Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions
Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions ( " boycott , disinvestment and sanctions ", abbreviated BDS ) is a transnational political campaign that the state of Israel want economically, culturally and politically isolate their adopted in 2005, aims to enforce: Israel must the " occupation and End colonization of all Arab lands ", recognize the" fundamental right of its Arab- Palestinian citizens to full equality "and" protect and promote the right of Palestinian refugees to return to their homeland and to their property in accordance with UN Resolution 194. "
171 Palestinian organizations signed this appeal; many solidarity groups and celebrities support him. Leading BDS representatives openly deny Israel's right to exist and want to abolish this state.
The Antisemitismusforschung arranges the objectives of the campaign than Zionist (directed against a Jewish state), often also referred to as anti-Semitic one. In May 2019, the German Bundestag condemned calls to boycott Israel and assessed BDS as anti-Semitic.
Historical precursors
According to the British lawyer and author Anthony Julius , today's boycott campaign against Israel follows on from the tradition of boycotts against Jews in the history of anti-Semitism in terms of history, rhetoric and impact . Because boycotts best expressed their project of rejection and exclusion of Jews , anti-Semites preferred them. For example, they should isolate non-Jews from Jewish competition, disapprove of alleged Jewish offenses, force Jews to act against their interests, ban them from their own nation as ethnic foreigners and prepare attacks on them and / or their expulsion. Julius cites calls for boycotts in France in 1889, 1894 and 1898 as examples . For example, the left-wing Ligue Antisemitique Francaise , founded in the Dreyfus Affair , demanded that Jewish wholesalers be boycotted, that Jews be deprived of citizenship and deportation. During the anti-Semitic riots of 1898, a significant part of the population approved boycotts of Jewish shops and companies. Vigilante groups against their protectors were set up, lists of the names of Jewish owners were published, stickers urged customers: “Never buy from a Jew. Save France for the French. Drive the Jews out of France. "
From 1890 onwards, the Arab inhabitants of Palestine worried about increasing Jewish immigration and demanded that the Ottoman Empire prohibit Jews from buying land. Local newspapers called for no Jewish products to be bought, Jews not to rent houses or trade in them. To this end, an Arab newspaper owner founded his first association in Haifa in 1910. From 1914, many counter-initiatives in Palestine fought this boycott. According to one source, some Jewish settlers are said to have boycotted Arab shops from 1920 onwards and, if possible, hired no Arab workers. Since the League of Nations mandate for Palestine , which took up the pledge of the colonial power Great Britain to have an Arab and a Jewish nation state in Palestine, Arab nationalists have been using boycotts against the Jews in Palestine ( yishuv ). In January 1920 the Muslim-Christian Committees of Nablus , Jaffa and Jerusalem decided on a complete boycott of Jews until all traces of Zionism were erased. After attacks on Jews in 1921, Arabs declared a complete embargo on all Jewish products. In 1922 the fifth Palestine Arab Congress called for a boycott of Jewish businesses and a ban on land purchases from Jews. From 1929 onwards, Arabs physically attacked other Arabs who did not adhere to this decision and damaged their goods. A pan-Arab conference in Jerusalem in October 1929 called on the Arabs to sell to Jews everything but land and to buy nothing from them except land. For this purpose, Hebrew signs were removed from Arab shops.
In 1931 the Arab Workers Committee called on the Western and Islamic world to boycott Jewish goods and encourage local Arab production. The Arab Executive of Palestine responded to the call in September 1931. The Islamic World Congress in December 1931 called on the Muslim states to avoid all trade with Jews in Palestine. In March 1933 the Arab Executive Committee called for a boycott of British and Zionist products. In October 1934 the Arab Labor Federation decided to guard and boycott Jewish companies.
On March 31, 1933, the day before the National Socialist boycott of Jews , the Palestinian leader Mohammed Amin al-Husseini offered his services to the Nazi regime. He hoped for more fascist leaderships in other countries. The Jewish influence on economy and politics is harmful everywhere and must be combated. The whole Islamic world will enthusiastically join a German appeal for a boycott of Jews. He himself would spread the idea of a boycott of Jews among all Muslims; this could be conveyed as an implementation of the resolution of the Arab executive. An active organization for this can easily be created. Germany should deliver enough industrial products to Palestine so that non-Jews could drive them out there.
In March 1937, during the Arab uprising (1936–1939), the Arab Executive Committee in Palestine called on all Arabs to boycott the Levant Mass in Tel Aviv. In July 1937 the British Palestine Royal Commission found that Arabs barely or not at all shopping in Jewish shops. In September 1937, the Pan-Arab Congress in Bludan (Syria) called for the 1917 Balfour Declaration to be revoked, the British mandate to be abolished and an economic boycott against the Jews to be enforced as a patriotic duty.
The Arab League , founded in 1945, was heavily influenced by Nazi propaganda and the example of the 1933 boycott of Jews. In December 1945 it decided to boycott all products and services manufactured by Jews in the British Mandate of Palestine. From 1948 it became the boycott of Israel by the Arab League . From 1950 the League expanded this to include all persons, companies and organizations that did trade with Israel. It also kept a black list of companies that dealt with the boycotted non-Jewish entities. Since the peace agreements of some Arab states with Israel (from 1979), more and more member states of the League have stopped the boycott or limited it to direct trade with Israel. Until 2019, only Iran , Lebanon and Syria maintained the boycott. Despite having little economic effect, the league has never formally repealed it. BDS representatives put the BDS appeal from 2005 in the tradition of earlier boycotts against the "British occupation" and "Zionist colonization" since 1920, which has often been revived since 1948.
Emergence
According to its own information, BDS emerged from self-help groups for workers, women, students, journalists and others who mobilized the population of the occupied territories of Palestine for the First Intifada and saw themselves as part of a national liberation movement. With the help of international, mostly Western donors, it became professional NGOs in the 1990s, primarily for development cooperation and humanitarian tasks. After the failure of the Oslo peace process in 2000, some of these NGOs wanted to continue the fight.
In the same year, international lawyer Francis A. Boyle called on US students to learn from the anti-apartheid movement and to use the same methods against Israel in order to bring down its “apartheid regime”. The then founded Students for Justice in Palestine (SJP) started the first disinvestment campaign in Berkeley in 2001 . By 2004, SJP groups were formed at 40 universities in the United States.
The comparison with apartheid is intended to mark Israel as a “ pariah state” in order to justify boycotts that are as extensive as those against the former South Africa . It goes back historically to the anti-Zionist campaign of the Soviet Union in 1967, which portrayed Zionism as a tool of Western imperialism , racist ideology similar to National Socialism, and Zionists as helpers in the Holocaust with allegedly excessive influence on the capitalist world. The comparison is therefore based on a conspiracy - theoretical anti-Semitism.
The Second Intifada also began in 2000 . A network of anti-Israel organizations wanted to isolate Israel again at the third World Conference against Racism in Durban (August 31 to September 8, 2001). At a preparatory meeting in Tehran in February 2001 , from which the Iranian government excluded Jewish and Israeli NGOs, the participants decided on a draft resolution: According to this, the State of Israel would commit “a new form of apartheid, a crime against humanity ”. In doing so, they tied in with the equation "Zionism is racism ", which the UN asserted in resolution 3379 of 1975 but revoked in 1991. The text also accused Israel of committing “Holocausts” (plural) that were “anti-Semitic” (motivated by a racist hatred of Arabs as Semites). The draft established the “Durban Strategy” of indicting Israel of genocidal crimes with reference to international law .
The NGO forum in Durban was mainly financed, prepared and supplied with anti-Israel material by the Ford Foundation . Up to 8,000 delegates made Israel the main topic. Posters equated Zionism and racism, the Star of David and the swastika . The anti-Semitic protocols of the Elders of Zion were distributed, as were handouts with a portrait of Adolf Hitler and the question: “What if I had won?” The back answered the question with a map of Palestine without Israel. The final declaration called for a "policy of complete and total isolation of Israel as an apartheid state". All states are to be committed to sanctions and embargoes against Israel and must completely break off all diplomatic, economic, social, humanitarian and military cooperation with him. Those states that continue to support the "apartheid state of Israel and its practice of racist crimes against humanity, including ethnic cleansing and genocide " should be condemned. There was no reference to the civil rights of Arab Israelis or terrorist attacks by Palestinians on Israeli civilians. The BDS campaign emerged from this "Durban strategy". This went largely unnoticed as a result of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001 (a few days after the conference).
When the Israeli army (IDF) attacked Palestinian schools and universities during Operation Shield in April 2002, some British academics called for a boycott of Israeli universities. The Palestinian Campaign for the Academic and Cultural Boycott of Israel (PACBI) started in Ramallah in April 2004 . The first Israeli Apartheid Week took place in Toronto (Canada) in spring 2005 . It advertises the BDS campaign annually in February / March. On July 9, 2005, 171 organizations resolved the joint BDS appeal, which all precursor groups joined. The call is often seen as the beginning of the campaign, which historically began at the 2001 NGO forum in Durban.
At the sixth World Social Forum in Caracas in 2006 , the social NGOs took up the call. At the seventh World Social Forum in Nairobi in 2007 , Palestinian groups called for a global BDS movement. In November 2007, the first Palestinian BDS conference in Ramallah established the BDS National Committee (BNC). Its director, Omar Barghouti, is a Qatar- born descendant of Palestinians and describes himself as a "human rights activist". The BNC sees itself as the coordinator of the worldwide BDS campaign, but allows everyone to start their own actions against Israel “in the name of BDS”. The BDS movement therefore includes all actors who start consumption boycotts and investment withdrawals against Israelis and persons, companies and institutions who trade with Israel and who urge governments to sanctions and embargoes against Israel.
aims
The 2005 BDS appeal first describes the situation at the time: Although the International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled the Israeli barriers in the West Bank and the barriers around the Gaza Strip as illegal in 2004, Israel continues to build this wall. In addition, Israeli settlements would continue to be built in the occupied territories. Israel is "largely based on land [...] which has previously been ethnically cleansed from its Palestinian owners". The situation of the Arab-Palestinian citizens of Israel is characterized by "racial discrimination rooted in Israel's system". Since 1948, Israel has disregarded hundreds of UN resolutions calling for an end to the occupation and oppression of the Palestinian population. That is why the representatives of Palestinian civil society now called on international organizations and "all righteous people around the world" to enforce boycotts, investment denials and sanctions against Israel and to put pressure on their own states. The model for this is the fight against apartheid in South Africa. The " nonviolent punitive measures" would have to continue until Israel grants the Palestinians the "inalienable right to self-determination" and "fully complies with the standards of international law". To do this, Israel must:
- end the "occupation and colonization of all occupied Arab lands" and tear down the wall,
- recognize the "fundamental right of the Arab-Palestinian citizens of Israel to complete equality",
- Respect, protect and promote the right of Palestinian refugees to return to their homes and property, as agreed in UN Resolution 194 .
The BDS website describes Israel as an “apartheid state” in which the dominance of one race or ethnic group over another is legally and systematically institutionalized. This explains Israel's military occupation and its consequences, as well as privileges for Jewish settlers and discrimination against Arab Israelis (for example when buying land and training opportunities) from an allegedly intrinsic racism. The designation of Israel as an apartheid state is seen as a means of defamation. It ignores the historical reasons for the emergence of Israel, its constitutional constitution, the democratic rights of Arab Israelis and their possibilities to take action against discrimination, and downplayed South Africa's apartheid system.
The keyword “colonization” interprets Israel's occupation of Palestinian and Arab territories as colonialism, not as a result of unfinished wars. BDS representatives describe Israel as an expansive colonial state that emerged from European colonialism. They tie in with the anti-imperialism widespread since the 1960s, which sees Israel and the USA as centers of imperialism and the struggle of the Palestinians as the spearhead of a global anti-colonial liberation struggle. Since September 11, 2001, this view has been more popular again.
The claim that Israel was largely based on "ethnically cleansed" land follows the Palestinian historical narrative of the Nakba . Most Palestinians only lost their home and property after the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948 in the subsequent Palestine War , with which the attacking Arab states wanted to destroy Israel. Arab military forces, expecting victory and needing a free battlefield, also displaced many Palestinians; many fled because the British mandate administration collapsed during the war. Nonetheless, many BDS supporters understand “occupation” to mean the territory of Israel that was conquered in 1948 and recognized by the UN, not just the territories occupied in the 1967 Six Day War . So you are calling for the abolition of this state. In 2011, Omar Barghouti ruled out that the BDS appeal only called for Israel's withdrawal from the territories occupied in 1967. This interpretation is highly dangerous because it removes BDS the right to define the conditions of the struggle in Palestine and liberates Israel from the accusations of apartheid and racism in all of the territory under its control.
The BDS demand for the demolition of the so-called “wall” (mostly fences with border crossings) interprets this in the context as a means of racial segregation and suppresses the fact that they were built to protect all (including Arab) Israelis from continued suicide bombings . The appeal does not call for these attacks to be stopped. He thus implicitly denies Israel's right to self-defense.
The BDS demand for an unspecific right of return is based on the UN Aid Organization for Palestine Refugees: This grants all descendants of the historically displaced Palestinians (currently more than five million, with an increasing tendency) a hereditary refugee status that is unique worldwide. In contrast, UN Resolution 194 only defined persons as Palestinian refugees who were registered in the British Mandate of Palestine from June 1, 1946 to May 15, 1948 and were displaced from there by the war. It made its right to return or compensation dependent on a peace treaty with Israel. All Arab states rejected the resolution. The peace treaty failed in 2000, among other things, because the PLO adhered to a blanket right of return. No government of Israel grants this, as the admission of millions of mostly Muslim Palestinians born outside the occupied territories would endanger the right of self-determination of the Jewish majority of the population. Nonetheless, most Israelis approve the influx of Palestinians who have relatives in Israel and adequate compensation for historically displaced Palestinians. Because BDS excludes such compromises, the dissolution or destruction of Israel is its ultimate goal. Omar Barghouti admitted: "If the refugees return, there will be no two-state solution , but Palestine alongside Palestine." Israelis willing to make peace such as Amos Oz therefore emphasized: "The right of return is a glossing over the destruction of Israel."
BDS representatives represent the campaign as a non-violent grassroots movement that tries to end Israel's occupation through economically consistent behavior. Although the BDS appeal leaves the desired form of government open, its demands mean turning away from the internationally agreed two -state solution in favor of a one-state solution without Jewish self-determination. Its fulfillment would amount to Israel's end as a Jewish-democratic state. Leading BDS representatives openly emphasized this:
- Omar Barghouti: “Definitely, very definitely we are opposed to a Jewish state in any part of Palestine. No Palestinian […] will ever accept a Jewish state in Palestine. ”“ No state has the right to exist as a racist state. ”“ The two-state solution is finally dead. But someone has to issue an official death certificate before the decaying body is properly buried will, and then we can all go on and explore the more just, moral and therefore sustainable alternative for peaceful coexistence between Jews and Arabs in the mandate of Palestine: the one-state solution. "Israel is a" rogue state ".
- As'ad AbuKhalil: “The real goal of BDS is to wrestle the State of Israel. [...] Justice and freedom for the Palestinians are incompatible with the existence of the State of Israel. "
- Ali Abunimah : “Israel's right to exist as a Jewish state contains no adequate legal or moral remedy, and its enforcement forces the prolongation of terrible injustice. Therefore it is not a right at all. "
- Ahmed Moor: "Ending the occupation means nothing if it does not mean ending the Jewish state itself."
- Laura Kiswani: "Wrestling Israel will really serve everyone in the whole world, everyone in society, especially workers."
- Ronnie Kasrils: "BDS represents three words that will help to victory over Zionist Israel and for Palestine."
In a 2003 appearance with Omar Barghouti, the Jewish-American philosopher Judith Butler declared that it was not anti-Semitic to dispute Israel's right to exist. In 2006 she described Hamas and Hezbollah as “progressive” members of the global left, whose violence was criticized, but whose engagement was worth discussing. It demands that the Israelis give up their commitment to the Jewish state and their own homeland.
However, the call leaves open which form of government is sought. Some of the supporters tend towards a secular democratic state as a whole, others hold on to a just two-state solution and see BDS as a means of pressure to achieve this goal.
The BDS logo is the figure Handala by the Palestinian draftsman Naji al-Ali . His cartoons depict hook-nosed Jewish Israelis who try to seduce Arab women, commit ritual murders and can only be stopped by using machine guns. BDS uses the demonstration slogan From the River to the Sea, Palestine will be free, popular with Palestinian nationalists since the 1980s . Palestine from the Jordan to the Mediterranean includes Israel's national territory: the slogan is therefore an expression of the goal of destroying Israel. Accordingly, BDS activists often show a map of the region that shows only a single state of Palestine.
