Olsztyn

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Olsztyn
Coat of arms of Olsztyn
Olsztyn (Poland)
Olsztyn
Olsztyn
Basic data
State : Poland
Voivodeship : Warmia-Masuria
Powiat : District-free city
Area : 87.90  km²
Geographic location : 53 ° 47 '  N , 20 ° 29'  E Coordinates: 53 ° 47 '0 "  N , 20 ° 29' 0"  E
Height : 90 m npm
Residents : 172,194
(Jun. 30, 2019)
Postal code : 10-001 to 11-041
Telephone code : (+48) 89
License plate : NO
Economy and Transport
Street : DK 16 : Dolna Grupa - Grudziądz - Ełk - Ogrodniki / Lithuania
DK 51 : Olsztynek - Bezledy / Russia
DK 53 : Olsztyn - Szczytno - Ostrołęka
Rail route : Olsztyn – Ełk
Toruń – Korsze
Działdowo – Olsztyn
Olsztyn – Bogaczewo
Next international airport : Danzig
Gmina
Gminatype: Borough
Surface: 87.90 km²
Residents: 172,194
(Jun. 30, 2019)
Population density : 1959 inhabitants / km²
Community number  ( GUS ): 2862011
Administration (as of 2015)
City President : Piotr Grzymowicz
Address: ul. Jana Pawła II 1
10-101 Olsztyn
Website : www.olsztyn.eu



Olsztyn ([ ɔlʃtɨn ] listen ? / I ), German Olsztyn , is the capital of Polish Warmia and Mazury . Audio file / audio sample

geography

Geographical location

Olsztyn lies on the river Łyna (all) in the historic Warmia , 125 meters above sea level at the transition from Warmia for Oberland . The city is located about 80 kilometers southeast of Elbląg (Elbing) , 100 kilometers south of Kaliningrad (Koenigsberg) and 140 kilometers southeast of Gdansk .

The surrounding hilly landscape is characterized by the Masurian Lake District and extensive forests.

City structure

The city of Olsztyn is divided into 23 districts (osiedle):

history

From the 14th century to 1945

Castle and St. Jacobi Church
Vaulted hall in the castle

The city was founded on October 31, 1353 under the name Allensteyn on the river Alne / Alle (Prussian alna : flow) in the Prussian Warmia by the Warmia cathedral chapter on its territory. Johannes von Leysen was appointed to the city's first mayor . The city was founded under the protection of a cathedral chapter castle, which was already under construction (first construction phase 1346 to 1353).

The Allenstein Castle was the seat of an administrator of the Ermland cathedral chapter and the main place of one of the three chamber offices that were subordinate to the chapter and together with the episcopal chamber offices formed the bishopric of Ermland, which was granted to the bishop and the chapter when the four Prussian bishoprics were founded in 1245 has been.

In 1455, Allenstein Castle was captured by the mercenary captain Ritter Georg von Schlieben .

From 1516 to 1519 the office of administrator was held by the nephew and foster son of the Warmian bishop Lucas Watzenrode , the Warmian canon Nikolaus Copernicus , who became known as an astronomer . Copernicus lived at Allenstein Castle during this time. As a testimony there is an astronomical table painted on the plaster of the cloister of the castle for the calculation of the equinox . At the time of the war between Poland and the last Teutonic Grand Master in Prussia, Albrecht von Hohenzollern , he returned to Frauenburg , but was called back to Allenstein in the autumn of 1520. The archdeacon Bernhard Sculteti supported Copernicus with guns and provisions so that Allenstein Castle could be maintained independently in full independence from Poland. It was also not attacked and a truce was signed on April 7, 1521. Due to his successful defense, Copernicus was appointed Commissioner of Warmia and tasked with the reconstruction. Tiedemann Giese , who later became Bishop of Warmia, was his assistant.

As part of the First Partition of Poland in 1772 , the city came to the Kingdom of Prussia as part of the Warmia . In addition to Königsberg and Gumbinnen , Allenstein became the seat of the third East Prussian government district in 1905. From 1818 to 1910 it belonged to the Allenstein district and then became an independent city in the Allenstein district .

At the beginning of the 20th century, Allenstein had a Protestant church, two Catholic churches, a synagogue , an old castle, a grammar school, a secondary school and various production and manufacturing companies.

