Tacoma

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Tacoma
Nickname : City of Destiny
Tacoma with Mount Rainier in the background
Tacoma with Mount Rainier in the background
Location of Tacoma in Pierce County
Pierce County Washington Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Tacoma Highlighted.svg
Basic data
Foundation : November 12, 1875
State : United States
State : Washington
County : Pierce County
Coordinates : 47 ° 14 ′  N , 122 ° 28 ′  W Coordinates: 47 ° 14 ′  N , 122 ° 28 ′  W
Time zone : Pacific ( UTC − 8 / −7 )
Inhabitants :
-  Metropolitan Area :		 198,397 (as of 2010)
Seattle
Population density : 1,529.7 inhabitants per km 2
Area : 162.2 km 2  (approx. 63 mi 2 ) of
which 129.7 km 2  (approx. 50 mi 2 ) is land
Height : 74 m
Postcodes : 98401-98409, 98411-98413, 98415, 98416, 98418, 98421, 98422, 98424, 98431, 98433, 98434, 98438, 98442-98447, 98450, 98455, 98460, 98464-98466, 98471, 98473, 98481, 98471, 98473, 98481, 98494
Area code : +1 253
FIPS : 53-70000
GNIS ID : 1512713
Website : www.cityoftacoma.org
Mayor : Victoria Woodards

Tacoma (pronounced [ təkoʊmə ]) is a medium-sized port city in Pierce County in the US state of Washington . The city is located at the southern end of the Puget Sound , about 51 km southwest of Seattle , 50 km northeast of the state capital, Olympia , and about 93 km northwest of Mount Rainier National Park . Tacoma belongs to the Metropolitan Statistical Area Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, which according to the official estimate of the US Census Bureau had around 3.8 million inhabitants in 2016.

Seattle / Tacoma International Airport (Sea-Tac) ( IATA airport code SEA) is approximately 35 km to the north. SeaTac is now a city in its own right. Namesake were the cities of Seattle and Tacoma, which use the airport. Tacoma is also the seat of the Pierce County district administration.

The population on April 1, 2010 was 198,397. This makes Tacoma the second largest city on Puget Sound after Seattle and the third largest city in the state after Seattle and Spokane . The inhabitants call themselves Tacomans. Mount Rainier (an active stratovolcano of the Cascade Mountains ), called by the indigenous people of the Mount Tahoma region (from the Puyallup word "tacobet" for mother of water), is the namesake of the city, which is also known by the nickname "City of Destiny" . Tacoma got this nickname when the city was designated as the western terminus of the Northern Pacific Railroad railway line. The choice of Tacoma was decisively influenced by its proximity to Commencement Bay in Puget Sound. By connecting sea transport to the railroad, Tacoma's motto was: "Where rails meet sails" (in German: "Where rails and sails meet"). Even today, the Port of Tacoma is of great importance, both for the region and for the entire USA and the Pacific region. With 17 million tons of handling, the port is the sixth largest container port in North America and thus one of the main employers in the region (2004: 43,138 direct and indirect jobs). The main goods shipped are cars (mainly from Japan and Korea), construction vehicles, tractors and grain.

The Tacoma Narrows Bridge , one of the longest suspension bridges in the world, connects Tacoma with the Kitsap Peninsula via Highway 16 . At the beginning of the 21st century, the city administration invested large sums in the renewal of the inner city. Among other things, a campus for a branch of the University of Washington was built, a modern electric tram (Tacoma Link) installed and various museums built or renovated. The "Thea Foss Waterway", a small bay, has been extensively restored and is home to a marina, among other things.

Tacoma has been named one of the most livable cities in the country. The city has also been named one of the best cities in America to experience on foot. A study in 2004, however, came to the conclusion that Tacoma was the most stressful city in the combination of the criteria unemployment, divorce rate, commuting times, suicide rate, crime rate , poor mental health, alcohol abuse and many cloud days (among the 30 cities examined).

geography

Geographical location

Tacoma is located in the northwest of the USA in the state of Washington , on the Commencement Bay , a bay in the Puget Sound between Seattle in the northwest (51 km) and Olympia (50 km) at the southern end of the sound. In the west are the Olympic Mountains , in the east the Cascade Mountains with Mount Rainier. This is part of what is known as the Pacific Northwest . Tacoma is the capital of Pierce County .

The city's largest river, the Puyallup , has its source in the Cascade Mountains on Mount Rainier and flows into Commencement Bay in the port area. The Puyallup is approximately 72 km (45 miles) long and transports approximately 80 m³ of water per second. Other smaller rivers and streams are: Wapato Creek, Hylebos Creek.

Sign indicating evacuation route in the event of a volcanic eruption

The city rises to 146.9 m (482 feet) from the bay. The total area of ​​the city is 162.2 km², divided into 129.7 km² of land and 32.5 km² of water. One fifth of the city's total area is water. Tacoma is the largest city in Pierce County and the third largest city in the state. Mount Rainier is visible from almost the entire urban area, the active and potentially most dangerous volcano in the Cascade Range is an integral part of the cityscape. In the event of a volcanic eruption , parts of the city, especially around the port, are at risk of flooding and mudslides . Another danger is volcanic ash , which can reach large areas in the Tacomas area. Escape routes have been established for effective evacuation , so-called “Volcano Evacuation Routes”, to which special road signs point out.

geology

Tacoma is located on the North American continental plate , in the "Puget Lowland" on up to one kilometer thick deposits from the Quaternary . The Juan de Fuca plate is submerged under the North American plate ( subduction ).

In the east, the Cascade Mountains extend with the active volcano Mount Rainier . The proximity to these mountains, especially to Mt. Rainier, harbors a potential earthquake hazard. For Tacoma, an eruption of the stratovolcano means a major threat to the urban area around the Puyallup River from mudslides and to the entire city from ash rain.