Methods
"Apartheid-free space - BDS / UAB" ( Catalan)
Academic boycotts
BDS regards the cooperation between Israelis and Palestinians as the "normalization" of an alleged state of oppression that must be combated. According to the PACBI call of July 2014, all joint events, projects and publications that assume coexistence and parity between oppressors and oppressed and strive for their reconciliation without addressing the causes of injustice are to be boycotted. Only joint resistance projects are morally permissible. This is particularly directed against liberal and progressive projects by Israeli universities, which for their part are seeking Israel's withdrawal from Palestinian territories. The academic boycott is an integral part of this struggle; it collides with the principle of freedom of research, teaching and study .
In 2001, the Students for Justice in Palestine (SJP) was founded in the USA . In 2009, around 300 of these groups agreed on the BDS call for an academic and cultural boycott of Israel. Since then, they have regularly been calling for BDS resolutions on university boards, creating ongoing controversy. BDS activists often journalistically prepare votes in these committees for years, give their view of the Palestine conflict such strong and lasting attention, bring their rhetoric to many students and thus change the climate of discussion at the universities in their long-term favor.
The Israel critic Noam Chomsky affirms the goals of the BDS campaign, but rejects the academic boycott: he finds hardly any supporters, sticking to it guarantees failure. Chomsky questioned university BDS activities according to the “glass house” principle: If Tel Aviv University is boycotted for human rights violations in Israel, why not boycott Harvard University for far greater human rights violations by the USA? The comparison of Israel with South Africa is misleading, since global investors gave up South Africa at the beginning of the boycotts around 1960, while they are currently investing heavily in Israel. BDS spokesmen would need to realistically assess the realities for their tactics to be effective.
On December 11, 2019, US President Donald Trump issued a decree against anti-Semitism at universities. Accordingly, US universities that do not fight anti-Semitism on their campus consistently enough must reckon with financial losses. The left-liberal Jewish organization J Street complained that this had a "deterrent effect" on students who disagree with Israel's Palestine policy. BDS protests and calls for boycotts against the Jewish state have long had support in the American university landscape.
Cultural boycotts
Since the PACBI call in 2004, cultural boycotts have made up a significant part of the BDS campaign. Activists are urging people and ensembles from third countries to cancel their events in Israel. They typically justify this with alleged war crimes of Israel, which one should not support. The jazz singer Gregory Porter was called upon not to commit any “musical genocide ”; his appearance would act as a "whitewash" of alleged crimes of Israel.
Such calls are easier to organize than academic and economic boycotts and are quick to generate wide publicity. They are spread en masse on Twitter and are often associated with intimidation and bullying. After such calls, Elvis Costello , Lauryn Hill , Thurston Moore , Sinéad O'Connor , Tommy Sands and Carlos Santana canceled planned concerts in Israel. Astrophysicist Stephen Hawking canceled a conference visit there. Ken Loach withdrew his film from a film festival in Melbourne in 2009 because Israel helped finance it. Roger Waters , Brian Eno and Jean-Luc Godard support BDS. The authors Alice Walker and Henning Mankell refused to authorize Hebrew translations of their works. In 2009, BDS supporters tried unsuccessfully to boycott the Toronto International Film Festival over its Israeli theme. In 2011, BDS supporters interrupted a concert by the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra at the Royal Albert Hall in London. In 2014, PACBI organized protests against the Heartbeat music project , which aims to bring Israeli and Palestinian musicians and listeners together to build trust. In 2013 Mira Nair supported BDS. In January 2014, a UNESCO exhibition in Paris on the 3500-year history of Jews in Palestine was canceled after massive protests by BDS supporters and Arab states. In February 2015 over 700 British artists called for a cultural boycott of Israel through the open letter Artists for Palestine until the end of the “colonial oppression of the Palestinians”. In 2018 Lana Del Rey , Lorde and Of Montreal canceled planned performances in Israel.
Under pressure from a local BDS group, the organizer of the Rototom Sunsplash festival in Spain dismissed the Jewish musician Matisyahu in August 2015 because he had refused to make a political declaration for Palestine. After violent international protests, the organizer withdrew the invitation and apologized. The case is an example of the anti-Semitic traits of the BDS campaign, because Matisyahu is not an Israeli and was only put under political pressure because of being Jewish. Such actions were organized according to the occasion, without a well-planned concept and not justified with a specific function of the object of protest for the situation of the Palestinians. Thus, the blanket delegitimization of Israel by Jewish Israelis and Jews is perceptible as their only coherent goal.
Prominent opponents of the cultural boycott include John Lydon , Joanne K. Rowling , Hilary Mantel , Nick Cave and Helen Mirren . Linkin Park , the Red Hot Chili Peppers and Rihanna refused to cancel their performances in Israel. Also Justin Bieber , Leonard Cohen , Bob Dylan , Joy Harjo , Lady Gaga , Elton John , Jon Bon Jovi , Alicia Keys , Cyndi Lauper , Madonna , Paul McCartney (after death threats), Justin Timberlake , Kanye West , The Rolling Stones , Deep Purple , the Eagles of Death Metal , Radiohead and Jennifer Lopez performed in Israel despite BDS calls and massive pressure. Scarlett Johansson refused to terminate an advertising contract with the Israeli company SodaStream in 2014 despite massive BDS pressure .
On the occasion of the Eurovision Song Contest 2019 taking place in Israel , BDS called for a boycott of the competition by artists and TV stations in advance. However, the EBU described this as “not worth discussing”, and the participating broadcasters, including ARD , clearly committed to hosting and broadcasting the competition.
Economic boycotts
Although the BDS call calls for extensive boycotts of all of Israel, it leaves open which entities should be boycotted and how. Accordingly, some BDS actors only boycott products or services from the occupied territories in the West Bank , the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem. Omar Barghouti sees such partial boycotts as an attempt to save Israel as an “apartheid state”. Nonetheless, they opened the door to the boycott method and helped the world to see Israel as a pariah .
It is unclear what criteria BDS supporters use to select companies for boycotts and what these should achieve. Many calls for boycotts target all products made in Israel, others target companies that also manufacture or sell their products in occupied territories of Palestine, or companies that also produce in Israel, or companies that are run by Jewish Israelis. For example, a BDS group in Sacramento, California , listed Sabra hummus ( Strauss Group ), among other things , because the company sells food to the Israeli army (but also to Palestinians); Intel , because it also has hardware parts for PCs manufactured in Israel; Teva for being a leading Israeli pharmaceutical company ; Estée Lauder , because its chairman also leads a government-affiliated organization in Israel; Ben & Jerry’s , because their ice cream is also sold in illegal settlements; Well , because she has a shoe factory in an illegal settlement. Critics point out that such boycotts cannot be carried out precisely and consistently, since they also include Arab Israelis, Palestinians who work in Israeli companies and are treated in Israeli hospitals, the vast majority of Israelis who affirm a Palestinian state on the side of Israel, all Affect buyers of products with parts made in Israel and all consumers of essential products not available elsewhere.
The BDS activists recorded a great success in 2015 when the SodaStream company withdrew from Ma'ale Adumim , an Israeli settlement in the West Bank. The Palestinian workers had explicitly spoken out against the BDS campaign; most of the 600 Palestinian workers lost their jobs when Sodastream moved to the Israeli heartland.
Investment deduction
BDS calls for divestment are directed against companies, organizations and projects that invest in or deliver their products to Israel in any way or are involved in Israeli companies. The calls are mostly justified with the accusation of "complicity" with alleged crimes of Israel or its army, because they use products of such companies, for example Caterpillar , Hewlett-Packard , Hyundai , Volvo and many others. Divestment calls against them and calls to boycott their non-Israeli customers make up the bulk of the BDS campaign because 95% of Israel's exports go to other companies, not consumers.
BDS also calls on organizations with a social and humanitarian mandate such as trade unions, universities, churches, municipalities and pension funds to divest . The calls mostly boldly attack individual companies or projects without defining their specific role for injustice against Palestinians, and are often justified with socially recognized goals such as environmental protection. In the USA, BDS is also increasingly using Socially Responsible Investing (SRI) as a platform for its calls, even if ethically recommended investment funds are not active in Israel anyway. The result is hardly any direct damage to Israel's economy, for example because other companies buy out shares that have been sold. However, it is increasing the willingness of other companies to quietly withdraw from Israel in order to avoid public controversy. Student BDS resolutions do not bind university administrations, but the broad discussion about them already influences the thinking and actions of later educational elites.
In the US, SJP groups in 2002 called on the University of California , Harvard University, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to sell their shares in companies that invested in Israel. The unsuccessful attempts served as a model for later BDS campaigns. By 2014, the SJP groups had had divestment campaigns at 24 universities. They form alliances with groups for racial and gender justice and confront Israel-friendly groups with their demands. Ali Abunimah spoke of a "war on campus" for BDS.
In 2013, the Dutch water supply company Vitens ended the cooperation it had agreed only a month earlier with the Israeli company Mekarot because it “cannot be seen in isolation from the political context”. The decision was also attributed to political pressure from BDS supporters. Previously, in a parliamentary debate, Dutch MPs criticized the fact that Mekarot was drilling for water in the West Bank and discriminating against Palestinians when it came to supplies. In contrast, the Israeli Foreign Ministry stressed that the decision was strange and shameful because Mekarot worked with Palestinian authorities and was therefore funded by the World Bank . At the beginning of 2014, the largest Dutch pension fund, PGGM, withdrew its investments from five Israeli banks. The company justified the measure with the financial support of the banks for the illegal Israeli settlements in the occupied Palestinian territories, which stand in the way of a peaceful settlement of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
Ship and port blockades
Some BDS groups are trying to prevent the loading and unloading of ships owned by Israeli companies or whose cargo they consider destined for Israel. According to BDS calls, workers in South Africa in February 2009 and in Sweden and Norway in June 2010 refused to unload individual such ships for a week. In August 2014, 70 BDS support groups blocked parking lots for dock workers in the port of Oakland under the heading Block the Boat to prevent them from unloading a container ship. This did not fly under the Israeli flag and did not transport any Israeli goods, but was leased to international contractors by the Israeli shipping company Zim Integrated Shipping Services (ZIM). The company was only 32% owned by Israeli owners. The action resulted in only a slight loss of time when unloading, but no loss of income for the owners. No local union supported the blockade. This led to a drop in wages for its members, as ZIM ships headed for other ports in the region because of the campaign from 2010.
Litigation
In October 2010, British BDS activists occupied a shop owned by the Israeli cosmetics company Ahava in London and chained themselves there. They accused her of manufacturing their products in the occupied part of the Dead Sea and thus profiting from alleged war crimes committed by Israel. Ahava denied this. The activists were arrested and sentenced each to pay £ 250 in damages for the damage done to property in the operation. They litigated against it through all instances. The British High Court of Justice dismissed their appeal in 2014 because Ahava did not support illegal settlements, produced in an existing state and the product label Dead Sea, Israel was not an integral part of the sale. The occupation of the shop cannot be justified by war crimes. Ahava closed the London shop without replacement in September 2011 due to ongoing protests. In March 2016, Ahava announced that it would open another factory on the Israeli coast of the Dead Sea. Haaretz interpreted this as a withdrawal from the occupied territory due to the BDS campaign.
Economic effect
According to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), direct new investments from abroad in Israel fell by around 46 percent in 2014 compared to the previous year to 5.6 billion US dollars. The authors saw Operation Protective Edge in summer 2014 and a growth in the BDS campaign as the causes .
In 2015, a study by the RAND Corporation estimated that a successful BDS campaign could cost Israel up to $ 47 billion (around one sixth of 2014 gross national income ) over the next decade . An internal report by the government of Israel estimated the cost of all BDS activities at $ 1.4 billion annually. Precise forecasts are not possible due to the wide range of campaigns and the uncertain course of the campaign.
Any temporary declines in foreign investments by BDS are offset by high economic growth and innovation potential in Israel, which, despite the lack of raw materials, is permanently one of the richer countries in the world. The share of foreign capital for new product development in Israel was 47 percent in 2016. Experts from the German Society for Foreign Policy attribute this to ongoing boycotts that are hostile to Israel. Israel's export economy, which is geared towards high added value, is hardly susceptible to calls for boycotts by the BDS movement, because Israeli high-tech products have no Israeli label of origin, are too widespread and are too popular with American and European consumers. The products used to digitally organize protests (smartphones, laptops, etc.) already contain hundreds to thousands of technologies developed in Israel, even if their labels indicate other countries of origin. (See start-up nation Israel ) Since settlement products only make up one percent of Israel's total exports, boycotts limited to these hardly affect its economy.
A 2015 investigation by the parliamentary research and information center found that the BDS sanctions have not harmed the Israeli economy since 2005. Exports to Europe almost doubled between 2005 and 2015. In 2017, foreign direct investment in Israel peaked. According to the World Bank , the gross domestic product had increased since 2005 from 142 to 350 billion US dollars. The political scientist Anders Persson has found "precious little" effect of BDS so far.
This low economic impact was confirmed by a seven-year study by Financial Immunities , which was published in October 2018. According to information from senior executives of larger Israeli companies since 2010, 0.75 percent of them were affected by boycotts and as a result had an average of 0.004 percent revenue losses. Some of these companies had benefited from the boycotts, namely through purchases and transactions that were intended to express sympathy for Israel.
Palestine
The 171 signatories of the 2005 BDS appeal are Palestinian NGOs from the Occupied Territories, Israel and other states. For them, BDS represents the entire Palestinian civil society as the third political force alongside the Palestinian Authority , which they see as an ambivalent collaborator with Israel, and Hamas, which controls the Gaza Strip .
The Council for the National and Islamic Forces in Palestine (PNIF) is also the first to sign the call. These include five groups that are internationally classified as terrorist organizations and aim to destroy Israel: Hamas, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), its General Command (PFLP-GC), the Palestine Liberation Front (PLF) and Islamic Jihad in Palestine (PIJ). The BNC worked repeatedly and openly with some representatives of these groups. Some other groups of signatories cannot be found and may only have been set up as dummy addresses for the appeal.
According to a February 2019 report by the Government of Israel, Hamas and the PFLP have ties to at least 13 BDS support groups and placed more than 30 of their members, including convicted murderers, in leadership positions in NGOs within the BDS movement. The report documented the organized interaction of boycotts and terrorist violence with the common goal of destroying Israel.
According to a 2015 poll by the Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research , 85 percent of Palestinians surveyed from the Occupied Territories support BDS. The Palestinian Authority under President Mahmoud Abbas rejected the BDS campaign and limited its own calls for a boycott on goods from Israeli settlements in the Palestinian territories.
The al-Quds University and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem announced in May 2005 a joint declaration against BDS out: cooperation based on mutual respect and dialogue rather than confrontation and discrimination both educational duty are as well essential for the function. The director of al-Quds University, Sari Nusseibeh, affirmed in 2006 that progressive perspectives for peace with the Palestinians and for their equality are widespread, especially at Israeli universities; if one wanted to punish any area, then these institutions should be considered last.
The BDS movement accused Israel of cyber attacks on its website in June 2016 without evidence.
On January 15, 2018, the PLO decided to suspend the treaties with Israel from the Oslo peace process. At the same time, the PLO called for the first time to support BDS.
Israel
In 1997 , the Gush Shalom peace initiative was the first Israeli organization to call for a boycott of the products of Israeli settlements. Its leader Uri Avnery rejected the BDS campaign, however, because it did not seek peace with Israel, but its abolition. The demanded return of the Palestinian descendants is completely unrealistic and can at best be achieved with war. All serious Palestinian negotiators therefore sought only a limited right of return and adequate compensation under a two-state solution.
On July 11, 2011, the Knesset banned Israelis by law from public boycott calls against Israel and the occupied territories if they deliberately prevent economic, cultural or academic relationships and thus cause damage because of an indirect connection to the State of Israel. In the event of a violation, compensation should be demanded, and NGOs should be able to withdraw their non-profit status. The opposition, 32 Israeli law professors, Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch criticized the law as an attack on freedom of expression. In April 2015, the Supreme Court declared essential parts of the law to be valid, including the ban on boycotts limited to occupied territories, but not the permission to claim damages.
Israel's Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu described BDS as the greatest current threat to Israel in spring 2015. The Ministry of Strategic Affairs (Israel) under Gilad Erdan started an international campaign against BDS. In 2016, the government approved 32 million euros from the state budget to curb the activities of BDS supporters and to disclose their financial sources, including using covert methods and intensive Internet advertising.
