List of the oxidation states of the chemical elements
The list presented here is a spin-off from the main article: Oxidation Number . It lists all known chemical elements with their assigned oxidation numbers. The listing of fractional oxidation numbers is dispensed with for reasons of space. However, these are listed for the individual elements for which they occur.
An entry in bold means that the element in question often has this oxidation number (s). Note: The list can be sorted by column by clicking on the corresponding symbol.
list
Ordinal number |
element | Element symbol |
IUPAC group (CAS group) |
Oxidation number (s) | Examples of connections |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Hydrogen (hydrogenium) | H | 1 ( IA) | −1, 1 | −1 in NaH , 1 in HCl |
2 | helium | Hey | 18 ( VIII-A) | 0 | 0 in HeNa 2 |
3 | lithium | Li | 1 ( IA) | 1 | 1 in LiF |
4th | beryllium | Be | 2 ( II-A) | 2 | 2 in BeO |
5 | boron | B. | 13 ( III-A) | 3 | 3 in H 3 BO 3 |
6th | Carbon (carboneum) | C. | 14 ( IV-A) | −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 | −4 in CH 4 , −3 in C 2 H 6 , −2 in C 2 H 4 , −1 in C 2 H 2 , 0 in HCHO , 1 in CH 3 C HO ** , 2 in CO , 3 in CH 3 C OOH ** , 4 in CO 2 |
7th | Nitrogen (nitrogenium) | N | 15 ( VA) | −3 , −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3 , 4, 5 | −3 in NH 3 , −2 in N 2 H 4 , −1 in N 2 H 2 , 0 in N (NO 2 ) 3 (central N atom) , 1 in H 2 N 2 O 2 , 2 in NO , 3 in HNO 2 , 4 in NO 2 , 5 in HNO 3 |
8th | Oxygen (oxygenium) | O | 16 ( VI-A) | −2 , −1, +1, +2 | −2 in oxides , −1 in peroxides , 1 in O 2 F 2 , 2 in OF 2 |
9 | fluorine | F. | 17 ( VII-A) | −1 | −1 in HF |
10 | neon | No | 18 ( VIII-A) | 0 | 0 in NeBeS |
11 | sodium | N / A | 1 ( IA) | −1, 1 | −1 in {Na [crypt]} + Na - , 1 in NaOH |
12 | magnesium | Mg | 2 ( II-A) | 2 | 2 in MgO |
13 | aluminum | Al | 13 ( III-A) | −2, −1, 1, 2, 3 | −2, −1 in aluminum- Zintl phases (e.g. Sr 8 Al 7 , LiAl ), 1 in AlF , 2 in [(SiMe 3 ) 3 C] 4 Al 2 , 3 in Al 2 O 3 |
14th | Silicon | Si | 14 ( IV-A) | −4, −2, −1, 2, 4 | −4 in Ca 2 Si , −2 in CaSi , −1 in CaSi 2 , 2 in SiO , 4 in SiO 2 |
15th | phosphorus | P | 15 ( VA) | −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 | −3 in Na 3 P , −2 in Na 2 P , −1 in helical (P - ) n , 0 in P 7 H 3 (apical P atom) , 1 in H 3 PO 2 , 2 in P 2 F 4 , 3 in P 4 O 6 , 4 in H 4 P 2 O 6 , 5 in P 4 O 10 |
