Lake Neusiedl
| Lake Neusiedl | ||
|---|---|---|
|
||
| Satellite photo of Lake Neusiedl | ||
| Geographical location | Northern Burgenland , Western Transdanubia | |
| Tributaries | Wulka , channels | |
| Drain | 1's channel (artificial) | |
| Places on the shore | Neusiedl am See , Podersdorf am See , Rust , Purbach | |
| Data | ||
| Coordinates | 47 ° 49 ′ N , 16 ° 45 ′ E | |
|
||
| Altitude above sea level | 115 m above sea level A. | |
| surface | 320 km², 180 km² of which are reed belts | |
| length | 36 km | |
| width | 14 km | |
| volume | 0.32 km³ | |
| Maximum depth | 1.8 m | |
| Middle deep | 1.0 m | |
| Catchment area | 1120 km² | |
|
particularities |
particularly shallow , slowly silting up |
|
The Lake Neusiedl ( ungar. Fertő tó , Fertő literally "swamp" means) is, as the Balaton one of the few steppe lakes in Europe and the largest endorheic lake in Central Europe. It is predominantly located on Austrian territory and slightly in terms of area on Hungarian territory. Its Austrian share makes it Austria's largest lake in terms of area (the lakes located entirely on Austrian territory are smaller, and Austria's share of the overall larger Lake Constance is very small).
The lake is characterized by its reed belt, its shallow depth and its mild but windy climate. Its unique fauna and flora are protected by the establishment of the two national parks Neusiedler See-Seewinkel and Fertő-Hanság as well as the designation of the Fertő / Neusiedler See cultural landscape as a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Most of the Austrian part of the lake is owned by the Esterházy family ; smaller parts belong to the neighboring communities.
geography
The Neusiedlersee is a real steppe lake , the westernmost in a series that stretches across Eurasia to China ( Eurasian steppe ) . It connects directly to the easternmost foothills of the Alps and is thus in the subalpine transition zone to the Pannonian lowlands , the Alpine foothills in the east.
Dimensions
The lake has approximately the shape of a shoehorn , the northern third is called the Neusiedler Bucht , the narrowest point is the Illmitzer Seeenge .
Depending on the water level, the lake area is an average of 320 km² and about half of it is overgrown with reeds. There are 230 km² in Austria and 90 km² in Hungary. The Austrian part forms the largest lake area in Austria. The catchment area of the lake is 1120 km². The main extent in north-south direction is 34 kilometers, the width (from east to west) between 4.5 and 8 kilometers without a reed belt. At this length, the curvature of the earth has a significant effect , which is why, for example, between Neusiedl am See and Mörbisch, a warning light on a 10 m high mast is no longer visible at a distance of about 22 km.
Reed belt
The reed belt that almost completely surrounds the lake forms the habitat of the region's unique fauna and is the largest contiguous reed area in Europe after the Danube Delta . Due to the prevailing north-westerly air currents, significantly less reeds grow on the east bank than on the west bank. At Donnerskirchen the reed belt is up to five kilometers wide, Podersdorf lies on the only reed- free beach section two kilometers long. The passages through the reed belt are called Schluichten . The reed belt partially grows towards the center of the lake and thus in turn encloses areas such as the Silbersee in the south.
Until the middle of the 19th century, reeds were only found in places and mainly in the Waasen . The reed belt grew strongly from 1909 (opening of the Einserkanal) to 1965 (beginning of sea regulation) and today covers an area of almost 100 km² in Austria alone. The causes of the re-formation are the entry of fertilizer from agriculture and the Einser Canal , which caused a reduction in the salt content of the water. The competitive reeds were able to spread around the lake and cover almost all areas of the lake with low water levels.
Almost half of the reed belt is in the strictly protected nature zone of the national park, of the rest 10 to 15 percent of the reed belt is harvested mechanically by farmers and some professional reed cutters in winter and in some cases also processed. Annual reeds would be best suited for this, but the national park requires multi-year rotation management of the reed areas. In the past, this has repeatedly led to old reed stands being illegally set on fire in order to preserve areas for young reeds. In 2006, the Burgenland provincial government built a biomass cogeneration plant in Neusiedl am See , which uses the old reeds to counteract the threatened regression of the lake. And since 2013, the reed areas have been managed by WWF and BirdLife in such a way that the reed cut causes as little permanent damage as possible.
An old product of the lake is the reed as a building material, although the application has also expanded. Nowadays, just as it was in the past, it is used for stucco and for roofing , because it has embedded silica and is therefore particularly resistant. It is also used today as thermal insulation and privacy protection. It's popular and exported on a larger scale.
The so-called islands of the Neusiedler See, also called Schoppen (singular: the Schoppen ), are mostly not real islands , but rather reeds surrounded by open water. These include:
- Bauminsel or Podersdorfer Schoppen (near the east bank between Podersdorf and Weiden)
- Oggauer Schoppen (southern part of the Oggauer Bucht, only separated from the beach reeds by a narrow channel)
- Five pints (south of Rust Bay, group with two to five reed islands)
- Möwenschoppen (south of the five pots)
- Gravel island (gravel only at low tide, otherwise reed island, halfway between Rust Bay and the east bank)
- Vogelinsel (on the east bank south of Podersdorf)
Measurement point "B0"
Where the state border A / H, which runs eastward into the lake from the southern edge of Mörbisch (west bank), bends exactly south by about 100 °, the Hungarian border guard built a small concrete island in the shape of a circular ring with an outer diameter of about 13 m. It has a measurement mark in its center .
The artificial island was not allowed to enter or drive around and is now considered a symbol of the Cold War . In June 2004 the first rally of four passenger ships from the ports of Fertőrákos , Rust , Illmitz and Mörbisch came to this point. The memory of the former geopolitical situation was expressed. The trips that were repeated in the following years were seen as peace missions with religious elements.
Surrounding area
The lake is located in the Little Hungarian Plain , which is the western branch of the Hungarian Plain . It is bounded in the northwest by the last foothills of the Alps , the Leithagebirge , in the south by the Ödenburger Gebirge and in the north by the Parndorfer Platte . Furthermore, the Seewinkel lies in the east, the Ruster Hügelland in the southwest and the Waasen , also called Hanság in Hungarian , in the south and southeast.
