November 1989

Portal history | Portal Biographies | Current events | Annual calendar

◄ | 19th century | 20th century | 21st century  
◄ | 1950s | 1960s | 1970s | 1980s | 1990s | 2000s | 2010s  
◄ | 1985 | 1986 | 1987 | 1988 | 1989 | 1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | ►
◄ | August 1989 | September 1989 | October 1989 | November 1989 | December 1989 | January 1990 | February 1990 | ►

Contents:
Mon Tuesday Wed do Fr. Sat So 1 2 3 4th 5 6th 7th 8th 9 10 11 12 13 14th 15th 16 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23 24 25th 26th 27 28 29 30th

This article covers breaking news and events in November 1989.

Daily events

Wednesday November 1, 1989

Björn Engholm, Walter Momper

• Bonn / Germany : The Governing Mayor of Berlin Walter Momper ( SPD ) takes office as President of the Federal Council .
• Managua / Nicaragua : In the Contra War , the government of the Sandinista National Liberation Front under Daniel Ortega declares the ceasefire between the state and the Contra rebels to be over. The disarming of the opponents of the state had not made great progress, nor had the ceasefire been adequately respected.
• Moscow / Soviet Union : The Central Committee of the CPSU assured his guest Egon Krenz , the general secretary of the Central Committee of the SED , an "effective cooperation" during the "revolutionary transformation" in the GDR . Egon Krenz, who only became the de facto head of state of the GDR in October, sees the backing from Moscow as a guarantee for stable development in his country.

Thursday November 2, 1989

• Bonn / Germany : Otto Schily , a member of the Bundestag , leaves the Green Party , resigns his seat and joins the SPD . In 1983 Schily was part of the first parliamentary group of the Greens, which he now regards as a permanent opposition party due to internal struggles between “ Realos ” and “ Fundis ”.
• Stockholm / Sweden : A court of appeal revokes the judgment against the petty criminal Christer Pettersson , whom the Stockholm Tingsrätt found guilty in February 1986 of the murder of the Swedish Prime Minister Olof Palme of the Social Democratic Labor Party . The court justified the setting aside of the judgment with serious errors during the police investigation. Pettersson has to be released from prison .

Friday 3rd November 1989

• Vilnius / Soviet Union The: Soviet of international law not sovereign Lithuanian SSR passed a law under which all citizens of the Republic regardless of their ethnicity Lithuanian citizen may be, unless they are citizens of another country. The law is specifically aimed at the Russian minority, whose members are to choose between their homeland and Lithuania.

Saturday 4th November 1989

Markus Wolf

• Berlin / Germany : At the first authorized demonstration in the history of the GDR, whose host is neither a state nor a in the socialist is embedded state organization to take on the Alexanderplatz in Mitte district than 200,000 people participate. The speakers included the lawyer Gregor Gysi , the writer Christa Wolf and the politician Markus Wolf, as well as former and current members of the SED party, which has been in power since 1949 .

Sunday 5th November 1989

• Akkar / Lebanon : In the airport building by al-Qulay'at chooses National Assembly a few days after the end of the civil war , a new head of state . Since Amin Gemayel's resignation from office in September 1988, Parliament has not been able to agree on a successor, now the election falls on René Moawad . For security reasons, the meeting will not take place in the capital, Beirut .
• Athens / Greece : The new elections to the Greek parliament , like the elections in June, do not bring a clear majority. Once again, the Nea Dimokratia party is 20 seats ahead of the ruling Panhellenic Socialist Movement (Pasok) and would have to enter into a coalition with the Pasok or the third strongest force Synaspismos to form a government .

Monday November 6, 1989

• Canberra / Australia : The first summit of the Asia-Pacific Economic Community APEC begins as an informal meeting of ministers from twelve countries. The members pursue the long-term goal of a free trade zone .
• St. Louis / United States : When 16-year-old Palestina Isa comes home later than agreed, her parents see the family honor at risk. The mother, a Brazilian , holds the girl and the father, a native Palestinian , stabs her to death. The FBI security agency witnessed the honor killing via a listening device in the apartment .

