Breitenthal (Hunsrück)

coat of arms	Germany map
	Coordinates: 49 ° 48 '  N , 7 ° 20'  E
Basic data
State :	Rhineland-Palatinate
County :	Birch field
Association municipality :	Herrstein-Rhaunen
Height :	410 m above sea level NHN
Area :	3.68 km 2
Residents:	315 (Dec. 31, 2019)
Population density :	86 inhabitants per km 2
Postal code :	55758
Area code :	06785
License plate :	BIR
Community key :	07 1 34 013
Association administration address:	Brühlstrasse 16 55756 Herrstein
Website :	www.breitenthal.de
Local Mayor :	Ulrich Peter
Location of the Breitenthal community in the Birkenfeld district

Breitenthal (Hunsrück) is a municipality in the Birkenfeld district in Rhineland-Palatinate . It belongs to the Herrstein-Rhaunen community . The next larger town is the town of Idar-Oberstein on the German Gemstone Road .

geography

location

On the slope side of the Hunsrück , which slopes towards the southeast towards the Nahe valley , the place lies in the south of the Idarwald and in the knee of the Hosenbach. Not far from the local border in the southwest, the terrain slopes steeply towards the Fischbachtal .

The municipality covers an altitude range of 187 meters: the lowest point is at 330  m above sea level. NHN at the foot of the Schielenbach ( ⊙ ), the highest point at 517  m above sea level. NHN in the Sangwald / Jungswald ( ⊙ ). Neighboring communities are Oberhosenbach , Wickenrodt , Niederhosenbach , Herrstein , Mörschied and Weiden .

geology

Geologically, the area around Breitenthal is determined by clay slate ( stratigraphy : Hunsrück slate . Petrography : clay and siltstone ( silt ) with thin layers of sandstone). This emerged from the clayey / sandy deposits of large rivers on the Old Red continent , which were washed into a deep sea and sank to the sea floor in the Upper Devonian and Lower Carboniferous . These deposits were later folded and raised again as part of the Variscan Mountains . The almost upright slate surfaces were created by the pressure directed from southeast to northwest during the folding. This enabled the slate to be split into thin plates, which is important for later economic use.

The Hunsrück slate is fossil-rich near the surface from the Breitenthaler Schielenberg via Bundenbach to Gemünden. The fossils in the Breitenthal slate are mostly either coated with a thin layer of pyrite or formed as fine crystals (<20 µm). 2014 was at a geological field trip a complete copy of the brittle star Furcaster palaeozoicus be salvaged.

The outermost northwest corner of the municipality in the state forest Rhaunen (Sang and young forest) is a Taunusquartzite block taken, with which the similar structure westernmost ridge with sand head Wildburger head and Mörschieder Burr continues ( stratigraphy : Taunusquartzite. Petrographie : quartz sandstone and quartzitic sandstone with inclusions of clay and siltstone).

Geo-risks result from abandoned mining in the Schielenbach. This includes subsidence that penetrates to the surface of the earth through underground slate mining and the mechanics of the slate heaps.

climatology

The place lies in a predominantly maritime zone with a predominant wind direction from the southwest to northwest sector. The topographically favorable location of most of the village in a valley sloping slightly to the east leads to a climatic advantage relative to the surrounding area. Humidity is extremely rare.

Due to the leeward effects of the western ridge of the Wildenburg and the northern Idarwald, the shower and thunderstorm intensities as well as the mean and absolute wind speeds are significantly lower than would be expected from the synoptic structure.

Damming effects with persistent precipitation and low cloud base mostly occur in the run-up to warm fronts , as long as a southerly wind direction (150 ° to 210 °) prevails with a low dew point difference.

The place is practically fog-free , only radiation fog can occasionally be observed, as well as rare advective incursions of fog from the Hosenbachtal in the context of a local circulation that develops in low-gradient anticyclonic weather conditions ( high pressure weather conditions ). In westerly wind directions with low wind speeds, advectively induced orographic fog formation can occasionally occur on the saddle south of the village (in the area of ​​the training area) if the moist air flowing from the Schielenbach condenses after it has been lifted . The local situation itself is usually not affected by this.

