Suhescun
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Suhescun Suhuscune |
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| region | Nouvelle-Aquitaine | |
| Department | Pyrénées-Atlantiques | |
| Arrondissement | Bayonne | |
| Canton | Pays de Bidache, Amikuze et Ostibarre | |
| Community association | Pays Basque | |
| Coordinates | 43 ° 14 ′ N , 1 ° 12 ′ W | |
| height | 186-549 m | |
| surface | 11.83 km 2 | |
| Residents | 173 (January 1, 2017) | |
| Population density | 15 inhabitants / km 2 | |
| Post Code | 64780 | |
| INSEE code | 64528 | |
 Parish Church of Saint-Laurent |
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Suhescun is a French municipality with 173 inhabitants (at January 1, 2017) in the department of Pyrénées-Atlantiques in the region Nouvelle-Aquitaine (before 2016 Aquitaine ). The municipality is part of the Bayonne arrondissement and the canton of Pays de Bidache, Amikuze et Ostibarre (until 2015 Iholdy ).
The name of the municipality is Suhuskune in the Basque language . The residents are called accordingly Suhuskundar . The name is derived from the Basque zuhazkun ( German place of trees ).
geography
Suhescun is located approx. 45 km southeast of Bayonne in the historic Pays de Cize ( Basque Garazi ) of the historic province of Lower Navarra in the French part of the Basque Country .
Suhescun is surrounded by the neighboring communities:
| Iholdy | ||
| Irissarry |
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Lantabat |
| Yaxu | Ainhice Mongelos |
Suhescun is located in the catchment area of the Adour River .
The Lakako Erreka , a tributary of the Nive , crosses the area of the municipality. The Ruisseau d'Idiondoa, a tributary of the Ruisseau Arzuby, has its source in Suhescun.
history
Suhescun was founded in the 14th century on a pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela . The oldest evidence of settlement in the area, however, is a fortified camp from early history on the border with today's neighboring community of Lantabat. It is surrounded by a ring of parapets that resulted from the excavated earth of the trenches. These camps on uneven ground did not serve as permanent living space, but as a guard post and temporary shelter for the people living in the vicinity in the event of enemy invasions. They are the forerunners of the medieval castles. The prehistoric camp has been classified as a Monument historique since February 15, 1982 .
After marriage, the manors of Suhescun and Lacarre were united until the 17th century. In 1666 it passed into the hands of the Lafutsun family, who owned several other territories until the 18th century.
Toponyms and mentions of Suhescun were:
- Suescun (1305, 1316, 1350 and 1397, last mentioned according to documents of the Navarre Chamber of Finance ),
- Suhescun (1366),
- Sanctus-Laurentius de Suescun (1755, collations of the Diocese of Bayonne ) and
- Suhescun (1750, 1793 and 1801, map from Cassini , Notice Communale and Bulletin des lois, respectively ).
coat of arms
The coat of arms is that of the first landlords of Suhescun and can be interpreted as follows according to Guy Ascarat, heraldist and historian.
The scallops refer to the geographical location on a pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela. The cow is the symbol of pasture farming, fertility and the suitability of the soil to feed the residents.
Population development
After the population peaked at around 535 in the first half of the 19th century, a long phase of stagnation set in with short recovery phases, which continues to this day.
| year | 1962 | 1968 | 1975 | 1982 | 1990 | 1999 | 2006 | 2009 | 2017 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Residents | 276 | 241 | 219 | 194 | 198 | 205 | 197 | 199 | 173 |
Attractions
Parish church
The parish church, dedicated to Lawrence of Rome , was built in the 14th century. From the Romanesque era, due to a complete restoration in the 19th century, only the entrance portal on the west side from the second half of the 15th century has been preserved. The work was necessary due to the poor condition of the church. Remodeling work carried out during the 20th century has erased the last traces of the original church. Like most rural churches, this parish church has a single nave nave that is extended with a flat apse . The sacristy, which is covered with a hipped roof, is attached to the end of the apse. The bell tower above the entrance porch dates from the first half of the 20th century. His helmet is covered with a tent roof made of slate . The keystone of the round arch at the entrance to the porch bears the inscription "DOMUS MEA DOMUS ORATIONIS 1931" ( German: My house should be a house of prayer ) from the reports of the temple cleaning in the Gospels . The tower hides a bell that was cast in the 16th century and bears the inscription "VICIT LEO DE TRIBU DE JUDA" ( German : The lion from the tribe of Judah has won ) according to a line of the spell of Antonius of Padua . The border of the entrance door of the entrance portal is made of three rows of very light sandstone and decorated with a frieze .