Bathing and port facilities in the Neusiedl am See district are Illmitz, Podersdorf , Weiden , Neusiedl am See , Jois and in the Eisenstadt-Umgebung district Breitenbrunn am Neusiedler See , Purbach am Neusiedler See , Oggau , Mörbisch and the free town of Rust in Austria as well as Fertőrákos in Hungary.
Other places in the surrounding area are Apetlon , Gols , Winden am See , Donnerskirchen , Oslip , Fertőboz , Fertőd , Balf (Wolfs), Fertőhomok , Hegykő , Sarród and Fertőújlak (Mekszikópuszta).
geology
In the Middle Tertiary , around 16 million years ago, the area of today's Neusiedlersee was covered by an extension of the ancient Tethys sea . There was a tropical to subtropical climate. Extensive red algae and coral reefs , which are known today as Leitha limestone , grew in the coastal areas, i.e. on today's Leithagebirge and the Rust ridge . The stone has been used mainly as a building block for a long time (e.g. the Roman quarry of St. Margarethen ).
The folding of the Alpine arc and the Carpathian arc caused a tectonic lowering of the areas in between. With the retreat of the Parathetis , an inland body of water formed in the resulting lowlands, where, since the Badenium, thick layers of clays and sands have accumulated on the bottom. This Pannonian lake silted up until the end of the Pannonian about 5 million years ago, leaving behind the Pannonian Plain and the Vienna Basin .
The four most recent ice ages of the Pleistocene of the past two million years did not have as much impact in the area as in the Alps, but the rivers brought huge amounts of sediments of clay , loam , silt and sand . Loess is particularly important for the vegetation. It was created from the finest, dust-like particles carried by the wind. During the most recent Würm glacial period , 70,000 to 10,000 years ago, rivers brought masses of gravel from the Alps to the land east of the lake. Towards the end of this glacial period, the Neusiedler See was formed around 13,000 years ago as a result of another tectonic subsidence.
Hydrogeology
Lake basin
The bottom of the lake is mostly sandy, with gravel banks in some places . The current prevents the sediment particles from being deposited and thus prevents the formation of sludge . Only in areas with no current near the reeds or in bays and harbors does rotting biomass and digested sludge deposit and form the distinctive methane and hydrogen sulfide gases . These are also the cause of the unusual ice-free spots when the lake is otherwise completely frozen over in winter.
Underground mineral water lake
As early as 1955 it was discovered that the largest mineral water reserves in Europe are located under Lake Neusiedl on an area of 250 km².
In the case of mineral springs, tectonic fault lines can usually also be found, here four fractures dominate the space:
- The Mörbischer Bruch (between Mörbisch and Rust with a jump height of 800 meters) was created 15 million years ago;
- the Oggauer Randbruch;
- the Neusiedler Bruch from Neudorf via Neusiedl to the lake (jump height 200 meters);
- the Mönchhofer Fischerhüttenbruch from Mönchhof via Illmitz to Hungary (jump height 100 meters).
There are two separate floors in which mineral water occurs in the Neusiedler See area. The upper one extends to a depth of about 150 meters and provides highly concentrated sodium and magnesium sulfate waters. Their salt content can reach more than 37 grams per liter. On the lower floor (up to 800 or 1200 meters deep) there are fluorine-rich saline solutions from former seawater of the Neogene (= Young Tertiary) (25 to 2 million years old).
The mineral water-bearing layers consist of silty fine sand. Layers of clay lay over these sands, protecting the mineral water from contamination. The water resources are under artesian pressure and rise in crevices where they mix with groundwater.
In addition to the local well St. Bartholomäus in Illmitz and some house wells, these deposits are used to a greater extent by the St. Martins Therme & Lodge in Frauenkirchen and probably also by the Roman spring in Edelstal . In Hungary, the “Balfi Ásványvíz” mineral water is bottled in Balf and several indoor and outdoor pools are operated with this water.
Water balance / water level
Problem
The shallow lake is mainly fed by precipitation and drained by evaporation. As a result, the water level is subject to the weather conditions and naturally fluctuates strongly. The average water level is around 115.45 m above sea level. A. , the maximum depth is only about 2 meters. The fluctuation range during the year is 60 to 80 centimeters. The lowest water levels are measured in August.
Precipitation and drought can on the one hand result in considerable flooding and on the other hand dry out the lake. About 80% of the water is supplied through precipitation and 20% through smaller tributaries such as Wulka , Wolfsbrunnbach, Angerbach, Rákosbach and the local sewers. The few fresh water sources fed by the Leithagebirge are negligible for the water level. Since the lake basin is separated from the Seewinkel by thick layers of tegel, no groundwater comes into the lake from there . The lake is an end lake and therefore has no natural runoff, evaporation is responsible for 90% of the water loss. Since the lake is located in a windy area, the wind carries large amounts of water into the reed belt, which is quickly absorbed by the plants.
The weir-controlled Einser-Kanal leads winter floods over the Rabnitz into the Danube in order to avoid flooding in spring. If, as in the spring of 1996, the lake should overflow its banks, the operations of the sewage treatment plants will be disrupted in addition to the buildings and systems near the shore. Later in the year, the excess water can no longer be discharged via the Einser Canal, since the rivers behind it then also lead to floods. But if too much water is drained off in winter, tourism and agriculture will suffer in summer due to the low water level. Such interventions are also questionable from an ecological point of view.
Multi-year fluctuations
The multi-year fluctuation range of the water level has been significantly lower since 1965 at just under 90 centimeters, making the water level of the lake more stable than before. Before that, fluctuations of 1.6 meters were common. Since 1965, the risk of flooding has also decreased noticeably. This was made possible by the use of precisely defined procedures to stabilize the water level between Austria and Hungary in 1965. This so-called sea regulation is regulated via the Einser Canal through the weir between Apetlon and Mekszikópuszta on Hungarian territory. Bilateral water management issues are dealt with by the Austro-Hungarian Water Commission.
Before the regulation work in the 19th century, the lake continued in the wide marshland of the Waasen , of which remains are still preserved in the south. He was thus in close connection with the Danube and the Raab . This system has been through the Hochwassertor of Győr destroyed and the draining (by dams and channels) of the Waasen in Seewinkel.
Historical fluctuations and plans to drain the lake
Over the centuries, the lake level rose and fell, which also affected life around the lake. The water level of the Neusiedler See was exposed to strong fluctuations in the past: In 1740, 1773, 1811–1813 and 1864–1870 the lake (almost) completely dried up, on the other hand it showed the 1741/1742, 1786, 1797–1801, 1838 and 1941 largest expansions.
