Prešov

Prešov ( German Eperies , 1938 to 1945 also Germanized Preschau, thereafter rare; Hungarian Eperjes ; Polish Preszów ; Ukrainian Пряшів for Prjaschiw; Latin Fragopolis or Eperiessinum ) is the second largest city in Eastern Slovakia (third largest city in all of Slovakia ) and the center of the traditional Šariš landscape . As of December 31, 2019, the population was 88,464.

Prešov is the capital of a regional association ( Prešovský kraj ) and a district ( Okres , see also administrative divisions of Slovakia ). It is also the seat of the University of Prešov and, since January 30, 2008, the seat of the metropolitan area of the Greek Catholic Church in Slovakia , which has thus become the Church sui juris .

geography

The city is located on the northeastern foothills of the Šarišská vrchovina (Sharosher Mountains), the northern edge of the Košická kotlina ( Kosice Valley Basin) and the confluence of the Torysa and Sekčov , which surround the city from the west and east. The 49th parallel runs straight through the city . The city center is at an altitude of 250 m nm and is 37 kilometers from Košice and about 410 kilometers from Bratislava (both road distances).

Neighboring municipalities are Veľký Šariš and Fintice to the north, Kapušany in the Northeast, vyšná šebastová , Ľubotice , Teriakovce and Ruská Nová Ves in the east, Kokošovce and Dulova Ves in the southeast, Záborské , Petrovany , Haniska and Kendice in the south, Radatice and Bzenov the southwest and Župčany and Malý Šariš in the west.

City structure

The city consists of seven districts, each with several parts:

1: Sídlisko III, Rúrky
2: Sídlisko II, Kalvária, pod Kamennou baňou, pod Wilec hôrkou, Borkút, Vydumanec, Kyslá Voda, Cemjata
3: sever mesta (north town), Mier, Šidlovec, Dúbrava, Surdok, Kúty, Nižná Šebastová
4: stred mesta (city center) - Staré mesto (old town), Táborisko, Sídlisko Duklianskych hrdinov
5: Solivar (German Salzburg ), Soľná Baňa, Šváby, Delňa, with Šimonov
6: South Sekčov, sections 1 to 4
7: Northern Sekčov, sections 5 to 7, Šalgovík

and display information about the image

Panorama of Prešov from the Calvary hill. On the horizon in the middle of the Stráž (740 meters), on the far right the Slanské vrchy . In Prešov, on the left, the new development area Sidlisko 3, in the middle the center with St. Nicholas' Church , below it the university and schools, on the right, the new development areas Sekčov and Solivar

history

The main square of Prešov in the November fog

Historic houses and St. Nicholas Church

Street view in Prešov (June 2017)

Monument that marks the 49th parallel

The valley of the Torysa River has been known since ancient times as part of the important trade route between Byzantium , Belgrade , Košice and Warsaw . In the Prešov region this route divided in an easterly direction along the Topľa, to the north to Bardejov , to the west to the Spiš and to the northwest to Sabinov and Plaveč .

Early days

Prešov is an old settlement ( Paleolithic , Neolithic , Bronze Age , Celtic settlement, Germanic settlement, settlements from the migration period ).

middle Ages

Northeast Slovakia is one of those areas of Slovakia that were the first to be settled by Slavs at the end of the Migration Period . Since the end of the 5th century there has been evidence of Slavic settlement with ceramics of the Prague type in the Prešov region ; according to recent research, Slavic settlement in this region is even likely in the 3rd and 4th centuries. From the end of the 8th to the 12th century there were several Slavic settlements that were evidently continuously populated; some remains of it can still be seen today in Slovenská ulica , which was named this way back in the Middle Ages (Platea Sclavorum, Sclauorum). This settlement was also part of the Principality of Neutra and then (833 to about 907) of Greater Moravia .

In the course of the gradual takeover of today's Slovakia by the Hungarians , the region was incorporated into the Kingdom of Hungary around 1100 and Hungary and its military presence came to the old Slavic settlement. In the course of the 12th century the Hungarians founded two more settlements next to the existing Slovak market settlement - one southwest of the Slovak settlement, the other was the St. Ladislaus settlement (so named after a church) at the foot of the Villec hurka mountain.