Inside the church, a gallery surrounds the nave on three sides. It is made of wood with a balustrade made of twisted wood. Stairs in the front and back of the church allow access. On the sides there is a row of benches on the gallery, in the area above the entrance it extends gradually over five levels. The galleries are traditionally reserved for men when attending a fair . This custom is no longer strictly observed today due to social changes and the development of tourism.
The altarpiece dates from the 19th century, covers the entire rear wall of the choir and consists of three large panels with reliefs illustrating scenes of St. Lawrence. On the middle panel, which shows the apotheosis of St. Lawrence, the saint is depicted in the priestly clothing of the 19th century, with a white alb and a red and gold-colored chasuble . It is carried by a flock of angels that cover most of the table. Each angel's face is unique, and the tips of the wings of certain angels are gilded. Four columns of Corinthian order , which are lengthened by volutes , support a canopy and form the frame around the central table. Above you can see a dove, symbol of the Holy Spirit .
The left panel shows a scene of the martyrdom of Laurentius. He is tied with ropes around his back, waist and left hand. Three nails protrude from the board and underline the realism intended by the artist . Two tormentors are at his side, holding glowing sticks in front of a pyre that is already on fire . Smoke and fire pour through the whole picture. The second realism effect is created by the foot of one of the tormentors, who rests from the table on the golden frame.
The right panel shows another scene of the martyrdom of Laurentius, in which he lies elongated on a grid on a hot embers. Two tormentors hold him by the side. An angel with a palm branch in his hand is present at the scene. As with the other panels, various painting and sculpting techniques were used in low or high relief, such as the angel's arm, which emerges completely from the background.
In the center of the reredos is the tabernacle . Its door is framed in a round arch supported by two Corinthian columns. Symbols of the Eucharist adorn the door, a ciborium and a host , which is marked with a cross. The halo around the chalice and the cloud at the foot of the ciborium create a special atmosphere. The heads of two angels can be seen below the round arch.
Two statues are placed on pedestals at the two outer ends of the reredos . The left shows St. Joseph , the right a Madonna with baby Jesus . Above the reredos, two oval medallions , decorated with irises on the top , show the portraits of a woman and a man.
The pulpit of the church is attached to the gallery on the north wall. The pulpit is composed of four panels , which are decorated with plant ornaments in the form of hearts.
Jauregia farm
In 1366, the noble house of Jauregia was first mentioned in the records and became the most important residential building in the village. Its owner had a seat in the Navarre Assembly of Estates . The first structural changes were made in 1519, as evidenced by a year on a beam inside the house. However, there are still remains of an older building from the Middle Ages. According to documents from 1525, the landlord was a certain Jayme. On the bar, next to the year “1519”, the name of the owner is engraved in the form IAIME . On the lintel of the main entrance, the year "1590", the time of a second change, can be seen, as well as the coats of arms of the new landlord family Suhescun and the Kingdom of Navarre. With this structural change, the house was probably added. Viewed from the inside, it is noticeable that the main entrance was dismantled in an earlier gate of larger dimensions. The layout of the farm otherwise corresponds to the floor plan of traditional, rural farms with a stable on the right and rear side of the building that is accessible from the central eskaratz . The hayloft is in the attic. In the 19th and 20th centuries, certain window openings were changed and a barn was built. The house is covered with an elongated gable roof with hollow tiles and a half hip on the back. Rounded cross- floor windows with protruding sills give light to the first floor and the attic. The lintel of a window on the front ground floor is decorated with the coat of arms of the Basque Country, crosses and rosettes decorated with irises . On the left side of the building a cross-frame window and a twin window can be seen, on the right a cross-frame window without battens. In the eskaratz, you can see the wooden frame of the house and wedges on the doors. The farmhouse is privately owned and registered as a national treasure.