At the beginning of the 17th century, the lake slowly dried up over several decades, so that recultivation of the lake floor was even considered. But after a few years the lake was full again and reached its peak in 1786 with an area of 515 km². A lot of pasture was flooded, so that farmers even had to migrate.
Between 1775 and 1780 a canal was dug through the Hanság (German: Waasen ) and a dam road was built between Pamhagen and Esterháza . Over the next 40 years the lake dried up again and filled up again. The canal was expanded. Large parts of the moors were drained, and large meadows were created near Magyaróvár (German: Altenburg). The surrounding area experienced an economic boom, as a result, even farmers' sons were able to study.
In 1838 the lake flooded again and destroyed many agricultural crops. To protect agriculture, the engineer Karl Kecskés was commissioned with the complete drainage of the lake. The swampy Hanság was largely drained with canals and dams, thus reducing the water level of the lake. As a result, the lake froze to the bottom in winter, all the fish perished, and the project was abandoned for lack of money.
A peat fire that was smoldering for years from 1857 devastated large parts of the former Hanság and thus it was only of limited use for agriculture. In 1858, locusts invaded in large numbers east of the lake and destroyed the vegetation.
During the last drying up from 1864 to 1870, rice was grown in the dry lake bed . Until 1871 only a narrow strip of water remained. The ground hardened and encrusted. The wind carried the salty dust into the surrounding areas and especially into the vineyards. The bottom of the lake itself was hardly usable for agriculture, however, and salt-resistant plants settled, which otherwise only occur on the coast. Paths between the lakeside communities, for example from Illmitz to Mörbisch, were laid out.
The lake was full again in 1872. For 1878, however, the handbook Statistics of Austria-Hungary noted that the lake was again almost completely dry. As a result, the Raabregulierungsgesellschaft was founded, which had the task of draining the lake forever. In 1885, the planning of a canal from Pamhagen to Rabnitz began, and in 1895 construction began on the Einser Canal, which was completed in 1909. Due to constant silting up and silting up, it served at best to regulate the lake, but not to drain it. Further planned canals, whose names should be "Zweierkanal", "Dreierkanal" and so on, were not built.
Towards the end of the First World War there were serious food shortages, which made additional land necessary for agriculture. An inspection of the lake area took place on April 24th and 25th, 1918. The director of the Raab regulatory company, ministerial officials, engineers as experts and the legal advisor to Prince Esterházy, Nicholas IV, were involved . The result of their investigations and consultations was:
- The "continuation" of the sea regulation as an "urgent matter" because the water-covered area is not "usable" for agriculture. Because of the low water level, the lake is also unsuitable for fishing.
- The older plan of building a “connecting trench” in the lake for water drainage with a floor width of 15 meters and high dams from the confluence of the Wulka to the Hanság Canal is impracticable.
- It is useful to contain a part of the lake. This sub-area, unsuitable for the purposes of agriculture, with an elevated water level, should serve "fish pond management", but also remain with "reed stocks". The (so far) other part of the lake will dry up completely. This would gain usable soil for agricultural use; if necessary, it can be watered from the remains of the lake.
- Half of the lake basin "to the west" is "to be saved for soil culture because of the good mud bottom". That concerns about 30,000 yoke between Jois and Balf (Wolfs). The eastern part between Podersdorf and Illmitz , about 12,000 yokes, should be set up for fishing. The remaining areas are to be assigned to one or the other category according to the wishes of the owners.
Nikolaus IV. Prince Esterházy invited all those “interested in the lake” to a conference on June 15, 1918 in Győr , where he emphasized that Lake Neusiedl as such was “no longer important” and that it was “for the purposes of agriculture ... so far a relative one small area has been won ”. The assembly dealt with the previously summarized project and the interested parties constituted a maritime regulatory society “unanimously and with enthusiasm”. This, in their opinion, "promising drainage plan" failed due to the end of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy and the subsequent annexation of Burgenland to Austria.
In 1921, hunters, conservationists and the population who feared climate change prevented the implementation of further plans to drain Lake Neusiedl.
In 1929 the lake froze to the bottom and the fish population was destroyed again.
In 1938, projects to maintain and stabilize the lake were examined. This included supply lines from the Danube and the Leitha to raise the water level, weirs at the Einser Canal and even the installation of turbines . A cross dam from Mörbisch to Illmitz was supposed to fill a reservoir in the northern part of the lake and drain the Hungarian part. A transverse dam and two longitudinal dams on the west and east banks were supposed to drain the reed belt. But this could be prevented, among others by Stephan Aumüller .
In 1941 the lake reached its greatest extent in living memory. It overflowed its banks for many kilometers and flooded some parts of neighboring communities. Street names such as Seeufergasse in the middle of Apetlon still show today how far the lake could expand.
In 1945 the last peat fire of the Hanság, coming from Hungary, spread to the Andau area.
In 1965 the regulation began in Mekszikópuszta, with which the risk of flooding was contained and the reed growth was slowed down.
Forecast and action
In 2003 the water level of Lake Neusiedl sank sharply again and led to a problem for some sailors who could not sail with their boats. The authorities therefore commissioned the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna to forecast the future of the lake in some studies. It is predicted that Lake Neusiedl will dry out to the greatest possible extent from 2010 to 2050. Global warming and ever lower amounts of precipitation are expected to lead to the lake gradually drying out in the coming decades. It was investigated whether it was possible to feed Danube accompanying water (groundwater) to the north of Lake Neusiedl. In addition to the structural requirements, the difference in the composition of the two inland waters was seen as problematic. The additional nutrient content and the lower salt content of the Danube water could accelerate the growth of the reed belt again.
The water level of the lake was 115.8 m above sea level in 2010 . A. in the higher annual average.
Starting in 2011, the lake and the Hanság were re-measured in the three-year GeNeSee research project. For the first time, measurements in Austria and Hungary were carried out simultaneously. Not only the open water areas, but also the thickness of the mud at the bottom were recorded, so that a digital terrain model was created.
Hydrology
Water temperature
.JPG)
The water of the shallow lake quickly takes on the temperature of the air . On particularly hot days, water temperatures of up to 30 ° C can easily be reached; however, the lake also cools down quickly when a thunderstorm front passes through . In summer an average of 22 to 23 ° C is measured.