Israel's immigration authorities no longer granted BDS co-founder Omar Barghouti, who had had unlimited right of residence in Israel since 1994, to travel abroad from May 2016. In December 2016, Israeli authorities refused entry to Isabel Phiri, a member of the General Secretariat of the World Council of Churches , because of alleged BDS support. Barghouti was arrested in March 2017 for alleged tax evasion and was again given a temporary ban on leaving the country. In the same month, the Knesset passed a law prohibiting non-Israeli supporters of Israel boycotts and members of boycott organizations from entering or staying in Israel. The Anti-Defamation League, the American Jewish Committee, and other Jewish organizations in the United States opposed the law.
In May 2016, the Israeli government and around twelve pro-Israel organizations held an international conference against BDS in New York City. In autumn 2016, Erdan referred to covert "special operations" against BDS. The Israeli government saw the fact that three European states declared BDS activities to be covered by freedom of expression as a setback for this counter-campaign.
In June 2015, the author Ilana Hammerman called for a cultural and economic boycott of all Israeli settlements in the territories occupied in 1967, but separated herself from BDS. Yehoshua Sobol , Dani Karavan and eight recipients of the Israel Prize were among the 1,400 or so signatories . On January 29, 2017, Hammerman called on their fellow citizens to appeal to the international community to boycott all of Israel, not just the settlements. In doing so, she reacted to the planned state entry ban for foreign BDS activists. Israel's occupation policy has disregarded human rights for decades for ideological reasons. That makes international intervention necessary. An economic boycott could pave the way for a peaceful solution to the conflict if the call for it came from Israelis willing to make peace. Israel's existence depends on it and cannot be militarily secured in a hostile environment in the long term.
In January 2018, the Israeli government announced that it would call on and support around 20 NGOs belonging to BDS and / or urge other organizations and states to boycott Israel to refuse entry to Israel. A list of these NGOs also included the British aid organization War on Want and the American Friends Service Committee of the Quakers .
In June 2019, Israel's government announced that the two-year campaign against BDS support groups and the exposure of their links to terrorist groups had closed around 30 of their donation and crowdfunding accounts, such as PayPal and DonorBox . This drastically restricted the BDS campaign.
In September 2019, the Israeli government presented the study Behind the Mask , which lists 80 examples of anti-Semitic statements and caricatures by leading BDS activists. In the European Parliament representatives of the government urged pan-European action against the “clearly anti-Semitic” BDS movement. The EU supported many BDS-affiliated NGOs in the Middle East with six-figure amounts, so that the European taxpayer helped finance hatred and agitation against Israel.
In October 2019 Israel's Interior Minister Arje Deri requested a legal opinion in order to be able to revoke BDS founder Omar Barghouti's permanent right of residence in Israel and expel him. This is a man who does everything to harm the country and therefore cannot enjoy the right to reside in Israel.
Germany
Support groups
German BDS support groups include the Jewish Voice for Just Peace in the Middle East (part of the European Jews for a Just Peace ), FOR Palestine , Café Palestine (Bern, Zurich, Freiburg, Cologne), and in Germany also the Berlin Youth Resistance , the Kairos Palestine Solidarity Network , the German Coordination Group Palestine Israel (KoPI), the German-Palestinian Society , the Palestine Portal , the Jewish-Palestinian Dialogue Group , the German Peace Council and parts of Left Youth Solid and IPPNW .
The well-known PFLP representative Leila Chaled went on a lecture tour to BDS support groups in Germany ( Falestin Beytona ), Sweden and Austria in 2016 . She described BDS as helping “our resistance and our revolution” and at the same time stressed that boycotts alone would not liberate Palestine; only all forms of resistance, including armed struggle, could achieve this together. Observers of such references therefore do not see BDS as a non-violent movement, but as a form of economic warfare against Israel that complements terrorism.
Conflicts over BDS activities
In Germany there are BDS groups mainly in Berlin, Bonn and Stuttgart. Your activists repeatedly attacked the International Tourism Exchange Berlin (ITB) in order to achieve Israel's exclusion. In November 2011 they started a nationwide protest against Israeli agricultural products in Berlin, Hamburg, Heidelberg, Munich and Stuttgart. In March 2011, the BDS-affiliated “Bremen Peace Forum” in Bremen urged customers in front of supermarkets not to buy Israeli products. In February 2012, BDS activists disrupted the nine-day “Sounds of Israel” concert series in Hamburg and protested against Israel's participation in the Fruit Logistica trade fair in Berlin. In March 2012, they protested in several German cities against the Galeria Kaufhof department store chain , which also sells products from Israel. The sub-group Berlin Academics Boycott is boycotting Israeli film festivals and trying to prevent German artists and musicians from appearing in Israel. BDS successes are the exits of Deutsche Bank from the Israeli arms company Elbit Systems and Deutsche Bahn from the construction of a high-speed line in Israel, which should also lead through occupied territory.
Individual members of the Die Linke party work with BDS. From 2009 onwards, a debate arose in the Left Party. Their candidate for the mayor's office in Duisburg Hermann Dierkes, Felicia Langer , Jakob Moneta , Die Linke Bremen and others supported BDS. This met with strong criticism from the party executive and the parliamentary group around Petra Pau and Gregor Gysi , so that Dierkes withdrew his candidacy. BDS opponents in the party described the campaign as "anti-Semitism", "which is reminiscent of the Nazi slogan 'Don't buy from the Jews'". A leaflet appeared on the website of the Duisburg Left Party in 2011 that showed a Star of David with a swastika and justified a boycott of Israel as a defense against an alleged “moral blackmail through the so-called Holocaust”.
The participation of the then left-wing party members Annette Groth , Inge Höger and Norman Paech in the Gaza flotilla in 2010 intensified the debate. In 2011 the parliamentary group rejected calls for boycotts, a one-state solution and participation in another Gaza flotilla. The unanimous decision only came about because parliamentary group leader Gregor Gysi threatened to resign, other MPs threatened to leave the party, and one fifth of the group did not vote.
The Roman Catholic peace organization Pax Christi in Germany supported the Gaza flotilla and protested against the distancing of the Left Party. Since 2012, Pax Christi has been calling for a boycott of goods labeled Made in Israel because they could also have been manufactured in the occupied territories of Palestine. The call spoke of “no purchase” with the aim of enforcing a legal “labeling requirement” for Israeli products from the occupied territories. BDS advocates are the “Heidelberg Forum against Militarism and War”, the “German-Palestinian Women's Association”, the “Institute for Palestine Studies”, and some local Attac groups.
Judith Butler received the Theodor W. Adorno Prize in 2012 against strong protest . In the summer of 2015, the BDS support group Code Pink received the Margravine Wilhelmine Prize from the city of Bayreuth . The city council confirmed the award in February 2016.
In November 2015, “goods inspection tours” by BDS activists in Bremen and Bonn met with fierce criticism, as was a lecture by Oldenburg BDS activist Christoph Glanz (alias “Ben Kushka”) in Gasteig in Munich. Opponents filed criminal charges against his BDS appeal in a newspaper of the Education and Science Union (GEW) in autumn 2016. The state school authority of Lower Saxony stated: BDS supporters could not be described across the board as anti-Semitic, but BDS has "sometimes extremely problematic or controversial traits". The Oldenburger GEW withdrew an initial apology on its homepage for the reprint of the BDS appeal after a conversation with Christoph Glanz and stated that the article was not anti-Israeli. The federal chairwoman of the GEW apologized in a letter to Israel's teachers' union for the BDS support in the Oldenburg GEW.
After a lecture by the London BDS activist Lori Allen at the University of Leipzig (June 2016), the Leipzig Student Council condemned BDS as anti-Semitic. From now on one will campaign against any such event. The Council's anti-racism officer had described Israel as an “apartheid state” and resigned in August 2016 after criticizing it.
The appointment of the South African BDS activist Farid Esack as visiting professor at the University of Hamburg (winter 2016/17) sparked a debate. Planned lectures by BDS activists in Bonn and Frankfurt am Main (March 2017) were canceled after protests.
In 2014, BDS-Berlin took part in a celebration to mark the founding day of the terrorist PFLP. In 2015 BDS-Berlin took part in the “Festival against Racism” and in 2016 in the “Carnival of Refugees” in Berlin in order to anchor its boycott campaign in other civil society initiatives. According to the Amadeu Antonio Foundation , BDS unites a broad spectrum of anti-Israel supporters in Germany "from the left camp [...] to the organized neo-Nazi spectrum" through unclear demands and the conscious concealment of its goal to abolish Israel.
The neo-Nazi micro-party Der III. Away 2014 a call to boycott Israeli goods. Former NPD district council candidate Marc Kluge (2016) and pastor Friedrich Bode (2018), who is close to the NPD, participated in BDS campaigns. At the federal party conference of Alternative for Germany (AfD) in December 2017, the anti-Semitic state parliament member Wolfgang Gedeon and four other AfD members demanded that the party reserve the right to boycotts and economic sanctions against Israel.
In April 2016 the left-wing demonstration alliance "Revolutionary May 1st" accepted Berlin FOR Palestine and other BDS support groups and let their representatives vote on participation. After trying unsuccessfully to exclude these groups, the decade-long members Ecological Left and Anti-Racist List left the alliance and demonstrated in their own block. Some BDS supporters physically attacked pro-Israel leftists.
In the summer of 2016, BDS put prominent NGOs such as Greenpeace and Pax Christi on the signatory list of a petition against the “criminalization of the BDS movement” without them knowing about it. After protests, they were removed from the list.
The BDS opponent Jutta Ditfurth was unloaded from an international conference of the Catalan party Candidatura d'Unitat Popular (CUP) in May 2017 because it considers the fight of the BDS “against colonialist and racist politics” to be “a central and decisive question”. On June 10 and 11, 2017, the “Palestine-Israel Coordination Group” (KoPI) held a conference in Frankfurt am Main on “50 Years of Occupation” since 1967, at which BDS supporters such as Norman Paech, Ilan Pappe and Moshe Zuckermann spoke. The Mayor of Frankfurt Uwe Becker had tried unsuccessfully to prevent the event. The Anne Frank educational institution therefore organized a panel discussion on June 7th, 2017 on “BDS, criticism of Israel and anti-Semitism” with Jutta Ditfurth, Meron Mendel and Gabriele Scherle . On June 9, around 120 supporters with banners such as “Zionism is apartheid” and the speaker Abraham Melzer for BDS demonstrated against it, around 250 opponents from the Jewish community in Frankfurt am Main , the Honestly Concerned association and the Central Council of Jews in Germany (ZdJ) against it . The respondents were particularly against the BDS goal of ending Israel's existence. Jutta Ditfurth criticized BDS as the "diplomatic arm of Hamas". BDS activists had no place in the left; Even the Israeli left could “only lose” through BDS. Uwe Becker criticized that BDS practices “from the department store police to putting pressure on musicians” did not stand for a democratic culture of debate. BDS "uses the same language as the National Socialists".
On June 22, 2017, three BDS activists interrupted a panel discussion between Holocaust survivor Deborah Weinstein and Knesset MP Aliza Lavie at the Humboldt University in Berlin with shouts like “child murderer” . The university condemned the incident and promised to protect future lectures by Israelis. The Berlin Research and Information Center for Anti-Semitism criticized: BDS does not differentiate itself from anti-Semitic actors. Their actions are often very aggressive and sometimes violent. The 2005 BDS appeal aims to eradicate Israel.
In August 2017, BDS called on 100 booked artists in writing to cancel the Pop-Kultur festival in Berlin and, contrary to the facts, claimed that Israel's government had a direct influence on the festival program. In fact, the Israeli embassy only subsidized travel expenses for Israeli musicians. Arab artists nevertheless followed the call.
On March 9, 2019, the association “Jewish Voice for a Just Peace” received the Göttingen Peace Prize against protests . The award judge, Andreas Zumach , publicly defended BDS against accusations of anti-Semitism. He is a member of the Alliance for Justice between Israelis and Palestinians . Its board member Martin Breidert is an activist of the Bonn-based BDS group.
In 2012, the Jewish Museum Berlin held a panel discussion with BDS representative Judith Butler and the German-Jewish historian Micha Brumlik . In July 2018, Museum Director Peter Schäfer canceled a lecture by the Palestinian Sa'ed Atshan after the Israeli embassy in Berlin had said he was close to BDS. In October 2018, the museum invited supporters of the Gaza flotilla. In December 2018, Israel's Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu sent a letter from Chancellor Angela Merkel to demand that anti-Israel organizations and BDS supporters put a stop to it, citing the Jewish Museum Berlin. The federal government rejected his initiative. In June 2019, the museum's press officer linked a press report on the Goldberg appeal on Twitter under the hashtag “Mustread”. That gave the impression that the museum supported BDS. ZdJ President Josef Schuster strongly criticized the museum management and broke off the ZdJ's contact with the museum. Schäfer dismissed the press spokeswoman and resigned on June 14, 2019 after growing criticism. Around 450 scholars for Jewish studies defended Schäfer and partly rejected the Bundestag resolution: BDS was too heterogeneous, had no association statutes and could therefore not be classified as anti-Semitic overall. Micha Brumlik criticized the allegations against Schäfer as a sign of a decline in a liberal culture of dialogue and a new McCarthyism against everyone who came under "BDS suspicion". On the other hand, a petition signed by around 500 scholars and artists from the Scholars for Peace in the Middle East (SPME) demanded that the Jewish Museum Berlin should in future be "no place for anti-Israel agitation, the promotion of anti-Semitism and support for Israel's enemies" be.
In August 2019, BDS called for a boycott of the music clubs: // about blank (Berlin), Golden Pudel (Hamburg) and Conne Island (Leipzig) because they allegedly participated in Israel's oppression of the Palestinians. The Berlin club saw this as an absurd “provocation strategy” and organized a panel discussion with Israelis and Palestinians.
With reference to the attack in Halle (Saale) in 2019 on the local synagogue on Yom Kippur (October 9), the German Rectors ' Conference (HRK) opposed all anti-Semitism in November 2019 and, following a resolution by student groups, rejected any BDS- Action at universities and called for the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) definition of anti-Semitism to be established at all university locations.
Measures by municipalities, states and the federal government
The state foreign trade regulation has banned boycotts since 1992. In 2005, a ban on boycott clauses against Israel was added, which German companies had often accepted as a contractual condition of Arab business partners.
On July 11, 2017, the City Council of Munich decided on the motion "Against all anti-Semitism - No cooperation with the anti-Semitic BDS movement", to give BDS or BDS supporters no more urban spaces. In September 2017, the District Court of Munich I ruled that the Munich cultural center Gasteig had to give a BDS support group a rented room and fulfill the existing rental agreement. The “Landesarbeitsgemeinschaft Frieden” of the Left Party of Bavaria had previously rented the room without specifying the actual purpose of use. As a result, Munich's city council decided on December 13, 2017 that no one should receive municipal grants or rooms who deal with BDS or want to support BDS. In August 2018, a Munich resident wanted to discuss this city council resolution in the city museum and sued the city's ban on space before the administrative court in Munich . This ruled in December 2018 that the city council resolution was legally valid and that the discussion on BDS contradicted the purpose of the city museum.
After an appeal, in which LMU Professor Michael Meyen also participated, a judge at the Bavarian Administrative Court (VGH) questioned the city council decision in May 2020: This may violate the plaintiffs' freedom of expression because they do not have BDS in the city museum , but wanted to discuss the city council resolution. The city can only intervene if criminal acts are to be expected. Anti-Semitism is highly reprehensible, but not punishable. However, a decision by the Federal Administrative Court is necessary on the legal issues . In July 2020, the Association of Jewish Students in Bavaria (VJSB) and the Jewish Student Union Germany (JSUD) asked the city of Munich to keep their BDS decision because BDS has many connections to terror groups and regularly acts in an anti-Semitic manner. Many youth organizations of the political parties in Munich and Bavaria’s anti-Semitism commissioner Ludwig Spaenle supported the demand.
On August 25, 2017, the city administration of Frankfurt am Main decided on an application similar to that in Munich and called on municipal companies and private landlords to act in the same way.
In September 2017 the Governing Mayor of Berlin Michael Müller had a ban on the allocation of rooms to BDS supporters by the Berlin districts legally checked because of BDS actions with "anti-Semitic signs in front of Jewish shops" and proposed a ban on BDS associations by the Federal Minister of the Interior. On March 15, 2019, the convicted PFLP terrorist Rasmea Odeh was supposed to appear at BDS-Berlin. The Berlin Senate banned the event at the last minute. Since this ban on appearing, Berlin's Senator for the Interior, Andreas Geisel , has been demanding that BDS be combated by legal means and that the Office for the Protection of the Constitution monitor it nationwide.
