List of animals that have recently become extinct
Over 2 million species of living beings have been described at the moment (including plants and fungi, but most of them are animal species). There are no exact numbers about the diversity of species , since on the one hand many species have been described several times under different synonyms and on the other hand several have to be made from one species through molecular genetic studies. In addition, there are millions of previously unknown animal species waiting to be discovered. Estimates assume around 8.7 million animal species worldwide, but there are also other estimates between 3 million and 110 million, which shows that this question is still a long way from being answered.
The Red List of Endangered Species of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) lists exactly 75409 animal species in 2020, of which 755 species have been considered extinct in modern times , i.e. since the year 1500 ( - Extinct ), 38 species considered to be extinct in the wild ( - Extinct in the Wild ) and 3178 further species as critically endangered ( - Critically Endangered ) or critically endangered, possibly extinct ( (PE) - Critically Endangered, Possible Extinct ). 4942 species are considered endangered ( - Endangered ). For 14 349 of these 75 409 species, however, the endangered status is " too little data available " ( - Data Deficient ) (as of March 23, 2020). The endangerment status of the vast majority of animal species has not yet been adequately investigated by the IUCN, especially in the case of invertebrates , i.e. all animals that do not belong to the vertebrate group (these are largely fish , amphibians , reptiles , birds and mammals ) . Taking namely the number of investigated chordates (which are the vertebrates and even a few other animal groups cephalochordate or tunicates remain to be named, a total of about 70,000 species in the IUCN currently 51,993 species) of the total number of animals examined from so only 75409–51993 = 23416 animal species left that were examined by the IUCN. Of the slightly fewer than 2 million animal species described, this is only a very small percentage. Of this small percentage, 387 animal species are considered extinct, 16 species are considered extinct in the wild and 1259 species are critically endangered. It can be assumed that significantly more than these 387 animal species have become extinct. Since invertebrates are generally quite small, it also seems logical that it is much more difficult to assess the endangerment status than with large (vertebrate) animals such as a walrus.
The IUCN is also very careful about whether or not a species is extinct. For example, to have Seychelles living Centipede Mecistocephalus cyclops IUCN the risk status (PE), thus possibly extinct , although the species has not been sighted since 1,892th According to the IUCN , the endangered status of the colibus Peripatopsis leonina living in South Africa is only critically endangered , although it was last seen in 1900. In Florida living anostraca Branchinella alachua , who was last seen in 1947, has in the IUCN without cause the risk status , ie just at risk . At NatureServe Explorer, this species has the hazard status Possibly Extinct , i.e. possibly extinct . The on the island of Madeira living orb weaver Araneus hortensis has IUCN the risk status , ie a lack of data . A single specimen of this species is known and has not been seen since 1859. The IUCN is also wrong here and there when assessing the endangerment status. So in true Mexico live local crayfish Cambarellus chihuahuae (supposedly not been sighted since 1980) at the IUCN to be extinct, but was rediscovered in 2012. In South Africa living mussel cancer Liocypris grandis applies to the IUCN as extinct, although he was rediscovered in 2003 after 79 years. Also in Tasmania's Lake Pedder living Strudelwurm Romankenkius pedderensis applies IUCN without giving any reasons to be extinct, although it was rediscovered in 2012, about 40 years after his disappearance. There are a few other interesting examples where the IUCN has been shown to be wrong (for more IUCN misconceptions about being extinct or not extinct, see the talk page of this article ). A professional journal writes " The IUCN Red List is not a good catalog of invertebrate extinctions. " (In German: The IUCN Red List is not a good catalog for the extinction of invertebrates. ). Therefore, significantly more animal species are listed as extinct than the IUCN.
Inclusion in the list
This list includes those animal species and subspecies whose IUCN endangered status is or (PE) and are therefore officially extinct or possibly extinct ( P ossibly E xtinct). Furthermore, because the IUCN list is obviously incomplete, animal species are also included that according to other sources have become extinct or at least have disappeared.
