 809-849) | Garden plants such as vegetables, spices, medicinal plants and ornamental plants are cataloged by Charlemagne in the Capitulare de villis vel curtis imperii . |
| around 1130 | Hildegard of Bingen (1098–1179) | Over 300 plants are given German names in the Latin text. |
| 1254 | Albertus Magnus (~ 1200–1280) | De vegetabilibus libri - Introduction to botany in 7 books with information on morphology , physiology , geography , medicinal plants , trees and herbs (390 species), as well as arable farming and useful plants . |
| around 1300 | Marco Polo (1254-1324) | With his reports the knowledge about plants, countries, peoples and animals increased. I.a. describe bamboo , clove , ginger , cotton , sugar cane , indigo , rhubarb , camphor , pepper and nutmeg . |
| 1303 | Petrus de Crescentiis (~ 1230– ~ 1320) | In Liber Commodorum Ruralium are crops and their diseases represented. Description of the grapevine . |
| around 1450 | Nikolaus von Kues (1401–1464) | Postulate that plants assimilate by absorbing water. |
| 1485 | Johann Wonnecke von Kaub (~ 1430–1503 / 04) | Gart der Gesundheit , one of the first herbal books, appears. |
| 1500 | Hieronymus Brunschwig (around 1450 – around 1512) | Small distilling book , first print with extensive floristic information. |
1500 to 1600
| around 1530 | Luca Ghini (1490–1556) | First proposal to press and dry plants and thus preserve them in herbaria . |
| 1532 | Otto Brunfels (1488-1534) | In the " New Kreutterbuch by underscheidt, Würckung und namen der Kreütter, so in Teutschen Landen grow .. " approx. 800 plant species are described. |
| 1539 | Hieronymus Bock [Tragus] (1494–1554) | " New Kreütterbuch von Unterscheyd, Würkung and name of the Kreuter, so grow in German lands ... " appears in Strasbourg . Bock divided the plants according to vegetative characteristics, not according to flowers. |
| 1542 | Leonhart Fuchs (1501–1566) | “ De historia stirpium commentarii ” appears. |
| 1551 | Conrad Gessner (1516–1565) | First close engagement with flowers and fruit parts. Division of the vegetation into high altitude regions. Publication of “ Opera Botanica ”. Together with Gesner's unfinished Historia Plantarum, which was only published in 1750, the work later had a great influence on Carl von Linné and Georges Cuvier . |
| 1551 | Adam Lonitzer [Lonicerus] (1527–1586) | In the herb book, 879 types of plants are described. |
| 1552 | Hieronymus Bock [Tragus] (1494–1554) | “ De stirpium historia ”, the Latin edition of the Kreütterbuch with small-format woodcuts by David Kandel, is being published in Strasbourg . It describes 840 plant species, mainly from Central Europe, including many that produce drugs. |
| 1552 | Rembert Dodoens [Dodonaeus] (1517–1585) | 884 species are described in its flora. |
| 1553 | Pierre Belon (1517–1564) | In "Les observations de plusieurs singularites & choses memorables, trouvees en Grece, Asie, Judee, Egypt, Arabie, & autres pays etranges ..." description of numerous plant species from the Mediterranean and Arabia. |
| 1555 | Conrad Gessner [Gesnerus] (1516-1565) | " De raris et admirandis herbis, quae sive quod noctu luceant, sive alias ob causas, lunariae nominantur " appears. |
| 1555 | Conrad Gessner [Gesnerus] (1516-1565) | In “ Descriptio montis fracti ”, vegetation level n is described for the first time using the example of the Pilatus mountain range near Lucerne . |
| 1557 | Anton Schneeberger (1530–1581) | Vegetation in the vicinity of Krakow appears: "Catalogus stirpium quarundam Latine et Polonice conscriptus". |
| 1557 | Adam Lonitzer [Lonicerus] (1527–1586) | New edition of the herb book; including the first representation of ergot (claviceps) |
| 1560 | Pietro Andrea Mattioli (1501–1577) | “ Commentarii, in libros sex Pedacii Dioscoridis ” appears. |
| 1561 | Luigi Anguillara (~ 1512–1570) | Description of the flora of central and northern Italy appears: “ Semplici dell'eccellente… liquali in piu pareri a diuersi nobili huomini scritti appaiono. . " |
| around 1570 | Matthias de L'Obel [Lobelius] (1538-1616) | In “ Plantarum seu Stirpium Historia, cui annexum est Adversariorum volumen ”, some of the groups still valid today (families, orders, genera): grasses , lilies , rushes, sedge , labiates, legumes are described for the first time. |
| 1576 | Charles de l'Écluse [Carolus Clusius] (1526–1609) | " Rariorum aliquot stirpium per Hispanias observatarum historia " a list of plants from Spain and Portugal appears. |
| 1583 | Andrea Cesalpino (1519–1603) | “ De Plantis libri XVI ” appears with new approaches to morphology, anatomy, biology, physiology, systematics and nomenclature of plants. |
| 1583 | Rembert Dodoens [Dodonaeus] (1517–1585) | Herbal book appears |
| 1583 | Pietro Andrea Mattioli (1501–1577) | “ Kreutterbuch, now again with many beautiful new figures ” appears. |
| 1583 | Charles de l'Écluse [Carolus Clusius] (1526–1609) | “Rariorum aliquot stirpium, per Pannoniam, Austria“ , a list of plants from Hungary and Austria, is published. |
| 1583 | Leonhard Rauwolf (1526–1609) | In "Actual description of the Raiß ... as he did before this time towards the sunrise in the Orient ... himself ..." description of numerous plants of the Middle East. |
| 1586 | Jacques Daléchamps (1513–1588) | Over 3,000 species are described in its flora. |
| 1588 | Joachim Camerarius the Younger (1534–1598) | “ Hortus Medicus et Philosophicus ” appears |
| 1588 | Jacob Theodor Tabernaemontanus (1522–1590) | " New and perfect herbal book " appears. |
| 1588 | Johann Thal (1542–1583) | The first actual flora, in which all known wild plants of the Harz Mountains are described, appears: " Sylva Hercynia ... ". |
| 1589 | José de Acosta (1540–1600) | In “De natura novi orbis” report on numerous cultivated plants in South America . Plant diseases are also mentioned; probably first description of Phytophthora . |
| 1590 | Hans Janssen († ~ 1590) & Zacharias Janssen (* ~ 1588– † ~ 1632) | Invention of the microscope . |