In September 2019, the Dortmund city council dismissed the British-Pakistani writer Kamila Shamsie from the Nelly Sachs Prize because of her BDS support.
Since 2013, German party foundations have been publicly criticized for their substantial funds for BDS support groups. The Konrad Adenauer Foundation and the Heinrich Böll Foundation funded the Palestinian NGO Miftah from 2008 to 2013 with more than 300,000 euros. According to the NGO Monitor (Jerusalem), the German government funded projects by NGOs that support the Israel boycott and a one-state solution from 2012 to 2015 with 1,680,000 euros, including the Israeli Coalition of Women for Peace and the Palestinian Committee Coordination of the civil uprising . The German embassy in Israel denied this.
In March 2015, the federal government stated that it had no knowledge that BDS was anti-Semitic. In April 2016, representatives of all parliamentary groups declared that BDS had to be stopped because of ongoing anti-Semitic incidents, but rejected a ban. The “Independent Expert Group on Antisemitism” appointed by the Bundestag presented an anti-Semitism report by the German Bundestag in April 2017 , which stated on BDS: The campaign served "under the pretext of wanting to prevent the purchase of Israeli goods as a platform for anti-Semitic attitudes", used linguistically Anti-Semitic stereotypes and support groups indiscriminately called for a boycott of Jewish settlements and all of Israel.
On May 17, 2019, a broad majority in the Bundestag consisting of the CDU / CSU , SPD , FDP and the Greens condemned the arguments and methods of the BDS movement as anti-Semitic. The occasion was the call by BDS to boycott the Eurovision Song Contest 2019 in Israel. Such calls, according to the Bundestag resolution, “are reminiscent of the most terrible phase in German history. [...] 'Don't Buy' stickers on Israeli products inevitably evoke associations with the Nazi slogan 'Don't buy from Jews!' and corresponding graffiti on facades and shop windows. ”The Bundestag decided to withdraw funding from BDS. The Left and some Greens voted against it. The AfD parliamentary group abstained and instead applied for BDS to be banned entirely.
Sixteen Middle East experts from European universities criticized the Bundestag resolution as a “blanket condemnation of the BDS movement”, which does not help in the fight against anti-Semitism. Barbara Unmüßig , head of the Heinrich Böll Foundation, feared that the resolution would make their work in the Middle East more difficult. An appeal by 240 Jewish and Israeli scholars, initiated by the Israeli historian Amos Goldberg , warned against equating BDS with anti-Semitism. The Bundestag resolution helps "the furthest right-wing government in the history of Israel to delegitimize any discourse on Palestinian rights and any international solidarity with the Palestinians [...]". The anti-Semitism researcher Monika Schwarz-Friesel pointed out that the critics Goldberg, Moshe Zimmermann and Eva Illouz are not anti-Semitism researchers. BDS publications and campaigns that have been empirically examined are undoubtedly anti-Semitic.
In its annual report for 2017, the Berlin Office for the Protection of the Constitution cited the BDS attacks in Berlin on a Holocaust survivor and another incident as examples of "anti-Semitism". The Office for the Protection of the Constitution of North Rhine-Westphalia stated in its 2018 annual report that the BDS campaign had to be “accused of anti-Semitism” because of the Nazi story (“Do not buy from Jews”). Since the beginning of 2019, a working group of German constitutional protection agencies has been examining whether BDS should be monitored or banned nationwide. According to their situation reports, the BDS founding appeal of 2005 implicitly questions Israel's right to exist. Some constitutional protectors point out that if you classify anti-Semites as enemies of the constitution, you also have to observe Islam-haters. On September 24, 2019, all intelligence managers discussed BDS.
Great Britain
In Great Britain, a coalition of various Christian, Muslim, Israeli and Labor Party- affiliated trade union groups with a strong public presence is running the boycott movement against Israel, described as an “anti-Israel lobby” . A traditional proximity to anti-Semitism is often continued or accepted. After some college teachers (2002) the Association of University Teachers (2005), the National Association of Teachers in Further and Higher Education , the writer John Berger , the Architects and Planners for Justice in Palestine (all 2006) called the University and College Union , the National Union of Journalists , the Transport and General Workers' Union , UNISON , War on Want (all 2007) and others to boycott Israel or Israeli institutions, such as Israeli architects, construction companies and the Israel Medical Association .
In 2014, Leicester City Council decided to boycott settlement products in 2014. The local parliaments of the London Borough of Tower Hamlets , Swansea and Bristol support BDS, as do the Northern Irish movement activist Mairead Corrigan , the writer Iain Banks , the neurobiologists Steven P. Rose and Hilary Rose. The British-Israeli historian Avi Shlaim, who lives in England, promoted BDS and a one-state solution in 2017.
In February 2016, the British government banned all publicly funded institutions from boycotting individual states. The opposition Labor Party, Amnesty International and others criticized the ban.
United States
In the USA , since 2001, 46 colleges in the USA (~ two%) have voted on BDS resolutions (mostly divestment of own shares in Israeli companies or companies trading with Israel). 44 student parliaments discussed such resolutions. In 2014/15 they proposed 27 divestment resolutions, 19 of which were rejected. In 2015/16, 16 universities discussed BDS resolutions, six of which were passed, seven were rejected and three were watered down. In 2014, 938 faculty members at 316 US universities supported academic boycotts of Israel. 84% of them belonged to the human and social sciences, 21% to English, 7% to natural sciences, 4% to artistic subjects. Support grew in individual departments, but not in universities as a whole.
Since 2006, the SJP introduced boycott resolutions into the American Studies Association (ASA). Since 2012, they have dominated their National Council. In December 2013, a majority at the annual conference approved the academic boycott of Israel. This prompted withdrawals from the ASA and sharp protests from other academic associations in the USA. The decision was followed by similar BDS advances in the American Historical Association (AHA), Middle East Studies Association (MESA), and Modern Language Association (MLA). The Native American and Indigenous Studies Association (NAISA) with some 100 members joined the ASA in 2013, the American Anthropological Association (AAA) in December 2014. The defeated Anthropologists for Dialogue on Israel and Palestine (ADIP) also fight Israel's occupation, but reject academic boycotts as counterproductive for a two-state solution. A study report on the Palestine conflict requested by the AAA management held Israel responsible, among other things, for the high child mortality rate in Palestine, but found no evidence of any complicity of Israeli anthropologists with the oppression of the Palestinians. Through strong mobilization of BDS support groups such as Friends of Sabeel, North America (FOSNA) and Jewish Voice for Peace (JVP), a majority of participants confirmed the boycott decision in 2015.
By the end of 2013, only five student parliaments had urged their universities to boycott Israel; none of the approximately 4,000 universities in the USA had decided to do so. Since 2014, SJP groups have been organizing disruptive actions at pro-Israeli lectures. The Northeastern University banned the local SJP Group therefore 2014 for a year. In many cases, BDS supporters prevent representatives of Israel from giving lectures at their universities.
BDS's support network in the USA includes the groups Al-Haq , American Muslims for Palestine , Dream Defenders , Jewish Voice for Peace , Palestine Legal , The US Coalition to Boycott Israel and the Coalition for Justice in Palestine . These groups also maintain contacts with PFLP representatives and supported the PFLP terrorist Rasmea Odeh with appeals for donations for her criminal trial. PFLP activist Shawn Jabarin gave BDS lectures in France in 2013, while his colleague Senan Shaqdeh coordinated BDS and anti-Israeli protests in the United States in 2014.
More than 800 academics from the USA supported the BDS group US Campaign for the Academic and Cultural Boycott of Israel (USACBI) by 2016. According to the Anti-Defamation League , USACBI has received funding since 2013 from the Al Awda ("The Return") group, which has also supported terrorist groups such as Hamas and Hezbollah since 2000. The Protestant Quaker human rights and peace organization American Friends Service Committee trains student BDS activists. The Jewish organization Jewish Voice for Peace (JVP) plays a prominent role in the BDS coalition. The executive director of the JVP calls for a change in US policy towards Israel and defends this publicly against most Jewish-American organizations.
In 2007, 450 university administrations in the US publicly opposed academic boycotts of Israel. Over 250 of them repeated this in 2014, as did all the major multidisciplinary academic organizations. These include the American Association of University Professors (AAUP), the American Council on Education (ACE), the Association of Public and Land-Grant Universities (APLGU) and the Association of American Universities (AAU). Counterinitiatives have been formed at universities in the USA with their own websites such as Stopbds.com , buycottisrael.com and BuyIsraeliProducts.com . They start “Buycott” counter-campaigns, which recommend the companies and products boycotted by BDS to buy, and offer information and a BDS Cookbook .
In July 2015, a representative survey conducted by pollster Frank Luntz on the “opinion elite” in the US found that 60% were unfamiliar with the BDS campaign and 19% of those who knew it supported it, including 31% of the Democrats and 3 % of Republicans . He concluded that Israel had to reckon with rapidly growing approval of the BDS campaign in the USA and could no longer expect cross-party support.
In parallel with BDS activities, anti-Semitic incidents increased at universities in the USA. In 2015, several Jewish candidates for university positions were selectively asked about their relationship with Israel. The David Project , AMCHA and the Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America (CAMERA) reported at their annual conference in December 2016 on the intimidation of Jewish students and professors and a significant increase in anti-Semitic attacks in the context of BDS activities on campus. The conference supported a draft law, discussed at the time in the United States Congress , that would include certain forms of criticism of Israel and anti-Zionism in an expanded definition of anti-Semitism and make it criminal as discrimination. Some professors described the definition of anti-Semitism used by AMCHA as “so indiscriminate that it becomes meaningless.” As in 2014, AMCHA's extended list of names of academics in the USA who support BDS met with criticism.
Activist Ward Churchill is a frequent speaker at Israel Apartheid Weeks . He speaks of Israel's genocide against the Palestinians and claims that many Jewish authors covered it up with writings on the Holocaust. The Green Party has supported BDS since May 2006. Jill Stein , the Green candidate in the 2016 US presidential election , included this support in her manifesto. Even Linda Sarsour , a Muslim American political activist, supports the BDS campaign.
From August 2014, BDS activists carried their campaign into the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement in order to combine both campaigns and thus broaden approval of the boycotts of Israel. To this end, they propagated slogans such as From Ferguson to Palestine or Palestine2Ferguson , which linked the death of Michael Brown there with anti-terrorism measures by the IDF in Gaza and attributed both to identical causes: African-Americans and Palestinians fought against the same system of racial segregation and occupation by violent police, which was a racist police force Regime ("state racism") protect and enforce. BDS activist Rania Khalek reversed identification, claiming that Zionism was behind the police violence against African Americans; this drives racist oppression worldwide. At a demonstration organized by BDS in Nazareth in January 2015 , BLM speaker Mark Lamont Hill used anti-Semitic stereotypes: "Greed" robs the Palestinians of land and Israel's laws are "written with the blood of innocent people". The BLM sub-group Blacks for Palestine found around 1,000 signatures for their appeal for solidarity with the Palestinians in August 2015. Leading BLM representatives like Angela Davis , Sandra Tamari, Tara Thompson and Cornell West support BDS. The basis for this connection is the theory of intersectionality , which, however, relates to overlapping forms of oppression (classes, races, genders) in one and the same society, not to geographically, historically and ideologically very different conflicts. The connection thus acts as an ahistorical racization of the Palestinian conflict, equating Palestinians with blacks, Jews with whites and Zionism with racism. The support of many Jews in the USA for BLM, their historical references to the civil rights movement and the pro-Israeli, anti-Semitism stance of Martin Luther King fell out of sight. The BDS campaign created ongoing conflict within BLM because it wanted to commit BLM to anti-Zionism that would marginalize large parts of BLM's progressive and Jewish supporters.
Prominent BDS opponents in the US are Alan M. Dershowitz , Ethan and Joel Coen , Jon Bon Jovi and Howard Stern . Some prominent intellectuals support targeted pressure on Israel, but not the BDS campaign. Since 2012 the Jewish journalist Peter Beinart has advocated boycotts limited to the Jewish settlements and their products. He rejects the BDS goals and methods because they endanger the two-state solution. In September 2016, over 70 intellectuals in an open letter advocated a boycott limited to the Jewish settlements and their exclusion from trade advantages and tax exemptions in the USA. This should strengthen the willingness of both sides to negotiate for a two-state solution. Some of the better-known signatories included Peter Beinhart, Adam Hochschild, and Michael Walzer . While some BDS supporters welcome the partial approval of liberal Zionists and seek compromises, others emphasize the confrontational character of the campaign: it aims at the end of the Jewish state and is incompatible with any Zionism. Liberal Jews should give this up and take sides for the human rights of the Palestinians. The National Women's Studies Association (NWSA), the largest feminist organization in North America, has been supporting BDS since 2015 and in November 2015 called for a full boycott of Israel because Israel allegedly committed "sexual and gender-based violence" against Palestinians and other Arabs, whereas the organization WoMen for All / WoMen Fight AntiSemitism is decidedly against BDS.
On June 21, 2020, the co-founder of rock group Pink Floyd and front man of the BDS campaign, Roger Waters , spread an anti-Semitic conspiracy theory that Israel was partly responsible for the violent death of George Floyd . The US regularly flew in experts from Israel to teach police officers how to kill black people efficiently, Waters claimed. America's “militarized police” have learned their deadly practices, namely air-printing by kneeling on the victim, from the Israeli army, where this is allegedly practiced against the Palestinians.
In June 2015, in the context of negotiations on a free trade agreement with the European Union , US President Barack Obama signed a law that made the rejection of the BDS campaign an explicit policy goal. In the election campaign for the 2016 US presidential election, Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton promised to fight the BDS movement politically. This tries to punish Israel and to dictate the solutions to the conflict to both conflict parties. That is counterproductive for peace and equally harmful for both sides (July 2015). Speaking before the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC), she called BDS tactics anti-Semitic, accused BDS activists of harassing Jewish students, and encouraged younger listeners to reject all attempts to defame, isolate, and undermine Israel (March 2016) . Your internal party competitor Bernie Sanders stated that the BDS campaign undoubtedly had anti-Semitic features. However, fair criticism of Israel is justified. Israel must be defended, has a right to exist, but the needs of the Palestinians cannot be ignored. In May 2016, Sanders named activist Cornel West , a supporter of the BDS campaign, a member of the Democrats' programming commission.
Between May 2015 and December 2016, the governments of 15 US states passed various anti-BDS laws. In June 2016, New York Governor Andrew Cuomo banned state agencies from collaborating with companies and organizations that support BDS and banned BDS advertising during the annual Israel Parade in New York City . In December 2016, his government put 13 companies that support BDS on an exclusion list.
- US State Anti-BDS Laws
In 2017, the Texas House of Representatives passed HB 89, which banned contractors from the Texas government from boycotting Israel. After a ruling in April 2019, the law was pending and was temporarily ineffective as its compatibility with the right to freedom of expression was in doubt. Just two weeks later, the Texas House of Representatives passed a change in the law to address the concerns of the court. An exception has been introduced for individuals and micro-entrepreneurs.
On August 27, 2019, Kentucky became the 26th state to pass anti-BDS law that allows the state to deny contracts with companies seeking to boycott Israel.
- US House of Representatives Resolution 246
The US House of Representatives passed an overwhelming majority on July 23, 2019, a joint Republican and Democratic resolution condemning the BDS campaign against Israel. The bill - officially known as House Resolution 246 - also calls for increased security aid to Israel and a two-state solution. It was passed by 398 votes to 17 with five abstentions. The BDS campaign is undermining the possibility of a negotiated solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict by demanding concessions from only one side and by encouraging the Palestinians to decline negotiations in favor of international pressure. In particular, Omar Barghouti, BDS founding member, expressly affirmed that the BDS movement fundamentally rejects a Jewish state - wherever in the area of Palestine. At the same time, the resolution reaffirms the constitutional right of United States citizens to freedom of expression, including the right to protest or criticize the policies of the United States or foreign governments. Likewise, the House of Representatives reaffirms its strong support for a negotiated solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict that will result in two states - a democratic, Jewish state of Israel and a viable, democratic, Palestinian state - standing side by side in peace, security and mutual recognition exist.
Other states
In France , BDS criticized Veolia Transport for its involvement in building the Jerusalem tram. In 2003, the "Lellouche Law" to combat racism was used more often against BDS activists. In April 2016, the Paris Court of Cassation upheld fines against BDS activists whose calls had been condemned as prohibited “incitement to discrimination, hatred or violence”. After the defendants brought the case to the European Court of Human Rights , the latter overturned the French court's judgment in June 2020 as a violation of freedom of expression.