The first German colonists ( Saxony ) settled south of the Slovak market settlement. Immediately after the devastation caused by the Mongol invasions of 1241/1242, at the invitation of King Béla IV , they came to revive the depopulated areas. They probably already received city rights at this point , which were confirmed in 1299. The German settlement slowly expanded in a westerly direction along the Slovak settlement and in the 14th century a market square was created between the two settlements - the long central square of the city, now known as Hlavná ulica. The St. Nicholas Church, the city's central church, was built on this square as early as the 14th century.

Since the 13th century Prešov has been inhabited by three different nationalities, the Slovaks, Hungarians and Germans, who over the centuries had different degrees of influence on the fortunes of the city and contributed to its wealth.

The first written records about Prešov are dated to 1247. In a document by the Cistercians of Bardejov, they complain about the destruction of their border markings and the robbery of parts of their property by Germans (Teutons). Prešov is called Epuries and at that time served to defend the northern border of the Hungarian kingdom.

Salt has been mined in this area since time immemorial : In 1261 Solivar ("Salzburg"), a district of Prešov since 1973, was mentioned for the first time as "Souuvar". In this old settlement (Paleolithic, Vandals ) there should have been two castles before. The one remaining castle was completely destroyed in 1715.

Before the town charter was granted, Prešov was the castle of Šariš / Sharosh , d. H. the head of the Šariš county (which was probably part of the "Novum Castrum" county before 1241). King Andrew III awarded / confirmed Prešov in 1299 (also Veľký Šariš and Sabinov ). Associated with this were the rights to its own city administration, a mayor and a city council. The city also gained economic independence as the residents were now free citizens with land and property. Thus they could concentrate on handicraft and trade; German residents in particular make extensive use of these rights.

In 1374 the city was raised to a royal free city by the king and received the right to a city wall. That same year, the first trade guild, the shoemakers was guild founded. Regular market days testified to the intensive development of trade during this time; The Prešov citizens traded mainly in textiles and agricultural products, with the wine trade being particularly profitable.

In 1455, Prešov was awarded a city coat of arms by King Ladislaus Postumus . The prosperity of the city at that time is shown very well by the rapidly growing population from 2,000 in 1425 to 3,300 in 1492. In 1441 the city was besieged and set on fire by the Poles. In 1480 the city became a member of the East Slovakian urban union Pentapolitana ( Levoča , Košice , Bardejov , Sabinov , Prešov).

16th Century

The Reformation , which started in Germany and Switzerland , was also very popular with the German inhabitants of Prešov and the surrounding area. As a result, the first Protestant parish was established here as early as 1531. In 1548, the first recorded synod in Slovakia took place in Prešov , at which the Protestants accepted the Augsburg Confession . In 1549, based on the model of the Confessio Augustana, Leonhard Stöckel wrote the confession (moderate Protestant "religion") Confessio Pentapolitana to counter accusations of heresy . However, from the 1570s onwards, the nobility and aristocracy promoted the Counter-Reformation and re-Catholicization, which resulted in many anti-Habsburg uprisings in what is now Slovakia (1604–1711), in which Prešov was mostly on the side of the rebels.

The city's ethnic diversity was supplemented by a further population group, the gypsies , in the middle of the century . They settled in the area of today's Námestie mieru ("Peace Square"), where they founded the so-called New Egyptian Quarter. At that time the number of inhabitants was around 4,000. The importance of Prešov as a trading center even supposedly outstripped that of Košice.

The Leopold shaft was built in Solivar / Salzburg in 1572. In 1573 the place was elevated to a mining town and in 1592 salt production was taken over by the state.

17th century

In the 17th century, most of the inhabitants of Prešov were Protestants. The ongoing anti-Habsburg uprisings and the presence of the Turkish occupiers on the borders of the Habsburg Empire prompted the Habsburgs to be temporarily more tolerant of new religions in Habsburg Royal Hungary (i.e. in Slovakia, Burgenland and northern Croatia).

Siege of the city of Eperies during the Turkish Wars

In 1667 an "Evangelical College" was opened in Prešov, which was an important educational center for Upper Hungary (that was the name of Eastern Slovakia at that time). The scholars working here were significantly influenced by the teachings of Johann Amos Comenius , who stayed in Prešov in the spring of 1650. In addition to the city's rapidly growing economic power, it also had political strength. In 1647, the administrative center of Sharosh County, which often changed its seat, was moved to the city. In the 17th century, the nobles from the Rákóczi family held the function of the county chairman ( Gespans ).