The Treaty of Versailles certain after the First World War , the holding of a referendum in the plebiscite area Allenstein about the whereabouts in Germany or a connection to Poland. In the city of Olsztyn, 16,740 votes went to East Prussia and thus Germany, 340 to Poland.

The Jewish community of Allenstein was wiped out during the National Socialism due to emigration and deportations to the extermination camps from 1942, the synagogue burned down in 1938. The last did not destroy architectural testimony of Jewish life in Olsztyn is the Taharahaus Bet Tahara .

1945 and after

Folk festival on the market square (2011)
town hall

Towards the end of the Second World War , the city became a theater of war in January 1945. The civilian population was urged to hold out until shortly before the Red Army marched in . The District Administrator Horst-Günter Benkmann called on his own responsibility to flee in good time and thus saved the lives of thousands of East Prussians. On January 22, 1945, the city was captured by Soviet troops . This led to riots Soviet soldiers against the civilian population . According to eyewitness reports, Red Army soldiers of the 5th and 6th Divisions of the 3rd Cavalry Guard Corps committed excesses of violence and murdered all hospital patients and staff in the Kortau Provincial Sanatorium, which had been converted into a field hospital. Several smaller and larger mass graves were discovered there during construction work in the 1950s ; one of them contained 227 bodies. By March 1945, 1040 houses had been destroyed by arson in Allenstein .

Soon after the occupation by the Soviet Army, Allenstein and the southern half of East Prussia were placed under Polish administration. Many Polish and Ukrainian civilians immigrated, initially mainly from the areas east of the Curzon Line that were annexed by the Soviet Union as part of Poland's shift to the west . The Polish place name Olsztyn became official. Where German citizens had not fled, they were in the period that followed largely driven .

The last units of the Soviet Army left the city in 1956.

With the regionalization of Poland in 1999, the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship was established with the seat of government in Olsztyn. In the same year the University of Warmia-Masuria was founded here. The city became the seat of the Archdiocese of Warmia of the Polish Catholic Church and the Masurian Diocese of the Polish Evangelical-Augsburg Church . With around 175,000 inhabitants and around 270,000 in the agglomeration, the city is also the largest in the voivodeship.

In the course of democratization, the Allenstein Society of the German Minority was founded to represent the Germans residing in the city . In June 2007 3,280 people belonged to it, but in the 2002 Polish census in the city of Olsztyn only 431 identified themselves as Germans .

Demographics

Population development
year Residents Remarks
1782 00> 2,000 in 283 households including the suburbs, excluding the garrison (three companies of infantry)
1802 0≈ 02.014
1810 0≈ 01,601
1816 0≈ 02,078 including 250 Protestants, 1,783 Catholics and 45 Jews
1821 0≈ 02,427
1828 0≈ 02,787
1831 0≈ 02,808 partly Poles , partly German
1840 00≈ 2,900
1871 0≈ 05.514 thereof 500 Protestants and 140 Jews (2,180 Poles )
1875 0≈ 06,054
1880 0≈ 07,610
1890 0≈ 19,375 thereof 11,852 Catholics , 7,103 Evangelicals and 420 Jews
1900 0≈ 24,295 with the garrison ( Infantry Regiments No. 150 and 151, Dragoon Regiment No. 10 and Field Artillery Regiment No. 73), mostly Catholics
1910 0≈ 33,077 19,960 Catholics and 12,551 Protestants
1925 0≈ 38.105 thereof 23,497 Catholics, 13,858 Evangelicals, 62 other Christians and 612 Jews
1933 0≈ 43,043 of which 27,048 Catholics, 15,393 Evangelicals, five other Christians and 448 Jews
1939 0≈ 45,513 thereof 29,455 Catholics, 15,811 Evangelicals, 132 other Christians and 138 Jews
1964 0≈ 72,500
2012 ≈ 175,482
2017 ≈ 173.125 (31.12.2017)