In Canada , globalization critic and environmental activist Naomi Klein supports BDS. In August 2016, the Canadian Green Party supported boycotts directed against areas of Israel's economy and society that were profiting from the occupation and limited them until settlement construction in the Palestinian territories was stopped and bilateral negotiations on a solution to the conflict began. In December 2016, the party distanced itself from the BDS goals because they do not recognize Israel's right to exist. The Canadian House of Commons condemned the BDS campaign in February 2016.
In the Netherlands , the organization European Jews for a Just Peace, founded in 2002 and based in Amsterdam, supports BDS.
In Austria , "BDS Austria" has been holding an "Israeli Apartheid Week" in Vienna every year since 2015 . It was shown in a scenic way how an Israeli soldier holds a gun to a child's head. It was suggested that Israel's army was deliberately executing children, and was linked to the anti-Semitic motive of child murder. The 2016 speaker was the Holocaust survivor Hedy Epstein . This followed the BDS strategy of countering the anti-Semitism allegation through Jewish opponents of Israel. BDS supporters can be found in associations such as “Sedunia” and “Dar al-Janub” (“House of the South”). The latter indicates anti-racist and peace policy goals, but also organized a symposium called Remapping Palestine . According to the Austrian-Israeli Society, anti-Israel hatred was spread. From 2016 the Viennese alliance “Boycott Anti-Semitism” opposed BDS. These include the Israelitische Kultusgemeinde Wien , the “Christians on the side of Israel”, the “Forum against Anti-Semitism”, the “Liberal Muslim Initiative”, the Young Greens Vienna and various university groups. In 2016 the Viennese cultural center Spittelberg ( Amerlinghaus ) canceled BDS events after protests and also in 2016 Erste Bank blocked the donation account of “BDS Austria”. The Austrian Students' Union decided in autumn 2017 to no longer fund BDS support groups. The Austrian Press Council decided in February 2020 that it does not violate the Austrian press' s code of honor to call BDS anti-Semitic. Rather, the accusation of anti-Semitism appeared to him to be justified. On February 27, 2020, the Austrian National Council condemned all anti-Semitism and BDS. The resolution called on the government to refrain from giving any rooms or infrastructure to organizations and associations that express themselves anti-Semitic or question Israel’s right to exist and not to give BDS any funding. Movements like BDS are an attack on Jewish life and the open society. In doing so, the National Council reacted to the results of an anti-Semitism study it had commissioned. The Council also wanted to set up a research center on anti-Semitism and bring the issue to the OSCE and the Council of Europe .
In Spain around 50 local authorities had declared their support for BDS. According to reports from a pro-Israel NGO, Spanish courts invalidated 18 of these statements by January 2017. Three municipalities withdrew their statements by February 2017 after threats of legal action.
In 2016, Sweden , the Netherlands, Ireland and the EU foreign affairs representative Federica Mogherini recognized BDS as a legitimate civil society movement protected by freedom of speech and assembly, even if it did not support state boycotts of Israel. The Irish Foreign Minister opposed "demonizing" BDS supporters or equating them with terrorists.
In the Czech Republic , the parliament passed a resolution against hatred of Jews and boycotts of Israel by a large majority on October 22, 2019. It condemned "all manifestations of anti-Semitism directed against individuals, religious institutions, organizations and the State of Israel, including denial of the Holocaust". At the same time, Parliament rejected “any questioning of the right to exist and defend the State of Israel”, “condemn all activities and statements by groups calling for a boycott of the State of Israel, its goods, services or its citizens” and called on the Prague government to do so Not to financially support groups advocating a boycott of Israel.
Unions
Some trade unions and trade union federations have passed BDS resolutions and / or severed their relations with Israeli unions: for example in Great Britain UNISON , the National Union of Journalists (2007), the Trades Union Congress (2009), the University and College Union (2010) , UNITE (July 2014) and the National Union of Students (August 2014); in Ireland the Trade Union Congress and IMPACT; in Northern Ireland the Public Service Alliance ; in Scotland the Scottish Trades Union Congress (2010). UNITE named Israel's “apartheid crimes” and settlement building, alleged torture of Palestinian children, “ethnic cleansing” and “racist laws” against Palestinian Israelis as reasons and Veolia, G4S and Sainsbury's as examples of companies to be boycotted.
In Canada, members of the Canadian Union of Public Employees (CUPE) in Ontario called for a boycott of Israel in 2006. In 2009 they called for Israeli academics to be banned from Ontario universities. The CUPE leadership stopped such attempts at exclusion. In 2010 the Confederation des syndikats nationaux (CSN) in Montreal , and in 2015 CSN in Québec joined BDS. In the United States, the United Auto Workers (UAW; December 2014) California division , the United Electric Workers Union (August 2015), and Connecticut's American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) (November 2015) all requested BDS -Resolutions. The national and international trade union leaderships rejected this. The UAW revoked a 2015 BDS resolution by the University of California's Graduate Student Union as inconsistent with its statutes and reiterated a 2007 resolution against Israel boycotts.
Churches
Since 2000, many Christians have increasingly perceived the Palestinian conflict as the powerlessness of the Palestinians in the face of Israeli military superiority and therefore regard the BDS campaign as an opportunity to bring the oppressed to justice. BDS representatives especially advertise in churches to use their moral authority. In 2001, 35 Christian organizations participated in the NGO call to boycott Durban. In 2002, the Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Bishop Desmond Tutu compared Israel to the apartheid regime. Since 2009 he has been calling on the church to support the BDS campaign.
The 2005 BDS founding appeal was also signed by Christian organizations, including the Near East Council of Churches Committee for Refugee Work (NECCCRW), the Network of Christian Organizations - Bethlehem (NCOB) and the YMCA in East Jerusalem. That same year, the WCC advised its 342 member churches to stagger, selectively withdraw investments in multinational companies involved in the occupation. Several British and American member churches followed suit. The WCC Ecumenical Accompaniment Program in Palestine and Israel (EAPPI) supports BDS.
In December 2009, a group of Palestinian Christians and theologians published the Kairos-Palestine Appeal . He recommended that all Christians consider the BDS campaign as a possible nonviolent response to the oppression of the Palestinians. The Sabeel Ecumenical Liberation Theology Center in East Jerusalem, which represents a Palestinian variant of liberation theology , prompted British and American solidarity groups to initiate BDS initiatives in their churches and universities.
In their response to the Kairos-Palestine document, leading EKD bodies rejected a total boycott of Israel in 2010 and 2011 because of the analogy to the National Socialist boycott of Jews in 1933 and emphasized Israel's right to exist. However, they also asked: "How can we improve the livelihoods of Palestinians and prevent goods from being bought from the illegal settlements?" The theologian Michael Volkmann justified the rejection: A boycott meant little economically, but had a propaganda effect "as a gateway for anti-Semitism" and is "connected with a one-sided assignment of blame to Israel", which ignores the political responsibility of the Palestinians and many Arab states for the situation. “In order to achieve peace, both sides have to move, not just one.” Economic boycotts against Israel and the campaign “Occupation tastes bitter” by the Catholic lay organization Pax Christi have so far received little response from the German public, mainly because of the Nazi past.
International coalition of mayors
On February 27, 2019, the mayors Haim Bibas ( local government of Israel ), Uwe Becker (Frankfurt am Main) and Gabriel Groisman ( Bal Harbor , Florida) founded an international mayoral coalition against hatred, anti-Semitism and anti-Semitic groups such as BDS in Tel Aviv. The alliance already had hundreds of members in Europe, South America, Israel and the USA when it was announced.
U.N.
The UN special rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief Ahmed Shaheed also dealt with BDS in an interim report to the General Assembly of the United Nations on September 23, 2019: He noted that the movement was considered fundamentally anti-Semitic. According to critics, the BDS founders have indicated that their main goal is to bring about the end of the state of Israel. Some BDS supporters are accused of using anti-Semitic narratives, conspiracies and language images. The BDS movement rejects these allegations. A key actor assured that the movement was inspired by the South African anti-apartheid movement and the civil rights movement in the USA; BDS rejects all forms of racism, takes measures against those who used anti-Semitic language in the course of the campaign, and strives for Israel's compliance with international law only to be non-violent. Concerns about laws punishing support for BDS, including negative effects of such laws on the fight against anti-Semitism, had also been reported to the special rapporteur. International law recognizes boycotts as a legitimate form of political expression and non-violent boycott support as a legitimate expression of opinion worthy of protection. However, anti-Semitic language images and stereotypes, the rejection of Israel's right to exist and the discrimination against Jewish people because of their religion should be condemned.
In October 2019, five special rapporteurs from the UN Commissioner for Human Rights (David Kaye, Michel Forst, Michael Lynk, Ahmed Shaheed, Clement Nyaletsossi Voule) criticized in a letter to Federal Foreign Minister Heiko Maas : The Bundestag resolution on BDS from May 2019 set a worrying trend, " to disproportionately restrict the freedom of expression, assembly and association ”, and encroach on the right to political expression in Germany to support the BDS movement. It is questionable why the sentence "The critical handling of Israeli government policy is protected by freedom of opinion, press and freedom of expression" was not included in the decision. The federal government should explain within 60 days what legal consequences the decision would have, how it would be compatible with Germany's obligations to protect international human rights and how it would be ensured that BDS activists could name human rights violations “without undue restrictions”.
Scientific debate
Delegitimation of Israel
For some British political scientists, the BDS campaign is clearly aimed at Israel's isolation and delegitimation. Its representatives equated Zionism with racism, interpreted the barriers as evidence of segregation between Jews and Palestinians and misjudged the real situation of the Arab Israelis. The right of return for all Palestinians would give them a majority, rob Israel of its Jewish character and lead to its downfall. BDS should therefore be described as an anti-Zionist organization with the aim of destroying Israel.
Norman Finkelstein criticized the BDS supporters in a similar way in 2012: One could only demand Israel's withdrawal and refer to UN resolutions that are binding under international law, while at the same time recognizing Israel's existence. He loathed the insincerity of actually striving for the end of Israel, exaggerating the number of Palestinian refugees and creating terror in the hearts of every Israeli instead of helping to resolve the conflict. He thinks this is a sectarian left cult.
Daphna Kaufman, chairwoman of the party and state-independent think tank Reut (Tel Aviv), sees the BDS appeal for human rights and non-violent protest as a facade for advertising. The danger lies in the movement blurring the line between delegitimizing the State of Israel and criticizing Israel's policies. The one-state solution sought by their leaders would mean the end of Israel's political-economic model. Many supporters, on the other hand, wanted to promote the two-state solution, i.e. the coexistence of Israel with a Palestinian state. They are not always aware of the goals of the organizers. They see themselves as a source of ideas, not as a guide. The movement is developing as a highly decentralized network without a central command and control structure, without owners or individual financiers.
Some BDS supporters state that the call for founding is imprecisely formulated and is only aimed at Israel's withdrawal. The right of return does not include Israeli acknowledgment of guilt for the Nakba and should only apply to the territories occupied since 1967. However, Cary Nelson, former president of the American Association of University Professors, rejects “BDS lite” as a deception and cites the main objections:
- BDS misrepresents its goal: in fact, no other government policy, but the dissolution of the Jewish state is sought.
- The BDS claim of a non-violent way of resolving conflicts is misleading, since the Jewish state cannot be dissolved non-violently.
- BDS demonize, antagonize and de-legitimize one of the two conflicting parties, idealize the other and thereby block the negotiations on both sides necessary for a solution.
- BDS does not offer any special steps towards conflict resolution or a detailed peace plan, but only a comprehensive condemnation of Israel.
- BDS does not want to negotiate a right of return of Palestinians to the West Bank, but to enforce a right of return for all Palestinians to Israel within its pre-1967 borders.
- BDS called for an end to all efforts to build mutual empathy and understanding between Israelis and Palestinians, and thus reject unconditional exchange, dialogue and negotiation as a way to peace.
- BDS falsely claims to only attack institutions, not individuals. The BDS guidelines proved the opposite.
- The academic boycott limits contacts with critics of Israeli politics, including Arab Israelis at Israeli universities, undermines the free exchange of ideas and the free choice of study areas and staff for students and lecturers.
- BDS does not offer the Palestinians themselves any realistic and tangible help, but tries to win over Americans and Europeans to a message of hate.
anti-Semitism
The Antisemitismusforschung discussed for a long time the ratio of anti-Zionism to anti-Semitism and examined in this context for some years, the BDS movement. The researchers orientate themselves on historical analogies and precursors, the declared goals, the empirical behavior and the rhetoric of the BDS representatives. Kenneth L. Marcus, founder of the Louis D. Brandeis Center for Human Rights under Law , sees the primary BDS strategy in the tradition of earlier Jewish boycotts aimed at defending against any normalization of relations with Israel, contrary to the hope of early Zionists with the Jewish state Anti-Semitism to pull the ground. Conscious antipathy towards Jews let the BDS campaign grow. Marcus recalls that
- to the Council for the National and Islamic Forces in Palestine , which signed the BDS appeal that includes Hamas and other terrorist groups,
- Jews were often physically attacked at BDS events,
- some BDS supporters represent Holocaust denial or support deniers,
- other BDS supporters also unconsciously express hostility towards Jews by belittling Israel;
- BDS supporters often spread anti-Jewish stereotypes, images and myths, for example through expressions such as “Israeli crucifixion system”, which revive the anti-Semitic accusation of murdering God ;
- the demand by BDS supporters to censor Israel, expressing the stereotype of Jewish media control.
Monika Schwarz-Friesel sees BDS as an example of “educated anti-Semitism”, which appears to be anti-Israelism according to today's conditions. In many cases, their behavior also shows the virulence and obsessiveness typical of hatred of Jews. Martin Kloke sees BDS, measured by the 3-D test for anti-Semitism, as an attempt to demonize and delegitimize the State of Israel with double standards. Its supporters ultimately denied Israel's right to exist.
The social scientist Samuel Salzborn also considers the BDS campaign to be "anti-Semitic in its intention". The demand for the so-called right of return is based on the "inheritance 'of refugee status" and includes Israel's destruction. BDS has renewed the Nazi slogan "Do not buy from Jews" and transferred it to Israel. The campaign pursues a perpetrator-victim reversal , insofar as the Palestinian organizations with which the campaign is in solidarity, sought the destruction of Israel, who despised human rights, set themselves the goal of a totalitarian system of an Islamist ummah and from the beginning rejected any form of coexistence would have. BDS fights individuals in a "collective liability" in order to hit the Jewish state: They do not punish individuals or institutions for what they have done, but for what they are or what they are taken for by the campaign. This points to “a national understanding of criminal law”.
Various authors argue similarly, including Gil Troy ( The Jerusalem Post ).
Mitchell Bard (head of the Jewish Virtual Library ) judges BDS as anti-Semitic because the movement is boycotting Israel as the only state, openly attacking individual Jews, denying the right of the Jewish people to self-determination in their own homeland, which it allows the Palestinians, all Israel Blame the conflict with the Palestinians, select it for condemnation and ignore the world's worst human rights abusers. In addition, BDS leaders have made it clear that Israel's destruction is their ultimate goal.
The anti-Semitism researcher Wolfgang Benz considers BDS to be "very confusing" and not anti-Semitic, but rather a "political movement critical of Israel", which "does not prevent anti-Semites from participating". Those who, on the other hand, "label BDS as anti-Semitic" across the board have "primarily a political interest - and no interest in education and peace."
According to political scientist Floris Biskamp , BDS as a whole is anti-Semitic, as the movement is about a boycott not only of the government, but of all Israeli companies, cultural workers and society as a whole. It is also quite possible that a campaign would be anti-Semitic overall and at the same time be supported by Jews.
The discrimination and inclusion researcher Julia Bernstein describes BDS as an "anti-Semitic [] movement" and cites the campaign as an example of "the simultaneity and entanglement of the discriminatory and liquidation dimension of anti-Semitism".
BDS representatives invoke human rights and declare that criticism of Zionism cannot be directed against all Jews because they are not all Zionists. Accusations of anti-Semitism against BDS are themselves anti-Semitic, since they equate Jews with Zionists. It is a targeted strategy used by Zionists to silence the campaign. The Israeli historian Moshe Zimmermann emphasizes that not every BDS supporter is automatically anti-Semite and not every boycottist is a BDS supporter. He sees these assignments as a "silencing technique" in the interests of the Israeli government.