The correct year of extinction is usually not known, which is why different information is given in the literature, which can differ by decades. Thus, the coincident be extinct in force in the was USA living local crayfish Procambarus angustatus IUCN last seen in the year 1958th However, according to NatureServe Explorer, it was last sighted before 1856. The last statement, i.e. 1856, is more likely to be true, especially since both sources state that the species was only sighted once. Since the species was first described in 1856, the year 1856 is obviously correct. Normally, however, this list usually indicates the year of extinction given by the IUCN. Often synonyms are also mentioned, because in various sources one and the same species is named with different scientific names, although it is the same species.
This list assumes a worst-case scenario: if a species has not been sighted or collected for several years (and appears in one of the sources listed above), it is assumed to be extinct. This can have two causes: either several attempts to rediscover have actually failed (then it can be assumed that the species has actually become extinct), or the species was simply not searched for (in which case the species is at least lost). A species that is very common and that suddenly disappears from one year to the next is more likely to be said to be extinct than a species that has always only been observed every few years, i.e. has always been rare . As a rule, one cannot answer whether a species has finally become extinct with a hundred percent probability.
Reasons of extinction
There are many reasons why animals become extinct. The usual with most kinds of reasons are the destruction of habitat (for example, has been in Indonesia living Prawn Macrobrachium purpureamanus before 1998 last seen, because at that time the peat bog , in which the species lived in palm oil - and rubber plantations was converted), the overuse (for example overgrazing and overfishing ), climate changes such as current global warming , the introduction of diseases (such as chytridiomycosis in amphibians), the extermination (for example by invasive species ) of the plants on which the species feeds, water pollution, deforestation or mining, poisoning by various pesticides and the introduction of predators such as pigs, cats and rats. It does not matter whether this destruction was caused intentionally or unintentionally.
An original reason for extinction is also the following: there are feather mites that have lived parasitically on the feathers of birds and have become extinct together with their host (such as the species Chiasmalges carolinensis from North America , which together with the Caroline parakeet at the latest in the year Died out in 1927)
It is noticeable that many animals are considered to be extinct which live (d) endemically on islands. The following list includes many species that were endemic to Christmas Island , Tasmania , St. Helena , Sardinia , New Zealand , Madeira , the Seychelles or Hawaii , but which are now extinct there and thus also extinct worldwide. It is much more difficult to prove that a formerly more widespread continental species has become extinct, because it is very difficult to show with certainty that there are no more such animals on the entire mainland. It is also noticeable that there are hardly any marine animals that are currently considered extinct, although their proportion in the animal world is a high one. This is because it is extremely difficult for the ocean, and especially the deep sea , to prove whether a species is extinct or not.
List of animals that became extinct after 1500
The following list shows those animal species that have recently become extinct, which are neither vertebrates (i.e. amphibians , fish , reptiles , mammals and birds ), nor insects, nor molluscs . There is a separate Wikipedia article for each of these animals. This list mostly includes spiders , millipedes , crustaceans , cnidarians , echinoderms and worms . The IUCN lists only 5224 species of these remaining animal species, of which 27 are considered extinct , one species as extinct in the wild , 263 species as critically endangered and 339 species as endangered (as of November 16, 2019).
The following list can be arranged not only according to the scientific name, the (rarely available) German name, the order , the family and the endangerment status, but also according to its distribution, in alphabetical order in ascending order according to the state in which the species occurs (this state is written in brackets). This list can also be sorted according to the year of the last sighting (unfortunately the year of the last sighting is not known or can be determined for all species).