politics

Mayor and city president

  • Andreas Petrus Grunenberg (1809-1818)
  • Karl Anton Ehlert (1818–1835)
  • Jakob Rarkowski (1836–1865)
  • Sakrzewski (1866-1875)
  • von Roebel (1875–1877)
  • Oskar Belian (1877-1908)
  • Georg Zülch (1908–1932)
  • Dr. Otto Gilka (1932-1933)
  • Friedrich Schiedat (1933–1945)
  • Bronisław Latosiński (1945), acting
  • Tadeusz Pałucki (1945–1948)
  • Stefan Nafalski (1948–1949)
  • Czesław Browiński (1949–1950)
  • Franciszek Kurzynoga (1950–1953)
  • Romuald Nowak (1953-1958)
  • Julian Molenda (1958-1969)
  • Karol Iwański (1969–1971)
  • Jerzy Grelewski (1971–1977)
  • Marek Różycki (1977–1990)
  • Jerzy Bukowski (1990-1992)
  • Józef Grzegorczyk (1992–1994)
  • Andrzej Ryński (1994–1998)
  • Janusz Cichoń (1998-2001)
  • Czesław Jerzy Małkowski (2001-2008)
  • Tomasz Głażewski (2008–2009), acting
  • Piotr Grzymowicz (since 2009)

At the head of the city administration is a city ​​president who is directly elected by the population. Since 2009 this has been Piotr Grzymowicz.

In the 2018 election, Grzymowicz ran his own election committee again, which was also supported by the PSL . The vote brought the following result:

In the runoff election that was then necessary, incumbent Grzymowicz narrowly prevailed against his predecessor Małkowski, who was in office until 2008, with 54.5% of the vote. After the Białystok Regional Public Prosecutor's Office started investigations against Grzymowicz for breaches of official duties in connection with contracts with the European Center for Social Development in November 2019 , an initiative submitted a request for a referendum to be voted out, but did not get the required number of signatures.

City council

The city council consists of 25 members and is directly elected. The 2018 city council election led to the following result:

  • Koalicja Obywatelska (KO) 26.8% of the vote, 9 seats
  • Prawo i Sprawiedliwość (PiS) 22.8% of the vote, 7 seats
  • Election Committee Piotr Grzymowicz 15.3% of the vote, 4 seats
  • Election Committee Czesław Jerzy Małkowski 14.6% of the vote, 4 seats
  • Election Committee “Together for Olsztyn” 8.3% of the vote, 1 seat
  • Election committee “We love Olsztyn” 4.9% of the vote, no seat
  • Kukiz'15 3.8% of the vote, no seat
  • Sojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej (SLD) / Lewica Razem (Razem) 3.5% of the votes, no seat

coat of arms

Historical coat of arms

Blazon : "In silver Saint James in a blue pilgrim's costume with a staff and a shell hat, standing between a half, black religious cross and a red pinnacle tower."

The oldest SIGILLVM CIVITATIS ALLENSTEIN , probably made immediately after the Kulm law was granted , in 1353, shows in the latticed field alone St. Jacob standing with a pilgrim's staff in his right hand and a pilgrim's shell in his left hand. Similar to the somewhat later SECRETVM CIVITATIS ALLINSTEIN, whose bronze stamp is still preserved. The seals of the 16th century are similar, while the tower and half of the order's cross were only added to the shield in the 18th century.

Town twinning

In 1952 the city ​​of Gelsenkirchen sponsored former Allenstein residents (until 1945) who lived in the Federal Republic of Germany. In 1992, this sponsorship resulted in a partnership with the city of Olsztyn. In total, Olsztyn currently lists the following eleven partner cities :

city country since Type
Calpe Escut de Calp.svg Spain 1989 partnership
Chateauroux Blason de la ville de Châteauroux (36) .svg France 1991 partnership
Gelsenkirchen DEU Gelsenkirchen COA.svg Germany, North Rhine-Westphalia 1992 partnership
Halmstad Halmstad vapen.svg Sweden 2003 cooperation
Kaliningrad Coat of arms of Kaliningrad.svg Russia 1993 partnership
Lutsk Herb Lutsk.svg Ukraine 1997 partnership
Offenburg DEU Offenburg COA.svg Germany, Baden-Wuerttemberg 1999 partnership
Perugia Perugia-Stemma.png Italy 2004 cooperation
Richmond United States 1995 partnership
Rovaniemi Rovaniemi.vaakuna.svg Finland 1976 partnership
Sønderborg Sonderborg municipality coa.svg Denmark 1994 cooperation

