Wolfach
| coat of arms | Germany map | |
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Coordinates: 48 ° 18 ' N , 8 ° 13' E |
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| Basic data | ||
| State : | Baden-Württemberg | |
| Administrative region : | Freiburg | |
| County : | Ortenau district | |
| Height : | 262 m above sea level NHN | |
| Area : | 67.99 km 2 | |
| Residents: | 5850 (December 31, 2018) | |
| Population density : | 86 inhabitants per km 2 | |
| Postal code : | 77709 | |
| Primaries : | 07834, 07836 | |
| License plate : | OG, BH , KEL, LR, WOL | |
| Community key : | 08 3 17 145 | |
| LOCODE : | DE WDL | |
| City structure: | 3 city districts or city districts | |
City administration address : |
Hauptstrasse 41 77709 Wolfach |
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| Website : | ||
| Mayor : | Thomas Geppert | |
| Location of the city of Wolfach in the Ortenau district | ||
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Wolfach is a city in the Middle Black Forest and belongs to the Ortenaukreis in Baden-Württemberg (Germany). Wolfach was the district town of the district of the same name until December 31, 1972 .
geography
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Wolfach is located at the confluence of the Wolf and Kinzig rivers in the Kinzig valley . The change of valley and mountain location characterizes the urban area, which ranges from 250 to 880 m above sea level . Even part of the Ortenau district , it borders on the Freudenstadt and Rottweil districts .
Neighboring communities
The following cities and communities border the urban area of Wolfach. Starting in the north they are called clockwise :
Oberwolfach , Bad Rippoldsau-Schapbach , Schenkenzell , Schiltach , Lauterbach , Hornberg , Gutach , Hausach . The city of Schiltach and the communities of Schenkenzell and Lauterbach (Black Forest) are in the Rottweil district , Bad Rippoldsau-Schapbach in the Freudenstadt district , the communities of Gutach (Black Forest Railway) and Oberwolfach and the towns of Hausach and Hornberg are also in the Ortenau district .
geology
Until the end of the Paleozoic , the so-called Variscan basement unfolded in Central Europe and was later covered by numerous layers of sediment in the area of what is now Baden-Württemberg . Only as a result of tectonic movements and erosion in connection with the formation of the Upper Rhine Plain did the mountains visible today near Wolfach reappear. Further to the east and on numerous mountain heights of Wolfach, the layers of the overburden - in particular the Buntsandstein - have been preserved in remnants before they come to light at the transition from the Black Forest to the Gäu ( see also : Southwest German layer level land ).
The basement consists essentially of metamorphic rocks , in the Wolfachs area mainly gneiss and granite. They were created by the high pressure of the original overlying rock layers. The minerals coveted by collectors , which are particularly common in the Wolfach area, developed under the most varied of conditions . This also explains the area's silver wealth .
Joint geoscientific observatory
The Wolfach (Black Forest Observatory, BFO) joint geoscientific observatory is located in the disused Anton mine in Heubach - an inter-university facility of the University of Stuttgart and the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , which was established by the Karlsruhe geodesist Hermann Mälzer and directed from August 1972 has been. The original scientific focus was initially on tidal research . Today seismic measurements as well as observations of natural oscillations of the earth and changes of the earth's magnetic field are in the foreground. In order to protect the tunnels with the measuring equipment from disruptive vibrations, the responsible state ministries issued a joint decree on December 12, 2012, stipulating a protective radius of three kilometers within which no wind power plants may be approved.
Vegetation and agriculture
The mountain heights of Wolfach offer extremely unfavorable conditions for agriculture due to the soils created by the layers of red sandstone on top . In addition, there is often a lack of water. That is the reason why no larger settlements could develop there. They are concentrated in the valleys, although there is only limited management possible. The flowing down from the slopes of water collects in the valley and it forms waterlogging , their disadvantages by extensive drainage measures may be partially offset.
The steep slopes of the Wolfach valleys are a major problem for modern agriculture. They are difficult or impossible to manage mechanically. Many areas that were previously used as comparatively fertile fields with the help of slash and burn or multi-field farming have therefore become forested in recent decades. Only the names of individual places indicate the original management, for example that of the Reutherberg south of the city center. It can be traced back to the Ruetibrennen , a form of slash and burn, which used to be very common in the Black Forest. With the forestation of the cultural landscape, numerous plant and animal species disappeared and the small-town climate changed negatively.
Due to the conditions described, the farmers around Wolfach have always been dependent on silviculture. Grain or vegetables were usually only grown to cover their own needs. This is still true today, even if tourism and subsidies have been added as sources of income. In contrast, the form of forest management has changed. While beech and fir trees used to dominate in the Black Forest , today, for economic reasons, it is mainly the non-local spruce that is grown. One consequence of extensive spruce cultivation is strong soil acidification , which one tries to counteract by liming . In recent years, the extremely negative consequences of the spruce monoculture have become more and more apparent and attempts have been made to return to traditional forms of economy.
One result of the unfavorable agricultural conditions are the above-average farm sizes in Wolfach and its surroundings. It is not uncommon for farms to cultivate more than 100 hectares of land. The development of this large-scale farming community was supported by the inheritance law that Count Wilhelm von Fürstenberg introduced with the Kinzigtäler Landesordnung in 1543. Now farms could no longer be divided among several heirs and were thus preserved in their substance.
Nowadays it is primarily the problematic economic framework conditions that endanger the continued existence of the once proud Black Forest farms. Most farmers now have another main job and only run their farms on the side. It is more than questionable whether future generations will also be ready to bear such an enormous workload.
Settlement structure
The city of Wolfach came into being in the course of the municipal reform in the 1970s and is divided into the suburbs of Kirnbach , Kinzigtal and the Wolfach core city .
Wolfach (core city)
The core city can be divided into parts to the left and right of the Kinzig. Both are connected by a pedestrian bridge (alleyway) and a bridge for car traffic (city bridge). To the right of the Kinzig is the so-called suburb, on the edge of which is the late Gothic parish church of St. Laurentius. The medieval city layout in the form of transverse ribs to the left of the Kinzig dominates a wide market street (today's main street). It reveals the original function of the district as a market place.
Probably due to the unfavorable topographical location, there was no significant expansion of the urban area in the course of industrialization and the early days . Already at this point in time a certain loss of importance of Wolfach can be determined.
In addition to the city areas mentioned, numerous new residential areas were created in the 20th century. Particularly noteworthy here is the Straßburger Hof, which extends west of the city center on a mountain slope and construction of which began in 1927. One consequence of the development of new residential areas was the increasing merging of Wolfach's urban development with the neighboring town of Oberwolfach- Church to the north .
Kirnbach
Kirnbach is a district of Wolfach in the Kirnbachtal . In contrast to the other parts of the city, it was originally in Württemberg and therefore has Protestant tradition. The Bollenhut costume, which is traditionally worn there and has become synonymous with the Black Forest, is world-famous .