Tuesday November 7, 1989

Ruud Lubbers

Officially, the flag of South Africa is also the flag of Namibia

• The Hague / Netherlands : Queen Beatrix takes the oath of office from Prime Minister Ruud Lubbers of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) for his third term in office. The two largest parties in the country, the CDA and the Labor Party , form the government together for the first time .
• New York / United States : David Dinkins ( Democrats ) is the first descendant of Afro-American slaves to be elected Mayor of New York City.
• Windhoek / Namibia : The first elections to the National Assembly , which meet general democratic requirements, begin in the presence of the diplomat of the United Nations Martti Ahtisaari , who has been accompanying the process of decolonization in the country for eleven years . According to Ahtisaari, the withdrawal of South Africa's armed forces from the country will be completed in the next few weeks and Namibia will then be an independent state .

Wednesday November 8, 1989

• Amman / Jordan : There are 635 candidates and twelve female candidates to vote for in the general election. Since there is a ban on political parties , only the Muslim Brotherhood acts as a coordinated alliance. Your share of the vote will give you 20 of the 80 seats in parliament.
• Berlin / Germany : Willi Stoph ( SED ) resigns as chairman of the GDR Council of Ministers along with all ministers. Stoph cites health complaints as the reason. Compared to the Politburo of the Central Committee (ZK) of the SED, the Council of Ministers has little decision-making power. On the same day, the Central Committee sets up a new Council of Ministers headed by Hans Modrow (SED).
• Rüterberg / Germany : 90 residents of the village in the restricted area proclaim a " village republic ". The GDR sealed off the place with a fence 22 years ago because of disputes over the border with the Federal Republic of Germany .

Thursday November 9, 1989

Günter Schabowski, press conference

• Ankara / Turkey : In the office of prime minister , Yıldırım Akbulut from the motherland party replaces his party colleague Ali Bozer , who temporarily held the office for ten days.
• Berlin / Germany : During a press conference live from various radio stations in the GDR is transferred, the journalist says Riccardo Ehrman the Secretary for Information gathering Günter Schabowski on the travel bill of the Central Committee of the Socialist Unity Party of. Schabowski takes out a piece of paper. Then u. a. hear the following words: "[...] makes it possible for every citizen of the GDR to leave the GDR via border crossing points [...] that applies to my knowledge [...] is immediate, immediately."
• Berlin / Germany : From 11.30 p.m. at the Bornholmer Strasse border crossing, officials will allow all GDR citizens who want to leave the country to enter the western part of Berlin without passport control or other measures . The captain on duty received no instructions from his superiors after hours of inquiries and finally made the decision to open the border himself. That is why this is usually cited as the time of the opening of the Berlin Wall or, for short, the fall of the Wall .
• Bonn / Germany : During a conference on “Improving and Simplifying Association Taxation” in the German Bundestag, the members of the Union parties vote in response to the news of the fall of the Berlin Wall on the third verse of the German song . The other people present join in.
• Beijing / China : Five months after the Tian'anmen massacre , the People's Congress plenum accepts the request of the CCP politician Deng Xiaoping to step down from the chairmanship of the Central Military Commission and appoints Jiang Zemin as his successor. Xiaoping is regarded as a pioneer of socialism with Chinese characteristics .
• Warsaw / Poland : During a state banquet in honor of the German Chancellor Helmut Kohl and his delegation, the message spreads: “The wall has fallen .” However, breaking off the German visit to Poland would be a diplomatic affront to the host.