Rare extreme events can be summer heat thunderstorms that arise in the Nahe valley and reach Breitenthal with an overlying south-eastern high-altitude current over the Hosenbachtal. Due to an orographically induced intensification of uplift processes, these thunderstorms intensify , so that unusually high amounts of precipitation can fall here within a short time. On the occasion of such an event, water ingresses into basements in the lower elevations of the new building area, whereupon the drainage possibilities of surface water were considerably improved through the treatment of drainage ditches.

history

The place, first mentioned in 1282 as "Breydendale", arose from a farm to provide for the lordly family, together with the neighboring village of Oberhosenbach, formed a Rhine and Wildgrave High Court in the Wild and Rhine Counts' office of Wildenburg . With the auction of the manorial estates as people's property ("bien national") by the French to private individuals, Breitenthal was able to develop as a village in its own right.

Graphic overview of the territorial affiliation of Breitenthal from the first mention of the place:

For the Bronze Age , a settlement in the Breitenthaler district east of the Hosenbach can be assumed based on excavations.

Traces of settlement and burial grounds from the early Hallstatt and La Tène periods can be found in the Hirtenbösch district bordering the Breitenthal district and in the Hardtwald .

In the Battenhofen district , certain traces of Roman settlement were found in several places in the immediate vicinity of the Roman road .

The Breitenthal court (Breydendale) is mentioned in a document in 1282 with which Konrad von Schmidtburg left the court to his brother Gottfried von Kyrburg . In 1318 the Dinghof Breidindeil was left to the Archbishop of Trier Baldwin by the Wildgrave Friedrich zu Kyrburg and at the same time returned as an Electorate of Trier fief . Since 1409 Breitenthal belongs to the Official Wildburg and falls with this 1515 the game and Rhinegrave to from Kyrburg, Kyrburger Alt after the extinction of the line at the old Dhaunische the line of game and Rhinegrave, and after the cleavage in the Commonly Owned Wild- and Rheingrafen von Grumbach to three quarters and the Salm-Salm and Salm-Kyrburg to an eighth each.

The Wild and Rhine Counties and the former Principality of Salm-Kyrburg (from 1743) existed as imperial territory in the Upper Rhine Empire from 1499 until the Treaty of Lunéville (1801). The capital of this country was Kirn . After the Principality of Salm-Kyrburg was conquered by French revolutionary troops in 1794/1795 and annexed by France in 1798, the Holy Roman Empire ceded the land to France in the Treaty of Lunéville . The princes of Salm-Kyrburg resided primarily in Paris ( see also: Hôtel de Salm ). There Friedrich III lost. Prince zu Salm-Kyrburg in 1794 in the turmoil of the revolution under the guillotine .

In the Thirty Years War , the region was occupied by Spanish troops after the League's victory over the Protestant Union at Wimpfen and Höchst in 1620 and has since been severely affected by the burden of war. No documents from this time are known about Breitenthal. According to old traditions, a number of refugees from the two places were surrounded by Spanish (Brabant) soldiers and killed in a terrible way in the area of ​​the 'Jammereiche' on the boundary between the towns of Breitenthal and Niederhosenbach. This event was repeatedly processed in literary form.

After the end of the Thirty Years' War, Lorraine incursions and the wars of reunion with the Palatine War of Succession of the French King Louis XIV followed. The rulers of the area (the Rhine Counts, the Duke of Pfalz-Zweibrücken and the Lords of Oberstein) joined forces to fight the Lorraine troops . In 1651 they formed an alliance and, in view of the very low population at the time, raised a troop of 1,700 infantry and 300 cavalry troops , which were stationed on the Wildenburg and in Herrstein under the leadership of the Rhine Count Johann Ludwig. In December 1651 and again in 1652 there were two battles in the area between Herrstein and Wildenburg (which was destroyed in the process), in which the Lorraine people were defeated and then driven out. One focus of the fighting was the ridge between the Fischbach and Oberwörresbach, which can be viewed from Breitenthal over the Schielenbach. But it was not until 1713 with the Peace of Utrecht that the landscape got a chance to regenerate after 93 devastating years.