The urban area is characterized by flat land, the so-called tideflats in the east and hilly landscape in the north, west and south with some very steep slopes, especially in the city center.

earthquake

Map Tacoma earthquake 1965
Map of the 2001 Nisqually earthquake
Notable earthquakes from 1946
Name of the
quake / location 		date Strength
( Richter scale )
Strait of Georgia June 23, 1946 7.3
Olympia April 13, 1949 7.0
Tacoma April 29, 1965 6.5
Nisqually February 28, 2001 6.8
for comparison
San Francisco April 18, 1906 7.8

Neighboring communities

Tacoma borders on the following neighboring communities:

West of Tacoma:

  • University Place
  • Fircrest

East of Tacoma:

  • Twin Lakes
  • Federal Way
  • Fife
  • Milton

North of Tacoma:

  • Gig Harbor
  • Ruston
  • Browns Point

South of Tacoma:

  • Lakeview
  • Parkland
  • Allison

City structure

City districts and neighborhoods

  • Central Tacoma
    • Hilltop: Borders: 6th Avenue to the north, 25th Street to the south, Yakima Avenue to the east, and Sprague Avenue to the west. Historically, Hilltop is an Afro-American neighborhood. This neighborhood was named after its location on a hill above Commencement Bay and the harbor. The Tacoma Public Library headquarters, Bates Technical College, Pierce County Courthouse, and Pierce County Correctional Facility are located in Hilltop. In late 1980 and early 1990, the Hilltop neighborhood had major problems with crime, especially gangs like the West Coast Crips and drugs, especially cocaine . Since the mid-1990s, these problems have been alleviated by neighborhood watch , a civilian neighborhood patrol, increased police presence and increased investment in commercial buildings, some of which have been relocated to other parts of the city. The eastern parts of the city are currently the center of gang activity.
Downtown Tacoma
  • Downtown Tacoma: Borders: Between Pacific Avenue and St. Helens Street. Downtown Tacoma is at the intersection of 9th Street and Broadway, with three theaters. The Tacoma Convention Center, Rialto Theater, Pantageous Theater, Theater on the Square, and the Bostwick Building are prominent buildings in the neighborhood. The city's Christmas tree is also set up annually in downtown Tacoma. The Tacoma Convention Center was built in 2004 for $ 84 million and is considered the most important factor in accelerating the revitalization and modernization of the area. The district is known for other historic buildings, such as the former Union Station, the Winthrop Hotel and the Old City Hall. There are also many restaurants and bars in Downton Tacoma, especially on Pacific Avenue.
    • Stadium District (shared with “North End”): Boundaries: Between “North Slope” and Hilltop. The Stadium District is a historic district of Tacoma that consists primarily of shops and apartment blocks . The Tacoma Little Theater, Tacoma's Landmark Temple Theater and Stadium High School are located here.
  • Eastside
    • Dome District
    • McKinley Hill
    • Salishan: Salishan was created after World War II to provide affordable housing for military personnel, veterans and their families. Tacoma was a primary location for this due to its proximity to the US Army Fort Lewis and McChord Air Force Base. The remaining parts were bought up by the Metropolitan Park District Tacoma and Swan Creek Park. Salishan is a neighborhood that is very poor. 57.4% of Salishan's residents, 64.5% of those under the age of 18 and 52.6% of those over 65 live below the poverty line . 43.2% are single parents . 53.53% are Asian, 10.81% African-American and 23.55% are so-called white.
In 2001, the city received $ 35 million from the HOPE VI program to redevelop the district and make it safer. A $ 200 million redevelopment plan has been put in place. This plan envisages demolishing the existing dwellings completely and replacing them with 1,200 new houses in a mix of property and properties to be rented. This plan also includes a new hospital, technology center, and several childcare facilities. The main focus of the project is to transform it into a more urban environment with green spaces.
  • Northeast Tacoma: Borders: The port of Tacoma in the southwest, Fife (Fife Heights) in the southeast, Browns Point in the northwest and King County in the northeast form the boundaries of Northeast Tacoma. By separating Tacoma from the port area, Northeast Tacoma has the character of a satellite city . The district has grown steadily over the last few decades and has a major impact on the increase in Tacoma's population. Northeast Tacoma is the wealthiest neighborhood in Tacoma. Due to the hillside location, many houses have an excellent view of Commencement Bay. At 146.9 meters (482 feet) above sea level, Indian Hill is the largest elevation in Tacoma.
    • Browns Point (not incorporated): Boundaries: Northeast Tacoma forms the boundary to the southeast and Puget Sound to all other sides. Browns Point was named after Alvin Harris, a sail maker on the Wilkes Expedition . The most striking point is the lighthouse built in 1887, rebuilt in 1933 and fully automated in 1963. The tower and the nearby hut were included in the American Register of Historic Places.
    • Crescent Heights
  • South end
  • South Tacoma
    • Fern Hill: Boundaries: Fern Hill is bounded by South 72nd Street to the north, the city limits on 96th Street to the south, South Sheridan Ave to the west, and Pacific Avenue to the east. Fern Hill includes a branch of the Tacoma Public Library, a large church, an elementary school, and several stately historic buildings. Fern Hill has three parks three blocks away.
North Tacoma
  • West Tacoma
  • North Tacoma: Borders: 6th Avenue to the south and Division Avenue to the east. North Tacoma borders Commencement Bay to the north and west. Compared to the rest of the city, North Tacoma is more affluent and consists largely of middle-class people . North Tacoma has traditionally been a lower middle class neighborhood, with many fishermen living there. Although North Tacoma is often viewed as the satellite community of Seattle, most North Tacoma residents work in Tacoma itself, an unusually high number in occupations such as education, health, and social services. Politically, North Tacoma is largely Democratic , both nationally, stately, and locally.
    • North Slope: Boundaries: There are no defined boundaries for this part of the city, the transition is often fluid, especially towards Yakima Hill. Commonly believed to be North I Street to the northeast, Division Avenue to the southeast, 6th Avenue to the south, and Steele Street to the west as the boundary. The neighborhood is relatively affluent and has a population with a high level of education.
    • Old Tacoma: Old Tacoma is referred to as Old Town in Tacoma's daily life . Historic buildings from the 1880s and cobblestones justify the name. The replica of Job Carr's hut was built here and Tacoma's first church was also built here. There is a healthy mix of retail and offices here. Old Tacoma also has a particularly good view of Commencement Bay.
    • Proctor District: The Proctor District is home to a number of unique retailers, banks and shops for everyday essentials. The district has retained a small-town flair within Tacoma. The Blue Mouse Theater, a small movie theater, opened on November 23, 1923.
    • Prospect Hill: Due to the location with a view of the bay, the most expensive houses in the city are also located here, even if only a few lots have a really good view.
    • Ruston (independent) border: Completely surrounded by Tacoma, in the northeast the Commencement Bay forms a natural closure. Ruston is actually not a district of Tacoma, but a legally independent municipality, but the majority of the residents of Ruston consider themselves to be citizens of the city of Tacoma. Ruston is often referred to as the North End of Tacoma.
    • Ruston Way: Ruston Way is a popular walking destination on Commencement Bay and a summer gathering place for the Tacoma youth.
    • Skyline: Skyline is sometimes called "Narrows View", referring to the view of the Tacoma Narrows. The center is Skyline Drive.
    • Stadium District (shared with "Downtown Tacoma"), see above
    • Yakima Hill: Boundaries: North I Street to the South-Southwest, Tacoma Avenue to the North-Northeast, North Borough Road to the West, North Stadium Way to the North, and North 3rd Street to the East. Yakima Hill is a quiet, quite affluent area. Most of the development consists of residential buildings. The Annie Wright School and a private tennis club

Military facilities

Several military facilities are located near the city limits:

  • Fort Lewis ( Army )
  • Madigan Army Medical Center
  • McChord Air Force Base

climate

Tacoma is in the temperate zone . In general, there is a moderate climate with humid winters and pleasant summer temperatures, whereby 30 ° C can be reached and exceeded. The climate is mainly determined by the Pacific Ocean and brings abundant winter rainfall. The climatic area is called the Puget Lowlands. As part of the Pacific Northwest, the famous rain is also found here, but to a lesser extent than is commonly thought. Average rainfall in Tacoma is just 94 centimeters (37 inches ), less than other metropolitan areas in the United States. Most of the precipitation falls in the winter months, the average maximum temperature is 7 ° C. In summer, the average maximum temperature is 24 ° C with low humidity.