Additional information
See also
literature
- David Feldman (Ed.): Boycotts Past and Present: From the American Revolution to the Campaign to boycott Israel. Springer VS, Wiesbaden 2019, ISBN 978-3-319-94872-0 .
- Cary Nelson: Israel Denial: Anti-Zionism, Anti-Semitism, & the Faculty Campaign Against the Jewish State. Indiana University Press, 2019, ISBN 0-253-04504-5 .
- Christopher Persaud: Israel against all Odds: Anti-Semitism From Post Holocaust Years to the Present Day (Jewish History, Volume 2). Christian Publishing House, 2019, ISBN 1081495464 (Chapter III: The Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) Movement. )
- Andrew Pessin, Doron S. Ben-Atar (Eds.): Anti-Zionism on Campus: The University, Free Speech, and BDS. Indiana University Press, 2018, ISBN 0-253-03406-X .
- Milton Shain: South Africa, Apartheid, and the Road to BDS. In: Robert S. Wistrich (Ed.): Anti-Judaism, Antisemitism, and Delegitimizing Israel. University of Nebraska, 2016, ISBN 0-8032-9671-1 , pp. 66-78.
- Karen Culcasi: Engaging in the Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions (BDS) Debate. In: Geographical Review. Volume 106, 2016, No. 2, pp. 258-263.
- Ira M. Sheskin, Ethan Felson: Is the Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions Movement Tainted by Anti-Semitism? In: Geographical Review. Volume 106, 2016, No. 2, pp. 270-275.
- Sean F. McMahon: The Boycott, Divestment, Sanctions campaign: contradictions and challenges. In: Race & Class. Volume 55, 2014, No. 5, pp. 65-81.
- Maria Carter Hallward: Transnational Activism and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke 2013, ISBN 978-1-137-34985-9 .
- Julia Chaitin, Shoshana Steinberg, Sharon Steinberg: Polarized words: discourse on the boycott of Israel, social justice and conflict resolution. In: International Journal of Conflict Management. Volume 28, 2017, No. 3, doi: 10.1108 / IJCMA-05-2016-0029 .
Advocates
- Bill V. Mullen, Ashley Dawson (Eds.): Against Apartheid: The Case for Boycotting Israeli Universities. Haymarket Books, 2015, ISBN 978-1-60846-526-2 .
- Suzanne Morrison: The Emergence of the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions Movement. In: Fawaz A. Gerges (Ed.): Contentious Politics in the Middle East: Popular Resistance and Marginalized Activism beyond the Arab Uprisings. Springer VS, Wiesbaden 2015, ISBN 978-1-137-53086-8 , pp. 229-255
- Rich Wiles (Ed.): Generation Palestine: Voices from the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions Movement. Pluto Press, 2013, ISBN 0-7453-3243-9 .
- Brian Aboud: Organizing and the Boycott, Divestment, Sanctions (BDS) Strategy: The Turn to BDS in Palestine Politics in Montreal. In: Aziz Choudry et al. (Ed.): Organize! Building from the Local for Global Justice. PM Press, Oakland 2012, ISBN 1-60486-433-8 .
- Audrea Lim (Ed.): The Case for Sanctions Against Israel. Verso, 2012, ISBN 1-84467-450-9 .
- Omar Barghouti: BDS - Boycott, Divestment, Sanctions: The Global Struggle for Palestinian Rights. Haymarket Books, Chicago 2011.
critic
- Cary Nelson (Ed.): Dreams Deferred: A Concise Guide to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict and the Movement to Boycott Israel. Indiana University Press, 2016, ISBN 978-0-253-02517-3 .
- Cary Nelson, Gabriel Noah Brahm: The Case Against Academic Boycotts of Israel. Wayne State University Press, Detroit 2015, ISBN 0-9903316-0-1
- Philip Mendes, Nick Dyrenfurth: Boycotting Israel is Wrong: The progressive path to peace between Palestinians and Israelis. University of New South Wales Press, 2015, ISBN 1-74223-414-3 .
- Philip Mendes: A Case Study of Ethnic Stereotyping: The Campaign for an Academic Boycott of Israel. In: Australian Journal of Jewish Studies. Volume 20, 2006, pp. 141-168
Web links
- Global BDS Campaign (English)
- bds-kampagne.de (private website of Doris Ghannam)
- Jim Zanotti, Martin A. Weiss, Kathleen Ann Ruane: Israel and the Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions (BDS) Movement . In: Congressional Research Service : CRS Report for Congress , R44281, June 9, 2017 (PDF; 889 kB; English).
- Mitchell Bard: Anti-Semitism: History of the Boycott, Divestment, Sanctions (BDS) Movement . In: Jewish Virtual Library , February 2017 (English).
- Marc Greendorfer: The BDS Movement: That Which We Call a Foreign Boycott, by Any Other Name, Is Still Illegal. Zachor Legal Institute, January 7, 2015 ( online )
- NGO Monitor: Boycotts, Divestment, and Sanctions (BDS) Resource Page
- Harold Brackman: Boycott Divestment Sanctions (BDS) Against Israel: An Anti-Semitic, Anti-Peace Poison Pill. Simon Wiesenthal Center , March 2013
- Remko Leemhuis: The anti-Semitic boycott campaign against Israel. Contents, goals, counter-strategies. American Jewish Committee Berlin, 2018
- The anti-Semitic boycott campaign BDS International Institute for Education and Research on Antisemitism, November 2018
Individual evidence
- ^ Anthony Julius: Trials of the Diaspora: A History of Anti-Semitism in England. Oxford University Press, 2012, ISBN 0199600724 , pp. 477-479 ; Quotations p. 479
- ^ Gil Feiler, From boycott to economic cooperation: the political economy of the Arab boycott of Israel. Frank Cass, London / Portland 1998, ISBN 978-0-7146-4866-8 , pp. 21-23
- ↑ Rolf Steininger: Germany and the Middle East: From Kaiser Wilhelm's Orientreise 1898 to the present. Lau-Verlag, Reinbek 2015, ISBN 978-3-95768-164-5 , p. 57
- ↑ Gil Feiler: From boycott to economic cooperation , 1998, p. 23f.
- ↑ Kenneth L. Marcus: The Definition of Anti-Semitism. Oxford University Press, 2015, ISBN 0-19-937564-X , p. 205
- ↑ Keith A. Leitich: Arab Economic Boycott of Israel. In: Spencer C. Tucker (Ed.): Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century. ABC-CLIO, 2019, ISBN 9781440853531 , pp. 117f.
- ↑ Hazem Jamjoum: The Global Campaign for Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions against Israel. In: Maia Carter Hallward, Julie M. Norman (Eds.): Nonviolent Resistance in the Second Intifada: Activism and Advocacy. Springer, Wiesbaden 2011, ISBN 978-0-230-33777-0 , p. 138 .
- ^ A b Suzanne Morrison: The Emergence of the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions Movement. In: Fawaz A. Gerges (Ed.): Contentious Politics in the Middle East , Wiesbaden 2015, pp. 233–237
- ^ Suzanne Morrison: The Emergence of the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions Movement. In: Fawaz A. Gerges (Ed.): Contentious Politics in the Middle East , Wiesbaden 2015, p. 241
- ↑ Philip Mendes, Nick Dyrenfurth: Boycotting Israel is Wrong , 2015, pp. 44f.
- ^ Colin Shindler, The Hebrew Republic: Israel's Return to History. Rowman & Littlefield, 2017, ISBN 9781442265974 , p. 333
- ^ Barak M. Seener: Targeting Israelis via International Law. Middle East Quarterly, Fall 2009, pp. 43–54
- ^ Edwin Black: Funding Hate (Part 1): Anti-Israel activists at Durban were funded by the Ford Foundation. Jta.org, October 16, 2003
- ^ Harris O. Schoenberg: Demonization in Durban: The World Conference Against Racism. In: The American Jewish Year Book , 2002; Joel Fishman: “A Disaster of Another Kind”: Zionism = Racism, Its Beginning, and the War of Delegitimization against Israel. Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs, Volume 5, Issue 3/2011, pp. 75-92; Jutta Ditfurth: Attitude and Resistance. An epic battle for values and world views. Osburg, Hamburg 2019, ISBN 978-3-95510-203-6 , pp. 153–155 and 231f., Fn. 314–320
- ↑ Charles Pillai (Ed.): Declaration and program of action: as adopted at Kingsmead Cricket Stadium, Durban, South Africa, September 3, 2001. World Conference Against Racism, NGO Forum Secretariat, 2002, Articles 164, 425, 426; quoted in NGO Forum at Durban Conference 2001, Sep 07, 2001.
- ^ Mitchell Bard: American Jews and the International Arena. In: Arnold Dashefsky, Ira M. Sheskin (Eds.): American Jewish Year Book 2016. The Annual Record of North American Jewish Communities. Springer, Wiesbaden 2017, ISBN 978-3-319-46122-9 , p. 138 .
- ↑ Cary Nelson (Ed.): Dreams Deferred. 2016, p. 59.
- ↑ Ethan Casey, Paul Hilder: Peace Fire: Fragments from the Israel-Palestine Story. Free Association Books, 2002, ISBN 1853435708 , p. 290
- ^ Cary Nelson: BDS: A Brief History. In: Cary Nelson (Ed.): Dreams Deferred. 2016, pp. 56–64.
- ↑ a b Cherine Hussein: The Re-Emergence of the Single State Solution in Palestine / Israel: Countering an Illusion. Taylor & Francis, 2015, ISBN 978-0-415-71332-0 , p. 161 .
- ^ Cary Nelson: Dreams Deferred. 2016, p. 60
- ^ Sean F. McMahon: The Boycott, Divestment, Sanctions campaign: contradictions and challenges. In: Race & Class 55 / Issue 4 (March 31, 2014), doi: 10.1177 / 0306396813519939 , p. 66f.
- ↑ Orde F. Kittrie: Lawfare: Law as a Weapon of War. Oxford University Press, 2016, ISBN 978-0-19-026357-7 , pp. 240f.
- ↑ Angelika Timm (Ed.): 100 documents from 100 years. Peace Initiatives for Israel and Palestine 1917-2017. AphorismA, Berlin 2017, ISBN 386575063X , p. 628; Alpaslan Ozerdem, Chuck Thiessen, Mufid Qassoum´ (eds.): Conflict Transformation and the Palestinians: The Dynamics of Peace and Justice under Occupation. Taylor & Francis, 2016, ISBN 113866653X , p. 100
- ^ Cary Nelson: Dreams Deferred. 2016, pp. 52–55.
- ↑ Matthias J. Becker: Analogies of "coping with the past": Anti-Israeli projections in reader comments of the time and the Guardian. Nomos, 2018, ISBN 3848749467 , p. 172
- ^ Jutta Ditfurth: Posture and Resistance , Hamburg 2019, p. 151; Nkululeko Nkosi: Reclaiming the word “apartheid”. Africans For Peace, February 3, 2017; German: We demand the word "apartheid" back! Why equating Israel with racist South Africa is wrong. 3rd World Information Center
- ^ Sina Arnold: A Collision of Frames: The BDS Movement and its Opponents. In: David Feldman (Ed.): Boycotts Past and Present , 2019, p. 227
- ^ Cary Nelson: Dreams Deferred. 2016, pp. 226-236.
- ^ Benny Morris: The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2004, ISBN 0521009677
- ↑ Michael Lerner: Embracing Israel / Palestine: A Strategy to Heal and Transform the Middle East. North Atlantic Books, 2011, ISBN 1-58394-307-2 , p. 327
- ^ Tikva Honig-Parnass: The False Prophets of Peace: Liberal Zionism and the Struggle for Palestine. Haymarket Books, 2011, ISBN 1-60846-130-0 , p. 211
- ^ Samuel Salzborn: Israel criticism or anti-Semitism? Criteria for a distinction. Church and Israel, Neukirchener Theologische Zeitschrift, Volume 28, Issue 1/2013 (PDF)
- ^ Cary Nelson: Dreams Deferred. 2016, pp. 257-259; Dan Avnon: BDS and Self-Righteous Moralists. In: Andrew Pessin, Doron S. Ben-Atar (eds.): Anti-Zionism on Campus , 2018, pp. 48–50
- ↑ Jutta Ditfurth: posture and resistance , Hamburg 2019, p. 162 and 236, fn. 351 (quotation 1), p. 148 and 230, fn. 303 (quotation 2); Roger Cohen: Zero Dark Zero. New York Times, February 28, 2013 (Quote 2)
- ^ Cary Nelson: The One-State Solution. In: Cary Nelson (Ed.): Dreams Deferred , 2016, p. 238
- ^ Alvin H. Rosenfeld: Anti-Zionism and Antisemitism: The Dynamics of Delegitimization. Indiana University Press, 2019, ISBN 0253040027 , p. 80
- ^ Alvin H. Rosenfeld: Deciphering the New Antisemitism. Indiana University Press, 2015, p. 147, fn. 60
- ^ William A. Cook (Ed.): The Plight of the Palestinians: A Long History of Destruction. Springer VS, Wiesbaden 2010, ISBN 978-0-230-10792-2 , pp. 233f. ; further documented examples on the Jewish Virtual Library: BDS: In Their Own Words.
- ↑ a b Kiera Feldman: Barghouti: The tent protests '[are the epitome of hysterical denial of the colonial reality'. ] Mondoweiss, August 19, 2011
- ^ Alvin H. Rosenfeld: Deciphering the New Antisemitism. 2015, p. 127
- ↑ Cary Nelson (Ed.): Dreams Deferred , 2016, pp. 6f.
- ^ Alvin H. Rosenfeld: Deciphering the New Antisemitism. 2015, p. 166
- ↑ Cary Nelson (Ed.): Dreams Deferred , 2016, p. 7
- ↑ Yitzhak Santis: Destructive 'Agnosticism'. Ha'Aretz, November 26, 2010
- ↑ Jutta Ditfurth: Posture and Resistance , Hamburg 2019, p. 158f. and p. 234, footnotes 338-340
- ^ Alvin H. Rosenfeld: Deciphering the New Antisemitism. 2015, p. 127 ; Cary Nelson: Dreams Deferred. 2016, p. 6f.
- ↑ Leandros Fischer: Between internationalism and reasons of state: The dispute over the Middle East conflict in the DIE LINKE party. Springer VS, Wiesbaden 2016, ISBN 3-658-13354-6 , p. 293
- ↑ Sebastian Leber: How BDS incites against Israel. Tagesspiegel, November 18, 2017.
- ^ Cary Nelson: Israel Denial: Anti-Zionism, Anti-Semitism, & the Faculty Campaign Against the Jewish State. Indiana University Press, 2019, ISBN 0253045045 , pp. 9f.
- ↑ Philip Mendes, Nick Dyrenfurth: Boycotting Israel is Wrong , 2015, p. 68 ; David Patterson: A Genealogy of Evil: Anti-Semitism from Nazism to Islamic Jihad. Cambridge University Press, 2010, ISBN 978-0-521-13261-9 , p. 249
- ^ Alvin H. Rosenfeld (ed.): Anti-Zionism and Antisemitism: The Dynamics of Delegitimization. Indiana University Press, 2019, ISBN 0253040027 , p. 80
- ^ Cary Nelson: Dreams Deferred. 2016, pp. 32–36.
- ^ A b Cary Nelson: Dreams Deferred. 2016, p. 59.
- ^ Cary Nelson: Dreams Deferred. 2016, pp. 93–95.
- ↑ Israel boycott campaign risks backfiring, says Noam Chomsky. Guardian, July 2, 2014
- ↑ Trump signs decree against hatred of Jews at universities , Jüdische Allgemeine, December 12, 2019. Accessed December 14, 2019.
- ↑ Orde F. Kittrie: Lawfare , Oxford 2016, pp. 241f.
- ^ A b Cary Nelson: Dreams Deferred. 2016, pp. 105-107.
- ↑ Eliezer Ben-Rafael and others (eds.): Handbook of Israel: Major Debates. De Gruyter, 2016, ISBN 3-11-035160-9 , pp. 985f. ; Letter: Over 100 artists announce a cultural boycott of Israel. The Guardian, Feb. 13, 2015.