Due to the territorial fragmentation, the wild and Rhine Count areas were very backward even for their time. Until the occupation by French revolutionary troops in 1795, the people were unfree serfs and were subject to the barely codified jurisdiction of the rule.

Between December 15 and 17, 1795 , battles between French and Austrian troops took place in the line from Hennweiler via Wickenrodt to Asbach , including in the Breitenthal area . The Austrians succumbed and withdrew comprehensively. The sponheimische neighboring Niederhosenbach was severely punished because of his support of the Austrians by the French, Hottenbach completely looted on 17 December. An armistice was signed on December 30, 1795 , after which Breitenthal was also left to the French.

Under the French administration after the conquest of the left bank of the Rhine in 1795 Breitenthal was a commune in the Mairie Hottenbach the Canton Herrnstein the district of Birkenfeld, in the 1798 furnished Saar department in the First French Republic and after 1804 of the First Empire France . The residents of Breitenthal came out of serfdom , the Wild and Rhine Counts lost their privileges vis-à-vis the farmers. These were now allowed to fish and hunt largely unhindered, the tithe was abolished and equality before the law and freedom of settlement was established. They became free French citizens with all rights and obligations, after the Peace of Lunéville of February 9, 1801, also in the sense of international law. The civil code was introduced. The rather high taxes and compulsory military service were disadvantageous.

The French episode ended in January 1814 with the occupation by Blucher’s troops . The area was initially subordinated to the General Government of the Middle Rhine under Prussian administration, but on June 16, 1814, it was subordinated to the joint Austrian and Bavarian regional administration commission. From June 2, 1815, the area around Herrstein was given to Prussia on the basis of the 25th article of the final act of the Congress of Vienna by a Kreuznach treaty and administered as the "Oberstein district".

In the course of the restoration after the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Prussia had to compensate several smaller rulers with territories in the Saar Department according to Article 49 of the Final Act of the Congress of Vienna . Breitenthal was incorporated with the entire Birkenfeld area from Kirnsulzbach in the east to Selbach in the west to form the Oldenburg Principality of Birkenfeld, which was newly formed in 1817 (from 1919 the Oldenburg region of Birkenfeld). During this time, the place belonged to the Herrstein mayor's office . Breitenthal came through this largely arbitrary demarcation (the criterion for the formation of the area was a population of 20,000 people) in a peripheral location. While Oberhosenbach , Wickenrodt and Weiden also became Oldenburg, the neighboring communities Sulzbach and Hottenbach were already Prussian territory. This border existed as a demarcation between the districts of Birkenfeld and Bernkastel until the municipal administration reform of Rhineland-Palatinate in 1969 and separated the municipalities of Herrstein and Rhaunen.

Breitenthal suffered 17 dead and missing persons in the First World War , almost all of whom perished in the fighting on the western front in Flanders , Picardy , Champagne and the Meuse around Verdun . A soldier was transferred to the "Hessen-Homburg" Infantry Regiment No. 166 on the Eastern Front and died in the fortress auxiliary hospital 3, Königsberg (Prussia) .

The region came under French administration after the First World War . On June 30, 1930, the last French troops left the Rhineland , thus ending the occupation.

In the National Socialist Greater Hamburg Law of April 1, 1937, Section 8 (1) stipulated that the Oldenburg region of Birkenfeld would pass to the State of Prussia and form a district of the Rhine Province . Breitenthal became Prussian on October 26, 1937.

Eight men from Breitenthal died and six went missing in World War II .

During the war , five forced laborers (then known as foreign workers ) from the Ukraine , France and Belgium were used in Breitenthal .

People from the evacuated cities of Cologne and Koblenz affected by the bombing were temporarily housed in Breitenthal, especially at the end of the war.

No fighting took place in Breitenthal. In the winter of 1944/1945 a horse was killed in a fighter-bomber attack on a horse-drawn vehicle belonging to a Breitenthal farmer . In individual skirmishes with the approaching American troops, two German soldiers were killed in the vicinity .