The proximity to the Pacific and the Cascade Range contributes to the mild climate. The number of sunny days averages 141 per year.

table

Climate diagram Tacoma
Average monthly temperatures and rainfall for Tacoma
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Max. Temperature ( ° C ) 8.3 10.0 12.8 15.6 18.9 22.7 24.4 25.0 21.7 16.1 11.1 8.3 O 16.3
Min. Temperature (° C) 1.6 2.2 3.9 5.6 8.3 11.1 12.8 12.8 10.6 7.2 4.4 1.7 O 6.9
Temperature (° C) 5.0 6.1 8.3 10.6 13.9 16.1 18.9 18.9 16.1 11.7 7.8 5.0 O 11.6
Precipitation ( mm ) 136.7 112.8 106.2 72.9 51.1 40.1 21.8 21.1 36.1 86.1 154.9 149.6 Σ 989.4
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
8.3
1.6
10.0
2.2
12.8
3.9
15.6
5.6
18.9
8.3
22.7
11.1
24.4
12.8
25.0
12.8
21.7
10.6
16.1
7.2
11.1
4.4
8.3
1.7
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
N
i
e
d
e
r
s
c
h
l
a
g 		136.7
112.8
106.2
72.9
51.1
40.1
21.8
21.1
36.1
86.1
154.9
149.6
  Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Weather events

On October 12, 1962, the strongest storm to date hit Tacoma. This is called the mother of all storms of the century . Wind speeds of up to 140 km / h (88 mph ) have been recorded in Tacoma and up to 240 km / h (150 mph) in other areas. This event is called The Columbus Day Wind Storm .

The storm claimed 46 lives and $ 235 million in property damage across an area from California to British Columbia , Canada . 35,396,000 m³ of wood with a value of 750 million US dollars at the time fell victim to the storm.

history

The Tacoma area was first settled by the Native Americans, mainly the Puyallup tribe . Various European explorers made trips to the Tacoma area, including George Vancouver and Charles Wilkes , who named many landmarks (including Mount Rainier) and drew the first maps.

Job Carr , a Civil War veteran , Quaker , pioneer, and postal worker, was one of the first to populate Tacoma at Christmas 1864. He built his hut where is now Old Tacoma. In the Indian language the area is called Shu-bahl-up , the protected place . The first sawmill was built in 1852 by Nicholas Delin , a native of Sweden. It had a capacity of approximately 600 meters (2000 feet) per day. Delin and Carr were the only white people in the area at the time.

In the hope of profit from rising land prices after the completion of the planned intercontinental railroad with the terminus at Commencement Bay, although at the time no one knew where the terminus for the railway line authorized by President Abraham Lincoln would be.

Another investor was Matthew Morton McCarver , who among other things bought about four hectares of land from Job Carr, who kept about two hectares.

The first ship that was supposed to call at the new settlement had to be guided with burning stumps and gunfire, as the town was still very small at the time and the ship's officers could not find the way. With this ship, McCarver's later son-in-law Clinton P. Ferry reached the new settlement. Ferry founded the Ferry Museum and bequeathed two-thirds of his property to the museum for maintenance. Ferry liked to be called the Duke of Tacoma . Three other investors from San Francisco founded the "Hanson Ackerson & Co." sawmill right on the waterline. Approximately 12 km (40,000 feet) of wood was sawn per day. The first hotel was founded by Janet Elder Steele and her husband. The 24-room hotel opened in February 1869 and has operated successfully for 15 years. In the fall of 1868, the town consisted of Job Carr's Cottage and two buildings under construction, the Steele Hotel and the Hanson Ackerson & Co. sawmill. McCarver named his town "Commencement City," Phillip Ritz, a tree nursery owner after whom the town of Ritzville, Washington was named suggested that the city be named Tacoma. Ritz was inspired by the book Canoe and Saddle by Theodore Winthorp . Ritz brought the black poplar (Populus nigra Italica) to the Pacific Northwest.

The name Tacoma was formally adopted after a meeting with McCarver's banks, and McCarver commissioned CP Ferry to change the name on the map. This card can be viewed in the Ferry Museum today. On December 16, 1873, Job Carr, "Skookum Smith," McCarver, General Sprague, and John Ralston put the final nail in completing the construction of the Kalama- Tacoma railroad .

In 1874, Jobb Carr and his son Howard represented Old Tacoma in negotiations with the representatives of New Tacoma in order to unite both parts into one city. Jobb Carr was elected President of Old Tacoma's five representatives. This makes him, in the broadest sense, the first mayor of Tacoma, in addition to his positions as first postmaster and first notary . McCarver did not live to see the official founding of Tacoma, he died on April 17, 1875 after catching a bad cold on the way to the newly discovered coal deposits at Puyallup.

The first local newspaper, The Pacific Tribune, was published by Thomas Prosch on August 9, 1873 , and appeared every evening. The last edition appeared on June 11, 1875, Prosch moved the headquarters of the newspaper to Seattle and changed the name to the Seattle Pacific Tribune. After a little over a year, this newspaper was also discontinued. Thomas Prosch then became editor of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer newspaper . Job Carr's daughter Marietta and her young son died on October 8, 1875, when the ship Pacific sank on Juan de Fuca Strait . The Pacific sank after a collision with the ship Orpheus, 273 of the 275 passengers of the Pacific died in this accident.

A replica of Job Carr's hut, which also served as Tacoma's first post office (opened March 25, 1869), was built in 2000 in the Old Town neighborhood near the former location, between Carr Street and McCarver Street. Carr's son Anthony has been entrusted with delivering the mail between Steilacoom and the new post office. Job Carr's grandfather, Colonel Caleb Carr , became the first governor of the state of Rhode Island on the east coast of the United States after the Civil War .

Tacoma was officially founded on November 12, 1875, the first settlement was established in 1864. Tacoma's forerunner, Commencement City, was founded in 1868. In 1873 the Northern Pacific Railway opened a station called New Tacoma near the settlement, above the "tideflats" of the existing settlement. Nicholas Delin tried to convince McCarver to build the settlement where the new train station was being built, but McCarver believed his chosen location would be the better one. As a result, all those who had invested in Commencement City / Old Tacoma before the location of the station was determined had only a small profit. In 1883 the two places were united under the name Tacoma. The hopes of prosperity placed on the railroad, hence the nickname "City of Destiny", were shaken by the gold rush on the Klondike River at the end of the 19th century. In contrast to Tacoma, Seattle profited greatly from this boom.