Larramendia farm
The regional architectural style is reflected in several architectural elements. The lintel over the entrance gate attests that the building dates back to the beginning of the 17th century and at the same time indicates not only the names, but in this case also the nationality of the owners at the time. The lintel is embellished with three crosses with irises and an inscription on the left side “LUIS DE LARAMENDI MARIDO MUBER EH FECIS” and one on the right side “MARIA DE BHEBERS 1608 ANO”. The noun sacrum IHS is also engraved in a free space below the year "1608". The first names "Luis" and "Maria" and the word "Marido" suggest that the owners originally came from Spain. With the exception of the word “Marido”, the inscription is carved directly into the stone, a technique that was rarely used in the French Basque Country, but was used more south of the Pyrenees . The origin of residents from Spain is nothing unusual in Lower Navarre. Another inscription with the year “1622” on the right outer wall probably indicates the completion of the building. The attic, the partition walls and the wood construction are typical elements of a farmhouse in the region. The eskaratz , the central entrance area, is on the ground floor. Sometimes it serves as a storage room, and all other rooms are directly accessible from it. A cattle shed in the rear completes the house designed for agricultural work. The first major restoration of the house took place in the 18th century, and another in the 20th century. Studies have shown that the farmhouse represents a transition from wood construction to masonry construction. The house with two floors and an attic is covered with an elongated gable roof with hollow tiles. In the middle of the first floor, two cross-frame windows allow light to enter. A cantilever in the framework is limited to the first floor, where it is filled with bricks arranged in a herringbone pattern. Below the gable, the facade is pierced by several triangular holes. Inside the house, the partition walls are made of half-timbered houses. The ceiling height of the eskaratz is 3.80 m, that of the attic is 3.40 m. In the eskaratz and in the cattle shed, the wooden framework of the house can be seen. The window in the kitchen has seats in the reveal , and the fireplace has its corbels with beveled quarter bars. The farmhouse is privately owned and registered as a national treasure.
Uhartea farm
The house of Uhartea was listed in 1366 in the form of uhart as a noble house in the list of households of the Kingdom of Navarre. It was probably converted into a farmhouse in the first half of the 17th century. The lintel of the window to the left of the entrance has a black painted cross with two dots above the transom in the middle. An inscription, also painted in black, reads “UHAR IOAN” on the left and “1755 NESD” on the right. Rosettes that are not painted decorate the four corners of the lintel. It was during this period that the house was likely to have the top floor added, which it did not originally have. It is possible that the house was widened on both sides at the same time. The year "1866" on the lintel of the window to the right of the entrance indicates the year of restoration. Further inscriptions are missing on this lintel. In the Basque Country, lintels are usually more soberly decorated than lintels that greet guests on the threshold. A reused stone can be seen on the north side wall, which could have come from the Middle Ages. It bears a relief with a rather indistinct male face and the inscription "SIMON", the first name of one of the last owners of the noble house. Today the three-part farmhouse is built as a timber frame and covered with a long gable roof with hollow tiles. A sheep pen is built on the side. The cowshed and hayloft are in the extension of the residential wing in the back of the house. The front facade has a balcony over the entrance to eskaratz . The frame of the two windows is made of limestone , the lintel is made of wood. The farmhouse is privately owned and registered as a national treasure.
Wayside cross
It was erected in the 18th century to protect travelers and mark the parish border. Possibly it marks the site of an earlier pagan place of worship. The cross rests on a large square base. In the 18th and 19th centuries it was customary for a funeral procession to begin at the house of the deceased and stop at every crossroads for a short prayer. The Suhescun wayside cross has been classified as a monument historique since November 13, 1973 . The stem of a monolith is framed a round stone and ends in a kind of capital . The cross shows Christ crucified with a crown of thorns hanging over his head on the cross. He has the appearance of a child because of his short arms and large head. The crossbar is decorated with decorative motifs. A flower with eight branches embellishes the back of the cross.
Economy and Infrastructure
Agriculture is traditionally the most important economic factor in the municipality. Suhescun is located in the AOC zones of Ossau-Iraty , a traditionally produced semi-hard cheese made from sheep's milk, as well as the pig breed and the ham "Kintoa".