Friday November 10th 1989

Europe: western hemisphere in blue, eastern hemisphere in red and non-aligned countries in white

• Berlin / Germany : All border crossings between East Berlin , GDR , and West Berlin , FRG, have been open since 02:02 a.m. The most contentious question of the division of Germany has been answered for the moment, and overcoming the political and military division of Europe is given a new perspective.
• Berlin / Germany : After visiting the memorial for the uprising in the Warsaw Ghetto , the German Chancellor Helmut Kohl ( CDU ) interrupts his state visit to the People's Republic of Poland because of the fall of the Berlin Wall with the assurance that he will continue it later and flies to Hamburg . From there he traveled to Berlin and presented himself to a crowd at the seat of the Governing Mayor of the city and state of Berlin , who whistled him during his speech.
• Munich / Germany : The Landesverband Bayern e. V. in the Association of German Book Trade and the city of Munich give the Literature Prize Scholl Prize at the book Letters to Freya 1939-1945 of Helmuth James Graf von Moltke , who in Kreisau Circle his wife as Freya resistance against the Nazis made.
• Sofia / Bulgaria : The communist dictator of the People's Republic of Bulgaria Todor Schiwkow is disempowered by the Central Committee of the Bulgarian Communist Party in his 36th year in office . In recent months he has shown signs of a modernization course along the lines of the Soviet glasnost and perestroika policy. Petar Mladenow will be the new General Secretary and Chairman of the State Council .

Saturday November 11th 1989

Departure from the GDR to the FRG without controls, in the picture Helmstedt / Marienborn

Flag of Latvia

• Berlin , Helmstedt / Germany : Around 800,000 citizens of the GDR use the first weekend after the fall of the Berlin Wall for an excursion to the western sectors of the largest German city. Until two days ago, these were considered the "island of the free world in the Red Sea ". The Helmstedt / Marienborn border crossing will open today on Autobahn 2 between Berlin and Hanover .
• Riga / Soviet Union : The legally forbidden red and white flag of Latvia is hoisted at the Riga Castle by order of the Supreme Soviet of the Latvian SSR . Until 1940, this was the official residence of the President of the Republic of Latvia .
• San Salvador / El Salvador : 20 armed men from the allied guerrilla organizations of El Salvador take 100 people hostage at the Sheraton Hotel, including members of the United States ' armed forces , which train the country's military to fight insurgents.
• Warsaw / Poland : Independence Day is celebrated again on November 11 for the first time since it was moved to July 22 (reminiscent of 1944) shortly after the Second World War . This date refers to 1918.

Sunday November 12, 1989

Tadeusz Mazowiecki

• Krzyżowa / Poland : The German Chancellor Helmut Kohl is resuming his trip to Poland and is visiting a reconciliation fair with the Polish Prime Minister Tadeusz Mazowiecki . The politicians embrace demonstratively and want to contribute to improving the German-Polish relationship .

Monday November 13, 1989

Hans Modrow

Hans-Adam II from and to Liechtenstein

• Beirut / Lebanon : President René Moawad instructs Selim al-Hoss to form a new government. Al-Hoss has been Prime Minister of the country twice .
• Berlin / Germany : The People's Chamber approves the transfer of the chairmanship of the Council of Ministers to Hans Modrow (SED). Since the plebiscite of the Modrow government also on the pseudo-democratic parliamentary elections of 1986 is based and the SED leadership in the GDR constitution enshrined, has in the newly formed all-party government still only the SED on political power.
• Meyrin / Switzerland : The Large Electron-Positron Collider ( German: Large Electron-Positron Storage Ring ) is put into operation at the research site of the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) . The ring-shaped facility has a circumference of 27 km and is intended to serve the controlled collision of electrons and positrons . 
• New York / United States : The cartoon Ariel, the Mermaid is shown in the cinema for the first time .
• San Salvador / El Salvador : According to the armed forces , more than 300 people have died in the last few days in fighting between troops loyal to the government and the country's allied guerrilla organizations. The government has declared a state of siege for San Salvador and now controls all radio stations .
• Vaduz / Liechtenstein : Hans-Adam II. From the House of Liechtenstein takes over the reign of his father Franz Josef II as the new sovereign . He ruled since 1938 and died this morning.