| 1592 | Prospero Alpini (1553-1617) | With "De plantis Aegypti Liber" appears the first significant non-European flora. |
| 1594 | Johannes Franke (1545-1617) | In " Hortus Lusatiae " plants and fungi from Lausitz are described. |
| 1596 | Caspar Bauhin (1560-1624) | Use of binomial nomenclature for plants. |
| 1598 | Pierre Richer de Belleval (~ 1564–1632) | Description of the Languedoc vegetation appears: "Onomatologia seu nomenclatura stirpium, quae in horlo regio Monspeliensi recens constructo coluntur ..." |
1600 to 1700
| 1600 | Charles de l'Écluse [Carolus Clusius] (1526–1609) | “Rariorum plantarum historia” appears. It also includes the first comprehensive mushroom monograph and regional mushroom flora: "Fungorum in Pannoniis brevis historia" . |
| 1613 | Ludwig Jungermann (1592–1653) & Basilius Besler (1561–1629) | The Hortus Eystettensis is published in Nuremberg , a work with plants from the garden of the prince-bishops of Eichstätt with approx. 1,100 depictions representing over 660 different species. |
| 1615 | Ludwig Jungermann (1592–1653) | Flora von Altdorf appears: Catalogus plantarum, quae circa Altorfium noricum et vicinis quibusdam locis. . . |
| 1618 | Albert Menzel († 1632) & Philipp Menzel (1546–1613) | Flora von Ingolstadt appears: Synonyma Plantarum, seu simplicium, ut vocant, circa Ingolstadium sponte nascentium ... |
| 1623 | Caspar Bauhin (1560-1624) | In the “ Pinax theatri botanici ” all of the approx. 6,000 plants known at the time, plus over 80 mushrooms, are described as fungus , tubera and agaricum . |
| 1623 | Ludwig Jungermann (1592–1653) | Flora von Gießen ( Cornucopiae florae Giessensis proventu spontanearum stirpium ... ) appears. |
| 1643 | Nikolaus Oelhafen (1604–1643) | Flora of Danzig ( Elenchus plantarum circa nobile Borussorum Dantiscum sua sponte nascentium ) appears. |
| 1648 | Johan Baptista van Helmont (1580–1644) | Publication on plant nutrition. He postulated that plants absorb their nutrients in dissolved form from the water. In addition, description of the properties of carbon dioxide . |
| 1650 | Johann Bauhin (1541-1613) | Full representation of the mushrooms appears posthumously. |
| around 1650 | Johan Baptista van Helmont (1580–1644) | Helmont plants a young willow in a bucket with weighed soil and watered the plant with just water for five years. The plant became 80 kg heavier, but the soil had only shrunk by 60 g. |
| around 1661 | John Ray [Rajus] (1627-1705) | Priority for using flower characteristics to classify plants. |
| 1665 | Robert Hooke (1635-1703) | In " Micrographia " studies on the fine structure of plant objects (pulp of plant stems, stinging hairs of nettles, also representation of microscopic fungi) are described. Discovery of the cellular structure of organisms. |
| 1665 | Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) | Treatise for the Royal Society on Mold , 1680 on yeasts . |
| around 1670 | Nehemiah Grew (1641-1712) | Discovery that the pollen contained in the stamens could be useful for fertilization. |
| around 1670 | Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) | Observation of ray paths in wood, the organization of stem cross-sections, of pits in secondary wood and crystals in cells with the microscope . |
| around 1670 | Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694) | " Anatomia plantarum " appears. Among other things, the inner structure of the roots and the germination process of grasses are described. |
| 1675 | Paul Ammann (1634-1691) | Flora von Leipzig appears: Supellex Botanica, hoc est: Enumeratio Plantarum, Quae non solum in Horto Medico Academiae Lipsiensis ... |
| 1675 | Franciscus van Sterbeeck (1630–1693) | Mushroom book, " Theatrum fungorum ", published with the description of edible and poisonous species. |
| 1676 | Nehemiah Grew (1641-1712) | Assumption that pollen and egg are used for reproduction . |
| 1679 | Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694) | “ Anatome plantarum idea ” - fine structures of wood and bark, milk tubes of ficus, also examination of microscopic fungi. Studied secondary growth on Castanea and recognized "tree rings". |
| 1679 | Edme Mariotte (~ 1620–1648) | The discovery that the most diverse plants draw their nourishment from the same constituents of the soil and that they can produce far more substances than can be found in the soil. |
| 1680 | Georg Franck von Franckenau (1644–1704) | Flora of the Palatinate appears: Flora Francica Aucta, or complete herb lexicon… . |
| around 1680 | Claude Perrault (1613–1688) | Report of extensive observations on the movement of juices in plants. |
| around 1680 | John Woodward (1665-1728) | Evidence that plants give off forty-six times as much water as they can store in themselves over a period of three months. |
| 1682 | John Ray (1627-1705) | “ Methodus plantarum ” appears. It differentiates between monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants and introduces a concept for the biological species for the first time. |
| 1683 | Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) | Discovery of protozoa, sperm and bacteria under the microscope. |
| 1690 | John Ray [Rajus] (1627-1705) | Synopsis methodica with new approaches to plant and fungus systematics appears. |
| 1690 | Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656–1708) | In the work “Elémens de botanique”, flower characteristics are used as a classification criterion, whereby the main value is not the flower symmetry and the numerical proportions, but the adhesions. |
| 1690 | August Quirinus Rivinus [Bachmann] (1652–1723) | Suggestion of a binary nomenclature, which he did not use himself. |
| 1691 | Rudolf Jacob Camerarius [Camerer] (1665–1721) | In “De Sexu Plantarum Epistola” plant sexuality is described. |
| 1694 | Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656–1708) | For the first time, mushroom genera are clearly defined. |