Kinzigtal
The district of Kinzigtal lies between Wolfach and Schiltach with the mountain village of St. Roman as a suburb. The name of the district Halbmeil refers to the route between Wolfach and Schiltach.
history
Surname
First mentioned in 1084 as Wolphaha , there are many different variations of the name Wolfach, especially for the high and early late Middle Ages: Wolphaa (1091), Wolua (1101), Wolfacha (1148), Wolva (1252), Wolfach inferius (1275), Wolva ( 1291), Wolvahe (1305) or later Wolffach . Etymologically , it probably refers to the Wolfach river , which flows into the Kinzig in the urban area, and means a body of water that rushes like a wolf. Wolfach is not just the name of the city, the river and its valley. The medieval castle and the domain of the noble family of the same name are also called this. Originally, the name should not have been associated with a city, but an area.
Ancient and early Middle Ages
Roman military road
Very little is known about the area around Wolfach prior to 1000. Presumably there were no major settlements here. Even the Romans recognized the strategically favorable location of the Kinzig valley and built a military road from Offenburg to Rottweil under Emperor Vespasian in 73 and 74 . According to recent archaeological findings, it probably led over the mountain heights past today's core town. It was not until Wolfach was founded that its course was changed. From now on, travelers came through the city. Numerous Roman finds in the area of the Wolfach suburb speak against this theory.
The Roman Kinzigtalstraße was probably used until the early modern times. For a long time it was the most important traffic route through the Black Forest and was therefore of great economic and military importance. As part of the Camino de Santiago , it was popular with pilgrims. On its edge, the St. Jakobus Chapel, probably the oldest church in Wolfach, was built.
City foundation in the High Middle Ages
The exact age of the city complex is not known. In connection with the founding of the Sankt Georgen monastery, there are first indications of a noble De Wolphaha family who lived around 1084 in what is now Wolfach. Alt-Wolfach Castle is assumed to be the ancestral seat , which is located on an artificially created hill north of the city center and, due to its Salic construction, can be dated back to the 11th century. The family origins are largely unknown. However, one suspects a close relationship with the Counts of Sulz , who were particularly active in the upper Kinzig valley in the High Middle Ages. At the end of the 13th century, the Wolfach family died out when Udilhild, one of Friedrich von Wolfach's three daughters, married Count Friedrich von Fürstenberg . The entire property passed to the Counts of Fürstenberg. This noble family, with their current headquarters in Donaueschingen, was to determine the fate of Wolfach for the next 500 years.
In 1148 a villa wolfacha , a village Wolfach, is mentioned for the first time. Its location is unclear. Common theories assume that it could be the suburb of Wolfach. There is no proof of this. Perhaps an early settlement developed near Oberwolfach under the protection of the castle. Another theory says that the villa wolfacha was not a village, but a manor house that was the origin of today's castle. There is still no evidence for this either.
In 1305, the people of Wolfach were guaranteed essential freedoms for the first time by the Fürstenbergers, which also included market rights. At this point in time at the latest, a small-town settlement had developed. According to archaeological finds, this city already had a city wall and corresponding gates in the 12th century. The ground plan of Marktstrasse Wolfach also shows typical Hohenstaufen features. Wolfach can therefore be seen as one of the many city foundations of the 12th and 13th centuries.
Structural development in the late Middle Ages
Important for the further structural development of Wolfach in the late Middle Ages was the creation of a Kinzigtal line of the Counts of Fürstenberg under Count Konrad († before 1419). His economically successful son Count Heinrich VI. namely developed a brisk construction activity in the entire Kinzigtal. Among other things, he had the Alt-Wolfach Castle repaired and significantly expanded the existing castle in the city center. When he died very old in 1490, this older Kinzigtal line of the Fürstenbergs went out again.
Early modern age
Center of the rule Hausen
Soon after its establishment, Wolfach took over numerous central local functions for the surrounding area as an administrative and economic center . The city and its citizens controlled all trade and had a monopoly on most of the craft trades. These privileges were based on the letters of freedom, which the Fürstenbergers renewed and in some cases expanded over the centuries.
An up-and-coming bourgeoisie developed, which especially in the 17th century had a great influence in the Fürstenberg area. This was particularly true for the Gebele, Lemp (p) and Finckh families, whose members held higher offices in the Kinzig valley and were in some cases raised to the nobility. The position of power of the Finckh family was so great that the Fürstenberg land clerk of the Baar , Mathias Tinctorius , felt compelled in 1626 to ask Count Wratislaus the Elder “to put the Finckhennest in Künzgerthal out of the way, [and] the Finckhen , as father, son and hayligen gaist ”. But this did not happen. Tinctorius was charged with witchcraft in 1631 and executed. To this day, there is an alms fund set up by the chief bailiff Simon Finckh in Haslach in 1623 , which distributes its interest income to needy citizens of the city.
Under Landgrave Maximilian Franz von Fürstenberg-Stühlingen, the massive expansion of the palace complex to today's size began around 1670. The building, which was supposed to underline the Count's claim to the title of prince, was never completed. Maximilian Franz died in Strasbourg in 1681 after an accident . With the construction of the castle, the cityscape changed fundamentally. Numerous buildings had to give way to the count's residence and were rebuilt in the suburbs.
rafting
The most important source of prosperity for many middle-class families in the early modern period was the Kinzig rafting . Sebastian Münster writes in his Cosmographia : "The people who live near Kynzig, especially around Wolfach, feed themselves with the large timber they float through the Kynzig water towards Strasbourg into the Rhine and conquer large amounts of money".
A flourishing timber trade at the confluence of the Wolf and Kinzig is proven as early as 1470. Around 1500 the Fürstenbergers granted the Wolfachern the privilege of "foreign timber trade". The rural population in the surrounding area was forbidden to sell wood outside of the Fürstenberg domain. That was a major disadvantage, because it was excluded from the lucrative business with the main buyers of the wood, especially the city of Strasbourg. The forest farmers were forced to sell a large part of their felled trees to Wolfach's skippers. This cooperative association, whose partners were exclusively wealthy citizens of the city, had been formed from 1527. After all, rafting required great logistical efforts. To this day there are large weirs and raft harbors in Wolfach, in which the farmers' small forest rafts were tied together for onward transport to the Rhine .
Wolfach's rafting flourished in the 15th and 16th centuries and then again in the 18th century, when the demand for wood increased rapidly as the Netherlands and England began to build up their mighty war and merchant fleets. However, one could not keep up with the possibilities of the newly introduced railway, and so the rafting was stopped in 1896. Today numerous technical facilities in Wolfach still remind of the dead rafting profession, for example the old raft harbor or numerous weirs. In 1984 the Wolfacher Kinzigflößer association was established with the aim of preserving knowledge of the old craft. Since then, a large raft harbor festival has been held in Wolfach every two years, during which the journey of a raft can also be admired. A rafting museum was also set up to celebrate the European raftsmen's meeting in Wolfach in 1994.
The biography of the Wolfacher shipper Theodor Armbruster, published by Heinrich Hansjakob in his story Forest People in 1897, also offers a vivid insight into the time of rafting .