Currents
The current of the lake turns clockwise, the west bank of the lake shows a north, the east side a south current. In addition, there are numerous gyroscopic currents in the area of bays and islands . The direction of the flow at the bottom can be opposite to the surface flow. This often results in a layered superposition of cooler and warmer water masses. This also explains supposed warm springs that are noticed when bathing in the lake.
In the canals in the reeds, flow speeds of 0.5 to 1 m / s can occur in stronger winds.
waves
The waves are steeper than those in deep water, but have the same wave pattern with three small and two large waves. The waves are also higher than you would expect from the shallow lake. The wave movement rarely follows the wind direction exactly and tends to deviate to the right. Water sports enthusiasts call the wave pattern at Lake Neusiedl a choppy wave .
Water quality
The Biological Research Institute for Burgenland near Illmitz has also been monitoring the water quality of the lake since 1972 . The bathing water quality of the water is regularly confirmed in accordance with the guideline values of the EU Directive 76/160 / EEC. The water quality of the Neusiedler See is determined every five years in the trophy system and has been described as mesotrophic to eutrophic since 1990.
Due to the currents and the shallow depth of the lake, the clear clouding of the water is created by floating sediment particles. The Neusiedler See is not a freshwater lake , it has a slightly higher salt concentration; with 0.2% about one twentieth of seawater, but twice the concentration of the limit value of fresh water. Due to the cloudiness, despite the shallow depth, hardly any sunlight comes to the lake floor, which, in addition to the salinity, prevents algae growth and fungal growth .
The salinity is due to the subsoil of the lake basin. The salty Tethys sediments were covered with a layer of Danube sediments during the Ice Ages. Groundwater diffuses up through the saline layer. It saturates itself with salt. In the ice age sediment layer above, the Na and Cl ions of the salt are replaced by Mg , SO 4 and CO 3 ions by ion exchange .
This creates the salts of the lake, namely table salt (NaCl), Glauber's salt (Na 2 SO 4 ), Epsom salt (MgSO 4 ) and, as the main component, soda (Na 2 CO 3 ); in the regional dialect they are called zick . This is also where the name of the Zicksee lake in Seewinkel comes from.
The content of various salts of 2000 grams per cubic meter can be compared with the mineral content in mineral water . The situation is completely different with the neighboring small lakes in the Seewinkel, such as the Langen Lacke : the salt content is much higher there.
meteorology
Climatic conditions
The lake is in the area of influence of the continental Pannonian climate . In the rain shadow of the Alps , the thermals of the lake ensure that little rainfall irrigates the land to the east of the lake in summer , as storm clouds are mostly pushed north. The annual mean rainfall is less than 600 millimeters, but 300 days of sunshine per year are counted here, which is beneficial for tourism . The temperature-balancing effect of the lake ensures a mild autumn. This offers optimal conditions for viticulture .
wind
The lake is considered windy, which is used for wind turbines and by sailors , windsurfers and kite surfers .
The prevailing wind direction is northwest. In the summer months, winds from the southeast to the southwest are also frequent. Sudden gusts and storms can be dangerous for shipping and water sports, as the winds increase at any time during a storm and can often reach strengths of 6 to 10 Beaufort within a few minutes . Most storms occur following a southerly air current, which then quickly changes to strong northwest wind.
Hurricane-like storms from 10 Beaufort onwards are registered around twice a year . Depending on the direction and duration of the storm, the water level can be inclined by up to 80 centimeters. The highest inclination was measured on March 29, 1888, 81 centimeters. In 1926 there was a five days continuous storm, which by its size 80 square kilometers of the lake dry laid .
hazards
In the beach resorts of Neusiedl, Weiden, Podersdorf, Illmitz, Fertőrákos, Mörbisch, and Rust, as well as in the Oggau marina and in Podersdorf Hölle, yellow light signals give out all year round storm warnings . Many water sports enthusiasts underestimate the dangers of the shallow lake, which leads to deaths every few years. The high frequency and force of the waves in winds of 8 Beaufort or more often make survival in the water impossible, even for lifeguards. You can neither stand nor swim at Grundsee . Therefore, in the event of danger, such as capsizing a boat, it is strongly recommended to stay with the boat and hold on to it until help arrives.
Heat balance
The effect of the large water surface of the Neusiedlersee can be felt as a temperature buffer. During the night the lake releases heat and humidity into the Seewinkel, especially from the main wind direction northwest. This also creates ideal conditions for viticulture: there are hardly any late frosts in spring, there are no extreme temperature fluctuations in summer and late summer is considered the longest in Austria.
Ice sheet
If the weather is long and cold, a stable ice cover can form, which allows ice sailing .
For January 2017 , a bike ride across the frozen lake is documented when the ice cover is strong and has been used by ice sailors . A thin layer of snow made it possible to move forward with normal tires without spikes and probably also to see holes in the ice.
history
Prehistory and Antiquity
Stone Age and Bronze Age finds show that the land around the lake has been inhabited for 8,000 years. When the Romans founded the province of Pannonia in 9 AD , they named the land around Lake Neusiedl Boierwüsten , as it was sparsely populated by the Boiers . Around the year 70 the lake was named by Pliny the Elder with Lacus Peiso , after the Pei who lived there (probably also referring to the Boier). In Aurelius Victor , the name of the lake is Pelso . The dense oak forests of the Seewinkel were cut down in Roman times because the wood was needed in Carnuntum . By desertification known today, forest poor was Pusztalandschaft . The first vineyards emerged under the rule of Emperor Probus at the latest .
middle Ages
At the end of the Great Migration, the Ostrogoths had many settlements on Lake Neusiedl, followed by Avars , Franks , Slavs and finally the Magyars . At the turn of the millennium, the lake is likely to have dried up after a warm period. In 1074 the Stagnum Ferteu , from which the Hungarian name should come, was first mentioned in a document. Depending on the water level, it was alternately referred to as a swamp, river or lake. The defeated Pechenegs are settled around the lake by the Hungarians as border guards of the Gyepű system , and Bavarian settlers also come to the country. In 1242 the Mongols destroyed the population at the lake, in the following years southern German settlers were brought back into the country. They also repopulated the ruins of the city of Saturday market , from which the name of the city of Neusiedl and the German name of the lake were derived. Coming from the northeast, Slavs also settled there, which is only recognizable today by field names and place names.