16 | Sulfur (Sulfur) | S. | 16 ( VI-A) | −2 , −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 , 5, 6 | −2 in H 2 S , −1 in H 2 S 2 , 0 in S 4 O 6 2− (middle S atoms) , 1 in S 2 Cl 2 , 2 in SCl 2 , 3 in Na 2 S 2 O 4 , 4 in SO 2 , 5 in S 2 O 6 2− , 6 in H 2 SO 4 |
17th | chlorine | Cl | 17 ( VII-A) | −1 , 1, 3, 4, 5, 7 | −1 in Cl - , 1 in ClO - , 3 in ClO 2 - , 4 in ClO 2 , 5 in ClO 3 - , 7 in ClO 4 - |
18th | argon | Ar | 18 ( VIII-A) | (2) | 2 in HArF (unstable) |
19th | potassium | K | 1 ( IA) | −1, 1 | −1 in potash , 1 in KOH |
20th | Calcium | Approx | 2 ( II-A) | 2 | 2 in CaO |
21st | Scandium | Sc | 3 ( III-B) | 3 | 3 in Sc 2 O 3 |
22nd | titanium | Ti | 4 ( IV-B) | −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 | −2 in [Ti (CO) 6 ] 2− , −1 in [Ti (η 6 -C 6 H 5 R) 2 ] - (R = H, Me), 0 in [Ti (η 6 -C 6 H 6 ) 2 ], 1 in TiH, 2 in TiCl 2 , 3 in TiCl 3 , 4 in TiO 2 |
23 | Vanadium | V | 5 ( VB) | −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 | -3 in [V (CO) 5 ] 3− , -2 in [HV (CO) 5 ] 3- , -1 in [V (CO) 6 ] - , 0 in V (CO) 6 , 1 in ? , 2 in VI 2 , 3 in VBr 3 , 4 in VCl 4 , 5 in VF 5 |
24 | chrome | Cr | 6 ( VI-B) | 0, 2, 3 , 4, 5, 6 | 0 in Cr (CO) 6 , 2 in CrCl 2 , 3 in Cr 2 O 3 , 4 in CrO 2 , 5 in CrF 5 , 6 in CrO 3 |
25th | manganese | Mn | 7 ( VII-B) | −3, −1, 0, 1, 2 , 3, 4, 6, 7 | −3 in Mn (NO) 3 CO , −1 in Na [Mn (CO) 5 ], 0 in Mn 2 (CO) 10 , 1 in [(CH 3 C 5 H 4 ) Mn (CO) 3 ] , 2 in MnCl 2 , 3 in Mn 2 O 3 , 4 in MnO 2 , 5 in K 3 MnO 4 , 6 in K 2 MnO 4 , 7 in KMnO 4 |
26th | Iron (ferrum) | Fe | 8 ( VIII-B) | -2, -1, 0, 1, 2 , 3 , 4, 5, 6 | −2 in Na 2 [Fe (CO) 4 ] , −1 in [Fe 2 (CO) 8 ] 2− , 0 in Fe (CO) 5 , 1 in (η 5 -C 5 H 5 ) 2 Fe 2 ( CO) 4 , 2 in FeSO 4 , 3 in Fe 2 O 3 , 4 in Li 2 FeO 3 , 5 in FeO 4 3− , 6 in BaFeO 4 |
27 | Cobalt | Co | 9 ( VIII-B) | −1, 0, 2, 3, 4, 5 | −1 in [Co (CO) 4 ] - , 0 in Co 2 (CO) 8 , 2 in CoCl 2 , 3 in CoF 3 , 4 in T4 - [Co (nor) 4 ] , 5 in Na 3 CoO 4 |
28 | nickel | Ni | 10 ( VIII-B) | 0, 1, 2 , 3, 4 | 0 in Ni (CO) 4 , 1 in K 4 [Ni 2 (CN) 6 ] , 2 in NiSO 4 , 3 in Ni 2 O 3 , 4 in K 2 [NiF 6 ] |
29 | Copper (cuprum) | Cu | 11 ( IB) | 1, 2 , 3, 4 | 1 in Cu 2 O , 2 in CuSO 4 , 3 in YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 – x , 4 in [CuF 6 ] 2− |
30th | zinc | Zn | 12 ( II-B) | 1, 2 | 1 in Zn 2 (η 5 -C 5 Me 5 ) 2 , 2 in ZnS |