In 1671 the Franciscan order settled in the city , two years later the Jesuit order too. The city's support for the anti-Habsburg uprising under Emmerich Thököly in 1687 had serious consequences. Due to a decision by Emperor Leopold I , the so-called Eperies blood court was held in the city under the leadership of Antonio Caraffa , during which (from March 5 to September 12, 1687) 24 prominent Protestant citizens and nobles were sentenced to death and you Property was confiscated. The plague epidemic of 1696, which killed half of the city's population, and the uprising of Franz Rákóczi II (1703–1711) caused further damage .

18th century

The city set back even further in the first quarter of the 18th century. In addition to the strains of the anti-Habsburg uprisings and anti-Turkish wars, the population was ravaged again by the plague in 1710 and the city by conflagrations. As a result, the population fell to below 2,000. The former evangelical college was taken over by the Jesuits in 1711 . It took a few decades for the city to recover from these stresses.

Crafts and trade slowly revived, and there were also manufacturers . During this time, important discoveries were made by local scholars. The most noticed was the production of a vaccination against smallpox by Jan Adam Rayman (Rajman).

Since the middle of the 18th century the population has increased again and reached 6,000. An important year for the Jews living in the city was 1780, when the first Dutch Jew, Markus Holländer, settled here. A conflagration in 1788 stopped the city's development again.

In February 1752, the salt mine in Solivar was flooded, killing all the miners with it. Since then, salt has only been obtained through the evaporation of salt water (lake).

19th century

In the early 19th century, the city was raised to the seat of the Sharosh Comitat (until 1922); the administration of the county had existed here since 1647. This time was also marked by the pioneering work of the underrated scientist Jan Gertinger, who was the first in Central Europe to produce granulated sugar. After the Greek Catholic Church opened its diocese in the city in 1817, Ruthenians began to immigrate to the city. At the beginning of the 19th century, the Slovaks made up the vast majority of the city's population through immigration from the neighboring Slovak villages. In 1831, many residents took part in a great peasant uprising . In 1849 the city was temporarily occupied by Slovak volunteer troops during the revolution.

Some important representatives of the Slovak national movement ( Pavol Országh Hviezdoslav , Jonáš Záborský and others) studied at the college . After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, the Kingdom of Hungary began a systematic Magyarization of the non-Hungarian population in Hungary. As a result of this policy, the proportion of Hungarians in the city rose rapidly.

Prešov's economy began to stagnate again, and this could not be stopped by the construction of railway lines to Košice , Plaveč and Bardejov . During this time the city's economy fell behind that of Košice. 658 citizens left the city between 1870 and 1888. 79,182 people emigrated from the entire Sharosh / Šariš county within three decades (1880–1910), which made up about half of the population. On May 6, 1887, a large part of the city fell victim to a severe fire.

20th century

Aerial view of Prešov

After the short-lived Slovak Soviet Republic (Slovak Soviet Republic) was proclaimed in the city in 1919 , it became a permanent part of the newly founded Czechoslovakia in the same year . Again there were major changes in the population structure. Czechs (later Slovaks) now occupied the most important posts in the city's administration. In 1921 the city had 17,577 inhabitants. The largest industrial company, the Masaryk Salt Works, started work in its new factory building near the train station in 1925. The establishment of a Slovak theater in 1944 gave the city important impulses for cultural life. During the Slovak National Uprising - on September 20, 1944 - the city was bombed and a year later - on January 19, 1945 the Soviet Army and the 1st Czechoslovak Army Corps liberated it from German occupation troops. The war ended with a catastrophe for the Jewish population , who before the war made up 20% of the population, because 90% of the Jews were killed in concentration camps during the war .

In the post-war period, Prešov developed under the conditions of socialism from 1948 . The now beginning strong industrialization of the whole of Slovakia meant an impressive development of the industry, which was now strongly oriented towards the eastern markets, and a strong mechanization / automation of the production processes.

After the Second World War, the city recorded an extraordinary growth in population due to the influx of population from the neighboring, rather poor regions of Slovakia: in 1950 the city had 27,846 inhabitants, in 1970 already 51,917, in 1991 87,765 inhabitants and finally 95,760 in 1999. Thus Prešov has become the third largest city in Slovakia.