1700 to 1750
| around 1700 | Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656–1708) | First information about the vegetation structure on the Ararat with reference to the parallelism of the vertical sequence of the vegetation belts in high mountains to the horizontal from north to south. |
| 1700 | Johann Christoph Volkamer (1644-1720) | First flora of Nuremberg. |
| 1711 | Claude-Joseph Geoffroy [Geoffroy le Jeune] (1685–1752) | Assumption about the seed character of the spore dust of the mushrooms. |
| 1714 | Luigi Ferdinando Marsigli (1658-1730) & Giovanni Maria Lancisi (1654-1720) | With their fermentation attempts, the two researchers put forward arguments against spontaneous generation. |
| 1717 | Johann Jacob Dillenius (1684–1747) | Reproduction of the ferns and mosses . He still thought the dust in the moss capsules was pollen. |
| 1718 | Johann Jacob Dillenius (1684–1747) | Catalogus important font for the systematics of mushrooms. |
| 1719 | Thomas Fairchild (1667–1729) | First known crossing of two plant species ( Dianthus caryophyllus x D. barbatus ) out of horticultural interest. |
| 1724 | Johann Jacob Dillenius (1684–1747) | " Synopsis " - new approaches in the mushroom systematics. |
| around 1727 | Stephen Hales (1677–1761) | First hint of the importance of hydrostatics in explaining juice rise. |
| 1727 | Stephen Hales (1677–1761) | In “Statical Essays” it is described that plants take their food from the air, which nobody understood. |
| 1729 | Pier Antonio Micheli (1679–1737) | In “Nova plantarum genera iuxta Tournefortii methodum disposita”, new standards of the fungal systematics as well as the first genera of microscopic fungi and fungal spores are correctly presented. |
| 1735 | Carl von Linné (1707–1778) | In “Systema naturae”, mushrooms are referred to as “cryptogams” for the first time. |
1750 to 1800
| 1753 | Johann Gottlieb Gleditsch (1714–1786) | “Methodus fungorum” appears. |
| 1753 | Carl von Linné (1707–1778) | "Species plantarum" appears with a new species overview. The binary nomenclature is consistently applied. “Starting point” of the nomenclature rules (determined in the 20th century). |
| around 1760 | Henri Louis Duhamel du Monceau (1700–1782) | When analyzing vegetable ash, a number of salts are identified. |
| 1760 | Joseph Gottlieb Kölreuter (1733–1806) | First scientifically based crossing of two plant species ( Nicotiana rustica and N. paniculata ). |
| around 1760 | Andreas Sigismund Marggraf (1709–1782) | A number of salts were found by analyzing vegetable ash. Discovery of cane sugar in sugar beets. With the first use of the microscope as an aid in analytical chemistry, sugar crystals could be detected in dried root cuts. |
| around 1760 | Kasimir Christoph Schmidel (1718–1792) | Start of investigation of the fertilization organs of liverworts and other cryptogams . Discovery of the antheridia in liverwort. |
| 1761-1766 | Joseph Gottlieb Kölreuter (1733–1806) | Publication of the results of a total of 136 attempts at the artificial crossing of plants. |
| 1762 | Jacob Christian Schäffer (1718–1790) | Beginning of the publication of a four-volume Mushroom table. |
| around 1770 | Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu (1748–1836) | For the first time, family diagnoses are made for plants. |
| 1771 | Joseph Priestley (1733-1804) | Discovery that animals can survive much longer in hermetically sealed rooms when plants are present. Priestley observed that his experiments in the evening and at night proceeded differently than during the day, but found no explanation for this. |
| 1774 | Bonaventure Corti (1729-1813) | Observing the circulating movements of the sap in the limbs of Chara . |
| 1774 | Johann Hedwig (1730–1799) | Discovery of the fertilization organs of the moss |
| 1775 | Antoine Laurent de Lavoisier (1743–1794) | Realization that Priestley had discovered a new element that enables combustion and that living things need to breathe. The new gas is called " l'air vital ". |
| 1775 | Noël Martin Joseph de Necker (1730–1793) | New arguments for the spontaneous production of mushrooms. |
| 1777 | Joseph Gottlieb Kölreuter (1733–1806) | New ideas about sexuality in mushrooms |
| 1779 | Jan Ingenhousz (1730–1799) | Description of the fact that plants only produce oxygen in light, whereas in the dark they constantly release carbon dioxide. Discovery of photosynthesis . |
| 1779 | Antoine Laurent de Lavoisier (1743–1794) | Assumption that the newly discovered element is contained in every acid. It is therefore called " oxygen " (= Oxigenium). Although this claim is incorrect, the name has been retained. Realization that animal breathing is a process that releases heat. |
| 1779 | Horace-Bénédict de Saussure (1740–1799) | In “ Voyages dans les Alpes ” information about the height limits of alpine plants is given. |
| 1780 | Jean Baptiste François Bulliard (1752-1793) | Beginning of the botanical tables including mushroom representations. |
| 1782-1784 | Johann Hedwig (1730–1799) | Evidence that mosses can be included in the Linnaeus system |
| 1783 | Noël Martin Joseph de Necker (1730–1793) | In “ Traité su la mycitologie ”, numerous mycological-scientific terms are coined. |
| 1783 | Jean Senebier (1742–1809) | Proof that plants only produce oxygen in light when carbon dioxide is also present. |
| 1788 | Thomas Walter (1740–1789) | With Flora caroliniana the first well-known flora of North America appears |
| 1789 | Johann Hedwig (1730–1799) | New arguments on the sexuality of mushrooms as well as the first presentation of eight-pore asci in the genus Octospora |
| 1790 | Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832) | Publication of the " Metamorphosis of the Plant " |
| around 1790 | Heinrich Friedrich Link (1767-1851) | Conception of a system of mushrooms. |
| 1790 | James Sowerby (1757–1822) & James Edward Smith (1759–1828) | Beginning of a botanical table in which some lichens are shown. |