31 | gallium | Ga | 13 ( III-A) | 1, 2, 3 | 1 in "GaF" (= Ga , 2 in I Ga III I 4 )GaS , 3 in GaCl 3 |
32 | Germanium | Ge | 14 ( IV-A) | −4, 2, 4 | −4 in Mg 2 Ge , 2 in GeI 2 , 4 in GeO 2 |
33 | arsenic | As | 15 ( VA) | −3, 0, 1, 2, 3 , 4, 5 | −3 in Na 3 As , 0 in AsH 3 , 1 in AsI , 2 in As 2 I 4 , 3 in As 2 O 3 , 4 in As (OH) 4 , 5 in As 2 O 5 |
34 | selenium | Se | 16 ( VI-A) | −2, −1, 1, 2, 4 , 6 | −2 in CdSe , −1 in Diseleniden Se 2 2− , 1 in Se 2 Cl 2 , 2 in SeCl 2 , 4 in SeO 2 , 6 in H 2 SeO 4 |
35 | bromine | Br | 17 ( VII-A) | −1 , 1, 3, 5, 7 | −1 in KBr , 1 in BrO - ion, 3 in BrO 2 - ion, 5 in HBrO 3 , 7 in HBrO 4 |
36 | krypton | Kr | 18 ( VIII-A) | 0 , 2 | 0 in HKrCCH , 2 in KrF 2 |
37 | Rubidium | Rb | 1 ( IA) | −1, 1 | −1 in Rubidid , 1 in RbCl |
38 | strontium | Sr | 2 ( II-A) | 2 | 2 in SrO |
39 | yttrium | Y | 3 ( III-B) | 3 | 3 in Y 2 O 3 |
40 | Zirconium | Zr | 4 ( IV-B) | 1, 2, 3, 4 | 1 in ZrCl , 2 in ZrCl 2 , 3 in ZrCl 3 , 4 in ZrO 2 |
41 | niobium | Nb | 5 ( VB) | 2, 3, 4, 5 | 2 in NbO , 3 in NbN , 4 in NbCl 4 , 5 in Nb 2 O 5 |
42 | molybdenum | Mon | 6 ( VI-B) | −2, 0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 | −2 in [Mo (CO) 5 ] 2− , 0 in Mo (CO) 6 , 2 in [Mo 6 Cl 8 ] Cl 4 , 3 in MoF 3 , 4 in MoS 2 , 5 in MoCl 5 , 6 in MoO 3 |
43 | Technetium | Tc | 7 ( VII-B) | −1, 0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 | −1 in [Tc (CO) 5 ] - , 0 in Tc 2 (CO) 10 , 1 in [Tc (H 2 O) 3 (CO) 3 ] + , 3 in [Tc 2 Cl 8 ] 2− , 4 in TcCl 4 , 5 in TcF 5 , 6 in TcF 6 , 7 in Tc 2 O 7 |
44 | Ruthenium | Ru | 8 ( VIII-B) | −2, 0, 2, 3 , 4 , 5, 6, 7, 8 | 0 in Ru 3 (CO) 12 , 2 in Ru (C 5 H 5 ) 2 , 3 in RuCl 3 , 4 in RuO 2 , 5 in RuF 5 , 6 in RuF 6 , 7 in [(C 3 H 7 ) 4 N] [RuO 4 ] , 8 in RuO 4 |
45 | Rhodium | Rh | 9 ( VIII-B) | 0, 1 , 2, 3 , 4, 5, 6 | 0 in Rh 4 (CO) 12 , 1 in RhCl (PPh 3 ) 3 , 2 in Rh 2 (OOCCH 3 ) 4 , 3 in RhCl 3 , 4 in RhO 2 , 5 in RhF 5 , 6 in RhF 6 |
46 | palladium | Pd | 10 ( VIII-B) | 0 , 1, 2 , 4 | 0 in Pd (PPh 3 ) 4 , 1 in Pd 2 2+ , 2 in PdS , 4 in PdO 2 |
47 | Silver (argentum) | Ag | 11 ( IB) | 1 , 2 , 3, 4 | 1 in AgNO 3 , 2 in AgF 2 , 3 in Ag 2 O 3 , 4 in Cs 2 [AgF 6 ] |
48 | cadmium | CD | 12 ( II-B) | 1, 2 | 1 in Cd 2 (AlCl 4 ) 2 , 2 in CdO |
49 | Indium | In | 13 ( III-A) | 1, 2, 3 | 1 in InCl , 2 in In 2 Cl 4 (with In — In bond) , 3 in InCl 3 |