In 1880 George Francis Train undertook a circumnavigation of the world starting (March 18) and ending (May 24) in Tacoma in order to set a new speed record and to emphasize the central location of Tacoma. His record attempt lasted exactly 67 days, 18 hours, 2 minutes and 55 seconds. Today a plaque with the start and finish point in the city center reminds of this early advertising measure. Several thousand Chinese people living peacefully in Tacoma were driven out of the city in November 1885, and on November 4, 1885, 2 Chinese settlements burned to the ground. This action, which was led by the then mayor, is now called the Tacoma method.

On December 26, 1886, electric street lighting was put into operation for the first time. 36,000 inhabitants were counted in 1890.

In 1893, at a meeting of the Loyal Legion of the United States, Civil War veteran Russell G. O'Brien passed a resolution demanding that all Legion members stand up and remove their headgear when the national anthem was played . This behavior soon became a tradition throughout the United States of America.

The Lexington

In the winter of 1929/1930 the city suffered from a 30-day blackout. The aircraft carrier Lexington supplied the city with electricity using on-board generators. The Navy received an amount of 60,000 US dollars for this .

During the Second World War , a total of 74 warships were launched in Tacomas shipyards, and more than 30,000 workers were busy with the production at peak times.

Tacoma Narrows Bridge, with new construction

The Tacoma Narrows Bridge , also known as the "Gallopping Gertie", collapsed on November 7, 1940, four months after it opened, and was not rebuilt until 10 years later, a necessity given the population on the "Key" opposite Tacoma Peninsula ”- and with it the number of vehicles. After the first planning began in 1998, a parallel bridge was built from October 2002 to June 2007, which was ceremoniously opened on July 16, 2007, as the old Tacoma Narrows Bridge and Stateroute 16 are subject to the steadily increasing volume of traffic and earthquake safety regulations were no longer fair. The project was completed in the summer of 2008 with the renovation and earthquake-proof retrofitting of the old bridge structure, as one bridge is now used in each direction of travel, namely the original bridge in south-north and the new bridge in north-south direction. The project cost a total of $ 849 million. The new bridge has a toll booth on the kitsap side. The new bridge construction is designed for a service life until 2070, the renovation of the old bridge should extend its service life until 2030.

The "Port Industrial Waterway" bridge, called "Blair Bridge", was built in 1953 and closed and demolished again in 1997 due to the expansion of the "Blair Waterway", as the opening of the bridge with approx. 46 m (150 feet) for the ever larger ships in the future were no longer sufficient. The bridge spanned approximately 300 feet of waterway.

The Cheney Stadium opened in 1960 after just three months of construction. The baseball stadium has been home to seven teams in Minor League Baseball ( Pacific Coast League ) since it opened, and for the Tacoma Rainiers , part of the Seattle Mariners , since 1995 .

The nation's first moving walkway went into operation on February 27, 1961 in Tacoma.

In 1998, the installation of fiber optic cables across the city began. The city-owned company "City of Tacoma Power" raised Tacoma to number 1 in the list of cities with the most densely supplied optical data lines, Tacoma is called America's "most wired city". The investment was over $ 100 million. Approx. 700 miles (1,127 km) of cable were laid and telecommunications companies Qwest and AT&T added over $ 200 million to capital expenditures for expansions throughout Pierce County.

Tacoma has a widely branched system of tunnels underneath many streets that the Chinese people created. These officially inaccessible tunnels have been partially explored by adventurers. There should be tunnels from the stadium to the Tacoma General Hospital.

Historical objects

  • In Tacoma , the historic stands Nisqually Power Substation (also known as Tacoma Substation & Storage House ), a 1911-built substation . The two buildings were listed on April 25, 2001 by the National Register of Historic Places as Historic Monuments with the number 01000429.
  • The historic Fireboat Station (also known as Fire Station No. 18 ) in Tacoma is located at 302 East 11th Street. It was incorporated by the NRHP in 1986 (NRHP 86000978).

Downtown renaissance

Over the past 15 years, the city has made great efforts to improve its appearance and, in particular, to revitalize the inner city. In 1990 the University of Washington opened a branch in Tacoma and the historic Union Station was restored. The “Museum of Glass” opened in 2002 and shows glass art by local and international artists. A fully functional glass blowing workshop is part of the museum. Work is currently underway on a car museum, Harold LeMay America's Car Museum , near the Tacoma Dome . The Tacoma Convention and Trade Center , a modern structure made of steel and glass, opened in June 2004. In 1996 the Washington State Historical Museum was opened in the so-called "Cultural District" and in 2003 the Tacoma Art Museum. Interest in residential and commercial buildings in the city center has been increasing steadily since 2002, and real estate prices have risen to the same extent.

In 2004, Tacoma was voted one of the top 30 best cities to live in. This annual survey is carried out by "Partners for Livable Communities".

Population development

Population development 1883–2006
year Residents
1883 004,400
1890 036,000
1892 050,000
1910 083,743
1920 096,965
1930 106,817
1940 109,408
year Residents
1950 143,673
1960 147.979
1970 154,581
1980 158.501
1990 176,664
2000 193,556
2010 198.397

Source:

Demographics

According to the US Census 2000, the proportion of whites is 69.08%, while Afro-Americans are represented with 11.24%. In 2000 there were 76,152 households in Tacoma, 30.9% with children under the age of 18. 41.6% were married couples. 31.7% were single households. Of these single households, 10.4% were 65 years of age or older. The average number of people per household was 2.45 and the average family size was 3.10. 25.8% of the population were under 18 years old, 10.4% from 18 to 24 years old, 31.6% 25 to 44 years old, 20.3% from 45 to 64 years old and 11.9% 65 years and older.

The per capita income was US $ 19,130, the median income was US $ 27,697 for the female and US $ 35,820 for the male population of Tacoma. 11.4% of families, 20.6% under 18 years of age and 10.9% of those over 65 years of age, lived below the poverty line .

politics

Municipal council

The city of Tacoma is governed by a nine-member "City Council". The members are next to the mayor and her deputy: Justin Camarata, Keith Blocker, Catherine Ushka, Chris Beale, Lillian Hunter, Conor McCarthy and Ryan Mello (as of 2018). All members are elected for a period of four years. The elections always take place in an odd year. The council passes laws and regulations, approves the budget for two years, and performs other functions. The members meet in individual, so-called “Standing Committees”, where work is carried out in narrowly defined areas such as the environment and safety. Other areas, for example transport, poverty and economics, are dealt with in individual working groups called “boards”. The members of the Council regularly take part in these meetings. The day-to-day business is taken over by the “City Manager” appointed by the Council, who reports to the Council.

mayor

Victoria Woodards was elected mayor ("Mayor") in 2017. Anders Ibsen is her deputy, this post is called "Deputy Mayor".