Tuesday November 14, 1989

• Frankfurt am Main / Germany : The head of the Federal German union IG Metall Franz Steinkühler warns of a “sell-out of the GDR ” and speculates that West German agents will soon be offering workers from the economically much weaker GDR as temporary workers on the labor market in the Federal Republic.
• Windhoek / Namibia : The result of the parliamentary election , for which 800 observers came to the country, is published. 41 of 72 seats account for South-West Africa People's Organization ( German  South West Africa People's Organization ), the military branch of People's Liberation Army of Namibia ( German  People's Liberation Army of Namibia ) since 1966 against the armed forces of South Africa for independence fought in the country.

Thursday November 16, 1989

• San Salvador / El Salvador : On the premises of the Universidad Centroamericana , around 30 members of the government-loyal special unit Batallón Atlácatl went to the residential unit of the University Chancellor Ignacio Ellacuría and killed all eight people present, including the Chancellor. The Jesuit Ellacuría has been taking a stand against state violence in El Salvador for years.
• Strasbourg / France : The countries of Yugoslavia , Poland and Hungary have been invited to the 85th meeting of the Committee of Ministers of the international organization of the Council of Europe for the first time; they are represented by their foreign ministers. The Hungarian Gyula Horn applies for his country to join the Council of Europe.

Friday 17th November 1989

• Prague / Czechoslovakia : One day after student protests in Bratislava , on the 50th anniversary of the closure of Czech universities by the German Reich, 15,000 people, most of them students, demonstrate for an “active” commitment to “the ideals of freedom and truth”. The state security forces break up the demonstration by force. The Velvet Revolution begins.

Saturday November 18, 1989

Demonstration for women's rights in abortion in Washington, DC

Transition from F 1 to B 1 near Morsleben

• Harrisburg / United States : The Governor of Pennsylvania Robert Casey signed a bill amending the law on abortion , which limits the decision-making powers of the pregnant women more than in any other state of the United States . Doctors who break the law face up to seven years in prison.
• Morsleben / Germany : The border installations between the highway  1 and the Federal Highway 1 be removed. The track conditions are difficult, but the condition of the road should be improved over the next few months. During the day, the number of regular crossings at the inner-German border increases to more than 50.
• Paris / France : The heads of state of the member states of the European Communities come together for a special meeting in the Élysée Palace . Before dinner, the German Chancellor Helmut Kohl tells his colleagues that the "people in the GDR " should be able to freely decide about their future in the sense of the peoples' right to self-determination . The President of France François Mitterrand declared journalists later that a reunification of Germany had not spoken, but rule consensus, the countries of the Eastern Bloc to support economically.
• Prague / Czechoslovakia : The students of Charles University went on strike the day before to protest against police violence in the streets of the city and the students of many other universities in the country followed the example from the capital.
• Riga / Soviet Union : Around 500,000 people remember the proclamation of the Republic of Latvia on November 18, 1918 at a demonstration . This came about in the Peace of Riga in 1920 and ended with the incorporation of the Baltic States into the Soviet Union in 1940. The demonstrators demand free elections and the independence of the Latvian SSR .
• Sofia / Bulgaria : Eight days after the dictator Todor Schiwkow ( Bulgarian Communist Party ) was ousted, more than 50,000 people gather in the square in front of the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral to demand free elections . When he left, Zhivkov predicted: "The system is falling apart [...] and nobody can prevent it."

Monday November 20, 1989

Bananas: symbol of the turning point in the GDR

• Bremen / Germany : In an interview with the newspaper Bremer Nachrichten , civil rights activist from the GDR, Sebastian Pflugbeil , who co-founded the New Forum in September, criticized the apolitical attitude of many GDR citizens since the fall of the Berlin Wall with the words: “People think only on bananas. "
• New York / United States : The General Assembly of the United Nations (UN) adopts the Convention on the Rights of the Child . The declaration is a recommendation without any binding effect on the administration of justice in the individual countries. Therefore, in the next step, the UN intends to establish rules for an individual complaint procedure.