50 | Tin (stannum) | Sn | 14 ( IV-A) | 2 , 4 | -4 in Mg 2 Sn, 2 in SnS , 4 in SnO 2 |
51 | antimony | Sb | 15 ( VA) | −3, −2, 1, 2, 3 , 4, 5 | −3 in K 3 Sb , −2 in the [Sb 2 ] 4− ion (e.g. in RbBa 4 [Sb 2 ] [Sb] [O]), 1 in organoantimony (I) compounds, 2 in Sb (PhCOS) 3 , 3 in SbF 3 , 4 in the antimony (IV) chloro complex [SbCl 6 ] 2− , 5 in SbF 5 |
52 | Tellurium | Te | 16 ( VI-A) | −2, -1, 1, 2, 4 , 6 | −2 in Na 2 Te , −1 in ditellurides Te 2 2− , 1 in TeI, 2 in TeCl 2 , 4 in TeO 2 , 6 in H 6 TeO 6 |
53 | Iodine | I. | 17 ( VII-A) | −1 , 1, 3, 5, 7 | −1 in NaI , 1 in ICl , 3 in IF 3 , 5 in KIO 3 , 7 in H 5 IO 6 |
54 | xenon | Xe | 18 ( VIII-A) | 0 , 2, 4, 6, 8 | 2 in XeF 2 , 4 in XeF 4 , 6 in XeF 6 , 8 in XeO 4 |
55 | Cesium | Cs | 1 ( IA) | −1, 1 | −1 in {Li [crypt]} + Cs - , 1 in CsCl |
56 | barium | Ba | 2 ( II-A) | 2 | 2 in BaO |
57 | Lanthanum | La | 3 ( III-B) | 3 | 3 in La 2 O 3 |
58 | cerium | Ce | Lanthanoid | 3 , 4 | 3 in CeF 3 , 4 in CeF 4 |
59 | Praseodymium | Pr | Lanthanoid | 3 , 4 | 3 in PrF 3 , 4 in PrO 2 |
60 | Neodymium | Nd | Lanthanoid | 2, 3 , 4 | 2 in NdBr 2 , 3 in NdCl 3 |
61 | promethium | Pm | Lanthanoid | 3 | 3 in Pm 2 O 3 |
62 | Samarium | Sm | Lanthanoid | 2, 3 | 2 in SmI 2 , 3 in Sm 2 O 3 |
63 | Europium | Eu | Lanthanoid | 2, 3 | 2 in EuCl 2 , 3 in EuCl 3 |
64 | Gadolinium | Gd | Lanthanoid | 2, 3 | 2 in GdI 2 , 3 in Gd 2 O 3 |
65 | Terbium | Tb | Lanthanoid | 1, 2, 3 , 4 | 1 in TbCl, 2 in TbCl 2 , 3 in Tb 2 (SO 4 ) 3 , 4 in TbF 4 |
66 | Dysprosium | Dy | Lanthanoid | 2, 3 , 4 | 2 in DyI 2 , 3 in Dy 2 O 3 |
67 | holmium | Ho | Lanthanoid | 2, 3 | 2 in Ho 5 Cl 11 , 3 in Ho 2 O 3 |
68 | Erbium | He | Lanthanoid | 3 | 3 in Er 2 O 3 |
69 | Thulium | Tm | Lanthanoid | 2, 3 , 4 | 2 in TmI 2 , 3 in TmI 3 , 4 in Cs 3 [TmF 7 ] |
70 | ytterbium | Yb | Lanthanoid | 2, 3 | 2 in YbI 2 , 3 in YbI 3 |
71 | lutetium | Lu | Lanthanoid | 3 | 3 in LuCl 3 |
72 | hafnium | Hf | 4 ( IV-B) | −2, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 | 3 in HfI 3 , 4 in HfO 2 |
73 | Tantalum | Ta | 5 ( VB) | 2, 3, 4, 5 | 2 in TaO , 3 in TaN , 4 in TaCl 4 , 5 in Ta 2 O 5 |
74 | tungsten | W. | 6 ( VI-B) | 0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 | 0 in W (CO) 6 , 2 in [W 6 Cl 8 ] Cl 4 , 3 in [W 6 Cl 12 ] Cl 6 , 4 in WCl 4 , 5 in WCl 5 , 6 in WO 3 |