Town twinning

Tacoma has fourteen international city partnerships (as of 2017):

A partnership with a Croatian city is planned.

Culture and sights

theatre

  • The Broadway Center for the Performing Arts consists of the Pantages, the Rialto (cinema) and the Theater On The Square.
  • Champions Center

Museums

  • Fort Nisqually Living History Museum
  • Hands On Children's Museum
  • Karpeles Manuscript Library Museum
  • LeMay: America's Car Museum
  • Museum of Glass: International Center For Contemporary Art & Tacoma Glassblowing Studio
  • Shanaman Sports Museum of Tacoma & Pierce County
  • Tacoma Art Museum
  • Washington State History Museum
  • Working Waterfront Maritime Museum

music

  • Tacoma Musical Playhouse
  • Winter grass
  • Tacoma Barbershop Harmony Chorus (Totem Aires)

movie theater

  • The Grand Cinema
  • Rialto

Gardens

  • WW Seymour Botanical Conservatory

Casinos

  • Point Defiance Casino, Cafe and Poker Room
  • Emerald Queen Casino

Others

  • Golden Pacific Railroad
  • Tacoma Nature Center

Buildings

Historic buildings

Court House
  • Court House (former Union Station )
  • Fort Nisqually
  • Pagoda in Point Defiance Park
  • Job Carr's Hut (replica)
  • Old Town Hall
  • Northern Pacific Building
  • Spanish stairs
  • Rialto Theater

Newer buildings

Museum of Glass, Tacoma
Tacoma Dome
  • Museum of Glass
  • Chihuly Bridge of Glass
  • Port of Tacoma observation tower
  • Tacoma Convention & Trade Center
  • Washington State History Museum
  • Tacoma Narrows Bridge
  • Tacoma Dome

On April 21, 1983, the Tacoma Dome was opened, construction began on July 1, 1981. The construction cost was 44 million US dollars. The dome can be used in many ways. Mainly concerts and sporting events take place. The first major concert took place on August 11, 1983 with David Bowie . The Tacoma Dome is the second largest indoor stadium in the world with a wooden dome and one of the largest with a geodesic dome . The diameter is 161.5 meters (530 feet), the height 46.3 meters (152 feet). Due to the timber construction of the dome is often called The Woodshed , the woodshed called. The Shanaman Sports Museum is integrated within the cathedral. During the renovation of the KeyArena in Seattle from 1994 to 1995, the Tacoma Dome served as the venue for the home games of the Seattle SuperSonics .

Parks

Metropark administration

These parks in Tacoma are managed by Metroparks.

Fireboat # 1 on Ruston Way
  • Ruston Way: Ruston Way has approximately two miles of paved walking paths, picnic tables and grills, a beach, lawns (open to play), a boat dock, kayak ramp, and a fishing pier. In addition, the first Tacomas fireboat, which was planned and built as such, can be viewed.
    • Jack Hyde Park on Commencement Bay
    • Old Town Dock
    • Hamilton Park
    • Dickman Mill Park
    • Les Davis Pier
    • Marine Park
    • Cummings Park
  • Point Defiance: At 702 acres, Point Defiance is one of the largest urban parks in the United States. Among other things, there is a zoo, an aquarium, hiking trails, a lumberjack museum, a replica of a fort, a beach, a ship mooring and various themed gardens.
    • Zoo & Aquarium
    • Owen Beach
    • Fort Nisqually
    • Camp 6 Logging Museum
  • Wrights Park
    • WW Seymour Botanical Conservatory: Over 550 different plant species are on display in this historic greenhouse. There are more than 200 orchids.
  • Rogers Park: The only park in Tacoma that doesn't require dogs to be on a leash.

Sports

Active professional clubs
sport Surname league founding year Stadion
baseball Tacoma Rainiers Pacific Coast League 1960 Cheney Stadium
basketball Tacoma Navigators American Basketball Association 2005 Mt. Tahoma High School
clubs that no longer exist
sport Surname founding year The End
Indoor soccer Tacoma Stars 1983 1992
ice Hockey Tacoma Rockets 1991 1995
ice Hockey Tacoma Sabercats 1998 2002

Local team successes

Regular events

  • Tacoma is celebrating the July 4 , the Independence of the United States, every year with a big party and one of the largest fireworks in the northwestern United States.

Culinary specialties

Some restaurants are in Downtown Tacoma, others on the Ruston Waterfront, especially seafood restaurants. A particular specialty of Tacoma is salmon, which, along with many other types of fish, is often caught and prepared fresh here. Another specialty is a thick clam chowder with potato pieces .

Economy and Infrastructure

economy

The largest employers in 2017 were:

employer Workers
Fort Lewis 60,100
MultiCare Health System 7,439
State of Washington 6,838
CHI Franciscan Health 6,528
Tacoma Public Schools 3,541
Pierce County Government 3,058
Bethel School District 2,465
City of Tacoma 2,251
State Farm 2,150
Puyallup School District 2.124

WestRock also operates a corrugated cardboard plant in the city.

traffic

railroad

Tacoma is served by four rail companies:

The state-owned railway company Amtrak serves Tacoma with two long-distance passenger lines on the north-south route. The Amtrak Cascades operates Talgo trains between Vancouver, Canada and Eugene, Oregon. The Coast Starlight runs between Seattle and Los Angeles .
The BNSF as the successor to the Northern Pacific Railway serves Tacoma in freight traffic. The port in particular is an important transshipment point for container traffic for cars and other goods from the Far East, which are transported from there by rail to the east. The agricultural products of Oregon and Washington are shipped by the railroad company for export to Tacoma.
BNSF is also in charge of the operations of the Sounder Commuter Rail , which runs several times a day between Lakewood , Tacoma and Seattle.
With the commissioning of the Tacoma - Kalama line on January 5, 1874, there was a railway connection south to the Columbia River . From there the tracks of the Oregon & Railway & Navigation Co. had to be used up to the vicinity of Pasco until 1888 . The direct route to the west was only completed with the opening of the tunnel over the Stampede Pass.
Tacoma Rail is a company of the city of Tacoma. With a route length of approximately 328 km (202 miles), Tacoma Rail takes on an important task in the transport of cargoes over short distances. Originally the company only served the port as the "Tacoma Municipal Belt Line Railway" and established the connection to the other freight companies. After taking over the route network of the former Tacoma Eastern Railway in 1995, this power supply unit was integrated into the company in 1998. At the same time, the company was renamed in order to achieve a better market effect.
Tacoma is connected to the Union Pacific Railroad network via the route from Seattle to Portland, Boise (Idaho) and on to Salt Lake City and Cheyenne (Wyoming) . The Northern Pacific Railroad is also used from Portland to Tacoma.
The Pacific stretch of Milwaukee Road, completed in 1909, also ended in Tacoma . From 1917 to 1972 the section from Tacoma to Othello (Washington) was electrified with 3000 V direct current. In 1980 operations on the route from Miles City (Montana) to Tacoma were discontinued.

port

The Port of Tacoma is an independent operation of the City of Tacoma under the control of a commission elected by the residents of Tacoma. The port area covers 24 hectares (2400 acres) in total. The area is used for loading and unloading ships and trains, for storage, for production and general handling of goods of all kinds. The port was founded in 1918, and in 1919 a plan was drawn up for the construction of the port at its current location. The first terminal, Pier 1, opened on March 25, 1921 when the ship Edmond was the first to moor.