Tuesday November 21, 1989

• Bremen / Germany : The Higher Administrative Court notes that the mayor of Bremen Klaus Wedemeier ( SPD ) the citizenship -Abgeordneten the nationalist party DVU-list D Hans-aged man without a legal basis to take part in political events in the City Hall banned. Altermann has the right to express his opinion , and for a ban there must be specific misconduct.

Wednesday November 22, 1989

• Beirut / Lebanon : The President of Lebanon, René Moawad , who was elected to his office on November 5, was killed together with 23 other people in an attempted explosion with a booby trap .

Thursday November 23, 1989

• Athens / Greece : The former director of the Bank of Greece Xenophon Zolotas accepts the mandate to form a government that is tolerated by all three major parties in the country. The last two elections to the Greek Parliament did not result in an absolute majority for either party and there is no willingness to form a coalition .

Friday November 24th 1989

Vaclav Havel

• Chtoura / Lebanon : The National Assembly elects at its meeting in the small town of Chtoura the former Minister of Public Works Élias Hrawi to succeed the murdered two days ago President René Moawad .
• Moscow / Soviet Union : The General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU and thus de facto head of state of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev publishes an excerpt from his work “ Socialist Idea and Revolutionary Perestroika ” on the front page of the Pravda newspaper . In it he campaigns for a turn towards a " democratic and humanistic socialism".
• Prague / Czechoslovakia : The dissident playwright Vaclav Havel and former general secretary of the Czechoslovak Communist Party , Alexander Dubcek call on a mass rally for the resignation of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist ruling party , which de facto without democratic legitimacy embodies the political power in the country.
• Prague / Czechoslovakia : The leadership of the ruling Communist Party (KSČ) together with General Secretary Miloš Jakeš resigns. Prime Minister Ladislav Adamec and President Gustáv Husák , both members of the KSČ, do not express any thoughts of resignation, but they are ready to talk about political reforms.

Sunday November 26th 1989

• Bern / Switzerland : The two-day referendum to abolish the Swiss Army ends with a commitment to retain the armed forces by those entitled to vote. However, the group regards the fact that 35.6% vote in favor of abolition as a success for a Switzerland without an army .
• New Delhi / India : The Janata Dal (JD) party, founded in the previous year because of a corruption scandal in the Indian National Congress (INC) party , achieved around 17.8% of the vote in the election to the House of Representatives of the Indian Parliament , while the INC lost the absolute Majority of seats in parliament. Never before has there been a parliamentary election in India that ended without an absolute majority for any of the political parties. Observers are now expecting a minority government made up of the Young Women and smaller parties.

Monday November 27, 1989

Leipzig, GDR

• Leipzig / Germany : According to the ADN news agency, around 200,000 people will take part in today's Monday demonstration . The loudest shout of the crowd is “ Germany united fatherland ”, a line from the text of the GDR's national anthem , which is probably the reason why the national anthem has been consistently performed instrumentally since 1972 .
• Czechoslovakia : Nationwide, three quarters of workers go out of work for two hours at 12:00 noon . The opposition movement concentrated in Prague thus proves that every province in the country supports it. The strikers demand: "End one-party rule (of the Communist Party )."

Tuesday November 28, 1989

• Bonn / Germany : German Chancellor Helmut Kohl attacks in the Bundestag , the calls after the German division of "the people of the GDR " and unannounced presented a ten-point plan for further shaping the relations between the two German states . Without touching on the fact of the German nation's limited right to self-determination , Kohl declares that " reunification " is the federal government's political goal . With regard to European integration , however, he mentions the word "Europe" six times.
• Moscow / Soviet Union : The Supreme Soviet orders the Special Envoy for the Nagorno-Karabakh Region Giorgi Wolski back to Moscow and puts the largely Armenian- populated area back under the control of the Azerbaijani SSR . Wolski did not manage to resolve the conflict between the Armenians and Azerbaijanis .