Wars
Even if the rafting provided some prosperity, much that had been won was undone with the numerous wars of the early modern period. In the Thirty Years' War Wolfach suffered from many troop movements and was several times winter quarters for mercenaries from various armies. Among other things, in Peter Hagendorf's diary one can read of such a wintering of imperial troops under Johann von Werth in Wolfach in 1637/38. In February 1643 Franco-Weimar soldiers under the leadership of Count Jean Baptiste Budes de Guébriant came to Wolfach and stayed for 15 weeks. During this time they not only destroyed all supplies, but also all churches in the area had to be fundamentally renovated after their departure. The castle in neighboring Hausach was destroyed, Wolfach Castle was uninhabitable and it can be assumed that Alt-Wolfach Castle was also in ruins during this time. The first clean-up work had barely been completed when Guébriant set up his warehouse again in Wolfach in the summer of the same year. The lack of food finally forced him to leave in August 1643.
A few decades later, in the course of the wars of reunion, Louis XIV was again in great danger. The city was not initially affected by French military actions. The imperial under the leadership of Margrave Ludwig Wilhelm von Baden-Baden also succeeded in largely defending the Kinzig valley. However, the city had to accept a large number of refugees from Alsace and also provide food for the defense armies. Citizens were called in to work on entrenchments.
In 1703 a French army of around 35,000 men crossed the Rhine again during the War of the Spanish Succession under Marshal Villars , took the Kehl fortress and finally turned against the Kinzig valley. There were only 4,000 defenders of the Swabian Empire under the command of Prosper Ferdinand von Fürstenberg-Stühlingen . He recognized the hopeless situation and, with luck, was able to withdraw to Wolfach. Gengenbach, Zell and Haslach were taken by the French, Hausach razed to the ground. The Wolfachers, however, were lucky. After some hesitation, Villars had his army march south through the Gutach Valley to Villingen. There he failed on May 4th and 5th a coup d'état on the inadequately fortified city. On May 12th, he met the Bavarians in Tuttlingen . In the same year he defeated the imperial troops in the first battle of Höchstädt . The Kinzig valley was occupied by France. Its king raised high contributions from the towns in the valley. Since the taxes still had to be paid to the Reich, there was a serious double burden. With the French defeat in the second battle of Höchstädt in August 1704, the occupation of the Kinzig valley ended. Until the Peace of Rastatt in 1714 normalized the situation for a few years, the Wolfachers had to take on numerous further marches of French and imperial soldiers in the course of the War of the Spanish Succession.
This was also true when the War of the Polish Succession broke out with the death of August the Strong in 1733 and also in the War of the Austrian Succession 1740–1748. Wolfach's geographic location on the important Kinzigtalstrasse was fatal.
Destruction by city fires
In contrast to the neighboring town of Hausach, the wars in Wolfach did not result in a major redesign of the cityscape. The effects of the constant passage of troops on the lives of the population were immense, but the houses of most Wolfachers were still standing after the soldiers had left. In this way, the layout of the core city, which had existed since the Middle Ages, was retained. Nevertheless, today's shape does not correspond to that of that time. Large fires in the years 1694, 1762, 1799, 1836 and 1849, which resulted in the cremation of entire districts, were responsible for this. The oldest Wolfach town houses therefore date from the 16th and 17th centuries. Most of the houses are more recent and often show historicist features. The best example of this is the town hall, built in the neo-Renaissance style in 1892/93 .
Wolfach becomes Baden
In 1806 Wolfach came to the Grand Duchy of Baden and became the seat of a Baden district office and a local court. In 1939 the district of Wolfach was created , which in 1945 fell to the French occupation zone and thus became part of the state of southern Baden . In 1952 Wolfach became part of the state of Baden-Württemberg and was located in the newly established administrative district of South Baden . In the course of district reform Baden-Wuerttemberg in 1973 Wolfach lost its status as the seat of a county and became part of the Ortenaukreis in the administrative district of Freiburg .
Tourism history
In the 19th century, tourism replaced rafting as the most important economic factor in Wolfach. But much earlier, namely for the year 1595, a first spa guest is recorded who wanted to relax in what was then the Wolfach spa. It was also supposed mineral baths that lured more and more holidaymakers to Wolfach in the following centuries. The development reached its peak at the end of the 19th century. At this time, the people of Wolfach adjusted more and more to the growing stream of tourists, decorated the city with southern plants and tried to "make the street scene cheerful". - With some success: In 1892 the readers of a Berlin magazine voted Wolfach as “Germany's most beautiful climatic health resort”. In 1912, the city was also given the title of “the most beautifully situated Black Forest town”. Like so many things, the First World War also put an end to efforts to establish Wolfach as a spa. In any case, since the beginning of the Weimar Republic the focus has been on portraying Wolfach as a climatic health resort. From 1934 there was a renewed upswing when Wolfach was approached by the NS organization Kraft durch Freude . But it too was ended abruptly, this time by the Second World War. Since 1945 tourism in Wolfach has finally been able to develop again unhindered. The beginning economic miracle did the rest, and in 1953 the pre-war level was exceeded for the first time with 24,817 overnight stays. Today the Wolfach hotels and pensions have around 128,000 overnight stays (year 2000).
Construction progress in the 1990s
In 1993, with the inauguration of the Reutherberg tunnel, completely new perspectives arose , as the B 294 was led around Wolfach, which in particular relieved traffic in the old town. The urban development of the post-war period was essentially geared towards the needs of the car, but efforts were now made to redesign the city to promote tourism again. In the area of the castle and the market square one orientated itself on the cityscape of the imperial era. Among other things, the old city stream, the so-called Rießner, was partially exposed again. Another important project was the renovation of Bergstrasse and the almost complete new construction of the suburb to the right of the Kinzig, which at the time was consistently in need of renovation. The entire Vorstadtstraße was demolished and rebuilt on the right-hand side in connection with the relocation of the state road and the creation of pedestrian paths and parking spaces, the buildings on the left-hand side were renovated. In the Hauptstrasse / Kinzig area, the road surfaces were also completely renovated based on the historical model. Now the renovation of the castle hall is still to be done.
Current problems
Even if its valley location contributes significantly to the charm of the city, it is also the greatest obstacle to further development of Wolfach. Most of the buildable area has now been used, so there is little room for new projects. This is a particular problem for the few industrial companies in the city that lack space for expansion. As a result, there has been an exodus of companies in the past, and with them residents and retail outlets. In the city center, the lack of shopping opportunities became increasingly noticeable. In addition, in the course of administrative reforms in recent years there has been a withdrawal of state authorities. The result is an increasing loss of centrality . With the creation of intermunicipal commercial space in the Upper Kinzigtal area, the city of Wolfach is participating in a targeted positive intermunicipal development. With the creation of new shopping opportunities in the immediate vicinity of the city center, the migration of purchasing power is to be stopped and the retail trade in the city center is to be strengthened.