| 1792 | Carl Ludwig Willdenow (1765-1812) | Outline of the plant geography in his book “ Grundriß der Kräuterkunde ”. |
| 1793 | Christian Konrad Sprengel (1750-1816) | Publication of his work “ The discovered secret of nature in the construction and fertilization of flowers ”. This justifies the flower ecology . |
| 1794 | Christian Hendrik Persoon (1761-1836) | First presentation of a new system of fungi. Coining of the term mycology . |
| 1797 | Albrecht Wilhelm Roth (1757–1834) | Creation of basic rules for differentiating freshwater algae in microscopic examinations. |
1800 to 1850
| around 1800 | Joseph von Fraunhofer (1787–1826) | Significant improvement in the microscope |
| around 1800 | Johann Jacob Paul Moldenhawer (1766–1827) | Evidence that the vessels are united in bundles and that these clearly stand out from the parenchyma. |
| 1801 | Charles François Brisseau de Mirbel (1776-1854) | Publication of a theory of the cell structure of plants. |
| 1803 | Jean-Pierre Vaucher (1763–1841) | The observation of the connection of two tubes in Spirogyra and the resulting generation of germ spheres is interpreted as a sexual act ( conjugation ). |
| 1804 | Nicolas-Théodore de Saussure (1767-1845) | Very precise and complex measurements (weighing of the gases) prove that plants also need water when they consume carbon dioxide and produce oxygen and sugar. |
| 1805 | Johannes Baptista von Albertini (1769–1831) and Lewis David von Schweinitz (1780–1834) | About the mushrooms of Upper Lusatia: Conspectus fungorum etc. Leipzig 1805. With 12 plates. |
| 1805 | Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859) | Justification of the plant geography |
| 1805 | Ludolf Christian Treviranus (1779–1864) | Postulate that spermatozoa and pollen are analogues. |
| 1806 | Ludolf Christian Treviranus (1779–1864) | Discovery of the intercellular spaces in parenchymal tissue. |
| 1806 | Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin (1763–1829) and Pierre-Jean Robiquet (1780–1840) | Discovery of the amino acid asparagine in Asparagus . |
| 1809 | Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck (1744-1829) | Publication of his book on the theory of descent. |
| 1810 | Erik Acharius (1757-1819) | " Lichenographia universalis " - the Swedish researcher's new lichen overview appears in Göttingen . |
| 1810 | Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1778–1850) | Clarification of the chemical reaction during alcoholic fermentation |
| 1815 | Robert Brown (1773-1858) | Differentiation between angiosperms and gymnosperms in the systematics of higher plants. |
| 1816-1817 | Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck (1776-1858) | Publication of a new system of mushrooms |
| 1819 | Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg (1795–1876) | First correct observation of the sexuality of mushrooms in the newly discovered genus Syzygites |
| 1821 | Elias Magnus Fries (1794–1878) | " Systema mycologicum " - new mushroom systematic overview appears. |
| 1821 | Ludolf Christian Treviranus (1779–1864) | Investigations into the importance of the stomata in plants. |
| 1822 | Joakim Frederik Schouw (1789-1852) | In “ Basics of a General Plant Geography ” the first plant-geographical division of the earth's surface. |
| 1823 | Giovanni Battista Amici (1786–1863) | When examining the plasma currents in scar hairs of portulacca, observation that a pollen grain breaks open and a tube emerges which also shows plasma currents. |
| 1823 | Thomas Andrew Knight (1759-1838) | First observation of the appearance of split characteristics and dominance using the example of peas . |
| 1825 | Lorenz Oken (1779-1851) | Natural philosophical mushroom system published. |
| 1826 | Pierre Jean François Turpin (1775-1840) | Report on investigations into cell division in algae . |
| 1826 | Carl Philipp Sprengel (1787-1859), | Mineral theory , law of the minimum , report on investigations into cell division in algae . |
| 1828 | Robert Brown (1773-1858) | Description of Brownian molecular motion in the cell. |
| 1828 | John Vaughan Thompson (1779-1847) | First systematic collection and description of the plankton . |
| 1830 | Giovanni Battista Amici (1786–1863) | Observation of how pollen tubes grow into micropyle . |
| around 1830 | Theodor Hartig (1805-1880) | Discovery of the aleurone grains in seeds |
| 1830 | Franz Julius Ferdinand Meyen (1804-1840) | Based on research results on algae, fungi and higher plants, postulate that cells represent units that exist independently of one another. First description of individual tissue types such as mesenchyma , parenchyma , prosenchyma and pleural chyma . |
| around 1830 | Anselme Payen (1795–1871) | Discovery that young cell walls consist almost exclusively of cellulose and that these are later encrusted with other substances. This process fundamentally changes the physical and chemical properties of the walls. In the same year, the starch granules were discovered. |
| 1831 | Heinrich Wilhelm Ferdinand Wackenroder (1798-1854) | Isolation of carotene in the form of red crystals from the carrot |
| 1831 | Robert Brown (1773-1858) | Discovery of the nucleus in the filamentous hairs of Tradescantia. |
| 1831-1836 | Charles Darwin (1809-1882) | Beginning of the world tour of the " Beagle " with Charles Darwin as a naturalist on board. |
| 1832 | Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier (1797–1878) | Investigations into cell division in algae. |
| 1833-1834 | Anselme Payen (1795–1871) and Jean-François Persoz (1805–1868) | Discovery of the enzyme diastase ( amylase ), a substance that affects starch. |
| 1834 | Karl Friedrich Schimper (1803–1867) | At the meeting of naturalists in Stuttgart, he presented his groundbreaking studies on leaf position . |
| 1835 | Jöns Jakob Berzelius (1779–1848) | Explanation of the enzyme effect by showing that the malt extract “ diastase ” ( amylase ) can break down starch into sugar faster than sulfuric acid. Coining of the term "catalysis". |