Wednesday November 29, 1989

Margaret Thatcher, George Bush

• London / United Kingdom , Moscow / Soviet Union , Paris / France , Washington, DC / United States : The victorious powers of World War II react differently to the ten-point program presented by Chancellor Helmut Kohl in the Bundestag , which does not take into account the victorious powers' control rights . The United States show themselves open to further development, the Soviet Union deplores interference in the concerns of the citizens of the GDR , France feels overwhelmed and the United Kingdom in the person of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher clarifies: "A reunion is not on the agenda. "

Thursday November 30, 1989

• Bad Homburg / Germany : Unknown people carry out a bomb attack on the board spokesman of Deutsche Bank Alfred Herrhausen . Both the actual victim of the attack and his chauffeur die. The alleged author of the act is the terrorist organization Red Army Faction .

See also

• Nekrolog November 1989 for deaths that month
• List of annually recurring memorial and action days in November
• Category for commemorative days, holidays or action days in November

Web links

Berlin in November 1989

Commons : November 1989  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

1. ^ The Presidents of the Federal Council. (PDF) In: bundesrat.de . Retrieved November 14, 2016 . 
2. ^ Observing Nicaragua's Elections, 1989-1990. (PDF) In: cartercenter.org . May 1990, accessed November 15, 2017 . 
3. ↑ More effective ways of cooperation, a higher level of cooperation. In: New Germany . November 2, 1989. Retrieved November 16, 2017 . 
4. ↑ From knitted sweater to establishment. In: stuttgarter-nachrichten.de . January 13, 2010, accessed November 16, 2017 . 
5. ↑ "We can't even solve a theft". In: WOZ The weekly newspaper . February 23, 2006, accessed May 11, 2019 . 
6. ↑ Anastasija Kostiučenko: languages and their speakers in Lithuania . Logos Verlag, Berlin 2016, ISBN 978-3-8325-4252-8 , pp. 38 .
7. Jump up in November. In: ard.de . Retrieved November 13, 2017 . 
8. ↑ al-monitor.com: Will Lebanon's Second Airport Begin Operation? ( Memento of November 10, 2017 in the Internet Archive )
9. ↑ Winfried Steffani (Ed.): Government majority and opposition in the states of the EC . Leske & Budrich , Opladen 1991, ISBN 978-3-8100-0898-5 , pp. 197 .
10. ^ 1989 APEC Ministerial Meeting. In: apec.org . Accessed March 26, 2018 . 
11. ↑ FBI tapes implicate father in daughter's death. In: St. Louis Post-Dispatch . October 23, 1991, accessed November 19, 2017 . 
12. ↑ Met Kok. In: dbnl.org . Retrieved on February 24, 2019 (Dutch): "Het nieuwe kabinet werd beëdigd op November 7, 1989" 
13. ^ David Dinkins elected NYC's first black mayor. In: upi.com . November 7, 2017, accessed November 8, 2017 . 
14. ↑ Namibie. Election d'une Assemblée constituante. In: universalis.fr . Retrieved November 19, 2017 (French). 
15. ↑ Namibia becomes independent. In: namib.info, Dietmar Hackl. Retrieved November 19, 2017 . 
16. ^ Jordan, Parliamentary Chamber: Majlis Al-Nuwaab, Elections held in 1989. In: ipu.org . Retrieved April 17, 2018 . 
17. ↑ Increasingly averse to new things. (PDF) In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung . November 9, 1989. Retrieved November 8, 2017 . 
18. ↑ village Republic Rüterberg. In: planet-wissen.de . July 31, 2017, accessed November 8, 2017 . 
19. ^ Turkey. In: worldstatesmen.org. Retrieved September 11, 2018 . 