Modern times
During the Turkish Wars , from 1526 with the first Turkish siege of Vienna to the Battle of the Kahlenberg in 1683, and the Kuruzzans uprising until 1711, the region was a contested borderland. In the armed conflicts, the surviving residents of the marshy Waasen served as a shelter and refuge.
Modern
The fishing was a major industry, fish was daring, as a tithe to Eisenstadt to the princes Esterházy delivered.
The Austro-Hungarian Navy ran a cadet school in Neusiedl am See, and young sailors learned to sail here. The dinghies used for this were produced and maintained in a shipyard between Podersdorf and Weiden.
The entire Burgenland belonged to German West Hungary until 1920/1921. Since 1898 had due to the Magyarization of the government in Budapest , the Hungarian name Fertő be used.
After the end of the First World War , after tough negotiations, German-West Hungary was awarded to Austria in the Treaties of Saint-Germain and Trianon in 1919 . Since 1921, the lake has mainly belonged to the newly founded federal state of Burgenland (see also the history of Burgenland and referendum in 1921 in Burgenland ). Then the first tourists came to the lake; However, the global economic crisis forced many Burgenlanders to emigrate .
During the Second World War , aerial battles took place over the lake between bombers attacking Wiener Neustadt and the German air force . Wrecks and projectiles were recovered from the lake until the 1990s.
After the end of the occupation by the Soviets, tourism and agriculture gained momentum on the Austrian side, and the lake enabled the agriculturally organized lake communities to transform into tourism centers. In 1956, during the Hungarian popular uprising , many thousands of people fled to Austria over the Andau bridge , which crosses the Einser Canal. By 1989, many migrants crossed the Iron Curtain by fleeing to the west through the lake and the reed belt. Some lost their lives in the process.
Between 1994 and 2004, the Esterhazy family brought their property on the lake, the reed belt and areas near the banks to several foundations, which were restructured in 2007. The areas on the lake are partly used for agriculture, partly in favor of nature conservation.
On the 3rd / 4th April 2020 around seven square kilometers of the reed belt in the Illmitz community were affected by a reed fire. The fire was difficult to access from land or from the lake. Two Black Hawk helicopters of the armed forces were last in action on April 4th during the day for more than five hours each with a 3 m 3 water extinguishing vessel, which was filled on the one hand on land and on the other in the lake. The fire could only be extinguished more than 24 hours after the alarm, around 180 hectares of the reed belt burned.
nature
Course of the year
Spring is marked by high water levels and the arrival of migratory birds .
In summer the water level sinks by up to 80 centimeters and tourists and water sports enthusiasts populate the lake. In the reed belt, clear ponds without drainage, the so-called blanks , are created in which the birds find their food. The offspring are slowly fledging in the reeds.
Due to the lake's heat-storing function, autumn usually comes late and mild, the migratory birds leave again and the lake slowly begins to fill up. The water level is regulated to prevent flooding in the flat surrounding area.
Almost every year the lake freezes over for a few days or weeks in winter. When it snows and storms, the whole area sinks into snowdrifts . Winter is over when the thawed ice sheets, driven by the strong northwest wind, pile up on the east bank of the lake to form a meter-high ice rush .
Flora and fauna
plants
The lake is located in the Pannonian Floral Province . In addition to the reeds mentioned above, there are many other grasses that are typical of the region, such as rushes , salt ledges , gap sedge , salt fescue or the Pannonian sedge . The carnivorous water hose ( Utricularia spp. ), Which can be found in the blanks in the reeds, is particularly unusual .
Salt specialists such as salt cress , salt wormwood , beach aster , European samphire and beach melde grow on the salty soils .
There are also various orchids such as the marsh marsh orchid ( Liparis loeselii ), the orchid of the year from 1994, the yellow lady's slipper ( Cypripedium calceolus ), the green-brown spider ragweed , the purple orchid, as well as bug , helmet , marsh and spring - Fire orchid still have a habitat here. The autumn rootwort flowers last from August .
Austrian flax , ground tragacanth , purple mullein and dwarf iris bloom on the dry, salt-free meadows . There are also many protected heather plants .
Almost all of these plants are protected by the Natura 2000 agreement and by Austrian federal laws. Locals and employees of the national park make sure that nature remains as untouched as possible. Anyone found with picked protected plants must expect a severe penalty.
Mammals
Over 40 species of mammals such as the ground squirrel , steppe polecat and hamster live around the lake.
Birds
Over 300 species of birds live in the area of the lake. 150 species are breeding birds. That is 40 percent of all European and 80 percent of all Austrian bird species. This also includes the largest breeding area of the great egrets with up to 700 pairs. The gray heron is represented by around 35 pairs and there are still around 70 great bustards . The best known is the white stork , which is treated like a heraldic animal in the entire region. Even spoonbills , purple herons , eastern imperial eagle , eagle , gray goose , oriole , bee-eaters , Avocet , Ruff , Kentish plover , tern , redshank , black-tailed godwit , curlew , yellow wagtail , short-eared owl , harrier and many other protected birds provide great interest of ornithologists and Nature lovers.
fishes
Autochthonous food fish are pike , pikeperch , wild carp and catfish , and various white fish such as stickleback, arbor, bream and bream as well as ruff populate the lake. The eel is not originally found in Lake Neusiedl, but humans released it in the lake as a popular food fish. Since the eel also feeds on the spawn of native fish, the release of glass eels was recently prohibited due to problems that occurred. The gable populations consist exclusively of females; they multiply parthenogenetically . The sunfish was imported from North America.
Amphibians and reptiles
Typical of the Schilfgürtel- and shore area, various amphibians such as Common toad , green toad , spadefoot , Common Tree Frog , Balkan Moor Frog , Agile Frog , Pool Frog , Marsh Frog , Edible Frog and fire-bellied toad . At tailed amphibians are Danube crested newt and smooth newt home.
Common among the reptiles are grass snakes and lizards such as the eastern green lizard , sand lizard , and forest lizard . The rare snake species include the dice snake and meadow otter . However, there has been no definite proof of the latter since 1973.
arthropod
The Neusiedler See is home to a species-rich articulated animal fauna, besides numerous insects such as mosquitoes , caddis flies , mayflies , dragonflies and bedbugs , 1500 species of butterflies have been identified. Furthermore, many species of water snails and spiders find their way here . Rare species such as the South Russian tarantula , the moonhorn beetle or the great sawhorse occur here.