The Second World War ended in Breitenthal on the afternoon of March 18, 1945 with the handover of the place without a fight to troops of the 41st Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron or the 492nd Armored Field Artillery Battalion of Combat Command B of the 11th Armored Division, which had been deployed to fire support near Oberhosenbach " Thunderbolt ”of the US Army . The fire support was directed against German infantry , vehicle columns and air defense positions. 5 German vehicles were destroyed, 15 prisoners were taken and one German soldier was killed.

Breitenthal initially retained its rural agricultural structure. With increasing industrialization, agriculture was only practiced as a sideline and reduced to two full-time farmers at the end of the 20th century. The place expanded, but despite a doubling of the residential buildings and the construction of three apartment buildings, the number of residents has hardly changed.

Population development

Development of the population (December 31):

Population development of Breitenthal from 1815 to 2018 according to the table below

year Residents 1815 169 1835 223 1855 225 1871 210 1905 227 1910 225

year Residents 1939 220 1950 216 1954 233 1961 246 1965 261 1970 262

year Residents 1975 253 1980 282 1985 294 1990 310 1995 331 2000 333

year Residents 2005 333 2010 325 2011 311 2015 310 2017 313 2018 319

politics

Municipal council

The municipal council in Breitenthal consists of eight council members who were elected in the local elections on May 26, 2019 in a majority vote, and the directly elected honorary local mayor as chairman.

mayor

Ulrich Peter became local mayor of Breitenthal on July 1, 2019. In the direct election on May 26, 2019, he was elected for five years with 51.24% of the vote.

Peter's predecessor as local mayor, Wolfgang Diel, did not run again in 2019.

coat of arms

The coat of arms of the local community Breitenthal was approved on May 18, 1962 by the Ministry of the Interior of Rhineland-Palatinate .

Blazon : It shows in a slanted shield in front in blue two silver tips with a wide space, behind a blue armored and tongued red lion in gold. The front part of the shield refers to the place name, the rear part of the shield to the former belonging to the Wild and Rhine County .

Community partnerships

There are no official partnerships. Unofficially, contacts to Breitenthal in Swabia are maintained.

Economy and Infrastructure

economy

Up until the end of the 19th century, roughly worked slate quarry was used as building material for buildings, which, due to the low degree of processing, could be mined above ground despite the problematic geological structure of the Hunsrück slate. With the ban on thatched roofs passed by the Oldenburg state government in 1824, the need for a non-combustible material to cover the roofs suddenly arose. The thin slates of slate used for this could only be obtained underground because of the difficult processing of the slate.

Until the early 1960s was in the southwest to squint Bach slate mined of good quality and processed. The mining rights were mostly granted to citizens of Breitenthal as a lease contract. Numerous Breitenthalers found an extra income there - often as a part-time job - whereby the working conditions were very unfavorable by today's standards. Due to geological peculiarities, the slate mining had to take place underground: Since the slate in the Breitenthal area is steeply upright and only a small part was technically usable and minable, these minable deposits had to be traced into the mountain. In the area of ​​the Schielenbach there are still numerous mouth holes that belong to a single system. A sensible processing of the recovered material was only possible when it was damp in the mountains . Therefore, the final processing had to take place on site, as the large spoil heaps in the mining area of ​​the Schielenbach testify to this day.

traffic

Breitenthal is crossed by the state road L 180, which takes the district road K 23 from Wickenrodt and the K 26 from Niederhosenbach .

The southern section of the planned Hunsrück clasp is to be led out of the Fischbachtal through the Schielenbach over the Breitenthaler district . There is a difference in altitude of 120 meters over a distance of one kilometer. In order to limit the gradient to a maximum of 8 percent, extensive adaptation measures are planned for the site. The settlement and traffic area of ​​the place is currently at 11.2 percent, 27 percent above the average of the Rhineland-Palatinate municipalities of the same size class (9.0 percent). This ratio will continue to deteriorate as the project is implemented. Therefore this route is the subject of controversial discussions.

The bus line 346 Idar-Oberstein - Herrstein - Wickenrodt of Omnibusverkehr Rhein-Nahe GmbH (ORN) connects the place with the middle center Idar-Oberstein . Separate buses are used to transport pupils and to the kindergarten in Niederwörresbach .