- ↑ a b How BDS protests are changing the concert landscape in Israel. Tagesspiegel, December 21, 2018
- ↑ David Cronin: John Lydon's rotten politics. The Guardian, July 21, 2010
- ↑ David Wolpe: Boycotting Israeli Authors Is an Affront to Free Speech. Time, June 29, 2016
- ↑ Debra Kamin: Rihanna and Other Artists Who Play Israel Feel the Pressure. Variety, October 30, 2013
- ↑ Deep Purple: Only wimps boycott Israel. HaOLm, May 12, 2011
- ^ Jason Shaltiel: Concert review: The Eagles of Death Metal. Jerusalem Post, July 13, 2015
- ↑ Radiohead: Thom Yorke reacts angrily to criticism of the Israel concert. Rolling Stone, June 2, 2017
- ↑ JLo inspires Israel. Jewish General, August 5, 2019
- ↑ Jan Feddersen: Artists call for ESC boycott 2019. ARD, September 16, 2018
- ↑ Jim Zanotti, Martin A. Weiss, Kathleen Ann Ruane: Israel and the Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions (BDS) Movement. Congressional Research Service, Washington, DC 2015 (PDF).
- ^ Cary Nelson: Dreams Deferred. 2016, pp. 116–124
- ^ Silke Mertins: Small economic encyclopedia Israel. German Society for Foreign Policy, July 1, 2016
- ↑ Orde F. Kittrie: Lawfare , Oxford 2016, p. 242
- ^ Cary Nelson: Dreams Deferred. 2016, pp. 109–115
- ^ Bill V. Mullen, Ashley Dawson: Against Apartheid: The Case for Boycotting Israeli Universities. Haymarket Books, 2015, pp. 13f.
- ↑ Amira Hass , Barak Ravid: Dutch water giant severs ties with Israeli water company due to settlements. Haaretz, December 10, 2013
- ↑ PGGM, January 8, 2014: Statement regarding exclusion of Israeli banks ; Yochanan Visser: BDS in The Netherlands: A case study of failed Israeli public diplomacy. Times of Israel, Jan. 15, 2014.
- ^ A b c Cary Nelson: Dreams Deferred. 2016, pp. 74-77.
- ↑ Orde F. Kittrie: Lawfare , Oxford 2016, pp. 246f. ; British high court rules against Ahava boycotters. Times of Israel, February 5, 2014.
- ↑ Jessica Elgot: Ahava finally closes its doors in London. Jewish Chronicle, September 27, 2011
- ↑ Ora Coren: BDS Target Ahava to Relocate From West Bank Into Israel. Haaretz, March 10, 2016.
- ↑ Joe Millis: Israel: Foreign direct investment plunges almost 50% as Boycott Divestment and Sanctions take toll. International Business Times, June 25, 2015
- ↑ Orde F. Kittrie: Lawfare , Oxford 2016, p. 241
- ^ Matan Hodorov: Innovative in Tel Aviv. The small country without resources relies on the know-how of its people. IP-Die Zeitschrift, July 1, 2016
- ↑ Susanne Knaul: Boycott friends are turned away. taz, March 7, 2017
- ^ Sabine Brandes: Hate campaign without success. Jewish General, June 8, 2015
- ↑ Anders Persson: Israel's Crusade Against BDS Comes at the Cost of Its Own Democracy. Haaretz, December 20, 2018
- ^ Adam Reuter: BDS has zero impact on Israeli businesses. Globes.co.il, October 9, 2018
- ↑ Kenneth L. Marcus: The Definition of Anti-Semitism. P. 207
- ^ Armin Rosen, Liel Leibovitz: BDS Umbrella Group Linked to Palestinian Terrorist Organizations. Tablet, June 1, 2018
- ↑ Jutta Ditfurth: Attitude and Resistance , Hamburg 2019, p. 160
- ↑ Adam Milstein: BDS is Face of Old Anti-Semitism: What Will We Do to Stop it? Jerusalem Post, October 2, 2019; Ministry of Strategic Affairs: Terrorists in Suits. The Ties Between NGOs promoting BDS and Terrorist Organizations. Gov.il, February 2019
- ↑ Palestinian Center for POLICY and SURVEY, April 8, 2015: Palestinian Public Opinion Poll 55 (PDF).
- ↑ Uri Savir: Why the PA is distancing itself from BDS movement ( Memento from March 13, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Al-Monitor, May 8, 2016
- ^ A b Mitchell Bard: American Jews and the International Arena. In: Arnold Dashefsky, Ira M. Sheskin (Ed.): American Jewish Year Book 2016 , Wiesbaden 2017, p. 141
- ↑ Jack Moore (Newsweek, June 3, 2016): BDS Movement Accuses Israel of Series of Cyber Attacks.
- ↑ UPDATE: PLO Central Council decides to suspend Oslo agreement. Wafal, January 15, 2018
- ^ Uri Avnery: The Great BDS Debate. Eurasia Review, March 13, 2016
- ↑ Jonathan Lis: Israel passes law banning calls for boycott. Haaretz, July 11, 2011
- ^ Association for Civil Rights in Israel: Boycott Prohibition Law
- ↑ Amnesty International, July 12, 2011: Israel anti-boycott law an attack on freedom of expression. ; Human Rights Watch, July 13, 2011: Israel: Anti-Boycott Bill Stifles Expression.
- ^ Yonah Jeremy Bob: How will the latest anti-boycott law ruling affect BDS? Jerusalem Post, April 17, 2015
- ^ Yonah Jeremy Bob: High Court upholds part of Anti-Boycott Law, strikes part and splits on '1967 Israel'. Jerusalem Post, April 15, 2015
- ↑ Peter Münch: Peaceful Protest: Israel's Fear of the Boycott Ghost. SZ, June 21, 2015
- ^ Gil Stern Hoffman: Israel's answer to the BDS movement - Gilad Erdan. Jerusalem Post, May 25, 2015
- ↑ Barak Ravid: Israeli Ministries Feud Over anti-BDS Warfare in UK Haaretz, September 29, 2016
- ^ Israel prepares to fight boycott activists online. Ynet News, February 18, 2016
- ↑ Jack Khoury: Israel Bars BDS Founder Omar Barghouti From Travel Abroad. Haaretz, May 10, 2016
- ↑ Peter Beaumont: Israel refuses visa to theologian over boycott and divestment activism. Guardian, December 5, 2016
- ^ Israel Arrests BDS Founder Omar Barghouti for Tax Evasion. Haaretz, March 21, 2017
- ↑ Israel passes law barring entry for supporters of boycott of Jewish state. Guardian, March 6, 2017
- ^ ADL rejects "anti-BDS" law of Israel. Tachles, March 9, 2017
- ^ Laurie Goodstein: New Israel Law Bars Foreign Critics From Entering the Country. New York Times, March 7, 2017
- ^ Cathryn J. Prince: Israel hosts first-ever anti-BDS conference at UN. Times of Israel, June 1, 2016
- ^ Yossi Melman : Israel's anti-BDS campaign: Propaganda and dirty tricks. Middle East Eye, September 8, 2016
- ↑ a b Tovah Lazaroff: In huge blow to Israel, Netherlands declares BDS 'free speech'. Jerusalem Post, May 26, 2016
- ↑ Dutch Foreign Minister: Calls to Boycott Israel Protected Free Speech by the Constitution. Haaretz, May 27, 2016
- ↑ Boycott dispute in Israel: Occupation should not be 50 , taz, June 8, 2015.
- ^ Ilana Hammerman: Why I, as a Proud Israeli, Want the World to Boycott Us. Haaretz, January 29, 2017
- ↑ Israel refuses entry to NGO representatives. Tagesspiegel, January 7, 2018
- ↑ Israel shutters 30 BDS fundraising accounts by revealing alleged terror ties. Times of Israel, June 11, 2019
- ↑ Behind the Mask - The Antisemitic Nature of BDS Exposed. Ministry of Strategic Affairs (Israel), September 2019.
- ↑ Hatred and boycott. Jewish General, September 26, 2019
- ↑ Interior minister moves to deport Palestinian BDS founder. Times of Israel, October 6, 2019
- ↑ Jutta Ditfurth: Posture and Resistance , Hamburg 2019, p. 155f. and 163-174
- ^ A b Jonathan Schanzer, Kate Havard: Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions movement attracting groups with terrorist ties. The Hill, November 2, 2016
- ↑ SPD'ler, `Linke' and Catholic circles call for Israel boycott. Haolam, June 14, 2012
- ↑ Leandros Fischer: Between Internationalism and Staatsräson , Wiesbaden 2016, p. 293f.
- ^ A b Elke Wittich: Movement: The Boycotters. Jewish General, November 2, 2013
- ↑ Bruno Engelin: Left Party: Unanimously with dissenters - Bundestag faction argues over anti-Semitism resolution. Jewish General, June 16, 2011.
- ↑ Birgit Schippers: The Political Philosophy of Judith Butler. Routledge, 2014, ISBN 0-415-52212-9 , p. 84 ; Lars Rensmann: Anti-Semitism and hostility to Israel. In: Julius H. Schoeps, Olaf Glöckner (Hrsg.): Germany, the Jews and the State of Israel: A political inventory. Georg Olms, 2016, ISBN 3-487-08580-1 , p. 280, fn. 25 .
- ↑ Strong criticism of Bayreuth's decision. Jewish General, February 25, 2016
- ↑ Monika Winter: Boycott calls and penetration into German shops. Jüdische Rundschau, January 4, 2016
- ↑ Anja Perkuhn: "Palestine / Israel": Whirlwind about allegedly anti-Israel lecture in Gasteig. Evening newspaper Munich, November 5, 2015
- ^ Boycott call by Christoph Glanz: Differentiated view on criticism of Israel. Nordwestzeitung, November 25, 2016; Lower Saxony Ministry of Culture: LT November plenum TOP 25: Written answer to oral question number 12.
- ↑ Christoph Kiefer: Boycott: Outrage over criticism of Israel. NWZ, September 8, 2016
- ↑ Alexander Will: Jew hatred: GEW apologizes for Oldenburg district association. NWZ, October 27, 2016
- ↑ Focus Jerusalem, August 21, 2016: Leipzig students defend themselves against anti-Semitic BDS propaganda ; Benjamin Weinthal: German University students declare BDS anti-Semitic. Jerusalem Post, August 20, 2016
- ↑ Stura debated anti-Semitism allegations against speakers for months. Leipziger Volkszeitung, October 5, 2016
- ↑ Jakob Koch: Farid Esack: Can a lecturer critical of Israel teach? Welt online, January 23, 2017
- ↑ Florian Leclerc: Israel-critical conference in the eco house Ka Eins: “Boycott is not anti-Semitic”. FR, March 20, 2017; Benjamin Weinthal: German BDS events canceled in Frankfurt and Bonn. Jerusalem Post, March 21, 2017
- ↑ a b Patrick Gensing: Campaign against Israel: What is BDS? Fact Finder / Tagesschau.de, December 8, 2017
- ↑ Jan Riebe, Sebastian Mohr: The BDS campaign against Israel or the tactics of diffusion. Belltower News, May 17, 2019
- ↑ Sven Ullenbruch, Franz Feyder: neo-Nazis and Islamists together. Stuttgarter Nachrichten, August 6, 2014
- ^ Prominent neo-Nazi spotted at the Israel boycott rally in Berlin. Times of Israel, September 9, 2016.
- ↑ Klaus Wolscher: Green pastor becomes brown: From the pulpit to the NPD desk. taz, February 16, 2018
- ^ Andreas Kopietz: May 1st in Berlin: Left anti-Semitism spreads from Berliner Zeitung, April 22nd, 2016; Martin Krauss : May 1st demonstration: Revolutionary hatred of Jews. Jewish General, April 28, 2016; HaOlam, April 27, 2016: Accusations of anti-Semitism: Ecological leftists protest against the "Revolutionary May 1st Demonstration"
- ↑ Tobias Maier: Boycott of the boycotters. New Germany, May 21, 2016
- ↑ “Take us off the list!” - Anti-Israel campaign invents prominent supporters. Jewish General, July 13, 2016.
- ↑ HaOlam, May 18, 2017: 'Because she affirms Israel's right to exist and is against BDS anti-Semitism: Jutta Ditfurth unloaded from the conference'
- ^ Daniel Gräber: Court ruling in Frankfurt: Defeat for Uwe Becker: The controversial Israel conference may take place. Frankfurter Neue Presse, May 5, 2017
- ^ Antje Schrupp : Boycott campaigns, "Israel criticism" and anti-Semitism. Evangelical Frankfurt, June 8, 2017
- ↑ Danijel Majic, Oliver Teusch: Protest against Middle East Conference remains peaceful. FRI, June 9, 2017; Kevin Culina: Pro Israel and against hatred: community demonstrates with a broad alliance against a conference of the BDS movement. Jewish General, June 15, 2017
- ^ Gerhard Lehrke: Scandal at Humboldt University: Knesset MPs bellowed down during panel discussion. Berliner Zeitung, June 22, 2017
- ^ Ralf Schönball: Anti-Semitism in Berlin: three Israel opponents disrupt the event at the Humboldt University. Tagesspiegel, June 23, 2017
- ↑ Pop culture as a political issue. taz, August 16, 2017; “Pop culture” without Arab bands. Klaus Lederer finds the festival boycott "disgusting". Tagesspiegel, August 17, 2017
- ↑ "Jewish Voice" awarded the Göttingen Peace Prize. Welt online, March 9, 2019; Central Council of Jews protests against honor. Jewish General, February 14, 2019
- ^ Peace Prize juror: "BDS is not anti-Semitic". Göttinger Tagblatt, March 11, 2019; Michael Hollenbach: Accusation of anti-Semitism: Controversial voice. DLF, March 7, 2019
- ↑ Margarete Fischer: The "proper education" of the Bonn police. Belltower News, July 16, 2018
- ↑ Martin Eimermacher: Put in the sand. Time No. 26, June 19, 2019
- ↑ Hakim Bishara: Jewish Studies Scholars Support Resigned Director of Berlin's Jewish Museum with Two Public Letters. 19th June 2019
- ↑ Micha Brumlik: Under suspicion of BDS: The new McCarthyism. Sheets for German and International Politics, August 2019, pp. 13–16
- ↑ Stefan Frank: Anti-Israeli? Petition against the Jewish Museum Berlin. HaOlam, September 21, 2019
- ↑ Julian Weber: BDS boycotted three German clubs: shaking the head galore. taz, August 19, 2019
- ^ Michael Gardner: University leaders voice outrage at rising anti-Semitism. University World News, November 22, 2019; No place for anti-Semitism on the website of the University Rectors' Conference.
- ↑ Prohibited Clauses. Der Spiegel 35, August 24, 1992
- ↑ BDS is disguised anti-Semitism. Jewish General, July 11, 2017
- ↑ Jakob Wetzel: Gasteig loses dispute in the Middle East. SZ, September 29, 2017
- ↑ Jakob Wetzel: Anti-Semitism Debate: May the City Hall restrict the allocation of space in the city? SZ, August 7, 2018
- ↑ Stephan Handel: The city does not have to provide rooms for the BDS campaign. SZ, December 19, 2018
- ^ Stephan Handel: Munich: Court wants to overturn city BDS decision. SZ, May 28, 2020
- ↑ Central Council of Jews in Germany: "There must be no place for the BDS's hatred of Jews". Jewish General, July 14, 2020
- ↑ Frankfurt becomes first German city to ban antisemitic BDS movement. Jerusalem Post, August 25, 2017
- ↑ Philipp Peyman Engel: "Methods from the Nazi Era". Jewish General, September 7, 2017
- ↑ Alexander Fröhlich: Rasmea Odeh: Convicted terrorist should appear in Kreuzberg. Tagesspiegel, March 12, 2019; Ralf Batke: Appearance of convicted terrorist prohibited. Jewish General, March 15, 2019
- ↑ a b Holger Stark : What does this avocado have to do with anti-Semitism? Die Zeit, September 25, 2019.
- ↑ Michael Köhler: No Nelly Sachs Prize for Kamila Shamsie: "The only right thing done". DLF, September 18, 2019
- ↑ Kevin Zdiara: German Foundation Money for Anti -Israeli Propaganda? Publikative.org, April 18, 2013
- ↑ Dov Eilon: Germany in the service of BDS Israel today, July 25, 2016
- ↑ German Bundestag, Drucksache 18/4173, 18th electoral period, March 3, 2015: The Federal Government's response to the minor question from MPs Volker Beck (Cologne), Özcan Mutlu, Monika Lazar, other MPs and the Alliance 90 / THE GREENS parliamentary group
- ↑ André Anchuelo: Anti-BDS without law: politicians want Israel boycotts political fight Jewish General, April 7, 2016
- ↑ BMI / Independent Expert Group on Antisemitism: Antisemitism in Germany - current developments. April 7, 2017, PDF pp. 126, 155, 186 and fn. 547
- ↑ Bundestag condemns calls to boycott Israel. German Bundestag, May 17, 2019.
- ↑ Israel boycott: Bundestag condemns BDS movement. Zeit Online, May 17, 2019.