The "Garatea" farm in Suhescun has around 400 Manech tête noire sheep , which are mainly fed with hay from their own production. The animals are out on the pastures every day in winter and on the alpine pastures in summer. From January to May the farm produces two tons of sheep's cheese, a third of which is Ossau-Iraty. Jacques Laby is another producer of the Ossau-Iraty in Suhescun.
total = 36
traffic
Suhescun can be reached via Routes départementales 22 and 422.
Web links
- Atlas du Patrimoine Historique et Culturel with images from Suhescun (French)
- Suhescun on the website of the former association of municipalities (French)
- Website of the AOP Ossau-Iraty association (French)
- Filière Porc Basque website (French)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Lieux - toponymie: Suhuscune (Garazi) ( fr ) euskaltzaindia . Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ↑ a b Jean-Baptiste Orpustan: Nouvelle toponymie basque ( fr , PDF) p. 75. 2010. Accessed December 20, 2017.
- ↑ Ma commune: Suhescun ( fr ) Système d'Information sur l'Eau du Bassin Adour Garonne. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ↑ a b c Suhescun ( fr ) visites.aquitaine.fr. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ Camp protohistorique de Suhescun ( fr ) visites.aquitaine.fr. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ Camp protohistorique (également sur commune de Lantabat) ( fr ) Ministry of Culture and Communication . Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ Paul Raymond: Dictionnaire topographique du département des Basses-Pyrénées ( fr ) In: Dictionnaire topographique de la France . Imprimerie nationale. 165, 1863. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ David Rumsey Historical Map Collection France 1750 ( en ) David Rumsey Map Collection: Cartography Associates. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ↑ a b Notice Communale Suhescun ( fr ) EHESS . Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ↑ Guy Ascarat: Armorial Communes Basques ( fr ) Archived from the original on November 16, 2016. Retrieved on December 20, 2017.
- ↑ Populations légales 2006 Commune de Suhescun (64528) ( fr ) INSEE . Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ↑ Populations légales 2014 Commune de Suhescun (64528) ( fr ) INSEE . Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ↑ Eglise Saint-Laurent ( fr ) visites.aquitaine.fr. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ↑ église paroissiale Saint-Laurent ( fr ) Ministry of Culture and Communication . Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ↑ Tribune de l'église Saint-Laurent ( fr ) visites.aquitaine.fr. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ↑ a b Retable de l'église Saint-Laurent ( fr ) visites.aquitaine.fr. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ↑ Panneau central du retable de l'église Saint-Laurent ( fr ) visites.aquitaine.fr. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ↑ Panneau latéral gauche du retable de l'église Saint-Laurent ( fr ) visites.aquitaine.fr. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ↑ Panneau latéral droit du retable de l'église Saint-Laurent ( fr ) visites.aquitaine.fr. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ↑ Tabernacle de l'église Saint-Laurent ( fr ) visites.aquitaine.fr. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ↑ Chaire de l'église Saint-Laurent ( fr ) visites.aquitaine.fr. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ↑ Ferme Jauregia ( fr ) visites.aquitaine.fr. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ↑ ferme Jauregia ( fr ) Ministry of Culture and Communication . Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ↑ Ferme Larramendia ( fr ) visites.aquitaine.fr. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ↑ Linteau de la ferme Laramendia ( fr ) visites.aquitaine.fr. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ↑ ferme Larramendia ( fr ) Ministry of Culture and Communication . Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ↑ Ferme Uhartea ( fr ) visites.aquitaine.fr. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ↑ Linteau indiquant le début de la construction de la ferme Uhartea ( fr ) visites.aquitaine.fr. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ↑ Linteau ferme Uhartea ( fr ) visites.aquitaine.fr. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ↑ ferme Uhartea ( fr ) Ministry of Culture and Communication . Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ↑ Croix de chemin de Suhescun ( fr ) visites.aquitaine.fr. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ↑ Croix de chemin ( fr ) Ministry of Culture and Communication . Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ↑ Institut national de l'origine et de la qualité: Rechercher un produit ( fr ) Institut national de l'origine et de la qualité . Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ↑ Ferme Garatea ( fr ) association AOP Ossau-Iraty. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ^ Jacques Laby ( fr ) AOP Ossau-Iraty interest group. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
- ↑ Caractéristiques des établissements en 2015 Commune de Suhescun (64528) ( fr ) INSEE . Retrieved December 20, 2017.