National park and world heritage site
As early as 1935, efforts were made to establish a national park. But it was not until 1993 that the lake and its surroundings were actually declared a national park due to the flora and fauna that are unique in Central Europe . The park consists of the Austrian part Neusiedler See-Seewinkel with 9700 hectares and the much larger Hungarian part Fertő-Hanság, which has been expanded from 6500 hectares to 23,500 hectares . The cross-border national park is subject to the Ramsar Convention and the Natura 2000 Convention.
The area of the national park was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2001 . The award ceremony took place simultaneously on May 18, 2003 in Pamhagen in Austria and at Esterházy Palace in Fertőd .
Tourism and economy
Recreation area
The region is of great tourist importance for Burgenland, as two thirds of the country's tourism is concentrated here. For western Hungary the lake is not that important. Tourism on the Hungarian side benefits more from the national park than from the only seaside resort in the port of Fertőrákos . This was previously reserved for the communist cadres and therefore not generally accessible until 1989.
Due to its former separation by the Iron Curtain , the lake in Austria was mainly visited by Viennese due to its geographical proximity to the metropolitan area of Vienna and therefore also referred to as the Sea of the Viennese . Up until the 1980s, mostly Viennese and German guests came for an average of two weeks on beach holidays at the lake. Due to the changed holiday behavior, nowadays more short holidays are spent on Lake Neusiedl. But many (hobby) athletes, nature lovers and families still stay in this area for a long time. In the early and late season, many Austrian schools choose the region for school sports weeks .
The lido on the lake were expanded, partly with Objective 1 funding from the European Union . Podersdorf am See has established itself as the center of tourism on Lake Neusiedl. The municipality has the highest number of overnight stays, the widest range and is located on the only reed-free stretch of beach on the lake.
Increasing development of the bank areas
In the 1950s and 1960s, the communities on the lake wrested today's beaches and access roads from the reed belt, artificially piled them up and provided them with the necessary infrastructure. When the idea of nature conservation arose and the official requirements became increasingly strict, construction activity on the lakeshore subsided. Almost every lake community now had boat harbors, bathing facilities, restaurants, etc. directly on the lake in order to benefit from tourism.
For a long time there have been numerous holiday homes in the reed belt of Rust Bay and some yacht clubs and port operators around the lake have set up small holiday settlements on the beaches. These are mostly stilt houses made of wood with around 20 square meters of living space.
Since the 2000s, more and more lake properties have been built for tourist purposes, but also for residential purposes. This is not only sharply criticized by nature conservationists. Because contrary to the earlier usage, the rare plots are now more often built for private purposes than for tourist purposes and instead of small holiday homes, expensive permanent residences in the upper price segment are being built.
In contrast, the Burgenland's official state development program of 2011 stipulates that the shores of the lake are to be kept largely free from construction and that tourist use should have priority over private use.
Sports
Tourism mainly benefits from events and facilities for sailing , surfing , kite surfing , paddling , beach volleyball , inline skating , horse riding and cycling from the lake. Among other things, there is a cycling circuit around the lake, the Neusiedler See-Radweg , with a length of 135 km, of which 38 km are in Hungary and 97 km in Austria.
Well-known sporting events are the annual lake crossing from Mörbisch to Illmitz and the Austriathlon in Podersdorf. Every year at the end of April the Surf Worldcup takes place in Neusiedl. The Austrian youth championship in sailing takes place every two years in a yacht club (mostly YCP, UYCNs and BYC) . In May 2006, the ISAF held a world championship in sailing and windsurfing on Lake Neusiedl. In addition to the sailing and surfing schools in the bathing ports, the sailing academy of the Austrian Sailing Association has established itself in Neusiedl am See . During the summer months, a regatta is held somewhere by the lake on almost every weekend , from state championships to joint trips , a lot can be observed.
In winter, sometime between mid-December and February, the lake becomes the largest ice rink in Central Europe. In the winters of 1974/75 and 2006/07 the lake did not freeze over, in the winter of 1982/83 at the latest on February 13th. In good years the surface is mirror-smooth and free of snow, sometimes rough like a washboard with flat surfaces in between when there is too much wind over long distances. Ice rushes one and a half meters high can even form in places. In places there can be thin, often dark areas or small open areas where methane gas, which rises from the muddy bottom of the steppe lake, prevents freezing. Caution is also advisable in the vicinity of the reeds. In addition to ice skating , the winter sports ice sailing , ice surfing , ice kite surfing and even cycling with spikes are practiced. Cross-country skiing is possible on a 15 km long, groomed slope in Podersdorf .
Viticulture
Due to the favorable climate with 2000 hours of sunshine annually, there is also a lot of viticulture in the region , with a lot of wine being sold in other regions, but also being marketed directly in numerous wine taverns and wine shops . In the Neusiedler See and Leithaberg wine-growing regions , around. 12,225 hectares under cultivation.
The dominant white wine varieties are the Welschriesling and the Weißburgunder . When it comes to red wines, there are Zweigelt , St. Laurent and Blaufränkische . The wine-growing region became famous in the 1960s and 1970s for specialties such as Trockenbeerenauslese and Eiswein . After the wine scandal in 1985, viticulture fell sharply for a few years, but in the meantime the quality of the wines produced has reached world-class level. Top ratings from renowned critics such as Robert Parker attest to the claim to leadership of the wine-growing region in Austria.
fishing
There are now only a handful of commercial fishermen on the lake, with the Reuse systems catch food fish. Private individuals have the option of purchasing fishing permits . The fishery is documented as early as the 16th century. At that time the fishing waters were owned by the nobility. From the places Illmitz, Apetlon and Martinhofen therefore fish had to be delivered as interest to the Esterházy in Eisenstadt.
In the past, alien fish such as the eel were brought into the lake to increase their quantities for fishing. As this affected the autochthonous population and the natural balance of the lake, these interventions were ended in the 1990s. The aim now is to preserve the old methods and traditions in modern fishing too. For this reason, the Neusiedlersee fish is generally one of the traditional foods .
Excursion destinations
The operettas of the Mörbisch Seefestspiele , which are performed on a lake stage every year in the summer months and can also be reached by ferry, are well known. In the quarry of St. Margaret are alternately opera and passion plays performed. And in Parndorf , amateur actors perform Shakespeare plays every July and August .
The Cselley mill near Oslip has established itself as an alternative cultural center . Here you will find readings , cabaret and pop - and rock - Concerts their platform.