- ↑ Martin Niewendick: Why the Left does not see anti-Semitism in Israel boycotters. Welt Online, May 17, 2019
- ↑ That doesn't help in the fight against anti-Semitism. Zeit Online, June 4, 2019; Jannis Hagmann: Bundestag resolution on boycott of Israel: 240 academics against BDS vote. Taz, June 5, 2019.
- ↑ Christoph Sydow: Criticism of the Israel resolution in the Bundestag: "The decision goes too far". Spiegel Online, May 17, 2019
- ^ Christoph Schult, Christoph Sydow: Application from Union, SPD, FDP and Greens. Dispute over Israel resolution in the Bundestag. Spiegel Online, May 15, 2019.
- ↑ Anti-Semitism researcher Monika Schwarz-Friesel: "Zero tolerance towards Israel-related hostility towards Jews". Deutschlandfunk, July 20, 2019.
- ↑ Senate Department for Interior and Sport of the State of Berlin: Verfassungsschutz reports : Verfassungsschutzbericht 2017, Berlin 2018, p. 178
- ↑ Constitutional Protection Report of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia for 2018. Düsseldorf 2019, PDF p. 57
- ↑ John Berger rallies artists for cultural boycott of Israel ; Michael Berkeley: John Berger is wrong to boycott Israel. The Guardian, December 15, 2006
- ↑ Israeli boycotts: gesture politics or a moral imperative? Guardian, April 21, 2007
- ^ Anthony Julius: Trials of the Diaspora. A History of Anti-Semitism in England. Oxford University Press, 2012, ISBN 0199600724 , p. 443
- ^ Megan Hanna: BDS movement: Lessons from the South Africa boycott. In: Al Jazeera English , February 23, 2016
- ^ Marie-Violaine Louvet: Civil Society, Post-Colonialism and Transnational Solidarity: The Irish and the Middle East Conflict. Springer, Wiesbaden 2016, ISBN 978-1-137-55109-2 , p. 153
- ^ Iain M. Banks: Why I'm supporting a cultural boycott of Israel. Guardian, June 19, 2014
- ↑ Why our boycott campaign against Israel makes sense. Guardian, July 11, 2014
- ↑ Avi Shlaim on Israel's New Historians, Hamas, and the BDS Movement. Jadaliyyaam, October 23, 2017. German by Rudi Scholten (PDF).
- ↑ Valentina Azarova: Boycotts, International Law Enforcement and the UK's 'Anti-Boycott' Note. In: Jurist, April 12, 2016; Jon Stone: Banning boycotts of Israel will protect Britain's national security, Government says. The Independent, February 17, 2016.
- ^ Cary Nelson: Dreams Deferred. 2016, p. 62f.
- ^ Cary Nelson: Dreams Deferred. 2016, pp. 87–92
- ^ A b Herb Keinon (Jerusalem Post, December 18, 2013): Native American Studies association joins academic boycott of Israel
- ^ Cary Nelson: Dreams Deferred. 2016, pp. 80–86.
- ^ Cary Nelson: Dreams Deferred. 2016, p. 60.
- ^ A b Sean Collins: BDS: Demonising Israel, Destroying Free Speech. In: Tom Slater (Ed.): Unsafe Space: The Crisis of Free Speech on Campus. Springer, 2016, pp. 68–80, here p. 72 .
- ↑ Max Samarov, Shahar Azani (Algemeiner.com, January 16, 2017): Who's Really Behind the Academic Boycott Against Israel?
- ^ A b c Cary Nelson: BDS and Christan Churches. In: Cary Nelson: Dreams Deferred. 2016, p. 54ff.
- ^ Dov Waxman: Trouble in the Tribe: The American Jewish Conflict Over Israel. Princeton University Press, Princeton 2016, pp. 85ff. ; Anti Defamation League (2014): Profile: Jewish Voice for Peace (PDF).
- ^ Allison Kaplan Sommer (Haaretz, March 29, 2017): The Jewish Voice at the Heart of the Boycott Israel Movement.
- ^ Cary Nelson: Dreams Deferred. 2016, p. 61f.
- ↑ David Horovitz: Israel losing Democrats, 'can't claim bipartisan US support,' top pollster warns. Times of Israel, July 5, 2015
- ^ Abraham H. Miller (The Hill, May 28, 2015): The common core of BDS and campus anti-Semitism
- ↑ Sean Savage (Algemeiner.com, December 9, 2016): Academics Unpack BDS, Antisemitism at Media Watchdog's Annual Conference
- ^ Judy Maltz (Haaretz, March 30, 2017): Jewish Group Releases Blacklist of US Professors Who Back Academic Boycott of Israel. ; Paul Berger (The Forward, October 1, 2014): Jewish Professors Hit Back Against Pro-Israel Campus 'Blacklist'.
- ^ Benjamin Ginsberg: How the Jews Defeated Hitler: Exploding the Myth of Jewish Passivity in the Face of Nazism. Rowman & Littlefield, 2013, ISBN 1-4422-2238-7 , p. 153
- ^ Abigail B. Bakan, Yasmeen Abu-Laban: Palestinian resistance and international solidarity: the BDS campaign. In: Race & Class 51/2009, p. 45
- ↑ Ben Ariel: Green Party candidate declares support for BDS. In: Arutz 7 , June 7, 2016
- ↑ Collier Meyerson (The Nation, March 13, 2017): Can You Be a Zionist Feminist? Linda Sarsour Says No.
- ^ Cary Nelson: From Ferguson to Palestine. In: Cary nelson (ed.): Dreams Deferred , 2016, pp. 128-136.
- ^ Andrew Pessin (The Algemeiner, April 12, 2016): Major International Anti-BDS Conference Concludes in Los Angeles. ; Alan Dershowitz (Jüdische Allgemeine, April 25, 2014): Hatred of Jews 2.0: European calls for boycotts against Israel are part of an anti-Semitic tradition.
- ↑ Amit Kling (Haaretz, May 15, 2012): Coen Brothers: Boycotting Israel is a mistake.
- ^ Miranda Levingston (The Jerusalem Post, November 17, 2015): Which celebs are pro / anti Israel: The complete guide
- ^ Peter Beinhart ( The New York Times , March 18, 2012): To Save Israel, Boycott the Settlements
- ↑ Haaretz, September 25, 2016: Over 70 American Intellectuals Call for 'Targeted Boycott' of Israeli Settlements
- ^ Adam Horowitz (Mondo Weiss, April 18, 2010): Will liberal Zionists come around to BDS? ; Ahmed Moor (Mondo Weiss, April 22, 2010): BDS is a long term project with radically transformative potential Israel
- ^ Mitchell Bard: American Jews and the International Arena. In: Arnold Dashefsky, Ira M. Sheskin (Ed.): American Jewish Year Book 2016 , Wiesbaden 2017, p. 140
- ↑ Karin Stögner: “How inclusive is intersectionality? New social movements, identity politics and anti-Semitism. ”In: Samuel Salzborn (Ed.): Anti-Semitism since 9/11. Events, debates, controversies. Nomos, Baden-Baden 2019, p. 390
- ↑ Roger Waters: Israel is behind the death of George Floyd. Jewish General, June 22, 2020
- ^ Rebecca Shimoni Stoil: Obama signs anti-BDS bill into law. Times of Israel, June 30, 2015
- ↑ Ben Jacobs (The Guardian, July 7, 2015): Hillary Clinton condemns anti-Israel boycotts as 'counter-productive'
- ↑ Axel Emmons (The Intercept, March 22, 2016): Hillary Clinton Attacks Israel Boycott Movement in AIPAC Speech ; Ryan Teague Beckwith (Time, Mar 21, 2016): Read Hillary Clinton's Speech to AIPAC ; Emily McFarlan Miller (Religion News, May 9, 2016): Hillary Clinton: 'Make countering BDS a priority'
- ^ Jewish Telegraphic Agency, March 22, 2016: Bernie Sanders says anti-Semitism is a factor in BDS
- ↑ Byron Kampeas (Jerusalem Post, May 24 2016): Sanders picks critics of Israel BDS backer to write Democratic platform
- ^ Gil Hoffman (The Jerusalem Post, December 17, 2016): How did South Carolina pioneer BDS legislation?
- ^ New York state releases list of foreign firms that back BDS. Times of Israel, December 6, 2016
- ↑ 85 (R) HB 89 - Introduced version - Bill Text. capitol.texas.gov
- ↑ Joe Sterling: Texas has a law that says contractors can't boycott Israel. But a federal judge just blocked it. CNN, April 29, 2019; Elizabeth Byrne: Texas speech pathologist Bahia Amawi celebrates temporary free-speech win - The Texas Tribune. Texastribune, April 26, 2019
- ↑ Elizabeth Byrne: Texas narrows law barring contractors from boycotting Israel , The Texas Tribune, May 9, 2019
- ↑ Gov. Bevin Signs Executive Order Prohibiting Boycott of Israel in State Contracts. Kentucky.gov, November 15, 2018
- ↑ US House of Representatives resolution 246 , July 23, 2019. Retrieved July 31, 2019.
- ↑ Orde F. Kittrie: Lawfare , Oxford 2016, pp. 265f.
- ↑ Benjamin Dodman (France24, January 21, 2016): France's criminalization of Israel boycotts sparks free-speech debate.
- ↑ Andreas Dietl (Jüdische Allgemeine, April 6, 2016): Opinion: A judgment against the BDS movement
- ↑ Hassina Mechai (Middle East Monitor, February 6, 2017): BDS is the French exception to international boycotts
- ^ ECHR overturns judgment for calling for a boycott of Israel. In: orf.at . June 11, 2020, accessed June 14, 2020.
- ↑ Donatella della Porta, Mario Diani (Ed.): The Oxford Handbook of Social Movements. Oxford University Press, 2015, ISBN 0-19-967840-5 , p. 579
- ^ Jillian D'Amours: Canada's Green Party adopts Israel BDS into its platform. Middle East Eye, August 8, 2016
- ^ Dave Dormer: Green Party votes to replace controversial Israel boycott policy. CBC News, December 4, 2016
- ↑ Pro-Palestinian groups urge H & M boycott after Israel opens branch. Haaretz, March 11, 2010
- ↑ Alexia Weiss: BDS or: Anti-Semitism in new clothes. Wienerzeitung, March 3, 2016
- ↑ Helga Embacher , Bernadette Edtmaier, Alexandra Preitschopf: Anti-Semitism in Europe. Case studies of a global phenomenon in the 21st century. Böhlau, Vienna 2019, p. 289
- ↑ Anti-Semitism: "History can repeat itself". Courier , February 3, 2018
- ↑ [1] , Der Standard from February 21, 2020
- ^ All parliamentary groups against anti-Semitism. Kleine Zeitung, February 27, 2020
- ↑ National Council takes a united stand against anti-Semitism - the BDS movement is the reason for the demand on the federal government for consistent action. Parliamentary Correspondence No. 167, February 27, 2020
- ^ Spanish courts reverse two pro-BDS municipal rulings. Times of Israel, February 13, 2017
- ↑ Tachles, February 27, 2017: Another revocation of a boycott resolution by the Spanish city administration. ( Memento from March 13, 2017 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ Tovah Lazaroff (Jerusalem Post, May 30, 2016): Irish FM: BDS is a 'legitimate political viewpoint'.
- ↑ European Parliament, September 15, 2016: Answer given by Vice-President Mogherini on behalf of the Commission. ; Raphael Ahren: EU declares Israel boycott protected as free speech. Times of Israel, October 31, 2016
- ↑ Herb Keinon: Irish FM to 'Post': BDS is up to consumers. Jerusalem Post, June 16, 2016
- ^ Czech Republic condemns BDS movement , Jüdische Allgemeine, October 23, 2019. Accessed November 2, 2019.
- ↑ Memo, July 4, 2014: Britain's biggest trade union slams Israeli apartheid, commits to BDS campaigning
- ^ The Huffington Post | April 13, 2009: Divesting from Injustice
- ↑ a b Amanda Borschel-Dan: 10 years later, how BDS became the politically correct way to delegitimize Israel. Times of Israel, July 9, 2015
- ↑ Thomas Klatt: Taking sides instead of serious dialogue: The Middle East conflict at the Kirchentag. DLF, June 2, 2017
- ↑ Yohanna Katanacho, Bishara Awad: The Land of Christ: A Palestinian Cry. Pickwick, 2013, ISBN 1-62032-664-7 , p. 59, fn. 29 .
- ↑ EMOK Executive Committee, 22 April 2010; EKD Church Conference, August 31, 2011 (EKD.de): Statement by the EKD Church Conference and the EMOK Executive Committee: The Hour of Truth (Kairos Palestine) ( Memento from September 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Michael Volkmann (Bad Boll): The “Kairos-Palestine Document” by Palestinian Christians. In: epd documentation 7/2012 , pp. 10–14; Quotations p. 12
- ^ Benedetta Voltolini: Lobbying in EU Foreign Policy-making: The case of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Routledge, 2015, p. 179
- ^ Paul Miller: Florida Mayor Leads International Coalition Of Colleagues To Combat Anti-Semitism. Dailywire, February 27, 2019
- ↑ Promotion and protection of human rights , OHCHR, September 23, 2019
- ↑ Raniah Salloum, Christoph Schult: UN criticizes anti-Semitism decision of the Bundestag mirror, October 25, 2019
- ↑ Rusi Jaspal: Antisemitism and Anti-Zionism: Representation, Cognition and Everyday Talk. Routledge, London 2014, ISBN 978-1-4094-5437-3 , pp. 58-62 .
- ↑ Jordan Michael Smith (New Republic, July 8, 2015): An Unpopular Man. Norman Finkelstein was a rock star of the pro-Palestinian movement. Then he came out against BDS.
- ^ Cary Nelson: Dreams Deferred. 2016, pp. 57 and 63f.
- ↑ Kenneth L. Marcus: The Definition of Anti-Semitism. Oxford 2015, pp. 27-32 and 206-208
- ↑ Monika Schwarz-Friesel (Ed.): Educated anti-Semitism. A challenge for politics and civil society. Nomos, Baden-Baden 2015, ISBN 978-3-8487-1679-1 , p. 31 (foreword) and p. 165–168
- ↑ Monika Schwarz-Friesel: Jew hatred on the Internet. Anti-Semitism as a cultural constant and collective feeling. Hentrich & Hentrich, Leipzig 2019, p. 85
- ^ Samuel Salzborn: Israel criticism or anti-Semitism? Criteria for a distinction. In: Church and Israel. Neukirchener Theologische Zeitschrift , 28, Issue 1, 2013, pp. 5–16 (PDF); same: global anti-Semitism. A search for traces in the abyss of modernity. Beltz Juventa, Weinheim 2018, pp. 150–156.
- ^ Martin Altmeyer (taz, January 23, 2009): Anti-Semitism from the left ; Thomas Assheuer (Die Zeit, January 15, 2009): Middle East conflict: blinded ; Ira M. Sheskin, Ethan Felson: Is the Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions Movement Tainted by Anti-Semitism? Geographical Review 106 (2), April 2016, pp. 270-275; Karl Pfeifer (HaGalil, December 6, 2015): The Israel Boycott Movement: Anti-Semitism and Fake Quotes.
- ^ Gil Troy (Scholars for Peace in the Middle East, November 14, 2009): Delegitimizing the delegitimizers
- ^ Mitchell Bard: American Jews and the International Arena. In: Arnold Dashefsky, Ira M. Sheskin (Eds.): American Jewish Year Book 2016. The Annual Record of North American Jewish Communities. Wiesbaden 2017, p. 139 and p. 142
- ↑ Bundestag wants to position itself on the BDS campaign. Deutschlandfunk, May 17, 2019.
- ↑ Benz anti-Semitism researcher on criticism of Israel. Südwest Presse, March 9, 2019.
- ↑ Matthias Lohr: "Boycott the ESC!" - That is why the BDS movement that wants to isolate Israel is anti-Semitic. HNA, May 17, 2019
- ^ Julia Bernstein: Anti-Semitism in schools in Germany. Findings - analyzes - options for action. Beltz Juventa, Weinheim 2020, p. 489
- ^ Mary-Jo Nadeau, Alan Sears: The Palestine Test: Countering the Silencing Campaign. Studies in Political Economy Volume 85, No. 1, 2010, ISSN 0707-8552 , doi : 10.1080 / 19187033.2010.11675033 , pp. 7-33
- ↑ Jannis Hagmann: Moshe Zimmermann on criticism of Israel: “Not every boycott is anti-Semitic”. taz, January 10, 2019