75 | rhenium | re | 7 ( VII-B) | −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 | −1 in Na [Re (CO) 5 ], 0 in Re 2 (CO) 10 , 1 in ReBr (CO) 5 , 3 in Re 3 Cl 9 , 4 in ReO 2 , 5 in ReCl 5 , 6 in ReO 3 , 7 in Re 2 O 7 |
76 | osmium | Os | 8 ( VIII-B) | −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 , 5, 6, 7, 8 | −2 in Na 2 [Os (CO) 4 ], −1 in Na 2 [Os 4 (CO) 13 ], 0 in Os 3 (CO) 12 , 1 in OsI, 2 in OsCl 2 , 3 in OsCl 3 , 4 in OsO 2 , 5 in OsCl 5 , 6 in OsF 6 , 7 in OsOF 5 , 8 in OsO 4 |
77 | iridium | Ir | 9 ( VIII-B) | −3, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3 , 4 , 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 | −3 in [Ir (CO) 3 ] 3− , −1 in [Ir (CO) 3 (PPh 3 )] - , 0 in Ir 4 (CO) 12 , 1 in IrCl (CO) (PPh 3 ) 2 , 2 in IrCl 2 , 3 in IrCl 3 , 4 in IrO 2 , 5 in IrF 5 , 6 in IrF 6 , 7 in [(η 2 −O 2 ) IrO 2 ] + , 8 in IrO 4 , 9 in IrO 4 + |
78 | platinum | Pt | 10 ( VIII-B) | -2, -1, 0, 2 , 4 , 5, 6 | −2 in Cs 2 Pt , −1 in BaPt 2 , 0 in Pt (PPh 3 ) 4 , 1 in Pt 2 2+ , 2 in PtCl 2 , 4 in PtO 2 , 5 in PtF 5 , 6 in PtF 6 |
79 | Gold (aurum) | Au | 11 ( IB) | −1, 1, 2, 3 , 5 | −1 in CsAu , 1 in AuCl , 2 in AuSO 4 , 3 in AuCl 3 , 5 in AuF 5 |
80 | Mercury (hydrargyrum) | Ed | 12 ( II-B) | 0, 1, 2 , 4 (?) | 0 in Hg 3 2+ (central Hg atom) , 1 in Hg 2 Cl 2 , 2 in HgCl 2 , 4 in HgF 4 |
81 | Thallium | Tl | 13 ( III-A) | −1, 1 , 3 | −1 in NaTl , 1 in Tl 2 SO 4 , 3 in Tl (NO 3 ) 3 |
82 | Lead (plumbum) | Pb | 14 ( IV-A) | 2 , 4 | 2 in PbO , 4 in PbO 2 |
83 | Bismuth | Bi | 15 ( VA) | −3, 1, 3 , 5 | −3 in Na 3 Bi, 1 in Bi 10 Hf 3 Cl 18 (= [Bi + ] [Bi 9 5+ ] [HfCl 6 2− ] 3 ), 3 in Bi 2 O 3 , 5 in NaBiO 3 |
84 | polonium | Po | 16 ( VI-A) | −2, 2, 4 , 6 | −2 in Na 2 Po , 2 in H 2 Po , 2 in PoO , 4 in PoO 2 , 6 in PoO 3 |
85 | Astatine | At | 17 ( VII-A) | -1 , 1, 3, 5, 7 | −1 in AgAt, 1 in AtCl, 3 in AtO 2 - , 5 in La (AtO 3 ) 3 , 7 in AtO 4 - *** |
86 | radon | Marg | 18 ( VIII-A) | 0 , 2 | 2 in RnF 2 |
87 | Francium | Fr. | 1 ( IA) | 1 | 1 in FrClO 4 |
88 | radium | Ra | 2 ( II-A) | 2 | 2 in RaSO 4 |
89 | Actinium | Ac | 3 ( III-B) | 2, 3 | 2 in AcH 2 , 3 in AcF 3 |
90 | Thorium | Th | Actinoid | 2, 3, 4 | 2 in ThI 2 , 3 in ThI 3 , 4 in ThI 4 |
91 | Protactinium | Pa | Actinoid | 4, 5 | 4 in PaCl 4 , 5 in PaCl 5 |
92 | uranium | U | Actinoid | 3, 4, 5, 6 | 3 in UCl 3 , 4 in UO 2 , 5 in UF 5 , 6 in UF 6 |