Churches and parish offices
- Evangelical Church Kirnbach
- Evangelical Church Wolfach
- Catholic Church of St. Laurentius Wolfach
- Catholic Church of St. Roman
- New Apostolic Church
Incorporations
On December 1, 1971, the previously independent community of Kinzigtal was incorporated into Wolfach. On January 1, 1975, Kirnbach was incorporated.
On July 1, 1978 there was an exchange of territory with the neighboring community of Schiltach . Wolfach ceded the Vor Heubach area.
Population development
Core city Wolfach
- 1812: 1076 inhabitants
- 1900: 2047 inhabitants
- 1933: 2452 inhabitants
- 1958: 3815 inhabitants
- 1961: 3952 inhabitants
- 1968: 4672 inhabitants
- 1970: 4594 inhabitants
Area of today's city
- 1871: 3700 inhabitants
- 1939: 4,317 inhabitants
- 1961: 5907 inhabitants
- 1967: 6571 inhabitants
- 1970: 6418 inhabitants
- 1991: 6191 inhabitants
- 1995: 6070 inhabitants
- 2005: 5934 inhabitants
- 2010: 5825 inhabitants
- 2015: 5774 inhabitants
politics
administration
Wolfach works within an agreed administrative community with the neighboring town of Oberwolfach . This applies in particular to tourism promotion. There is also close cooperation with the towns of Hausach and Haslach .
Municipal council
The local council in Wolfach consists of 18 members and the mayor as chairman. The mayor is entitled to vote in the municipal council. The local elections on May 26, 2019 led to the following preliminary final result.
| Parties and constituencies |
% 2019 |
Seats 2019 |
% 2014 |
Seats 2014 |
||
| FW | Free voters | 35.1 | 6th | 33.6 | 6th | |
| CDU | Christian Democratic Union of Germany | 32.8 | 6th | 29.5 | 5 | |
| SPD | Social Democratic Party of Germany | 15.5 | 3 | 25.7 | 5 | |
| Green | Green | 16.6 | 3 | 11.3 | 2 | |
| total | 100.0 | 18th | 100.0 | 18th | ||
| voter turnout | 55.9% | 55.3% | ||||
mayor
Before 1811, the city councilors carried the official title of mayor .
- 1811–1820: Johann Georg Neef
- 1820-1829: Xavery Duppele
- 1829–1834: Dr. Duttlinger
- 1834–1839: Johann Baptist Baur
- 1839–1861: Joseph Bührer
- 1861–1874: Johann Georg Armbruster
- 1874–1880: Hermann Vogt
- 1880–1900: Friedrich Armbruster (son of JG Armbruster)
- 1900–1909: Bruno Burger
- 1909–1918: Karl Friedrich Armbruster (son of F. Armbruster)
- 1918–1925: Gustav Bulacher
- 1925–1936: August Hämmerle (from 1933 NSDAP; grandfather of Gerlinde Hämmerle )
- 1937–1941: Adolf Oehler (NSDAP)
- 1941–1944: Alfred Albanus (NSDAP local group leader Wolfach)
- 1944–1945: Hans Auer, authorized signatory
- 1945: Max Vivell (city calculator; handed the city over to the commander of the invading French troops)
- 1945–1946: Johannes Faißt (acting)
- 1946–1951: Hans Allgeier (1891–1951)
- 1951–1978: Arthur Martin (1911–1999)
- 1978–1991: Hans-Peter Züfle
- 1992–2014: Gottfried Moser
- 2015 until today: Thomas Geppert
coat of arms
Blazon : "A golden wolf tang in blue "
The coat of arms of the city of Wolfach goes back to the seal of the Lords of Wolfach and was verifiably used by the citizens as early as 1370, but in combination with a star wreath until the 16th century. Up until the 19th century, the wolf angel was depicted in red on a golden background, probably based on the Fürstenberg coat of arms, and only then was the current color combination introduced. In addition, the wolf tang was often shown mirrored over the centuries, for example in the 16th and 19th centuries. The triangular shield originally used was also replaced and a semicircular shield is mostly used today.
The use of the wolf tang as a seal of the Lords of Wolfach is probably connected with their efforts to colonize the Black Forest. In Carolingian times, the wolf fishing rod was a type of trap for wolves and foxes, but occasionally also for otters and martens. In connection with the meaning of the name "Wolfach", it could have been a programmatic coat of arms that was intended to illustrate the taming of the Black Forest landscape by the Lords of Wolfach.
flag
The city flag is blue-yellow-blue.
logo
As in many other cities, a city logo was also developed at the end of the nineties to improve the city's image, especially in connection with tourism promotion. It consists of the lettering "Stadt Wolfach", the colored ends of which are intended to represent the gables and eaves of the houses in the main street.
Town twinning
Wolfach maintains a city partnership with the following cities :
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Kreuzlingen , Switzerland (since 1947, officially since 2003)
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Richfield , Ohio , USA (since 1971)
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Cavalaire-sur-Mer , France (since 1984)
Culture and sights
Swabian-Alemannic Carnival
Wolfach is one of the most traditional strongholds of the Swabian-Alemannic carnival . Because only in a few places can you find such a variety of Carnival customs.
Shortly after Epiphany (Epiphany) the first meetings of fools take place. They are used to organize the upcoming carnival season. Meetings of young fools are held for young fools . In addition to the organization of some balls or hall events such as the guild evening or the musician's ball , however, the purring on the Sunday before the dirty Thursday is the highlight of the pre-carnival. Numerous smaller groups move through many of Wolfach's bars and gloss over the events of the past year.
Another highlight of the business carnival is the guild ball on Mardi Gras Saturday . With him, the freely masked participants give small performances in all the town's inns.
During the actual carnival days, no less than 12 parades move through Wolfach. The oldest and most famous is the Wohlauf with which the Wolfacher on Carnival Monday , the here Schellenmöntig [Schellemêndig] is, the main day of their carnival usher. Early in the morning, around a thousand white-clad people ("shirt glunkers") wander through the completely darkened city with their living-room lanterns and make a deafening noise with the noise they have brought with them. The cat music is interrupted again and again by the wohlaufsänger who intends the modified version of an old night watchman's song in the lantern light.
At noon on the same day - after the parade - the traditional festival takes place. The best-known of these small theater pieces is the singspiel Die Weibermühle by Tripstrill by Georg Anton Bredelin from around 1787 , which is performed every five years. It is the oldest carnival game ever to be performed . - On the Dirty Dunnschdig (Dirty Thursday), Schellenmöntig and Fasnetzischdig ( Shrove Tuesday ) there is an elf fair at 10:30 a.m. , where, similar to the purring , original events of the past year are caricatured in the form of a parade. - Probably the most original Wolfacher Zug is the Nasenzug on Shrove Tuesday , in which only men are allowed to participate who have previously made a new nose with a lot of imagination and who wear a “last smock” (jacket turned left) and a hat with wood chips. If a woman is discovered on the train, she ends up mercilessly in the ice-cold city fountain. - Before that, on Shrove Thursday, Saturday and Tuesday, there is always a foolish coffee , where hundreds of bourgeois women - including men in disguise - (coffee aunts), accompanied by numerous drummers dressed as confectioners , go through the city to meet afterwards for a coffee chat. - The Wolfach Carnival ends in the purse laundering on Ash Wednesday. Past the Western Wall at the tax office, the rather exclusive laundromats guild moves to the city fountain to clean their now empty wallets with loud wailing.