Economy and Infrastructure

The tire factory belonging to Michelin (formerly “Stomil” ), the largest of its kind in Poland, and the wood processing industry are particularly important economically . The city is also increasingly benefiting from tourism, which has developed into a new industry. A good connection z. For example, to Berlin and Krakow there is Olsztyn-Mazury Airport, which opened in mid-January 2016 - there is a S-Bahn connection between Olsztyn and the airport in around 40 minutes, but also through the express bus connections between many large cities such as Warsaw , Gdansk and Berlin or Kaliningrad . Olsztyn is the seat of various cultural and scientific institutions, such as the German-Polish association Borussia . In Olsztyn there is also a food production such as honey or frozen products from Chłodnia Olsztyńska. The city is the seat of the poultry producer Indykpol .

traffic

The roads DK16 , DK51 and DK53 cross in the city .

With the connection to the Prussian East Railway in 1873, Allenstein was subsequently able to connect to an important long-distance train line, which ran from Berlin via Küstrin, Schneidemühl, Bromberg, Thorn, Allenstein, Korschen, Insterburg, Tilsit to Memel.

From the two-track main line Toruń – Chernyachovsk ( Thorn – Insterburg ), which was electrified to Korsze , a branch of the former Prussian Eastern Railway established in 1873, the Olsztyn – Ełk line branches off to the southeast and the Bogaczewo – Olsztyn line to the northwest , which is part of the Gdansk cross-connection - Marienburg – Allenstein – Lyck. The Działdowo – Olsztyn railway runs south . The city has a main train station (Olsztyn Główny) and another Olsztyn Zachodni train station at the old town center.

An electric tram operated in the city from 1907 to 1965 , which was supplemented by a trolleybus service from 1939 to 1971 . In 2011 a construction contract for the reintroduction of the tram was signed. Three branches of the route with a total length of 11.5 km and 19 stops were to be created. The routes connect the train station, the old town and the university. 15 Tramino low-floor trams were ordered, and the routes should be opened in 2014. The opening took place on December 19, 2015.

The Olsztyn-Mazury airport is located about 60 kilometers southeast. In the district of Dajtki ( German  Deuthen ) there is the Olsztyn-Dajtki landing site . The former airport Allenstein / Deuthen was operated between June 1, 1926 and October 1927 by the Lufthansa airline Marienburg-Elbing-Allenstein. The scheduled flight ended when the state stopped subsidies. With the airport alone stone was connected to the German airmail network. During the Second World War, the airfield served as a stage airfield and for pilot training.

There are plans to develop this landing site as an airport for Olsztyn. The landing pad, built in 1913, has a runway with a length of 805 meters and is used for sports aircraft. There is also the former Grieslienen military airfield , which in 1945 had two paved runways with 1100 and 900 meters and is also being discussed for reactivation.

Attractions

Olsztyn Castle
St. James Church
Evangelical Church of the Redeemer
Sacred Heart Church

Personalities

Honorary citizen

  • Karl Roensch (1858–1921), factory owner, city councilor and chamber of commerce president in Allenstein
  • Erwin Kruk (1941–2017), voice and literary memory of Masuria

sons and daughters of the town

Other personalities associated with the city

  • Johannes von Leysen (1310-1388), city founder
  • Nikolaus Kopernikus (1473–1543), resided in 1520 as Chancellor of the Cathedral Chapter of Ermland in Allenstein
  • Karl Roensch (1858–1921), head of the city council from 1885 to 1919 in Allenstein
  • August Trunz (1875–1963), Councilor of Agriculture and founder of the Prussica Collection Trunz
  • Feliks Nowowiejski (1877–1946), composer and organ virtuoso, organist at the Jakobus Church in Allenstein from 1898 to 1900
  • Hubert Hönnekes (1880–1947), senior teacher at the Kopernikus School, member of the East Prussian Provincial Parliament, member of the German Reichstag 1930–1933
  • Maximilian Kaller (1880–1947), Bishop of Warmia from 1930 to 1947
  • Hedwig Bienkowski-Andersson (1904–1984), essayist and writer; from 1905 to 1939 in Allenstein
  • Gerhard Fittkau (1912–2004), secretary to Bishop Maximilian Kaller
  • Günter Wand (1912–2002), conducted here from 1934 to 1938
  • Annemarie Suckow von Heydendorff (1912–2007), sculptor; lived in Allenstein for 10 years
  • Mieczysław Moczar (1913–1986), voivode in Olsztyn from 1948 to 1952
  • Józef Glemp (1929–2013), Bishop of Warmia from 1979 to 1981 with seat in Olsztyn
  • Erwin Kruk (1941–2017), writer, "Voice and literary memory of Masuria"
  • Rudolf Bażanowski (* 1953), since 1992 bishop of the Masurian diocese of the Evangelical-Augsburg Church in Poland; has been working in Olsztyn since 1997
  • Alois Bulitta (1897–1971), graduate commercial teacher in Allenstein, doctorate in economics, senior government and school council, Slavic and Polish lecturer, holder of the Federal Cross of Merit and author of non-fiction and textbooks
  • Karol Jabłoński (* 1962), sailing enthusiast with a home club in Olsztyn