| 1835 | Hugo von Mohl (1805–1872) | Discovery that cells multiply by dividing. |
| 1836 | Charles Daubeny (1795–1867) | Investigations into the effect of different wavelengths in photosynthesis . |
| 1837-1838 | Charles Cagniard de la Tour (1777–1859), Theodor Schwann (1810–1882) and Friedrich Traugott Kützing (1807–1893) | Discovery of the yeast cell as the cause of wine and beer fermentation. Schwann believed that yeasts were plants and called them “ sugar mushrooms ” (later described as Saccharomyces ). |
| 1837 | Henri Dutrochet (1776-1847) | Discovery that the presence of chlorophyll is necessary for photosynthesis . |
| 1837 | Joseph Henri Léveillé (1796–1870) | Effective representation of the systematic importance of the basidia |
| 1838 | Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg (1795–1876) | For the first time, differentiation between bacteria and other microorganisms. |
| 1838 | Hugo von Mohl (1805–1872) | Description of the development of stomata. |
| 1838 | Matthias Jacob Schleiden (1804-1881) | Justification of the cell theory by showing that all plant tissues are made up of cells. |
| 1838 | August Grisebach (1814–1879) | In his work “ On the Influence of Climate on the Limitation of Natural Flora ” the term “ plant geographical formation ” is coined. |
| 1839-1846 | Jan Evangelista Purkyně (1787–1869) | Coining of the term protoplasm and, together with Hugo von Mohl, proposal of the protoplasm concept. |
| 1840 | Justus von Liebig (1803–1873) | Refutation of the humus theory , propagation of the mineral nutrition of plants (based on the mineral theory of Carl Sprengel see 1826) |
| 1840 | Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius (1794–1868) | The " Flora brasiliensis " appears with the first volume. With 40 volumes (in Latin) it is the most extensive complete floral work of its time. The work was founded by Martius, continued by August Wilhelm Eichler (1839–1887) and by I |
| 1842 | August Karl Joseph Corda (1809–1849) | Instructions - textbook-like overview of mycology |
| 1843 | Friedrich Traugott Kützing (1807-1893) | Phycologia - Arguments against the spontaneous generation of yeasts |
| 1843 | J. Schmitz | First representation of buckles on Basidiomycetes. In: Contributions to the anatomy and physiology of the sponges . I-IV. Linnaea, Vol. 17, pp. 417-548. |
| 1844 | Charles Darwin (1809-1882) | First sketches of a theory of natural selection . |
| 1844 | John William Draper (1811-1882) | Proof that plants grown in a solution of calcium bicarbonate release oxygen when exposed to light. |
| 1844-1848 | Gottlob Ludwig Rabenhorst (1806–1881) | " Germany's cryptogam flora " appears. |
| 1845 | Miles Joseph Berkeley (1803-1889) | Discovery of Phytophthora infestans as the causative agent of potato rot . |
| 1845 | Robert Mayer (1814–1878) | The first description that photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy stored in sugar. |
| 1847 | Carl Fraas (1810-1875) | Publication of “ Climate and flora in time, a contribution to the history of both ”. It describes the strong anthropogenic changes in the Greek landscape since ancient times. |
| 1848 | Wilhelm Hofmeister (1824–1877) | The microspore mother cells of Tradescantia are documented in sketches . |
1850 to 1900
| around 1850 | Gaston Bonnier (1853–1922) and Anton Kerner von Marilaun (1831–1898) | Detection of site-specific growth forms in plants with the help of transplantation experiments. |
| 1850 | Wilhelm Hofmeister (1824–1877) | Discovery of mitosis and the homology between the mode of reproduction of higher cryptogams and the seed formation of the phanerogams . |
| around 1850 | Carl Wilhelm von Nägeli (1817-1891) | Formulation of the theory of cell formation that is still valid today. Differentiation between dividing and permanent tissue. |
| 1850 | Nathanael Pringsheim (1823-1894) | First report on the flagella of fungal planospores . |
| 1851-1855 | Jean-Baptiste Boussingault (1802-1887) | Discovery that higher plants cannot use atmospheric nitrogen but rely on mineral nitrogen from the soil. Indication that plants and animals need nitrogen. |
| 1851 | Hugo von Mohl (1805–1872) | Coining of the term protoplasm. |
| 1854 | Otto Sendtner (1813-1859) | The basic terms “ location ”, “ region ”, “ zone ” and “ vegetation level ” are introduced into the science of plant geography . |
| 1855 | Giovanni Battista Amici (1786–1863) | Invention of the immersion microscope . |
| 1855 | Oswald Heer (1809-1883) | “ Flora tertiaria Helvetiae ” appears. With this work the paleontology of the tertiary flora is established. |
| 1856 | Nathanael Pringsheim (1823-1894) | Observations on the fertilization of eggs by sperm on Oedogonium ( green algae ). |
| 1858 | Charles Darwin (1809–1882) & Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913) | Simultaneous presentation of their theory of natural selection . |
| 1859 | Charles Darwin (1809-1882) | " On the Origin of Species " appears. |
| 1860 | Louis Pasteur (1822–1895) & Hermann Hoffmann (1819–1891) | New communications on the nature of yeasts in alcoholic fermentation |
| 1860 | Louis Pasteur (1822–1895) | Refutation of the doctrine of spontaneous generation through sterility experiments. |
| 1861-1865 | Edmond Tulasne (1815–1885) & Charles Tulasne (1816–1884) | In “ Selecta fungorum ” fundamental knowledge about the life history of the mushrooms is described. |
| 1862 | Julius Sachs (1832-1897) | Discovery that during photosynthesis the sugar (in the form of starch ) is formed in the green chloroplasts . |
| 1863 | Anton de Bary (1831-1888) | Evidence that the entire fruiting body of the Ascomycetes itself is the product of a sexual act that takes place on the threads of the mycelium . |
| 1863 | Anton Kerner of Marilaun (1831–1898) | The work “ Plant Life in the Danube Countries ” appears. It becomes groundbreaking for the study of plant communities. |