See also
- List of extinct animals and plants
- List of recently extinct amphibians
- List of the recently extinct fish
- List of recently extinct insects
- List of modern extinct reptiles
- List of modern extinct mammals
- List of the modern extinct birds
- List of the recently extinct molluscs
- Lazarus effect , for rediscovered cnidarians
- Systematics of multicellular animals
Web links
- artensterben.de - List of extinct insects & arachnids of the modern age
- artensterben.de - List of other extinct animals
- The Search for Lost Species , Global Wildlife Conservation
- Table 9: Possibly Extinct and Possibly Extinct in the Wild Species
- IUCN - Red List 2020-1, new version
- The Recently Extinct Plants and Animals Database (REPAD)
- The Recently Extinct Plants and Animals Database (REPAD) - Most Recent Global Extinctions
- The Recently Extinct Plants and Animals Database (REPAD) - Pauline Taxa: Fossil Taxa Later Discovered Alive
- The Recently Extinct Plants and Animals Database - Acanthocephala (Spiny-headed Worms)
- The Recently Extinct Plants and Animals Database - Amoebozoans
- The Recently Extinct Plants and Animals Database - Apicomplexa (Apicomplexans)
- The Recently Extinct Plants and Animals Database - Ciliophora (Ciliates)
- The Recently Extinct Plants and Animals Database - Hemichordata (Hemichordates)
- The Recently Extinct Plants and Animals Database - Nematoda (Nematode Worms) - Roundworms
- The Recently Extinct Plants and Animals Database - Porifera (Sea Sponges) - Sponges
- The Sixth Extinction, Extinct in the Wild
- Brian Groombridge: Global Biodiversity - Status of the Earth's Living Resources (PDF) , Chapman & Hall , 1992
- Mr. Quinton Douglass Crawford: The Global Situation , 2015
- Claire Régnier, Guillaume Achaz, Amaury Lambert, Robert H Cowie: Mass extinction in poorly known taxa , in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , June 2015
- Fred Pearce : Global Extinction Rates: Why Do Estimates Vary So Wildly? , Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies
- Kieran Suckling, Rhiwena Slack, Brian Nowicki: Extinction and the endangered Species Act , Center for Biological Diversity, 2004
swell
- ↑ a b Bio number 2006 - 2 million mark reached
- ↑ How many species on Earth? ScienceDaily, About 8.7 million, new estimate says , Aug. 24, 2011
- ↑ Mecistocephalus cyclops in the IUCN Red List of Endangered Species .
- ↑ Peripatopsis leonina in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
- ↑ Branchinella alachua on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
- ^ To Online Encyclopedia of Life - Branchinella alachua
- ↑ Araneus hortensis on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
- ↑ Cambarellus chihuahuae in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
- ^ The rediscovery and precarious status of Chihuahuan Dwarf Crayfish Cambarellus chihuahuae
- ↑ Liocypris grandis in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
- ↑ On a remarkable South African giant ostracod (Crustacea, Ostracoda, Cyprididae) from temporary pools, with additional appendages - Liocypris grandis
- ↑ Romankenkius pedderensis in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
- ↑ inundation, Extinction and Lacustrine Lives - Romankenkius pedderensis
- ↑ Extinction in a hyper-diverse endemic Hawaiian country snail family and implications for the Underestimation of invertebrate extinction, p.7
- ↑ a b c d e f g The Recently Extinct Plants and Animals Database - Annelida (Annelid Worms) - Anneleworms
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax The Recently Extinct Plants and Animals Database - Chelicerates
- ↑ a b c d e f The Recently Extinct Plants and Animals Database - Cnidaria (Jellyfish, Corals, Sea Anemones etc.) - Cnidarians
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax The Recently Extinct Plants and Animals Database - Crustacea (Crustaceans) - Crustaceans
- ↑ a b c The Recently Extinct Plants and Animals Database - Echinodermata (Echinoderms) - Echinoderms
- ↑ a b c The Recently Extinct Plants and Animals Database - Entognatha (Springtails, Diplurans and Proturans) - Sackkiefler
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j The Recently Extinct Plants and Animals Database - Myriapoda (Centipedes, Millipedes, Pauropoda & Symphyla) - Millipedes
- ↑ a b c d The Recently Extinct Plants and Animals Database - Nemertea (Ribbon Worms) - Schnurworms
- ↑ a b The Recently Extinct Plants and Animals Database - Onychophora (Velvet Worms) - Colibus
- ↑ a b c The Recently Extinct Plants and Animals Database - Platyhelminthes (Flat Worms)
- ↑ a b The Recently Extinct Plants and Animals Database - Tardigrada (Water Bears or Moss Piglets) - Tardigrade
- ↑ a b c d The Sixth Extinction, Globally Extinct: Arachnids
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j The Sixth Extinction, Globally Extinct: Crustaceans
- ^ A b c The Sixth Extinction, Globally Extinct: Worms
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p artensterben.de - List of extinct insects & arachnids of modern times
- ↑ a b c d e List of extinct insects
- ↑ a b c d e f List d'espèces animales dont la disparition a été causée par l'homme