Sports

Hala Urania

There are several sports clubs in Olsztyn, one of the most famous is OKS Stomil Olsztyn . The club played a total of eight seasons in the Ekstraklasa , the highest Polish football league, and seven seasons in the second division. The club is currently in the second division. In addition, the five-time Polish volleyball champion and seven-time cup winner Indykpol AZS Olsztyn , who can also boast eight runner-up championships and eight third places, plays in Olsztyn . The club regularly competes in the Polish volleyball championship and takes part in international competitions. The club provides several Polish and international national volleyball players and, like the first division handball team Warmia Anders Group Społem Olsztyn, plays in Hala Urania . This is a multi-purpose hall that seats around 2,500 spectators. The Hubert Wagner Memorial , an international volleyball tournament, takes place in Olsztyn every year . Olsztyn is also a frequent stage of the Tour de Pologne (most recently in 2008).

See also

literature

  • Johann Friedrich Goldbeck : Complete topography of the Kingdom of Prussia. Part I: Topography of East Prussia. Königsberg / Leipzig 1785, p. 23, No. 7).
  • August Eduard Preuss : Prussian country and folklore or description of Prussia. A manual for primary school teachers in the province of Prussia, as well as for all friends of the fatherland. Bornträger Brothers, Königsberg 1835, p. 507, no. 98.
  • Heinrich Gottfried Philipp Gengler : Regests and documents on the constitutional and legal history of German cities in the Middle Ages. First volume. Enke, Erlangen 1863, p. 20 ( full text, Google ).
  • Anton Funk: History of the City of Allenstein 1348–1943. Scientia-Verlag, 1979, ISBN 3-511-09071-7 .
  • Stanisław Piechocki :
    • Czyściec zwany Kortau [A hell called Kortau]. Książnica Polska, Olsztyn 1993, ISBN 83-85702-02-4 , 154 pages. The book contains 59 illustrations and a summary in German. German translation: The "purgatory" called Kortau . Allenstein City Community, 2008.
  • Magical Allenstein. Olsztyn 2008, ISBN 83-87031-18-6 .

Web links

Commons : Olsztyn  - album with pictures, videos and audio files
Wikivoyage: Olsztyn  - travel guide