Tacoma is an important supply base for Alaska , in 2015 the total volume was 5.4 billion US dollars.

Key figures cover 2015:

  • 2.1 million TEU
  • 17.24 million tons (19 million short tons )
  • 183,305 cars
  • 2.54 million tons of grain (2.8 million short tons)
  • 202,307 tonnes of general cargo (223,005 short tons)

Key figures trading volume 2015 (in billion $):

Import and export 2015
space country volume
1 China 21.5
2 Japan 14.3
3 South Korea 4.5
4th Taiwan 3.2
5 Vietnam 1.4
6th Thailand 1.0
7th Australia 0.971
8th Malaysia 0.544
9 Indonesia 0.457
10 Singapore 0.377

Streets

Interstates and highways

Two freeways, Interstate 5 and Interstate 705 , cross the Tacomas metropolitan area. Interstate 5 connects Tacoma with Seattle in the north, the southern connection extends via Olympia and Portland to California . The end point is in San Ysidro on the border with Mexico in California. Interstate 705 is a small connecting arm of Interstate I-5 that begins at the north end of Washington State Route 7 and ends in Tacoma Downtown where SR 7 merges into Schuster Parkway. The street will then be splintered into Ruston Way and NE 30th Street. From Interstate 705 branches off at Thea Foss Waterway Washington State Route 509 . SR 7 connects Parkland with Interstate 5 and Interstate 705 in Tacoma. SR 509 leads east towards the port and Fife , the end point is Seattle. The Washington State Route 16 begins in Tacoma as a branch of Interstate 5 and crossing the Puget Sound via the Tacoma Narrows Bridge in the direction of Gig Harbor on the Kitsap Peninsula . The end point of SR 16 is Gorst, where Washington State Route 3 begins. SR 163 (Pearl Street) is a junction from SR 16 and leads to the ferry terminal in Point Defiance Park .

Major roads
Bridge over Thea Foss Waterway, 11th Street, circa 1968

Important arteries in Tacoma include 11th Street, which connects the port with Downtown Tacoma, Pacific Avenue, Portland Avenue, 38th Street with the large Tacoma Mall, 19th Street, 30th Street and the Port of Tacoma Road, which connects the port with Tacoma , Connects Fife and Interstate 5.

Airports

Two airports are in the direct vicinity of Tacoma:

Sea-Tac

The Seattle / Tacoma International Airport in SeaTac carried more than 28 million passengers in 2004, making it one of the 25 largest airports in the United States. The operating company is The Port of Seattle .

Tacoma Narrows Airport

The city's Tacoma Narrows Airport ( IATA code : TIW) is located approximately eight kilometers (five miles) north of Tacoma. The airport has an average of 205 flight movements per day. Instrument take- offs and landings are just as possible as GPS approaches. A restaurant, gas station, also for jets, hangars, customs and repair services are available. Six business jets are currently stationed at the airport.

Percentage distribution of flight movements
Engine type percentage
single engine 65%
multi-engine 8th %
Turboprop 8th %
Jets 8th %
helicopter 11%

The use is predominantly of a civil nature, only 2% of the flight movements are military. In addition to tourist use, aid is also provided from here in the event of a disaster. The national FEMA uses the airport for these purposes. Stars and starlets use the nearby departure and arrival airport for their appearances in Tacoma and the surrounding area. A civil flight school is on site, and an expansion for training fire brigade and police pilots is planned for the future. There are 120 to 140 jobs available, roughly the same in dependent other companies.

Washington State Patrol , FBI , DEA , CIA , CBP , Coast Guard and the local police use the airport for traffic surveillance, crime prevention and prevention.

The loss of the airport ranges from $ 200,000 to $ 450,000 annually.

A special feature is that planes take off from Tacoma Narrows Airport to scatter the ashes of the deceased over, for example, Puget Sound, the Pacific, or Mount Rainier.

Ferries

The only remaining ferry service from Tacoma is the ferry from Point Defiance to Vashon Island . Approximately 1550 passengers and 820 vehicles are transported in 18 trips per day.

tram

Tacoma Link

The Tacoma Link tram line serves the area from the Tacoma Dome to the Theater District every 12 minutes (every 24 minutes on Sundays) with six stops, including at the Tacoma Convention Center. The link to the Sounder Commuter Railway to Seattle is at Tacoma Dome Station . Use of the tram is free.

bus connections

media

Newspapers

  • The "Tacoma News Tribune" is the third largest daily newspaper in the state of Washington. The circulation is approx. 128,000 Mondays to Saturdays and approx. 144,000 copies on Sundays.
  • "Tacoma Weekly" is a weekly advertising newspaper .
  • South Sound publishes "Weekly Vulcano" once a week.

Public facilities

  • Public utilities

Tacoma's first gas and water supply company was the Tacoma Light & Water Company , founded by Charles Wright. Due to the increasing demand from more and more residents, in a vote by the residents of Tacoma on July 1, 1893, the City Council was commissioned to found the Tacoma Public Utilities . Tacoma Public Utilities employs more than 1,200 people and is divided into three areas:

    • Tacoma Power
Tacoma Power supplies the city of Tacoma and several neighboring cities and communities with electricity, about half of which comes from the hydroelectric power station on the Skokomish River . The other half of the demand is covered by acquisitions. The total demand for electricity is covered to 87% by hydropower, 3% by coal, 1% by natural gas and 9% by nuclear power plants.
Another field of activity is the Click! Network that provides cable television and Internet service.
    • Tacoma Rail
Tacoma Rail is the city's own railway company (see the railways section).
    • Tacoma Water
Tacoma Water provides drinking water primarily from the Green River catchment area . Up to 327,000 m³ (72 million gallons ) can be withdrawn here per day. Any additional needs are met by twenty-four wells that can provide another 281,000 m³ (62 million gallons), and 6 wells (North Folk) that can provide another 327,000 m³. The water is so clean that there is no need to filter it.
  • Waste management and recycling
The city of Tacoma has its own recycling center that accepts various recyclable materials. The Solid Waste Management provides a system for collection of industrial and household waste.
  • sewage
The city of Tacoma operates two wastewater treatment plants. More than 1,100 km (700 miles) of sewer has been installed.

education

Colleges

There are two colleges in Tacoma : the Tacoma Community College and the Bates Technical College . The Pierce College is located near Tacoma, Lakewood and Puyallup.