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw Table 9: Possibly Extinct and Possibly Extinct in the Wild Species
- ↑ a b State of Japan's Environment at a Glance: Extinct and Endangered Species Listed in the Red Data Book
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq The Search for Lost Species
- ↑ a b Extinct and possibly extinct species last seen before listing under the Endangered Species Act
- ↑ Procambarus angustatus in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
- ↑ An Online Encyclopedia of Life - Procambarus angustatus
- ↑ Macrobrachium purpureamanus in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
- ↑ a b c d e f g Six new feather mite species (Acari: Astigmata) from the carolina parakeet Conuropsis carolinensis (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae), an extinct parrot of North America
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Amynthas japonicus
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Aporodrilus mortenseni
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Hypolimnus pedderensis
- ↑ artensterben.de - Hypolimnus pedderensis
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Maoridrilus felix
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Octochaetus levis
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Octochaetus microchaetus
- ↑ artensterben.de - Rhinodrilus fafner
- ^ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Tokea orthostichon
- ↑ Climate change puts an end to European land leeches - Xerobdella lecomtei
- ^ The European land leech: biology and DNA-based taxonomy of a rare species that is threatened by climate warming. - Xerobdella lecomtei
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Afrogarypus seychellesensis
- ^ The second record of a relict Akrav israchanani Levy, 2007 (Scorpiones: Akravidae) from Levana Cave, Israel - Akrav israchanani
- ↑ a b Phylogenetic treatment and taxonomic revision of the trapdoor spider genus Aptostichus Simon (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Euctenizidae)
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Araneus hortensis
- ↑ a b c d A Bat's End: The Christmas Island Pipistrelle and Extinction in Australia
- ↑ Habitat Survey Report: Dry Gut and the Southern Ridge of Prosperous Bay Plain FINAL REPORT, p.32 - Benoitodes caheni
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Biantes parvulus
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Centrobunus braueri
- ↑ The genus Cheiracanthium p.66ff - Cheiracanthium wilma
- ↑ a b Species co-extinction, p.10 - Compressalges nipponiae
- ↑ Japan Biodiversity Outlook, p.37 - Compressalges nipponiae
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Dicrogonatus gardineri
- ↑ artensterben.de - Diplaegidia gladiator
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Drassodes rugichelis
- ↑ a b Species conservation profiles of endemic spiders (Araneae) from Madeira and Selvagens archipelagos, Portugal
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Dysdera vandeli
- ↑ Drivers of diversity in Macaronesian spiders and the role of species extinctions, p. 1043 - Dysdera sp. nov. 'Pico'
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Echemus modestus
- ↑ Spider fauna (Aranei) of the Russian Altai, part I: families Agelenidae, Araneidae, Clubionidae, Corinnidae, Dictynidae and Eresidae, pp. 205ff - Eresus bifasciatus
- ↑ Phantom spiders 2: More notes on dubious spider species from Europe, p.53 - Eresus robustus
- ^ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Euso muehlenbergi
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Gamasomorpha austera
- ↑ artensterben.de - Hadronyche pulvinator
- ↑ artensterben.de - Halarachne americana
- ↑ Dead as the Dodo - Holocene Extinctions - Halarachne americana
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Hirstienus nanus
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Hogna biscoitoi
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Holozoster ovalis
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Ibalonius lomani
- ↑ A new genus of cyphophthalmid from the Iberian Peninsula with a phylogenetic analysis of the Sironidae (Arachnida: Opiliones: Cyphophthalmi) and a SEM database of external morphology, p.10ff - Iberosiro distylos
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Idioctis intertidalis
- ↑ Coendangered hard-ticks: Threatened or threatening? - Ixodes nitens
- ↑ tarsal organ morphology and the phylogeny of Goblin Spiders (Araneae, Oonopidae), With Notes on basal genera S.47f - Kapitia obscura
- ↑ a b c d Checklist of Italian spiders, p. 30 - Lepthyphantes
- ↑ a b c Checklist of Italian spiders, p.23 - Leptoneta
- ↑ a b c Catalog of the spiders (Arachnida Araneae) of Sardinia, p.13f - Leptoneta
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Meta barreti
- ↑ Species conservation profiles of endemic spiders (Araneae) from Madeira and Selvagens archipelagos, Portugal - Meta barreti
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Metazalmoxis ferruginea
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Mitraceras crassipalpum