In Wolfach, an extraordinary number of historical carnival figures and larvae have been preserved, some of which can be dated back to the 17th century and some of which are exhibited in the city museum in the castle. Even if not all of them are worn for a long time, only a few cities can fall back on such a rich repertoire of carnival figures. The most commonly admired belongs nutshell Hansel , whose Narrenhäs is sewn with around 3,000 nutshell halves. The Röslehansel is available in two versions. On the mask of the red Röslehansel a red rose is painted on the forehead, on the larva of the black Röslehansel a yellow flower with black tendrils can be seen. Similar ornate painting of masks is only found in the Venetian Carnival.
Tin masks are also extremely rare today, especially if they are movable in the mouthpiece, as in the case of the Spättlehansel . Striped hansel , mealworm hansel and - in the Wolfach colors - the Schellenhansel complete the colorful picture of the Wolfacher Hansel figures. The Alden Rungunkeln and Müller , which are borrowed from the Altweibermühle from Tripstrill, have existed since 1958 . In addition, many other characters like coming mercenaries and gunners , fools cops and the individual figures Gullerreiter , giantess and drum major . The Langenbach animals come from more recent times .
Another specialty is the organizational form of the Wolfacher Fasnet, because it is not organized by a registered association. Rather, the Free Fools Guild Wolfach sees itself as a loose association of all fools. There are no member lists or contributions. In contrast to practically all other carnivals in the Swabian-Alemannic region, there are no formalities. There are no strict admission criteria, and participation in the parades is not monitored or expected in any way. Anyone who feels like it, no matter where they come from and how intensively they participate in carnival life, is allowed to participate. The carnival is organized by the Great Fool's Council , which consists of representatives of the individual groups and well-deserved old fools. This in turn elects a Small Council of Fools as a kind of executive committee. The Narrevadder ( fool's father ) is chairman of the Small Fool's Council.
Buildings
Fürstenberg Castle with Castle Chapel
The largely unadorned castle in cartilage style is located in front of Marktstrasse Wolfach and practically completely seals off the Kinzig valley with its 100 meter long, mighty southern front. It was built in its current form from 1671 to 1681 by Landgrave Maximilian Franz von Fürstenberg-Stühlingen (1655–1681). The four-wing castle complex with a trapezoidal floor plan includes parts of the former medieval fortifications of Wolfach, for example the hunger tower in the west wing or the city gate in the south wing. Divided by Marktstrasse, the palace has two inner courtyards, the larger of which in the west was probably intended as a courtyard of honor .
Wolfach Castle deserves particular mention because of its size. It is the largest such facility in the Black Forest. It is also the second largest castle in Central Baden after the Residenzschloss in Rastatt . Characteristic of the building are its with obelisks provided volute .
The existing facility was built on the basis of a smaller previous building from the time of Count Heinrich VI. von Fürstenberg († 1490) built. Heinrichs Castle had become uninhabitable in the course of the Thirty Years' War due to multiple billeting of troops. Among other things, one can read in the diary of the mercenary Peter Hagendorf about a wintering of troops in Wolfach Castle. From 1671 Maximilian Franz von Fürstenberg had the castle expanded to its present size by the stonemason Hans Georg Brachet from Radolfzell and the carpenter Hans Jakob Glöckler from Waldshut . The south wing was significantly expanded and the existing, south-facing, Gothic castle chapel was demolished. It was rebuilt and - now east - integrated into the south wing. In order to preserve the overall visual impression of the complex, the hunger tower belonging to the city fortifications was shortened to the level of the other buildings and also integrated into the south wing. The west, east and north wings of today's palace were rebuilt.
The construction of Schloss Wolfach is probably to be seen in connection with the efforts of Maximilian Franz to achieve the dignity of imperial prince from 1669 . These efforts ultimately failed. Only his descendants were raised to the rank of prince. Unfortunately, the plans to convert Wolfach Castle into a residential castle could no longer be realized, as the Landgrave died before the construction work was completed and the Fürstenbergers again lost interest in the building. Due to the tense financial situation of the principality, no representative stylistic devices were used in the further expansion of the castle. Office rooms were housed in the castle. Among other things, the Fürstenberg Oberamt and the Bergamt, which administered the silver mines in the surrounding area and relocated the Bergregal of the Fürstenberg princes, were located here. When Wolfach was awarded Baden in 1806, the city retained its official city status. A district office was housed in the castle. In 1939 the district of Wolfach was created, whose district administration was also located in the castle. After the disbandment of the district in 1973, a branch of the newly founded Ortenau district remained in Wolfach, which is still located in the castle today. In addition to this, a tax office, a district court, the forest administration and a police station are currently housed in Wolfach Castle.
A major turning point in the history of the building was the year 1947, when a fire broke out in the north wing for unknown reasons and practically destroyed it completely. It was only with great effort that it was possible to prevent it from spreading to the rest of the building. The destroyed palace wing was rebuilt in a modern way over the years thanks to numerous volunteers and many donations from the population.
However, significant art treasures were lost as a result of the fire, including the Schöffensaal with its artistically carved wooden ceiling, which was decorated with an allegorical ceiling painting. In the years before, parts of the palace were also the victims of numerous conversions by the National Socialist administration, including the never completed ballroom of the palace, which extended over two floors in the west wing. It is only thanks to the courageous intervention of the local curator Josef Krausbeck that the castle chapel, which is well worth seeing, with its baroque high altar was not converted into offices. Today, apart from the museum located on the ground floor, it is the only part of the building that is fully accessible to the public. Until the early 20th century was the Magdalene action by Christoph Krafft (1648) a unique copy of a lost painting by Matthias Grünewald in the castle chapel. The picture is now part of the Würth Collection . The antependium image of Christ in the grave , which either the later Württemberg court painter Johann Baptist Seele or his father painted, is visible only in Holy Week . The Pietà of the high altar dates from the 14th century. In addition to numerous paintings by regional artists, a baroque Christmas crib (around 1750) has survived the centuries in the gallery of the chapel .
town hall
The building in neo-Renaissance style dates from 1894 and was built according to plans by Heidelberg architect Herbert Lender to replace an early modern building that burned down in 1892. The facade facing the market square is particularly noteworthy. It is painted by Eduard Trautwein with the title Die neue Zeit , which was originally intended as Nazi propaganda . After the Second World War it was adapted to the new circumstances; Swastikas and an SA man in the gable of the building were removed or replaced. With his painting, Trautwein destroyed the original, elaborate facade painting of the Neo-Renaissance. In addition to allegorical depictions of time, fear of God, bravery, zeal, justice, and Wolf and the Kinzig, it also included astrological symbols and elaborate ornaments . The ceiling painting in the entrance area of the town hall gives an impression of its splendor.