In the region around the Neusiedlersee there are many well-known excursion destinations, including the Pamhagen steppe park, where you can observe 50 species-appropriate animal species, the Halbturn Castle , the medieval Forchtenstein Castle , the Mönchhof village museum and Austria's largest leisure park, the Neusiedlersee Family Park . In bad weather, the St. Martins Therme & Lodge in Seewinkel , which opened in 2009, is an alternative to swimming on the beach.
traffic
shipping
Motorboats with internal combustion engines are generally prohibited for private use on the lake. These are reserved for professional fishermen, for regatta accompaniment, for training purposes, for work boats and emergency organizations such as fire brigade and police . There are also four shipping companies on the lake, which use larger, flat ships for round trips in the reed belt or as a bicycle ferry on the lake from Illmitz, Podersdorf, Breitenbrunn, Rust and Mörbisch.
The technological development of batteries and electric motors has a problematic effect on the ecology of the lake. For some years now, powerful electric boats have been booming , some of which whirl up the lake floor at speeds of over 100 km / h and disturb the animal world. Apart from the existing speed limit of 50 km / h, however, no statutory regulations are planned.
The ban on combustion engines and the frequent wind have contributed to the fact that Lake Neusiedl is now a national center for all wind-driven water sports . Countless regattas and similar competitions and supporting events take place throughout the season, from April to September . Sailors , kiters and windsurfers have organized themselves in associations and clubs and contribute significantly to the cultural diversity of the region.
There are basically two types of sailing harbors on the lake, the municipal harbors operated by the municipalities - some of which are organized in sailing clubs - and the private harbors of the yacht clubs :
| port | Sailing club | Yacht club |
|---|---|---|
| Illmitz | - | YCI |
| Podersdorf south | SVP | YCP |
| Podersdorf Nord (until 2016) | SCPN | - |
| Pastures | SCW | YES, YCW |
| Neusiedl | SCNW, s4wCNS | UYCN |
| Jois | - | SU-YCS-Nd |
| Breitenbrunn | SBb | YCBb |
| Purbach | - | ÖHYC |
| Oggau | - | YCOg |
| Rust | SCR | BYC, YC- TherMilAk |
| Mörbisch | - | YCM |
| Fertőrákos (Hungary) | - | - |
_02.jpg)
The ports of Jois, Purbach and Oggau can be reached by boats via canals through the reed belt. Because of the shallow depth of the lake, sports equipment with fins or swords over 50 centimeters near the port or shore are often not usable. Outside the harbors there are only a few possibilities for mooring, because driving on or mooring at the beaches is prohibited by law and the banks are completely reeded. A few jetties are provided by the hour by restaurants in Podersdorf, Neusiedl, Jois and Rust.
The southeastern part of the lake, the Silbersee , lies partly on Austrian and partly on Hungarian territory and, as a fully nature reserve and conservation zone, it is neither allowed to enter nor drive on. As a lake on the territory of Austria and Hungary, it is also possible to cross the border on the water. Since the expansion of the Schengen zone to Hungary in December 2007, border controls in the southwestern port of Fertőrákos have become unnecessary, but a travel document is required.
Pier
At the end of the 1960s, on the initiative of the Burgenland provincial government, the planning of a road bridge over the lake began, so that the Seewinkel would be better connected to the rest of Austria. Illmitz was to be connected with Mörbisch. The main argument was the guarantee of rescue transports in an emergency from any location in Austria to the next hospital within a certain time limit. This could not be guaranteed for the southern Seewinkel. The Burgenland side also mentioned economic reasons for the construction. On September 1, 1971, the Republic of Austria passed a law to build the B52 road in question.
However, the project sparked strong protests among conservationists; Especially Klara Köttner-Benigni , who got the public involved and helped organize information events, should be mentioned here. These protests got the nature conservation movement rolling, to which the national park is owed today. With that the project was dropped.
The problem with the rescue transports could alternatively be solved by setting up an accident ambulance in Frauenkirchen . Emergency helicopters are also in use today .
reachability
train
From Vienna Central Station you can take the train to Neusiedl am See. In the east of the Neusiedler See the Neusiedler Seebahn runs from Neusiedl am See to Fertőszentmiklós and in the west the Pannoniabahn from Neusiedl am See to Eisenstadt and Wulkaprodersdorf .
Street
The lake can be reached from Vienna via the A4 ( east motorway ) or the B10 ( Budapester Straße ), and from the west via the S4 ( Mattersburger Schnellstraße ), S31 ( Burgenland Schnellstraße ) and B50 ( Burgenland Straße ) from the A2 ( south motorway) ) coming. On the Hungarian side, the lake can be reached via the federal highway 85 from Sopron (Ödenburg) or Győr . Border crossings are Nickelsdorf , Pamhagen , Andau or Klingenbach .
Others
- November 13, 1973 which brought Austrian Post to this design a definitive stamp of the stamp series landscapes of Austria out to 10.00 shillings. A 4.00 Schilling postage stamp “Natural beauties” followed on July 13, 1984 with a Neusiedlersee motif, and the 1.00 Euro “World Heritage” postage stamp was last issued on July 11, 2003. The Hungarian Post issued a 90 forint stamp on March 16, 2006 under the title “World Heritage Hungary - Neusiedlersee / Fertő”.
- At the Neusiedler See there is an occurrence of quartz particles that are embedded in clay minerals. Due to this special feature, these deposits are suitable as fillers for specific plastic films.
literature
- Bgl. Landesmuseum (ed.): The lake. Origin - use - shape. Eisenstadt 2007. (Scientific works from Burgenland, 121, accompanying volume for the special exhibition in the Bgl. Landesmuseum from April 20 to November 11, 2007)
- Sandor Bekesi: Transfigured and despised. History of perception of a landscape: Lake Neusiedl (Historical-Anthropological Studies, Vol. 20). Peter Lang Verlag, Frankfurt / M. u. a. 2007, ISBN 978-3-631-53609-4 .
- Sándor Békési: "Sea of the Viennese": Lake Neusiedl. For the exhibition of the Wien Museum on the history of a landscape. In: Wiener Geschichtsblätter, 67 (2012) 4, ISSN 0043-5317 , pp. 307-340.
- RH Berger, J. Fally, M. et al. N. Baranski: Fresh wind on the steppe lake. Neusiedler See National Park. Self-published, Deutschkreutz 2011, ISBN 978-3-901573-12-5 .
