Systematics of mushrooms

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The systematics of mushrooms given here is used as a reference in Wikipedia ; this applies in particular to entries in taxoboxes .

Systematics of mushrooms according to Spatafora et al . 2016. Several smaller groups were left out. In the system at hand, the subdivision Glomeromucotina shown here is still regarded as a class Glomeromycetes.

The systematics of the mushrooms lists all taxa of the mushrooms up to the level of order . The present system follows the version published in 2007 as part of the project “Assembling the Fungal Tree of Life”, which was developed by 67 scientists. Later descriptions of orders or classes are given (see individual records ).

Systematic structure

Scientific naming conventions

In the case of mushrooms, according to the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi and Plants (ICN), the names of the individual ranks end with the following suffixes of the systematic hierarchy - from the order down, the suffixes are the same as those of the plants:

rank suffix
Department -mycota
Subdivision -mycotina
class -mycetes
Subclass -mycetideae
order - everything
Subordination -ineae
family -aceae
Subfamily -oideae
Tribe -eae
Sub-tribus -inae

German naming conventions

The German nomenclature is mainly based on the generic names in the "List of illustrations of large European mushrooms". Higher taxa build on it. Families are identified by the ending "-related" and orders by the ending "-like" - an example below:

rank German name Scientific name
order Chanterelle-like Cantharellales
family Chanterelle relatives Cantharellaceae
genus Chanterelles Cantharellus