City parish church of St. Laurentius
The tower and the nave of the church were built between 1470 and 1515 in place of a previous building. On the right side of the south facade, carved into a curb, is the scale of a sundial from that time. The foundation walls of the old choir, which is painted inside with frescoes from the 14th century, date back to the 12th century. At the beginning of the 20th century the idea arose to expand the church considerably and equip it with four towers. Today's church tower formed one of the two smaller south towers in these plans. The “Cathedral of the Kinzig Valley” could never be realized, even if the money for the construction had already been raised, because the global economic crisis wiped out the accumulated assets within a very short time. During the Second World War, the long-awaited expansion was then implemented, albeit in a much smaller and, due to the political circumstances, more economical. So a new nave was built to the north. However, no new towers were added. The building was inaugurated in 1941 and completely renovated in 1974/75.
Wolfach ruins
The ruins of Wolfach Castle probably date from the 11th century and are therefore one of the oldest castles in the Black Forest. It is located on an artificially created mountain cone north of the core city of Wolfach. The ruins were left to decay until the 20th century. In 1977, the Black Forest Association built the foundation walls that can be seen today from their remains.
St. James Chapel
The baroque pilgrimage chapel is picturesquely located on the mountain slope to the left of the Kinzig.
Museums
- Dorotheenhütte: ( glassworks ) with glass museum
- Rafting and local history museum: A department of the local history museum is dedicated to the Kinzig rafting .
Art, music and leisure
- Cultural construction site Klausenbauernhof : In the extensively renovated Black Forest farm, exhibitions and concerts take place regularly.
- Regular spa concerts and traditional demonstrations on the market square in front of the town hall
- Night watchman tour every two weeks in summer
- Bike Park Wolfach , off-road course for biker cross riders
- Regular chamber music concerts in the large town hall
Parks
- Spa garden with music pavilion
- Raft park with small animal show
- Kinziganlagen and palace gardens
Regular events
- Swabian-Alemannic Carnival (Fasnet) in Wolfach and Kinzigtal, Farmer's Carnival in Kirnbach (spring)
- City fountain festival of the trade association (spring)
- Biker weekend with live concert (summer)
- International Moosenmättle Mountain Run - cross-country event of FC Kirnbach e. V. (summer)
- Kinzigtal Trachtenkapelle summer festival (last full weekend in August)
- Long table every two years (summer)
- Mineral exchange (summer)
- Floßhafenfest every two years (summer)
- Open-Air Rockfest Moosenmättle (summer)
- Slaughter festival of the volunteer fire brigade (autumn)
- South German Fourcross-Cup - Mountain bike race of the Bike-Park Wolfach e. V. (autumn)
- Wolfacher Herbst of the trade association (autumn)
Economy and Infrastructure
tourism
The cooperation between Wolfach and Oberwolfach is particularly intense in the field of tourism promotion. They not only operate a joint tourist information center, but also work closely together on central projects such as a newly designed visitor mine or the mineral museum in Oberwolfach. As a meeting point for mineral lovers, it has achieved a unique position within the Black Forest in recent years. Another focus of tourism promotion is the expansion of sports offers, especially for hikers, motorcyclists and mountain bikers.
Nevertheless, the Dorotheenhütte remains the first port of call for tourists in Wolfach, with around 250,000 visitors annually. The former glassworks was founded in the middle of the 20th century and expanded by the operators into an "adventure park". Today it includes a mouth-blown factory and a glass museum and also offers a year-round sales show for Christmas decorations . In addition to this main attraction in its own area, Wolfach benefits from numerous visitor magnets in its immediate vicinity. For example, the Black Forest open-air museum Vogtsbauernhof , one of the largest open-air museums in Germany with over 300,000 visitors annually, is located in neighboring Gutach . Only a few kilometers further you will find the Triberg waterfalls, the highest of their kind in Germany.
The numerous events in Wolfach are also very popular. The Wolfacher Fastnacht deserves special mention here, for which special overnight packages have been offered for a long time. In order to further promote tourism, new event formats such as the “Long Table” have been developed in recent years, a festival with an international flair that was inspired by the shape of the Wolfach market square.
With the construction of a campsite and an attractively designed city center, with innovative investments by some hoteliers, and a joint marketing presence for the entire Kinzig valley, Wolfach will continue to be an interesting tourist attraction.
traffic
The federal road 294 runs through Wolfach . The federal highway 33 passes near the district . Rail traffic runs over the Kinzig Valley Railway , on which the Ortenau S-Bahn (OSB) runs in the SWEG network . SüdwestBus GmbH bus lines serve the Wolfach city area.
Courts, authorities and institutions
- Office for Surveying and Geoinformation
- Wolfach District Court
- Tax office
- District media center
- District Office Ortenaukreis - branch office
- Forestry Office (Forestry Office for the entire Kinzig Valley)
- Notary
- Police station
- Office of the Dean of the Archdiocese of Freiburg
- Wolfach volunteer fire department
Educational institutions
- Elementary School Wolfach ("Herlinsbachschule")
- Wolfach special needs school
- Realschule Wolfach
- District vocational school center Wolfach with technical and social science high school
- Ortenau Adult Education Center
Clinics
Credit institutions
Personalities
Honorary citizen
- Franz Sales Disch (1870–1948), realteacher and director of the Wolfach Citizens' School , author of the chronicle of the city of Wolfach (1920); awarded in 1929 (certificate in the Wolfach city archive)
- Arthur Martin (1911–1999), mayor, deputy chairman of the Badischer Turnerbund; awarded in 1978
- Otto Schrempp (1928–2016), headmaster, historian and author, member of the city council and the SPD; awarded in 2011
In 1933 Adolf Hitler and Paul von Hindenburg were also given honorary citizenship, see also Adolf Hitler as honorary citizens
Winner of the Wolfach Medal of Honor
The City of Wolfach's Medal of Honor has been awarded for special merits since 2004:
- Louis Foucher (2004), Mayor of the twin town Cavalaire-sur-Mer
- Sisters of the Holy Cross Bernadette, Maria Aloisia and Beatrix (2005), work of the sisters in the poor and sick care, sewing school and in kindergarten
- Walter Caroli (2005), MdL in Baden-Württemberg
- Frank Schrader (2007), 2nd winner of the State Prize for Local Research 2006
- Luise Schrempp (2011), 25 years chairwoman of the Wolfacher Bürgerfrauen
- Manfred Schafheutle (2014), 1980–2014 City Councilor in Wolfach
- Helmut Rau (2015), Member of the State Parliament in Baden-Württemberg
- Michael Vollmer (2018), 2014–18 City Councilor in Wolfach
- Jürgen Gaiser (2019), 2018–19 City Councilor in Wolfach
- Simone Heitzmann (2019), 2015–19 City Councilor in Wolfach
- Marianne Lang (2019), 1989–2002 and 2014–19 city councilor in Wolfach
- Ursula Tibaldi (2019), 2017–19 City Councilor in Wolfach
sons and daughters of the town
- Friedrich II. Count von Fürstenberg (1496–1559), Count von Fürstenberg (1547–1559)
- Christoph Wamser (1575–1649), builder of the Baroque era , builder of the Jesuit Church in Molsheim and St. Mary's Assumption in Cologne .