93 | neptunium | Np | Actinoid | 3, 4, 5 , 6, 7 | 3 in NpCl 3 , 4 in NpCl 4 , 5 in NpF 5 , 6 in NpF 6 , 7 in NpO 2 3+ |
94 | plutonium | Pooh | Actinoid | 2, 3, 4 , 5, 6, 7 | 2 in PuO , 3 in PuCl 3 , 4 in PuO 2 , 5 in PuF 5 , 6 in PuF 6 , 7 in PuO 2 3+ |
95 | Americium | At the | Actinoid | 2, 3 , 4, 5, 6, (7) | 2 in AmCl 2 , 3 in AmF 3 , 4 in AmF 4 , 5, 6 in ions: AmO 2 + or AmO 2 2+ , 7 in AmO 5 3− (uncertain) |
96 | Curium | Cm | Actinoid | 3 , 4 | 3 in CmCl 3 , 4 in CmF 4 |
97 | Berkelium | Bk | Actinoid | 3 , 4 | 3 in BkF 3 , 4 in BkF 4 |
98 | Californium | Cf | Actinoid | 2, 3 , 4 | 2 in CfI 2 , 3 in CfF 3 , 4 in CfF 4 |
99 | Einsteinium | It | Actinoid | 2, 3 | 2 in EsI 2 , 3 in EsI 3 |
100 | Fermium | Fm | Actinoid | 3 | **** |
101 | Mendelevium | Md | Actinoid | 3 | **** |
102 | Nobelium | No | Actinoid | 2 , 3 | **** |
103 | lawrencium | Lr | Actinoid | 3 | **** |
104 | Rutherfordium | Rf | 4 ( IV-B) | 4 * | **** |
105 | Dubnium | Db | 5 ( VB) | 3, 4, 5 * | **** |
106 | Seaborgium | Sg | 6 ( VI-B) | 6 * | **** |
107 | Bohrium | Bra | 7 ( VII-B) | 7th | **** |
108 | Hassium | Hs | 8 ( VIII-B) | 8 or lower * | **** |
109 | Meitnerium | Mt | 9 ( VIII-B) | 3, 4, 6 * | **** |
110 | Darmstadtium | Ds | 10 ( VIII-B) | 2, 4, 6 * | **** |
111 | Roentgenium | Rg | 11 ( IB) | 3 * | **** |
112 | Copernicium | Cn | 12 ( II-B) | 2 | **** |
113 | Nihonium | Nh | 13 ( III-A) | 3 | **** |
114 | Flerovium | Fl | 14 ( IV-A) | 4th | **** |
115 | Moscovium | Mc | 15 ( VA) | 3 | **** |
116 | Livermorium | Lv | 16 ( VI-A) | 2 | **** |
117 | Tenness ***** | Ts | 17 ( VII-A) | 1 | **** |
118 | Oganesson | Above | 18 ( VIII-A) | 0 | **** |
Annotation:
* Oxidation number is still unknown or is suspected.
**The carbon atom with the specified oxidation number is written in bold .
*** The chemical properties of astatine could so far only be determined with tracer experiments due to the small amounts available.
****Due to the short service life and the low availability, only tracer experiments can indicate the occurrence of the oxidation states. An isolation of the corresponding compounds has not (yet) taken place and is highly unlikely for most of these elements.
*****on the choice of a name for Ts in German see discussion: Tenness
Individual evidence
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