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Moneta coercervea
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Nesiergus gardineri
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Nesiergus halophilus
- ^ Invertebrate Systematics, p. 391 - Orsonwelles torosus
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Peromona erinacea
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Pleorotus braueri
- ↑ Picture of Prasmiola unica
- ↑ A New Species of the Feather Mite Genus Pterotrogus Gaud (Analgoidea: Pteronyssidae) from the Ivory-billed Woodpecker Campephilus principalis L. (Aves: Piciformes) - Pterotrogus principalis
- ^ Checklist of the Italian spiders, p.16 - Rhode testudinea
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Seychellia lodoiceae
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Sitalcicus gardineri
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Sitalcicus incertus
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Steatoda distincta
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Steriphopus lacertosus
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Stipax triangulifer
- ↑ The Spiders of Rapa Nui (Easter Island) Revisited - Tetragnatha paschae
- ^ To Online Encyclopedia of Life - Thermacarus nevadensis
- ^ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Thomasettia seychellana
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Voraptus tenellus
- ^ To Online Encyclopedia of Life - Artemia gracilis
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Branchinella alachua
- ^ To Online Encyclopedia of Life - Branchinella alachua
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Branchinella lithaca
- ^ To Online Encyclopedia of Life - Branchinella lithaca
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Dexteria floridana
- ↑ An Online Encyclopedia of Life - Dexteria floridana
- ↑ Lightiella serendipita gen. Nov., Sp. nov., a Cephalocarid from San Francisco Bay, California - Lightiella serendipita
- ↑ Presumed Extinct - Lightiella serendipita
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Mecistocephalus cyclops
- ^ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Mecistocephalus Sechellarum
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Diglossosternoides curiosus
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Eucarlia alluaudi
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Hylekobolus latifrons
- ↑ Endemic species of Christmas Island, Indian Ocean, p. 98 - Hypocambala exocoeti
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Orthomorpha crinita
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Rhinotus albifrons
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Spirobolellus praslinus
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Spirobolellus simplex
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Ceratophysella sp. nov. 'HC'
- ^ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Delamarephorura tami
- ^ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Afrocyclops pauliani
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Tropodiaptomus ctenopus
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Afrithelphusa afzelii
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Afrithelphusa gerhildae
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Afrithelphusa leonensis
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Atya brachyrhinus
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Austrothelphusa insularis
- ↑ An Online Encyclopedia of Life - Bactrurus cellulanus
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Cambarellus alvarezi
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Cambarellus areolatus
- ↑ A Global Overview of the Conservation of Freshwater Decapod Crustaceans, p.101 - Cambaroides koshewnikowi
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Cambarus veitchorum
- ↑ An Online Encyclopedia of Life - Cambarus veitchorum
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Caridina apodosis
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Caridina yilong
- ↑ Global diversity of Isopod crustaceans (Crustacea; Isopoda) in freshwater - Crenoicus mixtus
- ^ Atlas of Living Australia - Crenoicus mixtus
- ↑ Australia's faunal extinction crisis Submission 373 - Attachment 2 - Crenoicus mixtus
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Cryphiops luscus
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Erimetopus vandenbrandeni
- ↑ a b c d e Terrestrial Isopods from the Hawaiian Islands (Isopoda: Oniscidea)
- ^ A Summary of the Tasmanian Phreatoicids: A Contribution to the Biological Survey of Tasmania - Hypsimetopus intrusor
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Ingolfiella longipes
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Macrobrachium denticulatum
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Macrobrachium hirtimanus
- ↑ Dead as the Dodo - Holocene Extinctions - Macrobrachium hirtimanus
- ↑ Freshwater fish and decapod crustacean populations on Réunion Island, with an assessment of species introductions - Macrobrachium hirtimanus