- Simon Eusebius Finckh (1651–1720), abbot of the St. Blasien monastery and significantly involved in its redesign
- Ignatius Querck (1660–1670), Jesuit priest, preacher and writer
- Johann Georg Hildbrand (1670–1735), painter
- Angelicus von Wolfach, Vicar General of the Capuchin Order from 1700 to 1702
- Cölestin Vogler , prince abbot of the St. Blasien monastery from 1747 to 1749
- Friedrich Sturmlerner (born September 10, 1749 in Wolfach, † February 21, 1824 in Roggenburg (Neu-Ulm)), theologian, writer
- Franz Joseph Willibald Strasser (1769–1846), minister pastor in Constance
- Joseph Moser (1783–1865), portrait painter
- Theodor Griesinger (1809–1884), German writer and clergyman
- Coelestin Vivell (1846-1923), musicologist
- Ernst Bassermann (1854–1917), member of the Reichstag and chairman of the National Liberal Party
- Konrad Schmider (1859–1898), born in Kinzigtal; Painter, died while painting the Mannheim Palace
- Adolf Vivell (1878–1959), garden architect
- Otto Oswald (1880–1963), President of the Baden Chamber of Accounts in Freiburg (1946–53)
- Johann Georg Straub (1882–1959), glass painter
- Bernhard Pfau (1902–1989), architect
- Hans Klumbach (1904–1992), classical archaeologist, director at the Roman-Germanic Central Museum in Mainz
- Rudolf Heck (1911–2007), accountant, painter in Villingen
- Wilhelm Sandfuchs (1913–1999), church journalist for Südwestfunk and Bayerischer Rundfunk , biographer Pope Pius XII.
- Oskar Vivell (1917–1981), pediatrician, head of the Karlsruhe Children's Clinic
- Heinz Pape (1933–2007), painter; known above all for its artistically designed jester flags, which are hung every year in Wolfach at the carnival
- Erwin Schmider (* 1938), enduro athlete
- Gerlinde Hämmerle (* 1940), politician (SPD), Member of the Bundestag , district president and honorary citizen in Karlsruhe
- Volker Blust (* 1944), politician (independent)
- Lothar Maier (* 1944), politician (AfD)
- Sylvia Wetzel (* 1949), Buddhist feminist
- Bernd Schmider (1955–2014), soccer player and coach
- Thomas Faist (* 1959), sociologist
- Marco Horácio (* 1974), comedian on Portuguese television
- Thomas Dold (* 1984), athlete
- Patrick Steuerwald (* 1986), volleyball player
- Markus Steuerwald (* 1989), volleyball player
- Felix Mildenberger (* 1990), conductor of the Symphony Orchestra Crescendo Freiburg
People connected to the city
- Friedrich I von Fürstenberg (before 1250–1296), through his marriage to Udilhild von Wolfach (approx. 1273), Wolfach fell to the Fürstenberg family
- Hans Ungelter, painter and citizen in Wolfach in the 15th century
- Valentin von Schwab (1732–1809), Fürstlich-Fürstenbergischer Hofkanzler, FF Landvogt in Wolfach from 1779 to 1809
- Georg Anton Bredelin (1752–1814), master's degree, school visitator of the Fürstenberg rule Wolfach, author of the musical play "Die Altweibermühle"
- Johann Baptist Seele (1774–1814), court painter to the Württemberg people and gallery director in Stuttgart; lived in Wolfach from 1781 to 1789
- Friedrich von Krafft-Ebing (1807–1889), lawyer and civil servant; 1857–1861 Baden governor in Wolfach
- Rita (1884–1968) and Johannes (1861–1949) Öhquist lived in Wolfach from 1940 to 1949
- Gustav Trunk (1871–1936), politician (center); lived from 1897 to 1900 as an official in Wolfach
- Wilhelm Werrlein (1878–1956), lawyer; lived in Wolfach from 1919
- Eduard Trautwein (1893–1978), painter; lived and worked in Wolfach from 1920 until his death in 1978 and painted, among other things, the facade of the town hall
- Otmar von Verschuer (1896–1969), race hygienist in the Third Reich; lived in Wolfach between 1898 and 1909 and attended the community school there
- Max Güde (1902–1984), lawyer, politician (CDU); from 1933 to 1943 district judge in Wolfach, 1956–1961 Federal Prosecutor General in Karlsruhe
- Rudolf Buchner (1908–1985), historian; died in Wolfach in 1985
- Kordula Kovac (* 1957), politician (CDU), former member of the Bundestag ; lives in Wolfach
- Sandra Boser (* 1976), politician (Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen), MdL Baden-Württemberg ; lives in Wolfach
literature
- Franz Disch: Chronicle of the city of Wolfach. Wolfach, Karlsruhe 1920 ( online ).
- Hans Harter: Nobility and castles in the upper Kinzig area. Studies on settlement and high medieval rulership in the central Black Forest. Freiburg 1992.
- Historical association for Mittelbaden (ed.): The urban and rural communities of the Wolfach district. A historical-topographical local dictionary. Buhl 1970.
- Josef Krausbeck, Frieder Knauss: Masks of our city. Fink, Stuttgart 1974, ISBN 3-7718-0173-7 .
- City of Wolfach (Hrsg.): Black Forest city with tradition. Wolfach, Kirnbach, Kinzigtal. Freiburg 1988.
- Peter Reineck: Loss of centrality through district reform? Shown using the example of the former district towns of Donaueschingen, Titisee-Neustadt, Wolfach; with special consideration of the centrality maintenance program and tourism as a substitute function. Freiburg 1992.
Web links
Notes and individual references
- ↑ State Statistical Office Baden-Württemberg - Population by nationality and gender on December 31, 2018 (CSV file) ( help on this ).
- ↑ State Office for Geology, Raw Materials and Mining Baden-Württemberg (Ed.): Geological school map of Baden-Württemberg 1: 1000000. Explanations. Freiburg i.Br. 1998. 12th, revised and expanded edition. P. 11 ff.
- ^ Black Forest (BFO). Retrieved July 18, 2020 .
- ↑ Bernhard Heck : “Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hermann Mälzer passed away ”. In: zfv - Journal for Geodesy, Geoinformation and Land Management , Volume 143, No. 6/2018, ISSN 1618-8950 , p. 411 f., Here p. 411.
- ↑ State Parliament of Baden-Württemberg: Answer to the minor question from the Member of Parliament Dr. Timm Kern FDP / DVP, LT-Drs. 16/222 of June 28, 2016, p. 2 ( online ).
- ↑ State Office for Geology, Raw Materials and Mining Baden-Württemberg (Ed.): Geological school map of Baden-Württemberg 1: 1000000. Explanations. Freiburg i.Br. 1998. 12th, revised and expanded edition. P. 133.
- ↑ Veltzke, Gardy Gerhard: The bound rural property in the Prince bergischen legislation illustrated by the example of the former princely rule bergischen Wolfach. Donaueschingen 1938. pp. 10-12.