1922-1938 the city no superior administrative center, 1938-1945 she was sitting was the Gaus Šarišsko-Zemplínska župa in the first Slovak Republic , 1946-1960 and since 1996 the seat of the Regional Association kraj Prešovský .

On July 2, 1995, the city was honored with the visit of Pope John Paul II .

In 2017 Prešov was awarded the honorary title of “ Reformation City of Europe ” by the Community of Evangelical Churches in Europe .

Name and coat of arms

Prešov, Eperjes, Eperies

According to common belief, the place name Prešov goes back to the Hungarian eper "strawberry" and the associated adjective eperjes , from which the Slovak and German names are derived. The historian Ferdinand Uličný is of the opinion that a Slovak personal name Preš or Praš was provided with the possessive ending -ov and that Hungarian and German derivatives for eper and eperjes arose from this to give the form a meaning. Critics object that the personal name Preš does not go back to an unknown Slavonic form * Prešä , but is a loan word from German "(grape) press", but that Germans only immigrated after the Hungarian name Eperjes was established. The region is also a traditionally high-yield growing area for strawberries. The disagreement in the historiography reflects the conflicts between Slovaks and Hungarians over the interpretive sovereignty over the history of Slovakia as historical Upper Hungary .

Preview

From 1938 the place name “Preschau” appears. It was introduced by the folklorist Herbert Weinelt . He cited historically and regionally scattered finds without substantiating them. The name is no longer common among the Germans in Prešov. But, according to Weinelt, the "people-conscious Germans [want] to know nothing of the Magyar name form Eperies [...] because it only awakens memories of unjustified Magyar claims." One would "therefore do well to take up the form Preschau again", which is not "invented, but grown".

Preschau is therefore a “modern neologism from the time of the 'Slovak-German friendship' after Hitler's smashing of the CSR ” in 1938, as “a Germanization of the Slovak name that cannot be justified, a new construction that even the“ German voices ” used in 1939 ”. The German Voices were a party newspaper of the National Socialist German party in Slovakia. This Germanization continues to the present day.

coat of arms

	Blazon : "In silver two red bars and in the place of the head of the shield three red roses with golden clusters ."
	Foundation of the coat of arms: The city received its coat of arms in 1433 or 1455 (then by King Ladislaus Postumus ). It was modified in 1548 and 1558.

population

According to the 2011 census, Prešov had 91,782 inhabitants, of which 74,769 Slovaks , 1,562 Roma , 1,455 Russians , 543 Ukrainians , 443 Czechs , 126 Magyars , 66 Russians , 45 Moravians and 41 Germans and Poles each ; other ethnic groups either had fewer than 40 members or were not recorded separately in the statistics. 12,669 residents did not provide any information on ethnicity. 50,799 residents committed themselves to the Roman Catholic Church , 7,477 residents to the Greek Catholic Church , 3,717 residents to the Evangelical Church AB , 1,387 residents to the Orthodox Church , 225 residents to the Brethren Church , 180 residents to the Jehovah's Witnesses and 138 residents to the Reformed Church (Calvinists ); other residents either committed themselves to a denomination with fewer than 100 members or to a denomination not listed separately in the statistics. 11,420 inhabitants had no denomination and the denomination was not determined for 15,751 inhabitants.

Results after the 2001 census (92,786 inhabitants):

By ethnicity:

93.67% Slovaks
1.43% Roma
1.20% Russians
1.12% Ukrainians
0.84% Czechs
0.22% Magyars

By denomination:

66.77% Roman Catholic
13.57% non-denominational
8.92% Greek Catholic
4.82% Protestant
2.98% no answer
1.68% Protestant

Attractions

The city has a historically significant old town. The St. Nicholas Church , a late Gothic hall church , is an important architectural monument . Construction began in the middle of the 13th century, but was not completed until 1515. The first Protestant church was built in 1647, the Protestant college 1666–1668, both in the Renaissance style.

Because of its many historical buildings and its great importance for culture and education, the city is sometimes also called "Athens on the Torysa".

Neolog synagogue , built in 1887
Orthodox synagogue , built in 1897/98
Klaus Synagogue , built in 1934/35

tourism

The Eisenach – Budapest mountain hiking trail and the Path of the Heroes of the Slovak National Uprising run through Prešov .