Universities

Tacoma has two universities, the University of Puget Sound , founded in 1888, and the University of Washington, Tacoma , founded in 1990. Pacific Lutheran University is located in the Tacoma catchment area, in parkland .

Personalities

sons and daughters of the town

writer

Musician

Artist

actor

athlete

business people

scientist

Politician

  • John M. Koenig (* 1958), diplomat, United States Ambassador to Cyprus
  • Mike Kreidler (* 1943), politician
  • Adam Smith (born 1965), politician, member of the House of Representatives
  • Al Swift (1935–2018), politician, Member of the House of Representatives

Others

Personalities who have worked on site

  • Clara McCarty (* 1858 in Steilacoom, † 1929) was the first person to successfully complete her studies at the University of Washington in Seattle and the first head of the Tacoma school system
  • Dr. Nena Jolidon-Croake , feminist , lived in Tacoma from about 1910 to 1923, one of the first two women to be elected to parliament in Washington State.
  • Frank C. Mars (1883–1934) began manufacturing confectionery in Tacoma in 1911.
  • Elvis Presley (1935-1977) played on September 1, 1957 in Tacoma's Lincoln Bowl in front of 6,000 spectators.
  • Sugar Ray Seales , boxer , gold medal at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich

Others

  • In 2003, 754 guitarists played a 10-minute version of the song Louie Louie by Richard Berry in Cheney Stadium under the guidance of the Tacoma band The Wailers and missed an entry in the Guinness Book of Records .
  • Even a shoe was named after the city: Men's Born Tacoma.
  • The first telephone was installed in 1878.
  • The car manufacturer Toyota has named a model for the North American market after the city, in Germany the Toyota Tacoma is sold as Toyota Hilux .
  • The tree Tabebuia rosea is also called Pink Tacoma or just Tacoma.

Tacoma in pop culture

Tacoma in music

Tacoma in literature

Richard Brautigan wrote about his childhood in Tacoma in his short stories Corporal , The Armored Car , The Auction and The Ghost Children of Tacoma . Tacoma is also mentioned in his novella So the Wind Won't Blow it All Away .

Tacoma in the movie
Bostwick Building
  • I Love You To Death was filmed in Downtown and Central Tacoma. Kevin Kline's Pizzeria was placed in the triangular Bostwick Building (Hotel Bostwick). Another striking building is the historic Java Jive, a house in the shape of a giant coffee pot.
  • Get Carter - The Truth Hurts was partially filmed in Tacoma.
  • The Hand That Rocks the Cradle shows various places in Tacoma, including a house in North Tacoma and WW Seymour Botanical Conservatory (botanical winter garden) in Wright's Park.
  • Most of the film about long distance runner Steve Prefontaine was shot on the grounds of the University of Puget Sound. For this film, Baker Stadium was redecorated into Hayward Field at the University of Oregon .
  • David Silverman , one of the directors of the animated series The Simpsons , claims the city of Springfield is in the fictional state of North Tacoma. This is also indicated by the abbreviation NT , which is often used , the abbreviation TA used to stand for Tacoma. In English usage, NT and TA can also stand for nice try - nice try, try again - try again . There is also a presumption that North Tacoma is a reference to the US state of North Dakota .

A small list of other films that were shot in Tacoma:

Original title German title year
Bull Riders Only ? 1991
Stephen King's Rose Red Stephen King's House of Doom 2002
WWF Raw is War ? 1997
Black Circle Boys The brotherhood of Satan 1997
Black Top Dreams ? 2006
Chrome ? 2005
Cliché ? 2005
Come see the paradise Come and see paradise 1990
countdown ? 1996
The Diary of Ellen Rimbauer The diary of Ellen Rimbauer 2003
Gamers: The Dorkness Rising ? 2006
Japanese American Communities ? 1932
To officer and a gentleman An officer and a gentleman 1982
Pacific Avenue, Tacoma, Wash. ? 1903
Preston Tylk Lethal Mistake - Until the last breath , Bad Seed 2000
Sentenced Home ? 2006
Sweet Revenge ? 1976
Tacoma Narrows Bridge Collapse ? 1940
Three fugitives The banking trio 1989
Traveling to Olympia ? 2001
Waiting for the light Signs and wonders? 1990
Windy City Inciden ? 2005

US Navy ships

  1. Harbor tug, built in 1893 under the name "Sebago", renamed Tacoma during the Spanish-American War . In 1900 the tug was renamed Sebago again in order to have the name Tacoma free for the next warship. The Sebago was scrapped in 1937.
The Tacoma
  1. Tacoma (CL-20), launched June 2, 1903, a Denver-class armored cruiser , ran onto a reef in a storm near Veru Cruz in 1924 . The wreck was sold.
  2. Tacoma (PF-3), lead ship of the Tacoma class, frigate, launched July 7, 1943. The frigate served the Soviet Navy from August 16, 1945 to October 16, 1949 as EK-12. The Tacoma was put back into service by the US Navy due to the Korean War . On October 9, 1951, the ship was handed over to the South Korean Navy, where the Tacoma was in service as Taedong (PF-63) until February 28, 1973, and after being returned to the US Navy, it was given away to the South Korean Navy as a museum and training ship has been.
  3. The USS Tacoma (PG-92) was an Ashville-class gunboat , launched in 1968, decommissioned in 1995

Criminal cases

The Weyerhaeuser case

On May 24, 1935, the then nine-year-old George Weyerhaeuser was kidnapped on his way home from school. After paying a ransom of US $ 200,000, George Weyerhaeuser was released on June 1, 1935. His kidnappers were caught and sentenced. Harmon Metz Waley received a total of 47 years, his wife Margaret E. twice 20 years (running in parallel) and William Dainard twice 60 years (running in parallel). Edward Fliss, an assistant in the ransom laundering , was sentenced to ten years imprisonment and a $ 5,000 fine. $ 157,319.47 was seized. As the last of the convicts, Harmon Metz Waley was released on June 3, 1963 from McNeil Island Detention Center , Washington. George Weyerhaeuser was President of the Weyerhaeuser Aktiengesellschaft from 1966 to 1988 .