- ↑ Veltzke, Gardy Gerhard: The bound rural property in the Prince bergischen legislation illustrated by the example of the former princely rule bergischen Wolfach. Donaueschingen 1938. p. 6 ff.
- ^ Albert Sandfuchs: From the manor to the district - The Strasbourg court in Wolfach. In: The Ortenau. Journal of the Historisches Verein für Mittelbaden, 51 (1971), 125-137, here 136.Sandfuchs: Straßburger Hof, page 136
- ↑ Historical Association for Middle Baden (ed.): The city and rural communities of the Wolfach district. A historical-topographical local dictionary. Bühl 1970. p. 120.
- ^ Harter Hans: Nobility and castles in the upper Kinzig area. Studies on the settlement and high medieval rulership in the Middle Black Forest. Freiburg 1992. p. 56.
- ^ Pfefferle Rolf: Excavation report: Römerstraße on Gutleutfeld district. Wolfach 2003. ( Excavation report: Römerstraße in the Gutleutfeld district ( Memento from September 15, 2005 in the Internet Archive ))
- ^ Harter, Hans: Nobility and castles in the upper Kinzig area. Studies on the settlement and high medieval rulership in the Middle Black Forest. Freiburg 1992. pp. 54-96.
- ^ Tumbülle, Georg: The Principality of Fürstenberg from its beginnings to its mediatization in 1806. Donaueschingen 1907. pp. 63–70.
- ^ Disch Franz: Chronicle of the City of Wolfach. Karlsruhe 1920. pp. 388-408.
- ^ Bader Karl-Siegfried, Von Platen Alexander: The Great Palatinate of the House of Fürstenberg, Allensbach 1954. P. 100-114.
- ^ Asch Roland: Administration and civil service. The territories of the Counts of Fürstenberg from the end of the Middle Ages to the Swedish War 1490–1632. Stuttgart 1986, pp. 229-233.
- ^ Hildenbrand Manfred: Haslach in the Kinzigtal. History of an old market town. Volume 1. From prehistory and early history to pre-March and revolution 1848/49. Haslach 2009, pp. 97-98.
- ^ A b Disch Franz: Chronicle of the City of Wolfach. Karlsruhe 1920. p. 134.
- ↑ Peters, Jan (ed.): A mercenary life in the Thirty Years War. A source for social history, Berlin 1993, pp. 159–160.
- ↑ Hanß Karl: History of the Ortenau in documents. Volume 3. The cities of Ortenau and their secret capital Strasbourg. Offenburg 1999, p. 185.
- ^ Disch Franz: Chronicle of the City of Wolfach. Karlsruhe 1920, pp. 619-669.
- ^ Disch Franz: Chronicle of the City of Wolfach. Karlsruhe 1920, pp. 546-553.
- ^ Federal Statistical Office (ed.): Historical municipality directory for the Federal Republic of Germany. Name, border and key number changes in municipalities, counties and administrative districts from May 27, 1970 to December 31, 1982 . W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart / Mainz 1983, ISBN 3-17-003263-1 , p. 506 and 514 .
- ^ Federal Statistical Office (ed.): Historical municipality directory for the Federal Republic of Germany. Name, border and key number changes in municipalities, counties and administrative districts from May 27, 1970 to December 31, 1982 . W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart / Mainz 1983, ISBN 3-17-003263-1 , p. 514 .
- ↑ Historical Association for Middle Baden (ed.): The city and rural communities of the Wolfach district. A historical-topographical local dictionary. Bühl 1970, p. 123.
- ↑ State Statistical Office, preliminary results of the 2019 municipal council elections
- ^ Source up to 1920: Franz Disch: Chronik der Stadt Wolfach, p. 486
- ↑ Newspaper report about Gerlinde Hämmerle on baden online
- ↑ Oehler had been a member of the NSDAP since 1929, joined the Waffen SS in 1940 and died in 1941 as a soldier in World War II. Badische Presse, Karlsruhe, September 24, 1941
- ↑ Erwin Gaiser is celebrating his 80th birthday today
- ↑ Peter Schmitt: Continuation of the Chronicle of the City of Wolfach 1920-1944 (City Archives Wolfach, call number 35.00, 1005)
- ^ Source for the mayors from 1945: Wolfach. Black Forest city with tradition. Wolfach 1988, page 90f.
- ↑ Klemens Stadler: German coat of arms. Volume VIII: Baden-Württemberg Page 115 . With drawings by Max Reinhart. Angelsachsen-Verlag Bremen, 1971.
- ↑ Wagner Dr. E. u. a. (Ed.): The art monuments of the Grand Duchy of Baden. Descriptive statistics on behalf of the Grand Ducal Ministry of Justice of Culture and Education. Seventh volume. Offenburg district. Tübingen 1908, p. 683.
- ^ Lüdke Dietmar: The "Donaueschinger Magdalenenklage" of the Würth Collection in Schwäbisch Hall. In: Grünewald and his time. Catalog of the Great State Exhibition in Baden-Württemberg. State Art Gallery Karlsruhe. December 8, 2007 to March 2, 2008. Munich 2007, pp. 331–349.
- ↑ Adler Markus: The scenes are almost complete again. In: Black Forest Bote Wolfach / Wolftal. Friday December 31, 2010.
- ↑ https://www.ortenau-s-bahn.de/html/osb.html accessed on August 3, 2020
- ↑ Source: Daily newspaper Der Kinzigtäler from March 25, 1933
- ↑ Source: Homepage of the city of Wolfach
- ↑ Adoption of the municipal councils 2018
- ↑ a b c d Adoption of the municipal councils 2019
- ↑ For a long time Miltenberg was assumed to be the place of birth. Genealogical investigations clearly indicate Wolfach as Wamser's place of origin. See: Schlaefli Louis: About the foreman Christoph Wamser from Wolfach. In: The Ortenau. Publications of the Historical Association for Central Baden. 75th annual volume 1995. Bühl 1995, pp. 413-430.
- ^ Entry in the state bibliography of Baden-Württemberg
- ↑ Scheurer, Werner: Konrad Schmider (1859–1898). Thoughts on dealing with the life's work of a "Nazarene". In: Die Ortenau 86 (2006), 331-340.
- ^ Estate in the Baden-Württemberg State Archives
- ↑ Heck Rudolf born in Wolfach in 1911, who lived in Villingen would now have turned 100.
- ^ Symphony Orchestra Crescendo Freiburg
- ↑ Felix Mildenberger will soon conduct in London in the Schwarzwälder Bote on December 4, 2018
- ↑ Rott, Hans: Sources and Research on Southwest German and Swiss Art History, 319.
- ^ Translators' agency. Edited by Tuija Kinnunen and Kaisa Koskinen. Tampere Studies in Language, Translation and Culture, Series B 4. Tampere University Press. Tampere 2010, page 78.
- ↑ "The Kinzigtäler" from April 5, 1934.
- ↑ Kordula Kovac's website
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