| 1865-1866 | Robert Caspary (1818-1887) | Description of the characteristic thickening of the radial walls of plant cells ( Casparian stripe ). |
| 1866 | Anton de Bary (1831-1888) | Clarification of the host change of the rust fungi . |
| 1866 | Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919) | Formulation of the biogenetic rule and coining of the term " ecology " |
| 1866 | Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) | Publication of the “ experiments on plant hybrids ”, in which the Mendelian inheritance rules are described. The work is ignored for a period of 34 years. |
| 1867 | Simon Schwendener (1829-1919) | First description of lichens as double organisms. |
| 1868 | Jean-Baptiste Boussingault (1802-1887) | Proof that plants do not need oxygen for photosynthesis . |
| 1869 | Friedrich Miescher (1844–1895) | Discovery of DNA |
| 1872 | August Grisebach (1814–1879) | With the work “ The Vegetation of the Earth ” plant geography is developed into a discipline of its own. |
| 1874 | Robert Hartig (1839–1901) | Description of the forest botanical basis of the diseases of forest trees |
| 1875 | Eduard Strasburger (1844-1912) | Discovery of the plant nucleus division and nuclear fusion during the fertilization of flowering plants. |
| 1877 | Wilhelm Pfeffer (1845–1920) | Publication of “ Osmotic Appearances ”. |
| 1878 | Anton de Bary (1831-1888) | Proposal at the 51st meeting of German natural scientists and doctors in Kassel to use the term “ symbiosis ” for particularly close relationships between two species in nature. |
| 1879 | Adolf Engler (1844–1930) | In his work " An attempt at a development history of the plant world, especially of the flora since the tertiary period ", the change of the entire plant world of an area in the history of the earth is described and thus an evolution for the first time |
| 1879 | Walther Flemming (1843–1905) | Coining of the terms " chromatin " and " mitosis ". |
| 1880-1890 | Walther Flemming (1843–1905), Eduard Strasburger (1844–1912) & Édouard van Beneden (1846–1910) | Discovery of the basics of cell division. Postulate that the chromosomes are equally distributed in quality and quantity to the daughter cells. |
| 1880 | Ernst Rudorff (1840-1916) | With the work “ On the relationship between modern life and nature ” in the “ Prussian Yearbooks ”, a fundamental work on nature and landscape protection is published for the first time. |
| 1882 | Theodor Wilhelm Engelmann (1843–1909) | Discovery that light in the red area has a particularly strong effect on photosynthesis . |
| 1882 | Eduard Strasburger (1844-1912) | Coining of the terms " cytoplasm " and " nucleoplasm ". |
| 1883 | Theodor Wilhelm Engelmann (1843–1909) | Discovery of purple bacteria that oxygen is formed in the chloroplasts during photosynthesis and the fact which spectral components of light are particularly effective during photosynthesis. |
| 1883 | Friedrich Schmitz (1850–1895) | Discovery of plastids in algal cells . Description that these do not arise “ de novo ”, but only emerge from their own kind through division. |
| 1883 | Andreas Franz Wilhelm Schimper (1856–1901) | Postulate of the symbiotic origin of chloroplasts and thus pioneer of the later formulated endosymbiont theory . |
| 1884 | Walther Flemming (1843–1905), Eduard Strasburger (1844–1912) & Édouard van Beneden (1846–1910) | Proof that the doubling of the chromosomes occurs through their longitudinal division. Strasburger coined the terms prophase , metaphase and anaphase . |
| 1886 | Hermann Hellriegel (1831–1895) & Hermann Wilfarth (1853–1904) | Discovery of the symbiosis of legumes and nodule bacteria , with which elementary atmospheric nitrogen can be bound |
| 1888 | Ernst Rudorff (1840-1916) | Coining of the term " nature conservation ". |
| 1890 | Paul Vuillemin (1861-1932) | The terms “ antibiosis ” and “ symbiosis ” are used as opposites. The term antibiotic is later derived from “antibiosis”. |
| 1895 | Eugenius Warming (1841-1924) | In the “ Textbook of Ecological Plant Geography ” the functional components of the vegetation are described in particular. Introduction of the term “ecological plant geography”. |
| 1897 | Gabriel Bertrand (1867–1962) | The term “ coenzyme ” was coined for inorganic substances that are necessary for the activation of enzymes . |
| 1897 | Eduard Buchner (1860-1917) | Zymase discovered fermentation without yeast cells . |
| 1898 | Charles Reid Barnes (1858-1910) | Proposal for the term " photosynthesis ". |
| 1898 | Sergei Gavrilowitsch Navashin (1857–1930) | Discovery of the so-called "double fertilization" in plants. |
| 1898 | Andreas Franz Wilhelm Schimper (1856–1901) | In his " Plant Geography on a Physiological Basis " the living conditions and adaptations of plants around the world are described. Comprehensive presentation of the earth's vegetation types in terms of flora, structure and function. |
1900 to 1950
| 1900 | Theodor Boveri (1862-1915) and Walter Sutton (1877-1916) | Justification of the chromosome theory of inheritance . |
| 1900 | Carl Correns (1864–1933), Erich Tschermak-Seysenegg (1871–1962) & Hugo de Vries (1848–1935) | Rediscovery of Mendel's rules and the beginning of modern genetics . |
| 1902 | William Bateson (1861-1926) | The genetic designations F1, F2, allelomorphic , homozygous and heterozygous as well as gametes and zygotes were coined in his work Mendel's Principles of Heredity . |
| 1902 | Emil Fischer (1852–1919) & Franz Hofmeister (1850–1922) | Evidence that proteins are polypeptides . |
| 1902 | Georgi Fjodorowitsch Morosow (1867-1920) | In “ Doctrine of the Forest ” (1912), the first classic description of a terrestrial ecosystem . |
| 1902 | Carl Schroeter (1855–1939) & Oskar von Kirchner (1851–1925) | In the text “The vegetation of Lake Constance”, the terms “ synecology ” and “ social theory ” are used to denote the biological-ecological discipline, the communities of organisms. |