The nearest train stations are in Idar-Oberstein and Kirn , from where the trains of the Nahe Valley Railway in the direction of Mainz / Frankfurt or Saarbrücken can be reached every hour .

The Frankfurt-Hahn Airport is located at a distance of 19 kilometers north of the parallel valley and can be reached in 20 minutes.

Local, regional and supraregional cycle paths such as the Nahe-Hunsrück-Mosel cycle path and hiking paths such as the Sirona path and the dream loop medieval path of the Saar-Hunsrück climb lead through the village or in the immediate vicinity.

Established businesses

In Breitenthal there are two full-time farms. One of the companies specializes in pig breeding and fattening.

Six commercial companies are based in Breitenthal.

Basic care

Breitenthal is regularly approached by mobile sales outlets (bakers, butchers). The Kreissparkasse Birkenfeld has a mobile bank branch that Breitenthal drives to on a weekly basis.

Medical care is provided by two general practitioners and a dentist in the neighboring village of Herrstein. The closest hospital is in Idar-Oberstein.

Breitenthal has an internet connection with fiber optic cable that allows up to 100,000 kbit / s downstream and up to 5 Mbit / sec upstream (network) .

Public facilities

The village school building, inaugurated on October 19, 1957, was converted into a village community center after the establishment of the Herrstein Regional School . In addition to a guest room, the building has another small lounge in the basement ('Yugoslawen-Raum', a name that became common after a group of Yugoslav forest workers was housed there for a while), which is mainly used as a youth room and meeting place for TuS Breitenthal as well as shower and changing rooms. In the attic there is another gymnastics and practice room as well as a small church room in which services of the Protestant parish of Wickenrodt take place.

The community cemetery with the morgue built in 1966 is located on the south-eastern outskirts on the K 26 to Niederhosenbach .

TuS Breitenthal / Oberhosenbach has a lawn sports field at the end of the village in the direction of Oberhosenbach, already on the Oberhosenbach district . There is a small playground and a football field nearby. To the south of the village on the way to the 'Jammereiche' there is a floodlit practice area on a meadow, which serves as a training area for the soccer teams of the TuS Breitenthal / Oberhosenbach. The DSG Breitenthal '95 does not have any sports facilities in Breitenthal.

Development of the municipality area

The total area of ​​the local community Breitenthal is 368 hectares (3.68 km²) which is in 44.9% forest area, 43.3% agricultural area, 11.1% settlement and traffic area, 0.3% water area and 0.4% other Divide areas.

Primary function of the place: residential community with out-commuters.

Culture and sights

The Breitenthal dialect is a variant of the Moselle dialect , also known as Hunsrück , near the dat-das-line on the northern side ( dat, wat, et opposite das, was, es on the southern side). The name of the place is pronounced "Bränel". In a map of French geographers from 1737, the place is referred to as "Breneldal".

On a hill south of the village there is a group of trees known as the 'jammy oak', where, according to tradition, terrible scenes are said to have taken place during the Thirty Years' War. The adjacent coppice has recently been completely cut down so that the group of trees is now free and represents a striking landmark .

See also: List of cultural monuments in Breitenthal

societies

The DSG Breitenthal '95 e. V. is the first of three independent women's football clubs in Rhineland-Palatinate. The club plays in the Association League Southwest with the first and in the Landesliga Nahe with the second team.

The gymnastics and sports club TuS Breitenthal / Oberhosenbach is a universal sports club with a wide range of activities. The first team in the football department will play in the A-class Birkenfeld in the 2019/2020 season.

The Breitenthal Singing Community is a mixed choir and successor to the Breitenthal men's choir founded in 1892, which developed into a mixed choir after 1919. With the end of the Second World War, choral singing in Breitenthal came to a standstill. At first a female choir was formed, which sang mainly at funerals. It was not until the end of 1955 that a mixed choir was reissued under the name “Singgemeinschaft”. The choir of the Singgemeinschaft is currently (2019) not active.