Sports

The football club 1. FC Tatran Prešov plays in the first-class Fortuna league . Another professional club in the city is the HC 07 Prešov ice hockey club , which has played in the extra league for several years and is now in the second-class first division . The handball club HT Tatran Prešov , Slovak national champion several times, also plays in international competitions.

traffic

Prešov railway station

Prešov is one of the most important transport hubs in eastern Slovakia. This is where 1st order roads 18 ( Žilina –Prešov– Michalovce , west of Prešov part of the E 50 ), 20 (Prešov– Budimír ) and 68 ( Poland –Prešov) cross. The 2nd order road 545 branches off in the nearby Kapušany towards Bardejov and the 2nd order road 546 leads to Margecany . The connection to the high-level road network has been partially completed: a 33 km long section of the D1 motorway towards Košice and Michalovce and a 142 km long section towards Žilina have been completed. The extension to Bratislava is partially under construction, the motorway bypass southwest of the city with the 2.2 km long Prešov tunnel is under construction until 2021. As a curiosity, the short 1st order road 80 connects the section of the motorway to Košice with the rest of the road network. The R4 expressway , which will form the northern bypass and then continue towards Svidník and eastern Poland, is under construction up to the junction with the 1st order road 68, the continuation to Kapušany is still being planned.

The Kysak – Muszyna railway runs through the town and is connected to the Žilina – Košice mainline in Kysak . Here the route branches off to Strážske and in the nearby Kapušany one to Bardejov . The main train station is located south of the city center on Košická Street , also near the city bus station. Other stops are Prešov mesto west of the city center and the Šarišské Lúky train station (located in the municipality of Ľubotice). According to the 2015/16 timetable, there are several daily public transport connections with surrounding municipalities and cities as well as a few express, IC and express trains to Košice , Humenné , Bratislava and Prague . Other connections can be reached by changing trains at Kysak station .

Urban public transport is operated by the municipal company Dopravný podnik mesta Prešov, a. s (DPMP for short). The bus service consists of 32 bus routes and three night routes. An trolleybus network consisting of eight lines has been in operation since 1962 (all information as of May 2014).

The small airfield in the northeast is mainly used for military purposes.

Twin cities

Italy Brugherio , Italy
Greece Keratsini , Greece
France La Courneuve , France
Hungary Nyíregyháza , Hungary
Poland Nowy Sącz , Poland
Ukraine Mukachevo , Ukraine
United States Pittsburgh , United States
Czech Republic Prague 10 , Czech Republic
Germany Remscheid , Germany
Israel Rishon LeZion , Israel
Bulgaria Gabrovo , Bulgaria

sons and daughters of the town

Ján Bayer (1630–1674), philosopher
Jakub Bogdani (1660-1724), painter
Johann Matthias Korabinsky (1740–1811), teacher, topographer and writer
Ferenc Pulszky (1814–1897), archaeologist
Ján Borodáč (1892–1964), director
Leopold Lahola (1918–1968), playwright and film director
Ladislav Pavlovič (1926–2013), football player
Dušan Martinček (1936–2006), composer and music teacher
Ivan Lefkovits (* 1937), immunologist
Juraj Kukura (born 1947), actor
Martin Vrábel (* 1955), long-distance runner
Iris Szeghy (* 1956), composer
Martin Mrva (* 1971), chess master and chess journalist
Maroš Kolpak (* 1971), handball player and coach
Peter Hlinka (* 1978), football player
Peter Šinglár (* 1979), football player
Katarína Knechtová (* 1981), singer
Stanislav Šesták (* 1982), football player
Jana Griačová (* 1986), soccer player
Alex Molčan (* 1997), tennis player

literature

Michal Danilák, Maria Gojdicova: Mesto Prešov. Mestsky narodny vybor, Košice 1988, OCLC 908968428 (English).

Web links

Commons : Prešov - collection of images, videos and audio files

City homepage (Slovak)
Aerial views over the city (Hungarian)

Individual evidence

^ Reformation town Prešov. Heidelberg of the East. In: reformation-cities.org, accessed on September 8, 2017.

↑ ^a ^b Karin Rogalska: Eperies / Prešov. In: Online encyclopedia on the culture and history of Germans in Eastern Europe, 2013, online, as of October 29, 2015, accessed on July 3, 2018.