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Macrobrachium leptodactylus
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Macrobrachium oxyphilus
- ^ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Macrobrachium purpureamanus
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Macrobrachium scorteccii
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Orconectes sheltae
- ↑ An Online Encyclopedia of Life - Orconectes sheltae
- ^ Phylogeographic Analyzes of Obligate and Facultative Cave Crayfish Species on the Cumberland Plateau of the Southern Appalachians - Orconectes sheltae
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Pacifastacus nigrescens
- ↑ An Online Encyclopedia of Life - Pacifastacus nigrescens
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Palaemonetes cummingi
- ↑ To Online Encyclopedia of Life - Palaemonetes cummingi
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Perbrinckia gabadagei
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Potamonautes acristatus
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Potamonautes adeleae
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Potamonautes adentatus
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Potamonautes bipartitus
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Potamonautes dubius
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Potamonautes lueboensis
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Potamonautes punctatus
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Potamonautes rodolphianus
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Potamonautes rothschildi
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Potamonautes schubotzi
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Potamonautes senegalensis
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Procambarus angustatus
- ↑ An Online Encyclopedia of Life - Procambarus angustatus
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Procambarus connus
- ^ To Online Encyclopedia of Life - Procambarus connus
- ^ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Procambarus delicatus
- ^ To Online Encyclopedia of Life - Procambarus delicatus
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Procambarus paradoxus
- ^ Freshwater endemic species and the ecological status of streams in the Canary Islands - Rhipidogammarus rheophilus
- ^ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Sinodina acutipoda
- ^ Zoological Catalog of Australia, Volume 19 - Spherillo misellus
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Strengeriana antioquensis
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Stygobromus lucifugus
- ^ Critical Issues in Cave Biology - Stygobromus lucifugus
- ↑ An Online Encyclopedia of Life - Stygobromus lucifugus
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Sudanonautes orthostylis
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Syncaris pasadenae
- ↑ An Online Encyclopedia of Life - Syncaris pasadenae
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Tehuana veracruzana
- ^ Historical Extinctions in the Sea - Uca minor
- ↑ Catalog of the anomuran and brachyuran crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura, Brachyura) of the Hawaiian Islands, p.124 - Uca minor
- ↑ Freshwater cyclopoids and harpacticoids (Crustacea: Copepoda) from the Gnangara Mound region of Western Australia, p. 66 - Paranitocrella bastiani
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Namibcypris costata = Namibocypris costata
- ↑ artensterben.de - Namibcypris costata
- ^ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Edwardsia ivelli
- ↑ Ivell's sea anemone - Britain's most recent extinction - Edwardsia ivelli
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Montigyra kenti
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Rhizopsammia wellingtoni
- ^ A b On the occurrence of freshwater jellyfish in Japan 1928–2011: eighty-three years of records of mamizu kurage (Limnomedusae, Olindiidae) - Astrohydra japonica
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Millepora boschmai = Millipore boschmai
- ^ Extinctions on the rise in the Galapagos: fishing and global warming devastating islands' species - Heliaster solaris
- ↑ The Derwent River seastar: re-evaluation of a critically endangered marine invertebrate - Patiriella littoralis
- ↑ Derwent River seastar officially extinct, scientists say - Patiriella littoralis
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Antiponemertes allisonae
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Geonemertes rodericana
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Prosadenoporus agricola
- ↑ Impacts of urbanization in a biodiversity hotspot: Conservation challenges in Metropolitan Cape Town - Peripatopsis leonine
- ↑ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - Peripatopsis leonina = Peripatopsis leonine
- ↑ An Online Encyclopedia of Life - Sphalloplana holsingeri
- ↑ Parasite Lost: Did Our Taste for Seafood Just Cause an Extinction? - Stichocotyle nephropis
- ↑ Encyclopedia.com - Thermozodium esakii