20. ↑ The most momentous oversight in GDR history. In: Spiegel Online . November 9, 2009. Retrieved October 12, 2017 . 
21. ↑ bundesarchiv.de : Document from the Federal Archives of UNESCO declared a World Heritage ( Memento from June 7, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
22. ↑ berlinonline.de, BerlinOnline Stadtportal GmbH & Co. KG: "Live ticker" from the fall of the Wall on November 9, 1989: The Berlin Wall fell 27 years ago today ( Memento from November 10, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
23. ↑ The fall of the Berlin Wall interrupted the debate in the Bundestag. In: nwzonline.de . November 9, 2015, accessed November 9, 2017 . 
24. ^ Colin Mackerras : The New Cambridge Handbook of Contemporary China . Cambridge University Press , Cambridge 2001, ISBN 0-521-78143-4 , pp. 2008 .
25. ^ The problem of the fall of the wall. In: Spiegel Online . November 6, 2009. Retrieved October 12, 2017 . 
26. ^ Fall of the Wall and opening of the border on November 9, 1989. In: berlinermaueronline.de, Heiko Burkhardt. Retrieved March 26, 2018 . 
27. ↑ When Kohl was in the wrong place once. In: Zeit Online . November 9, 2009. Retrieved November 9, 2017 . 
28. ^ Helmuth James von Moltke. In: Geschwister-scholl-preis.de . Retrieved September 19, 2019 . 
29. ↑ Turn on November 10, 1989 - turn for everyone. In: bnr.bg . November 10, 2009. Retrieved November 20, 2017 . 
30. ↑ Bulgaria buckles. In: bbc.co.uk . March 24, 2009, accessed March 26, 2018 . 
31. ↑ morgenpost.de : 800,000 GDR citizens conquer West Berlin ( Memento from November 11, 2017 in the Internet Archive )
32. ↑ The other fall of the wall. In: bpb.de . April 29, 2013. Retrieved November 14, 2017 . 
33. ↑ Andrejs Plakans: The Latvians: A Short History . Hoover Institution Press , Stanford 1995, ISBN 0-8179-9301-0 , pp. 173 .
34. ^ El Salvador, the Sheraton Hotel Siege and the Jesuit Murders. In: adst.org. Retrieved November 21, 2017 . 
35. ^ Concert on the occasion of Poland's Independence Day. (PDF) In: hamburg.de . November 11, 2014, accessed January 22, 2017 . 
36. ^ The sketchy memory of Helmut Kohl. In: tagesspiegel.de . June 19, 2017. Retrieved June 19, 2017 . 
37. ^ Reconciliation in Kreisau. In: deutscheundpolen.de. 2004, accessed on June 19, 2017 ( ORB project ). 
38. ^ Executive Branch Reform: Taif Accord. In: nd.edu . August 16, 2013, accessed November 22, 2017 . 
39. ^ Illustrated atlas of German history . Orbis Verlag, Niedernhausen / Taunus 2001, ISBN 978-3-572-01295-4 , p. 328 .
40. ↑ LEP inauguration ceremony. In: cern.ch . Retrieved November 24, 2017 . 
41. ^ Ariel, the Mermaid (1989): Release Info. In: imdb.com . Retrieved November 25, 2017 . 
42. ^ Salvador Strikes Back at Rebels. In: Los Angeles Times . November 14, 1989, accessed November 22, 2017 . 
43. ↑ Prince Hans-Adam II celebrates his 25th anniversary today. In: liechtenstein.li . November 13, 2014, accessed October 21, 2017 . 
44. ↑ Opening the border also reveals problems. In: tagesspiegel.de . November 18, 2014, accessed November 10, 2017 . 
45. ↑ Peter Haberle (Ed.): Yearbook of Public Law of the Present. New episode . tape 40 . JCB Mohr (Paul Siebeck) , Tübingen 1991, ISBN 3-16-145903-2 , p. 674 .
46. ↑ 6 priests killed in a campus raid in San Salvador. In: The New York Times . November 17, 1989, accessed November 21, 2017 . 
47. ↑ Report of the Federal Government on the activities of the Council of Europe for the period from April 1 to December 31, 1989. (PDF) In: bundestag.de . January 20, 1990. Retrieved November 24, 2017 . 