The sponsoring association of the Breitenthal volunteer fire brigade was founded after the restructuring of the fire brigade system within the Herrstein community . In 2000 a new fire brigade concept came into force, which took account of the demographic development and changes in employment structures in the communities. The local fire brigades were grouped into deployment areas, with each local fire brigade remaining as an independent fire brigade. This was to ensure that, especially during the day, enough emergency personnel is available to be able to comply with the basic operational time of eight minutes specified in the fire brigade ordinance. The association of the volunteer fire brigade supports the local Breitenthal fire brigade with personnel and material.

Buildings

The area along Oldenburger Strasse is the established location. Here and in some of the side streets in the immediate vicinity you will find the agricultural properties that used to determine the character of the place.

Unless the development areas are mentioned, Breitenthal is, like many municipalities in the region, a place with a more or less irregular arrangement of (formerly) agricultural buildings along the main street (here: Oldenburger Straße) without a recognizable center. Even with agricultural new buildings from the 1950s, the typical eaves - standing side -by-side house in the Hunsrück predominates . The distinctive, culturally and historically interesting and complex buildings in the village are all designed as scattered farms, from which conclusions can be drawn about the earlier fortunes and the social position of the builders. The new development areas are structured and designed in a contemporary style.

Little of the old building fabric has been preserved in Breitenthal. The property at Oldenburger Straße 9 is of cultural and historical importance, where one of the northernmost representatives of this rarely occurring type of construction is located in an extensive courtyard complex with a free-standing residential building and a hook-shaped service wing around the residential building (dated "1856"). Particularly noteworthy are the load-bearing sandstone pillars on the farm building on the street side.

The oldest building in the village is a Streuhof in Oldenburger Strasse 10, which is dated "1832" above the door, but the core of which goes back to the 17th century. The ownership success can be proven up to 1660. The neo-classical front door with a lead-raked window and curved panes as well as old locks was removed during a renovation in the 1990s. The old schoolhouse, built in 1840 as part of the Oldenburg school building program, with the classrooms on the upper floor, was converted into a small pub in 2011 and named after the year of construction in 1840 after it had been in a very poor structural condition for many years had stood empty.

New development areas were designated in the 1950s on the northern outskirts and in the 1970s on the northwestern outskirts. As planned, the newer building area was expanded a few years ago to include the building sites west of Waldstrasse and along the “Im Forstgarten” road. More recently, vacant lots in the old location have been closed in order to prevent the original local area from becoming deserted due to demographic developments.

In contrast to other places in the region, Breitenthal is only affected to a small extent by vacancies or buildings that are no longer in use.

Regular events

A carnival ball with lectures and dance performances is held as a joint event by the local clubs. Over the years, a number of groups have become regulars in the program. The staging of TuS, the men's ballet by the volunteer fire brigade or the always well-informed witches are an integral part of every session.

The TuS Breitenthal / Oberhosenbach sports festival takes place annually on four days at the end of May / beginning of June. As one of the first big village festivals of a year in the region, the Saturday evening, which is filled with popular music bands, is a crowd-puller.

The Leckschmier-Kirb takes place at irregular intervals, during which the Leckschmier, which is cooked in large kettles over an open fire, is marketed along with homemade sourdough bread .

The Quetsche-Kirb was an event of the former Braun Gasthaus (Zur Post), at which numerous freshly baked plum cakes were consumed, mostly with Kirner beer or occasionally with coffee.

The singing community's theater group performs a folk play at irregular intervals, usually during Easter, which is often adapted to Breitenthal in terms of content and language. The venue was originally the hall with stage in the Gasthaus Braun. After this was closed on March 1st, 2012, the performance will take place in the village community center.

Sons and daughters of the church

• Wolfgang Friedt (* 1946), Professor of Plant Breeding at the University of Giessen

Trivia

In 1883, after a sick animal was eaten, an anthrax epidemic broke out in Breitenthal - an epidemic that claimed three lives. The event was reported in the national German newspapers and the international specialist press.

The Hunsrück robber Johannes Bückler , known as "Schinderhannes", was suspected of a crime in Breitenthal. In his 565-question interrogation, he was asked in question 297 whether he “also knew nothing about a theft of beehives that happened to Philipp Dörr von Breitenthal in his garden next to his house in the month of Vendémiaire ”. Schinderhannes replied in the affirmative.