- Johann Nordmann : I come from the mountains! 4. Feature section Am Neusiedlersee. 1864.
- Virginia Schiefermeyer: The environment of the Neusiedler See and its peripheral areas. Office of the Burgenland Provincial Government, Eisenstadt 1989.
- Vera Sebauer, Rainer Vesely, Wolfgang Weisgram: The Neusiedler See. Falter, Vienna 1994, ISBN 3-85439-126-9 .
- Ewald Neffe: National Park Neusiedler See - Seewinkel. Edition Gutenberg, Vienna 2003, ISBN 3-900323-64-X .
- Andreas Fischer-Nagel: The Neusiedler See. Endangered natural paradise. Schillinger, Freiburg im Breisgau 1987, ISBN 3-89155-039-1 .
- Otto Koenig : Guide around Lake Neusiedl. Verlag für Jugend und Volk, Vienna 1964.
Web links
- Entry on Lake Neusiedl in the Austria Forum (in the AEIOU Austria Lexicon )
- Neusiedler See - Seewinkel National Park
- Chronicle Neusiedler See, early history to modern times
- Lake Neusiedl World Heritage (PDF file; 3.70 MB)
- Man and the Sea - Exhibition 2004 - (PDF file; 9.7 MB)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f Institute for Water Quality: Atlas of Austria's natural lakes with an area ≥ 50 ha . In: Series of publications by the Federal Office for Water Management, Volume 33. Status 2010 ( Online ; PDF; 9.0 MB)
- ↑ To whom do “our” lakes belong? in the courier July 28, 2012, accessed August 29, 2014.
- ↑ http://panonia.tv/neusiedlersee-droht-der-schilf-kollaps/2012/
- ↑ https://mobil.derstandard.at/2000082752522-627/Der-Schilfguertel-um-den-Neusiedler-See-schrumpft
- ↑ Reed Islands or Schoppen
- ↑ Surveying point B0 in Neusiedlersee Google Maps, google.com/maps/, accessed April 4, 2020. - The island is (only) displayed in the satellite view. The measurement mark in its center is located with N47.735325 E16.720934. About 2 m south-east of it (and thus well within the circular ring) the roughly right-angled kink point of the state border is shown at N47.735306 E16.720945.
- ↑ Univ.-Prof. Dr. Alois Herzig: The Austrian biosphere reserves. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on June 21, 2015 ; accessed on December 15, 2016 .
- ↑ »Geology - Burgenland flora. In: burgenlandflora.at. Retrieved December 15, 2016 .
- ↑ The hidden lake under the Neusiedler See. Retrieved July 26, 2016 .
- ^ Source - Illmitz community. Retrieved July 26, 2016 .
- ^ Exhibition of the Neusiedlersee National Park. Retrieved July 26, 2016 .
- ^ Oe1.orf.at: The man who wanted to drain Lake Neusiedl ... Accessed on July 28, 2016 .
- ↑ National Park newspaper Geschnatter from July 2010, p. 4. Accessed on July 28, 2016 .
- ↑
- ↑ Krachler, Geifer, Krachler: Water-chemical aspects of doping the Neusiedlersee . Ed .: Burgenland Homeland Papers. Eisenstadt 2005 ( zobodat.at [PDF]).
- ↑ Ulrich Leeth u. a .: Endowment of Lake Neusiedl ( Memento from October 17, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF, 290 kB).
- ↑ Lots of water in the lake on ORF from April 23, 2010, accessed on April 23, 2010.
- ^ "Genesee": Lake Neusiedl is re-measured on ORF on October 13, 2011, accessed on October 13, 2011.
- ↑ Strommer Johannes: Mörbisch - Illmitz on the frozen Lake Neusiedl johannes-strommer.com, 2017, accessed March 26, 2020.
- ↑ Pliny: Naturalis historia. 3.27.
- ^ Aurelius Victor: De Caesaribus. 40.
- ↑ Esterházy Betriebe GmbH: Foundation organization (PDF; status: 2007)
- ^ Illmitz fire: 700 hectares of reeds destroyed. In: orf.at . April 3, 2020, update April 5, 2020, accessed April 5, 2020.
- ↑ Reed fire: damage less than feared. In: orf.at . April 14, 2020, accessed April 14, 2020.
- ↑ Species information at nationalpark-neusiedlersee-seewinkel.at
- ^ Antonia Cabela, Heinz Grillitsch, Franz Tiedemann: Atlas for the distribution and ecology of amphibians and reptiles in Austria. Evaluation of the herpetofaunistic database of the herpetological collection of the Natural History Museum in Vienna. Federal Environment Agency, Vienna 2001, ISBN 3-85457-586-6 .
- ↑ Man and the Sea. Retrieved March 15, 2017 .
- ↑ The money in the reeds. Retrieved March 15, 2017 .
- ↑ Sterit around the new settlers on Lake Neusiedl. Retrieved March 14, 2017 .
- ^ Surf World Cup Neusiedl. Retrieved November 20, 2019 .
- ↑ Neusiedler See Tourismus: Neusiedler See natural ice rink open , pressetext.com, February 1, 2012
- ↑ a b Winter magic on Lake Neusiedl , burgenland.orf.at, February 9, 2012
- ↑ "Weingartengrunderammlung 2009" on statistik.at (PDF) , accessed on February 6, 2012
- ↑ Neusiedlersee fish . Entry no.82 in the register of traditional foods of the Austrian Federal Ministry for Agriculture, Regions and Tourism ., Accessed on February 15, 2013
- ↑ E-boat boom on Lake Neusiedl. Retrieved July 20, 2016 .
- ↑ Without border controls across the lake , burgenland.orf.at, March 25, 2008.
- ↑ Klara Köttner-Benigni: The project of a bridge over Lake Neusiedl. In: Burgenland homeland sheets . 4/2007, pp. 214-231, PDF on ZOBODAT
- ↑ Archived copy ( Memento from July 22, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
Lake Constance (1989) | Neusiedler See (1990) | Region Eifel - Ardennes (1991/1992) | Oder estuary region (1993/1994) | The Alpine Region (1995/1996) | The Meuse region (1997/1998) | Bohemian Forest (1999/2000) | Old Flanders (2001/2002) | The Lebuser Land (2003/2004) | The Jura (2005/2006) | The Danube Delta (2007–2009) | The Slovak Karst (2010/2011) | The Upper Rhine (2013/2014) | Senegal / Gambia (2018-2020)