The Brame case

On April 26, 2003, Tacomas Police Chief David Brame shot his wife Crystal in the head in Gig Harbor , Washington, and then pointed the gun at himself. David Brame died on April 26, and Crystal Blame succumbed to her injuries in hospital a week later. This event was preceded by a public war of divorce with mutual allegations of domestic violence and threats. The city of Tacoma set up a commission to investigate whether city officials have violated their duties. Ray Corpuz, the city manager at the time, was released on July 15, 2003 for neglecting David Brame's involvement, his divorce and the previous threat to shoot his wife, and other allegations. Crystal Blame's family sued the city for $ 75 million, and other victims of David Brame, who was accused of rape, followed suit.

Beltway Sniper Attacks

The Beltway Snipers , the then 41-year-old John Allen Muhammad and the then 17-year-old Lee Boyd Malvo , terrified the Washington, DC area from September to October 2002. Ten people were shot at random by the snipers before they were arrested. The rifle, a .223 caliber Bushmaster XM-15 semi-automatic laser sighting device, was stolen by Malvo from a gun store in Tacoma, Bull's Eye Shooter Supply. In 2003, the owner of the gun shop was prohibited from owning or running a gun shop because 238 guns could go missing from his shop. Bushmaster Firearms Inc., the maker of the used rifle, and the gun shop were sued by the bereaved families of the victims and a sum of $ 2.5 million was eventually paid out. John Allen Muhammad was a soldier in the first Gulf War and was trained as a sniper, among other things. Lee Boyd Malvo was sentenced to life in prison and John Allen Muhammad to death .

literature

  • City Profiles USA 5th Edition 2000–2001. Omnigraphics, 2000, ISBN 0-7808-0347-7 .
  • Rails to Paradise: the history of the Tacoma Eastern Railroad 1890-1919. Russell H. Holter, Rochester Washington, ISBN 0-9776176-0-2 .
  • Lewis & Clark Territory: contemporary artists revisit place, race, and memory. , Rock & Thomas Huskha, Tacoma Art Museum in association with University of Washington Press, Seattle, 2004, ISBN 0-295-98404-X .
  • Did it really happen in Tacoma? : A collection of vignettes of local history. , Gary Fuller Reese, Tacoma Public Library, Tacoma 1975, OCLC 6091717 .

Web links

Commons : Tacoma, Washington  - Collection of pictures, videos, and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ [1]
  2. ↑ Walking: Walk to Lose Weight and Get Healthy - Prevention.com
  3. ↑ CNN.com - Tacoma ranks as most stressful US city - Jan. 10, 2004
  4. ↑ USGS http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/pacnw/reslow.html
  5. ↑ CVO website - Juan de Fuca Subduction, Juan de Fuca Ridge, Cascade Range - Map
  6. ↑ a b c Archived copy ( memento of the original from March 27, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Website USGS Earthquake History Washington (English) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / earthquake.usgs.gov
  7. ^ Nisqually Earthquake Basic Information. In: The Pacific Northwest Seismograph Network. Archived from the original on February 18, 2004 ; accessed on July 17, 2014 .
  8. ↑ Website USGS San Francisco earthquake 1906 ( memento of the original from November 13, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / earthquake.usgs.gov
  9. ↑ a b http://www.census.gov/ Website US Census (English)
  10. ↑ Tacoma, Washington (WA) population and demographics data - Sperling's BestPlaces
  11. ↑ Washington's Top 10 Weather Events of 1900s. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Admin. (NOAA), October 14, 2004, archived from the original on October 31, 2004 ; accessed on July 17, 2014 .
  12. ↑ a b c Tacoma's Job Carr - A collection of newspaper clippings (Tacoma Public Library 1978 #NWR B C23T)
  13. ^ Murray C. Morgan Puget's Sound: A Narrative of Early Tacoma and the Southern Sound , University of Washington Press, Seattle 1979 pp. 267-268 ISBN 0-295-95680-1
  14. ↑ SR 16 - New Tacoma Narrows Bridge - Open July 2007 ( Memento from April 19, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
  15. ^ Brochure Tacoma-Pierce County, A vibrant city in a global economy Ed. Trade Alliance of greater Seattle
  16. ↑ [2]
  17. ↑ NRIS
  18. ↑ www.lemaymuseum.org
  19. ^ HistoryLink Encyclopedia Search Results. Archived from the original on October 23, 2007 ; accessed on July 17, 2014 .
  20. ↑ https://www.cityoftacoma.org/cms/one.aspx?objectId=10289
  21. ↑ Tacoma's Sister Cities , accessed June 27, 2018
  22. ↑ www.wintergrass.com
  23. ↑ www.tacomadome.org
  24. ↑ http://www.metroparkstacoma.org/ Tacomas Parkverwaltung
  25. ↑ 1951-1960: Other Milestones Of This Time Period. In: Port of Tacoma - About Us. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007 ; accessed on July 17, 2014 .
  26. ^ Tacoma Comprehensive Annual Financial Report , at www.cms.cityoftacoma.org , accessed February 2, 2018
  27. ↑ Sound Transit 2013 Annual Report, p. 9 ( Memento of November 29, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on November 16, 2014
  28. ↑ Trade statistics. In: Port of Tacoma - Media Center. Retrieved June 27, 2018 .
  29. ↑ Trade statistics. In: Port of Tacoma - Media Center. Retrieved June 27, 2018 .
  30. ↑ Archived copy ( Memento of the original from September 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cityoftacoma.org
  31. ↑ Seattle / Vashon / Tacoma Route Map
  32. ↑ Tacoma Water, Source Protection ( Memento of the original from September 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ci.tacoma.wa.us
  33. ↑ Solid Waste , accessed June 12, 2017.
  34. ↑ Archived copy ( memento of the original from October 6, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cityoftacoma.org
  35. ^ Jeff Smith (American television personality) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
  36. ^ HistoryLink.org- the Free Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History
  37. ^ The Tacoma News Tribune Aug. 4, 1994, p. FP12
  38. ↑ Tree List
  39. ↑ Michael Azerrad's 1993 Nirvana biography, Azerrad, Michael. Come As You Are: The Story of Nirvana, Doubleday, New York: 1993, ISBN 0-86369-746-1 (German title: Nirvana - The true Kurt Cobain Story)
  40. ↑ (he's A) Grungewhore lyrics - Turbonegro lyrics from album: Never Is Forever
  41. ^ David Rovics - Songs of Social Significance
  42. ^ Henry Foss was born in 1891 in a small float home at the foot of Tacoma. In: www.tacoma.k12.wa.us. Archived from the original on June 28, 2006 ; accessed on July 17, 2014 .
  43. ↑ WWW.IMDB.COM movie database (English)
  44. ↑ Online film database
  45. ↑ Famous FBI Cases. The Weyerhaeuser case ( Memento from April 8, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  46. ↑ Mike Carter, Steve Miletich, Justin Mayo: Errant Gun Dealer, Wary Agents Paved Way for Beltway Sniper Tragedy. In: Seattle Times. April 20, 2003, archived from the original on October 18, 2003 ; accessed on July 17, 2014 .