48. ↑ November 17, 1989 and its history. In: radio.cz . November 6, 2004, accessed November 10, 2017 . 
49. ↑ Abortion History Timeline. In: nrlc.org. Retrieved November 13, 2017 . 
50. ^ Galerie Günter Mach 1. In: grenzen-los.de, Helmstedt district . Retrieved November 7, 2017 . 
51. ↑ bundesregierung.de : EG special meeting in Paris ( Memento from March 26, 2018 in the Internet Archive )
52. ^ A report document from December 1989 in Czechoslovakia. In: radio.cz . December 26, 2009. Retrieved November 25, 2017 . 
53. ↑ Florian Anton, Leonid Luks (ed.): Germany, Russia and the Baltic States . Böhlau Verlag , Cologne 2005, ISBN 3-412-12605-5 , pp. 292 .
54. ↑ The palace revolution in Bulgaria. In: dw.com . November 9, 2009. Retrieved November 25, 2017 . 
55. ^ Protesters demand reform in Bulgaria. In: bbc.co.uk . Retrieved November 25, 2017 . 
56. ↑ Angelika Heidger: From the Vanguard to the Rear Guard - Citizens' Movement in the GDR . Diplomica Verlag , Hamburg 1992, ISBN 978-3-8324-8747-8 , p. 36 .
57. ↑ Banana, you symbol of freedom. In: handelsblatt.com . October 17, 2014, accessed August 25, 2019 . 
58. ^ Convention on the Rights of the Child. In: Kinderrechtskonvention.info, Praetor Intermedia UG. November 20, 1989. Retrieved November 11, 2017 . 
59. ↑ DVU is allowed into the Bremen town hall. In: The daily newspaper . November 23, 1989. Retrieved September 17, 2017 . 
60. ↑ The Lebanese Civil War. In: derstandard.at . May 13, 2008, accessed November 10, 2017 . 
61. ^ Public Spending Patterns: the regional allocation of public investment in Greece by political period. (PDF): lse.ac.uk . May 2008, accessed on November 14, 2017 (English): "Government under Xenophon Zolotas in which New Democracy shared power with both PASOK and the Left" 
62. ^ The Presidential Period. In: eliashraoui.com, The official website of the President of Lebanon 1989−1998. Retrieved November 18, 2017 . 
63. ↑ Michail Gorbachev : Idée Socialiste et Perestroïka Révolutionnaire. In: usherbrooke.ca , material from Pravda . November 24, 1989, accessed on November 11, 2017 (French): "Un visage nouveau du socialisme est humain." 
64. ^ Curtain up for the poet-president! In: faz.net . February 9, 2015, accessed November 10, 2017 . 
65. ↑ Günther Heydemann , Karel Vodička (Ed.): From the Eastern Bloc to the EU . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht , Göttingen 2013, ISBN 978-3-525-36960-9 , pp. 168 .
66. ↑ 30 years for Switzerland without an army. In: tagesanzeiger.ch . September 15, 2012, accessed February 10, 2018 . 
67. ^ India, Parliamentary Chamber: Lok Sabha, Elections held in 1989. In: ipu.org . Retrieved May 2, 2019 . 
68. ↑ "Germany united fatherland"? In: zeithistorische-forschungen.de . January 2009, accessed September 15, 2017 . 
69. ^ Karel Vodička : The Prague Embassy Refugees 1989: History and Documents . V&R unipress , Göttingen 2014, ISBN 978-3-8471-0345-5 , p. 243 .
70. ↑ Ten-point program. In: hdg.de . April 20, 2016. Retrieved September 16, 2017 . 
71. ^ Contested borders in the Caucasus. In: vub.ac.be, Honorary Consulate of the Republic of Armenia. Retrieved November 18, 2017 . 
72. ↑ Kohl's ten-point plan for reunification. In: mz-web.de . November 26, 2014, accessed September 13, 2017 . 
73. ^ Murder of the head of the Deutsche Bank Alfred Herrhausen. In: swr.de . August 9, 2012, accessed December 1, 2017 .