The house names for older buildings and members of long-established families are characteristic of the region and the place .

Traditional customs are the “May”, where the women of the village meet once a month to exchange the village news with stimulating drinks and a small snack. The meeting point is the apartment of one of the participants, alternating at regular intervals.

Web links

Commons : Breitenthal  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

• Breitenthal local community on the website of the Herrstein-Rhaunen community
• Local portrait of SWR television from April 10, 2008 (8 minutes 35 seconds)
• Literature about Breitenthal in the Rhineland-Palatinate State Bibliography

Individual evidence

1. ↑ State Statistical Office of Rhineland-Palatinate - population status 2019, districts, communities, association communities ( help on this ).
2. ^ DEG Briggs, Peter R. Crowther: Palaeobiology II: A Synthesis. Blackwell Publishing, 2001, ISBN 0-632-05149-3 , p. 347.
3. ^ Wouter Südkamp: Collections in the Hunsrück: The Schielenberg slate mine. In: Fossil Journal. 4/2014, Quelle & Meyer Verlag, Wiebelsheim.
4. ↑ Hugo Klar: Place names and settlement history on the Upper Nahe. In: Essays on local history of the Birkenfeld district. Volume 2.
5. ↑ ^{a b} For example: G. Bergen: An der Jammerseiche. In: Sheets for the Moselle, Hochwald and Hunsrück. October 1911 (2nd volume, No. 1), p. 6.
6. ^ Heinrich Baldes: Historical local history of the Birkenfeld landscape. ; 1923, p. 292.
7. ^ Acte du Congrès de Vienne du 9 June 1815, Art. 49: Territories réservés pour les maisons d'Oldenbourg, de Saxe-Cobourg, de Mecklenbourg-Strelitz, et le comte de Pappenheim
8. ^ Prussian loss list. Edition 786 of November 13, 1915, p. 10112.
9. ↑ ^{a b c} Edgar Mais: end and beginning of 1945. (= messages from the Association for Local Studies in the Birkenfeld district. Special issue 48). 1985, p. 401.
10. ↑ History of the 492nd Armored Field Artillery Battalion, Battalion After Action Reports, 18 March 1945th
11. ↑ ^{a b c} State Statistical Office Rhineland-Palatinate. Place database "My home" / "My village, my city".
12. ↑ Register of municipalities in Germany 1910.
13. ^ Administrative report of the Birkenfeld district administration 1950–1955.
14. ^ The Regional Returning Officer Rhineland-Palatinate: Local elections 2019, city and municipal council elections
15. ^ The newly elected local council of Breitenthal. In: Our home. Linus Wittich Medien GmbH, edition 29/2019, accessed on August 18, 2020 . 
16. ^ The Regional Returning Officer Rhineland-Palatinate: direct elections 2019. see Herrstein-Rhaunen, Verbandsgemeinde, seventh line of results. Retrieved August 17, 2020 . 
17. ^ Andreas Nitsch: Local elections in Herrstein: four duels for the office of village chief. Breitenthal: Ulrich Peter and Florian Bleisinger. In: Nahe newspaper. Mittelrhein-Verlag GmbH, Koblenz, April 10, 2019, accessed on August 17, 2020 . 
18. ↑ Les Cartes des Naudin: Carte très particulière du pays comprised entre les villes de Sierques, Remich, Trèves, Bern Castel, Traerbach . (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on December 8, 2015 ; Retrieved December 4, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
19. ^ Emil R. Köhler: Memoirs. (= Messages from the local history association in the Birkenfeld district. Special issue 26). 1975, p. 158 ff.
20. ↑ z. B. in: Düsseldorfer Volksblatt, No. 127 from May 16, 1883 (digitized [1] )
21. ↑ u. a. Weekly for Thierheilkunde, No. 28, 1883 - German Medical Newspaper. No. 45, 1883. - Oesterreichische Zeitschrift für Pharmacie, XXXVII. Volume, No. 35 of December 10, 1883
22. ^ Interrogation of Johannes Bückler, called Schinderhannes. ( Memento from March 16, 2012 in the Internet Archive )