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b population. Size and Structure by Territorial Division. As of June 30, 2019. Główny Urząd Statystyczny (GUS) (PDF files; 0.99 MiB), accessed December 24, 2019 .
  2. ^ Heinrich Gottfried Philipp Gengler : Regesta and documents on the administrative and legal history of German cities in the Middle Ages , Erlangen 1863, p. 20 .
  3. ↑ Johannes Voigt : History of Prussia from the earliest times to the fall of the rule of the Teutonic Order . Volume 5, Königsberg 1832, p. 106.
  4. ↑ Scriptores Rerum Warmienensisium (Peter Wolky and Johann Martin Saage, ed.). Volume 1, Braunsberg 1866, pp. 138-207.
  5. ^ Voices from Maria Laach, Defense of Allenstein Castle independent of Poland
  6. ↑ a b Allenstein . In: Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon . 6th edition. Volume 1, Bibliographical Institute, Leipzig / Vienna 1905, p.  345 .
  7. ↑ Herbert Marzian , Csaba Kenez : self-determination for East Germany. Documentation on the 50th anniversary of the East and West Prussian referendum on July 11, 1920. Göttinger Arbeitskreis , 1970, p. 67.
  8. ↑ "Sends Ships" . In: Die Zeit , No. 3/2005
  9. ^ Robert Albinus: Königsberg Lexicon . Wurzburg 2002
  10. ↑ Source: Stanisław Piechocki , p. 69.
  11. ↑ January Gancewski and Witold Gieszczynski: violence, destruction and devastation of possessions by the Red Army in the former East Prussia after the Second World War . In: Journal for East Central Europe Research 56 (2007) H. 1, pp. 115–129, here p. 117.
  12. ↑ The actions of the Red Army in East Prussia at the end of the war and the riots that were tolerated are, among other things, a. also thematized in the works of the Russian writers Alexander Solzhenitsyn ( Nobel Prize Winner for Literature ) (see his book " Ostpreußische Nights " ) and Lew Kopelew (see his book "Keeping for All Time" ), who were soldiers and contemporary witnesses themselves at the time .
  13. ↑ Cf. Main Office of Statistics (GUS) ( Memento from December 17, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  14. ^ Johann Friedrich Goldbeck : Complete topography of the Kingdom of Prussia . Part I: Topography of East Prussia . Marienwerder 1785, p. 23.
  15. ↑ a b c d Alexander August Mützell and Leopold Krug : New topographical-statistical-geographical dictionary of the Prussian state . Volume 5: T – Z , Halle 1823, pp. 250–351, item 9.
  16. ↑ Geographical Institute: New General Geographical and Statistical Ephemeris . Volume 30, Weimar 1830, p. 24.
  17. ^ August Eduard Preuss : Prussian country and folklore or description of Prussia. A manual for primary school teachers in the province of Prussia, as well as for all friends of the fatherland . Bornträger Brothers, Königsberg 1835, p. 507, no. 98.
  18. ^ Supplements to the Universal Lexicon or Encyclopedic Dictionary of Sciences, Arts and Crafts . Published by HA Pierer, edited by Franz Dornberger. Altenburg 1841, 1st volume, p. 180.
  19. ^ Gustav Neumann: Geography of the Prussian State . 2nd edition, Volume 2, Berlin 1874, pp. 18-19, item 13.
  20. ^ A b c d e f g Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. East Prussia: Ortelsburg district. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
  21. ↑ The Great Knaur . Droemer, Munich 1966, Volume 1, p. 68.
  22. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Olsztyn: oni rządzili miastem za PRL . mojemazury.pl, January 14, 2011
  23. ↑ Wiązanki pamięci o tych, którzy odeszli . olsztyn24.com, October 30, 2010
  24. ^ TVP, Andrzej Ryński odznaczony , November 8, 2012
  25. ↑ Janusz Cichoń . ( Memento of the original from August 29, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Platforma Obywatelska; Retrieved August 15, 2013 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.platforma.org
  26. ↑ Result on the website of the election commission, accessed on July 31, 2020.
  27. ↑ "Prezydent Olsztyna i czterech samorządowców for zarzutami niedopełnienia obowiązków" on tvn24.pl, accessed on 31 July 2020th
  28. ↑ "Referendum w Olsztynie nie będzie" , on olsztyn.gosc.pl, accessed on July 31, 2020.
  29. ↑ Result on the website of the election commission, accessed on July 31, 2020.
  30. ^ Erich Keyser : German city book - manual urban history . Volume I: Northeast Germany . W. Kohlhammer Verlag, Stuttgart 1939, pp. 22/23.
  31. ^ Otto Hupp : German coat of arms . Kaffee-Handels-Aktiengesellschaft , Bremen 1925.
  32. ↑ Miasta Partnerskie. Retrieved April 22, 2019 .
  33. ↑ NaNa local traffic news . Issue 17/2011, June 22, 2011, page 10.
  34. ↑ Kulturzentrum Ostpreußen (Ed.): Allenstein - City of Our Youth . Ellingen 2013, p. 45, 46 .
  35. ↑ Flying should become easier . In: Preussische Allgemeine Zeitung , episode 02-12, January 14, 2012
  36. ↑ Soviet Army airfields in Germany (PDF; 157 kB)
  37. ^ Preussische Allgemeine Zeitung , episode 35-11, September 3, 2011