| 1904 | Albert Francis Blakeslee (1874–1954) | Discovery of heterothallia in fungi. |
| 1905 | Konstantin Sergejewitsch Mereschkowski (1855–1921) | Formulation of the hypothesis that in the course of evolution the chloroplasts took their origin as independent cyanobacteria and only later became part of the plant cell - About the nature and origin of the chromatophores in the plant kingdom . In: Biol. Centralb. Volume 25, pp. 593-604. |
| 1906 | Richard Willstätter (1872-1942) et al. | Discovery of the chemical structure of chlorophyll . |
| 1908 | Frederick Orpen Bower (1855-1948) | Foundation of the intercalation theory, which states that only those plants were able to colonize the mainland in prehistoric times that were able to form a sporophyte. |
| 1909 | Rollins A. Emerson (1873-1947) | Discovery of the multiple allelia in grains and beans . Discovery of the phenomenon of pseudogamy. |
| 1911 | Gregor Kraus (1841-1915) | In “ Soil and Climate in the Smallest Space ”, the first description and quantification of plant functions under the influence of the physical and dynamic conditions of the environment. |
| 1913 | Richard Willstätter (1872–1942) & Arthur Stoll (1887–1971) | Publication of the work " Investigations on Chlorophyll ". |
| 1914 | George Harrison Shull (1874-1954) | Discovery of the heterosis effect in the crossing of individuals from pure lines of inheritance. |
| 1915 | Hans Burgeff (1883–1976) | Discoveries of sexuality and genetics in fungi on Phycomyces nitens . |
| 1915 | Hans Kniep (1881–1930) | New findings on the life history of the Hymenomycetes are published. |
| 1916 | Frederic Edward Clements (1874-1945) | In “ Plant succession ”, numerous terms such as “ succession ” or “ climax society ” are defined in detail. |
| 1919 | Hans Kniep (1881–1930) | News on the life story of the smut fungi . |
| 1919-1920 | Harry Steenbock (1886-1967) | Discovery of the connection between vitamin A and the plant pigment carotene . |
| 1920-1923 | Hans Kniep (1881–1930) | News about sex differentiation in Basidiomycetes . |
| around 1920 | Vladimir Nikolajewitsch Sukachev (1880–1967) | Coining of the term biogeocenosis |
| 1921 | Emmy Stein (1879-1954) | First detection of the mutagenicity of ionizing radiation in " Radium rays on Antirrhinum ". (six years before Hermann Joseph Muller's famous experiments on gene mutation in Drosophila by means of X-rays). He received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his "discovery". Emmy Stein's discovery went unnoticed! |
| 1921 | Albert Francis Blakeslee (1874–1954) | First generation of a haploid thorn apple plant |
| 1923 | Torsten Ludvig Thunberg (1873–1952) | Discovery that photosynthesis reduces the carbon dioxide involved and oxidizes water. |
| 1925 | Otto Warburg (1883-1970) | Warburg led the results of Frederick Blackman (1866-1947) and Gabrielle Matthaei (1876-1930) in 1905 to the existence of two reaction classes , the light reactions and the dark reactions . |
| 1926-1928 | Frits Warmolt Went (1903–1990) | Evidence that phytotrophic substances (later referred to as auxins ) can be enriched in agar cubes. |
| 1927 | Georgi Dmitrijewitsch Karpchenko (1899–1941) | Creation of a tetraploid hybrid between radish ( Raphanus sativus ) and cabbage ( Brassica oleracea ), the new species Raphanobrassica |
| 1928 | Josias Braun-Blanquet (1884–1980) | With the publication of the book " Plant Sociology ", plant societies are introduced as a hierarchical system for describing vegetation and for organizing landscapes in biocenological terms . |
| 1928 | Alexander Fleming (1881–1955) | Discovery of the antibiotic effect of penicillin . |
| 1929 | Göte Turesson (1892-1970) | Proof of the existence of varieties ( genotypes ) in wild-growing species that have developed in adaptation to their environment and selection. |
| 1930 | Walter Zimmermann (1892–1980) | Foundation of the telome theory . |
| 1931 | Harriet B. Creighton (1909-2004) & Barbara McClintock (1902-1992) | Discovery of the “ crossing over ” on chromosomes of Zea mais. |
| 1931 | Wladimir Alexandrowitsch Engelhardt (1894–1984) | Discovery that phosphorylation of ATP is linked to breathing. |
| 1931 | Cornelis Bernardus van Niel (1897–1985) | Discovery of the origin of photosynthetic oxygen from the water. |
| 1933 | Paul Runar Collander (1894–1973) & Hugo Bärlund | With the help of permeability measurements of cell membranes (especially on Rhoeo discolor) an important contribution to the understanding of the membrane structure was made. |
| 1933 | Fritz Kögl (1897–1959), Arie Jan Haagen-Smit (1900–1977) & Hanni Erxleben (1903–2001) | Isolation and chemical description of auxin |
| 1934 | Henrik Dam (1895–1976) & Edward Adelbert Doisy (1893–1986) | Isolation and detection of vitamin K . |
| 1935 | William H. Crocker (1876–1950) | Detection of ethene as a plant hormone for fruit ripening. |
| 1935 | Hugh Davson (1909–1996) & James Frederic Danielli (1911–1984) | Proposal of the “ protein-lipid sandwich model ” for the structure of the cell membrane. |
| 1935 | Arthur George Tansley (1871–1955) | Coining of the term " ecosystem ". |
| 1935 | Percy W. Zimmerman (1884-1958) & Frank Wilcoxon (1892-1965) | Discovery of various substances that act as hormones in plants . In: Contributions from Boyce Thompson Inst. 209, 225-26 . |
| 1937 | Albert Francis Blakeslee (1874–1954) & Amos Geer Avery (* 1902) | First use of colchicine to produce artificial polyploidy in plant cells. |
| 1937 | Sir Hans Adolf Krebs (1900-1981) & William Arthur Johnson | Discovery of the citric acid cycle . |
| 1937 | Reinhold Tüxen (1899–1980) | With the publication of The Plant Societies of Northwest Germany , the first compilation of the plant societies in a region of Germany appears. |
| 1938 | Robert Hill (1899-1991) | Discovery that cell-free chloroplasts produce oxygen when exposed to light when Fe salts are added. |