↑ Ondrej R. Halaga, Meno Mesta Prešova vo svetle jazykových a historických súvistlostí (German: The name of the town Prešov in the light of the linguistic and historical context ). In: Jazykovedný Časopis (German: Linguistic Journal ). Vol. 16, Volume 2, 1965, p. 165 ( PDF [accessed on July 3, 2018]).

↑ Peter Švorc, Sprievodca po historickom Prešove (German: Guide through the historical Eperies ). Prešov 1997, p. 14.

↑ so Marcela Domenová: Prešov. In: Martin Štefánik, Ján Lukačka u. a .: Lexicon stredovekych miest na Slovensku. Bratislava 2010, p. 331, ISBN 978-80-89396-11-5 ( PDF; 8.9 MB [accessed July 3, 2018]).

^ Herbert Weinelt: Preschau (Eastern Slovakia). A German form of name . In: Fritz Valjavec (Ed.): Südost-Forschungen. Vol. 4, 1939, pp. 808-809 ( online [accessed July 3, 2018]). On Weinelt see Hans Joachim Beyer : H. Weinelt †. In: Historical magazine. 168th vol., 1943, p. 674.

↑ Ondrej R. Halaga: Meno Mesta Prešova vo svetle jazykových a historických súvistlostí, (German: The name of the town Prešov in the light of the linguistic and historical context ), in: Jazykovedný Časopis (German: Linguistic journal ). Vol. 16, Volume 2, 1965, p. 166 ( PDF [accessed on July 3, 2018]).

^ Ernst Hochberger: Slovakia. Travel guide and art guide, Sinn / Hessen 1990, p. 685

↑ Michal Danilák, Maria Gojdicova: Mesto Prešov. Košice 1988, p. 23, 240. Ladislaus' coat of arms was divided into eight silver-red sections .

↑ 2011 census by ethnicity (Slovak) ( Memento from October 6, 2014 in the Internet Archive ).

↑ 2011 census by denomination (Slovak) ( Memento from September 7, 2012 in the Internet Archive ).

↑ Timetable 2015/2016 on the ŽSR website ( Memento from September 8, 2017 in the Internet Archive ). In: zsr.sk, accessed on September 8, 2017 (Slovak).

↑ Trasy liniek ( Memento from May 17, 2014 in the web archive archive.today ). In: zoznam.sk, accessed on September 8, 2017 (Slovak).

[Reformation-1] Reformation town Prešov. Heidelberg of the East. In: reformation-cities.org, accessed on September 8, 2017.

[Rogalska-2013-2] Karin Rogalska: Eperies / Prešov. In: Online encyclopedia on the culture and history of Germans in Eastern Europe, 2013, online, as of October 29, 2015, accessed on July 3, 2018.

[3] Ondrej R. Halaga, Meno Mesta Prešova vo svetle jazykových a historických súvistlostí (German: The name of the town Prešov in the light of the linguistic and historical context ). In: Jazykovedný Časopis (German: Linguistic Journal ). Vol. 16, Volume 2, 1965, p. 165 ( PDF [accessed on July 3, 2018]).

[4] Peter Švorc, Sprievodca po historickom Prešove (German: Guide through the historical Eperies ). Prešov 1997, p. 14.

[5] so Marcela Domenová: Prešov. In: Martin Štefánik, Ján Lukačka u. a .: Lexicon stredovekych miest na Slovensku. Bratislava 2010, p. 331, ISBN 978-80-89396-11-5 ( PDF; 8.9 MB [accessed July 3, 2018]).

[6] Herbert Weinelt: Preschau (Eastern Slovakia). A German form of name . In: Fritz Valjavec (Ed.): Südost-Forschungen. Vol. 4, 1939, pp. 808-809 ( online [accessed July 3, 2018]). On Weinelt see Hans Joachim Beyer : H. Weinelt †. In: Historical magazine. 168th vol., 1943, p. 674.

[7] Ondrej R. Halaga: Meno Mesta Prešova vo svetle jazykových a historických súvistlostí, (German: The name of the town Prešov in the light of the linguistic and historical context ), in: Jazykovedný Časopis (German: Linguistic journal ). Vol. 16, Volume 2, 1965, p. 166 ( PDF [accessed on July 3, 2018]).

[8] Ernst Hochberger: Slovakia. Travel guide and art guide, Sinn / Hessen 1990, p. 685