| 1939 | Sune Bergström (1916-2004) | Evidence that seedlings exposed to ethylene grow positively geotropically. |
| 1939 | Fritz Albert Lipmann (1899–1986) | Postulate that ATP is the main carrier of chemical energy in the cell. |
| 1939 | Sam Ruben (1913–1943), William Zev Hassid (1899–1974) & Martin Kamen (1913–2002) | First application of radioactive markings in photosynthesis research . |
| 1940 | George Wells Beadle (1903–1989) & Edward Lawrie Tatum (1909–1975) | Formulation of the one-gene-one-enzyme hypothesis based on studies on Neurospora crassa . |
| 1940 | Jens Clausen (1891–1969), David D. Keck (1903–1995) & William Hiesey (1903–1998) | The occurrence and stability of ecological breeds is demonstrated using the example of Achillea lanulosa . |
| 1940 | Hans Gaffron (1902–1979) | Discovery of hydrogen metabolism in green algae . |
| 1940 | Gustav-Adolf Kausche & Ernst Ruska (1906–1988) | First publication of electron microscopic images of chloroplasts . |
| 1941 | Sam Ruben (1913-1943), Merle Randall (1888-1950), Martin Kamen (1913-2002) et al. | Discovery that the oxygen released during photosynthesis comes from water. |
| 1941 | Selman Abraham Waksman (1888–1973) | Coining of the term " antibiotic " for substances that are formed by organisms against bacteria. |
| 1943 | Barry Commoner (1917–2012), Seymour Fogel (1919–1993) & Walter H. Muller | Evidence that the water transport is supported by auxin against the osmotic potential . This effect is blocked by iodine acetate. |
| 1943 | Joachim Hämmerling (1901–1980) | Evidence that the hat shape of related (unicellular) algae species of the genus Acetabularia depends on the origin of the core. |
| 1943 | Friedrich Oehlkers (1890–1971) | First evidence of the mutagenicity of chemicals in "The triggering of chromosome mutations in meiosis by the action of chemicals". |
| 1948 | Melvin Calvin (1911-1997) & Adam Benson | Discovery that carbonic acid is incorporated directly into phosphoglyceric acid in the photosynthesis process. |
1950 to 1970
| 1951 | Barbara McClintock (1902-1992) | Discovery of the “ jumping genes ” in maize . |
| 1951 | Albert Lester Lehninger (1917–1986) | Electron transport from NADH to oxygen is discovered as a direct energy source for oxidative phosphorylation . |
| 1952 | George Emil Palade (1912–2008), Keith R. Porter (1912–1997) and Fritiof Sjöstrand (1912–2011) | Development of thin section and fixation methods for electron microscopy |
| 1953 | George Emil Palade (1912-2008) | First description of the ribosomes . |
| 1953 | Harold C. Urey (1893–1981) and Stanley Miller (1930–2007) | The Miller-Urey experiment demonstrates that under certain conditions, ammonia , methane , water vapor and hydrogen can form amino acids , formaldehyde , lactic acid and hydrocyanic acid under the action of electrical discharges . |
| 1953 | James Watson (* 1928) and Francis Crick (1916-2004) | Elucidation of the DNA structure. |
| 1954 | Daniel I. Arnon (1910-1994) et al. | Discovery of photophosphorylation , the light-dependent formation of ATP during photosynthesis . |
| 1954 | Marshall Davidson Hatch (* 1932), Charles Roger Slack (1937-2016) and others. a. | Discovery of the C4 acid cycle, or Hatch-Slack cycle . |
| 1955 | Severo Ochoa (1905–1993) and Marianne Grunberg-Manago (1921–2013) | Discovery of polynucleotide phosphorylase. |
| 1956 | Henry Borsook (1897–1984) and Paul Zamecnik (1912–2009) | Discovery of the ribosomes on the endoplasmic reticulum as the site of protein synthesis. |
| 1956 | Arthur Kornberg (1918-2007) | Discovery of DNA polymerase . |
| 1957 | Melvin Calvin (1911-1997) | Discovery of the Calvin cycle . |
| 1957 | Erich Oberdorfer (1905-2002) | With “ South German Plant Societies ” a fundamental and trend-setting work in plant sociology is published . |
| 1960 | Robert B. Woodward (1917-1979) | First synthesis of chlorophyll a. |
| 1961 | Dieter Heß (* 1933) | For the first time mRNA is described as a trigger for the induction of bloom in Streptocarpus wendlandii . |
| 1961 | Francis Crick (1916-2004), James Watson (* 1928) et al. | Discovery of the universality of the genetic code for protein synthesis . |
| 1961 | Peter D. Mitchell (1920-1992) | Postulate that protons are directed through the membrane during the course of the respiratory chain reactions. |
| 1962 | Nathan Edward Tolbert (1919-1998) et al. | Discovery of photorespiration . |
| 1970 | Lynn Margulis (1938-2011) | Formulation of the modern endosymbiont theory . |
swell
- Karl Mägdefrau : history of botany. Life and Achievement of Great Researchers. 2nd edition, Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart 1973, ISBN 3-437-20489-0
- Heinrich Dörfelt and Heike Heklau: The history of mycology. Einhorn-Verlage Dietenberger, Schwäbisch Gmünd 1998, ISBN 3-927654-44-2 .
- Ilse Jahn (ed.): History of biology. Theories, methods, institutions, short biographies. 3rd edition, Spektrum Akad. Verlag, Heidelberg u. a. 2000, ISBN 3-8274-1023-1 .
- Jan-Peter Frahm and Jens Eggers: Lexicon of German-speaking bryologists. 2nd edition, self-published by the authors, Bonn 2002, ISBN 3-8311-0986-9
- Peter v. Sengbusch: Botany online
Further literature
- Kurt Polycarp Joachim Sprengel : Kurt Sprengel's history of botany. In 2 parts. Brockhaus, Altenburg / Leipzig, 1817–1818 ( digitized edition ).
- Ernst HF Meyer : history of botany. 4 volumes. Bornträger, Königsberg 1854–1857 (digitized edition: 1st volume , 2nd volume , 3rd volume , 4th volume ).
- Julius Sachs : History of botany from the 16th century to 1860th 3rd edition. Oldenbourg, Munich 1875.
- Martin Möbius : History of botany from the first beginnings to the present. 2nd Edition. Fischer, Jena 1937.
Single receipts
- ↑ Sabine Schulze (Ed.): Gardens: Order - Inspiration - Happiness. Städel Museum , Frankfurt am Main & Hatje Cantz Verlag, Ostfildern 2006, ISBN 978-3-7757-1870-7 , p. 38
- ↑ Gerd K. Müller: Secrets of the Plant World. Urania-Verlag, Leipzig-Jena-Berlin 1994, p. 13