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ David S. Hibbett, Manfred Binder, Joseph F. Bischoff, Meredith Blackwell, Paul F. Cannon, Ove E. Eriksson, Sabine Huhndorf, Timothy James, Paul M. Kirk, Robert Lücking, H. Thorsten Lumbsch, François Lutzoni, P Brandon Matheny, David J. McLaughlin, Martha J. Powell, Scott Redhead, Conrad L. Schoch, Joseph W. Spatafora, Joost A. Stalpers, Rytas Vilgalys, M. Catherine Aime, André Aptroot, Robert Bauer, Dominik Begerow, Gerald L. Benny, Lisa A. Castlebury, Pedro W. Crous, Yu-Cheng Dai, Walter Gams, David M. Geiser, Gareth W. Griffith, Cécile Gueidan, David L. Hawksworth, Geir Hestmark, Kentaro Hosaka, Richard A. Humber , Kevin D. Hyde, Joseph E. Ironside, Urmas Kõljalg, Cletus P. Kurtzman, Karl-Henrik Larsson, Robert Lichtwardt, Joyce Longcore, Jolanta Miadlikowsk, Andrew Miller, Jean-Marc Moncalvo, Sharon Mozley-Standridge, Franz Oberwinkler, Erast Parmasto, Valérie Reeb, Jack D. Rogers, Claude Roux, Leif Ryvarden, José Paulo Sampaio, Arthur Schüßler, Junta Sugiyama, R. Greg Thorn, Leif Tibell, Wendy A. Untereiner, Christopher Walker, Zheng Wang, Alex Weir, Michael Weiß, Merlin M. White, Katarina Wink, Yi-Jian Yao, Ning Zhang: A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi . In: Mycological Research . tape 111 (5) . British Mycological Society, 2007, p. 509-547 , doi : 10.1016 / j.mycres.2007.03.004 ( PDF; 1.01 MB ( memento of November 22, 2010 in the Internet Archive )). A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi ( Memento of the original from November 22, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / ddr.nal.usda.gov
  2. ↑ Anna Rosling, Filipa Cox, Karelyn Cruz-Martinez, Katarina Ihrmark, Gwen-Aëlle Grelet, Björn D. Lindahl, Audrius Menkis, Timothy Y. James: Archaeorhizomycetes: Unearthing an ancient class of ubiquitous soil fungi . In: Science . tape 333 , no. 6044 , 2011, pp. 876-879 , doi : 10.1126 / science.1206958 .
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Nalin N. Wijayawardene, Kevin D. Hyde, H. Thorsten Lumbsch, Jian Kui Liu, Sajeewa SN Maharachchikumbura, Anusha H. Ekanayaka, Qing Tian, ​​Rungtiwa Phookamsak: Outline of Ascomycota: 2017 . In: Fungal Diversity . tape 88 , 2018, p. 167-263 , doi : 10.1007 / s13225-018-0394-8 .
  4. ↑ a b c Conrad Schoch, Martin Grube: Pezizomycotina: Dothideomycetes and Arthoniomycetes . In: DJ McLaughlin, JW Spatafora (ed.): Systematics and Evolution, The mycota VII Part B . 2nd Edition. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg 2015, p. 143-176 , doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-662-46011-5_6 .
  5. ↑ a b Kevin D. Hyde, EB Gareth Jones, Jian-Kui Liu, Hiran Ariyawansa, Eric Boehm, Saranyaphat Boonmee, Uwe Braun, Putarak Chomnunti, Pedro W. Crous, Dong-Qin Dai Paul Diederich Asha Dissanayake Mingkhuan Doilom, Francesco Doveri , Singang Hongsanan, Ruvishika Jayawardena, James D. Lawrey, Yan-Mei Li, Yong-Xiang Liu, Robert Lücking, Jutamart Monkai, Lucia Muggia, Matthew P. Nelsen, Ka-Lai Pang, Rungtiwa Phookamsak, Indunil C. Senanayake, Carol A. Shearer, Satinee Suetrong, Kazuaki Tanaka, Kasun M. Thambugala, Nalin N.Wijayawardene, Saowanee Wikee, Hai-Xia Wu, Ying Zhang, Begoña Aguirre-Hudson, S. Aisyah Alias, André Aptroot, AliH. Bahkali, Jose L. Bezerra, D. Jayarama Bhat, Erio Camporesi, Ekachai Chukeatirote, Cécile Gueidan, David L. Hawksworth, Kazuyuki Hirayama, Sybren De Hoog, Ji-Chuan Kang, Kerry Knudsen & Wen-Jing Li & Xing-Hong Li & Zou-Yi Liu & Ausana Mapook, Eric HC McKenzie, Andrew N. Miller, Peter E. Mortimer, Alan JL Phillips, Huzefa A. Raja, Christian Scheuer, Felix Schumm, Joanne E. Taylor, Qing Tian, ​​Saowaluck Tibpromma, Dhanushka N. Wanasinghe, Yong Wang, Jian-Chu Xu, Supalak Yacharoen, Ji-Ye Yan, Min Zhang: Families of Dothideomycetes . In: Fungal Diversity . tape 63 , 2013, p. 1-313 , doi : 10.1007 / s13225-013-0263-4 .
  6. ↑ Eric WA Boehm, Conrad L. Schoch, Joseph W. Spatafora: On the evolution of the Hysteriaceae and Mytilinidiaceae (Pleosporomycetidae, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota) using four nuclear genes . In: Mycological Research . tape 113 , no. 4 , 2009, p. 461-479 , doi : 10.1016 / j.mycres.2008.12.001 .
  7. ↑ a b c d Wijayawardene, NN, KD Hyde, LKT Al-Ani, L. Tedersoo, Danny Haelewaters, KC Rajeshkumar, RL Zhao, A. Aptroot, V Leontyev, D., RK Saxena, YS Tokarev, DQ Dai, PM Letcher, SL Stephenson, D. Ertz, HT Lumbsch, M. Kukwa, V Issi, I., H. Madrid, AJL Phillips, L. Selbmann, WP Pfliegler, E. Horvath, K. Bensch, PM Kirk, K. Kolarikova , HA Raja, R. Radek, V Papp, B. Dima, J. Ma, E. Malosso, S. Takamatsu, G. Rambold, PB Gannibal, D. Triebel, AK Gautam, S. Avasthi, S. Suetrong, E. . Timdal, SC Fryar, G. Delgado, M. Reblova, M. Doilom, S. Dolatabadi, JZ Pawlowska, RA Humber, R. Kodsueb, I Sanchez-Castro, BT Goto, DKA Silva, FA de Souza, FR Oehl, GA da Silva, IR Silva, J. Blaszkowski, K. Jobim, LC Maia, FR Barbosa, PO Fiuza, PK Divakar, BD Shenoy, RF Castaneda-Ruiz, S. Somrithipol, AA Lateef, SC Karunarathna, S. Tibpromma, PE Mortimer, DN Wanasinghe, R. Phookamsak, J. Xu, Y. Wang, F. Tian, ​​P. Alvarado, DW Li, I Kusan, N. Matocec, A. Masic, Z. Tkalcec, SSN Maharachchikumbura, M. Papizadeh, G. Her edia, F. Wartchow, M. Bakhshi, E. Boehm, N. Youssef, VP Hustad, JD Lawrey, ALCMA Santiago, JDP Bezerra, CM Souza-Motta, AL Firmino, Q. Tian, ​​J. Houbraken, S. Hongsanan, K. Tanaka, AJ Dissanayake, JS Monteiro, HP Grossart, A. Suija, G. Weerakoon, J. Etayo, A. Tsurykau, V. Vazquez, P. Mungai, U. Damm, QR Li, H. Zhang, S. Boonmee, YZ Lu, AG Becerra, B. Kendrick, FQ Brearley, J. Motiejunaite, B. Sharma, R. Khare, S. Gaikwad, DSA Wijesundara, LZ Tang, MQ He, A. Flakus, P. Rodriguez-Flakus, MP Zhurbenko, EHC McKenzie, M. Stadler, DJ Bhat, JK Liu, M. Raza, R. Jeewon, ES Nassonova, M. Prieto, RGU Jayalal, M. Erdogdu, A. Yurkov, M. Schnittler, ON Shchepin, YK Novozhilov, AGS Silva-Filho, E. Gentekaki, P. Liu, JC Cavender, Y. Kang, S. Mohammad, LF Zhang, RF Xu, YM Li, MC Dayarathne, AH Ekanayaka, TC Wen, CY Deng, OL Pereira, S. Navathe, DL Hawksworth, XL Fan, LS Dissanayake, E. Kuhnert, and M. Thines .: Outline of Fungi and Fungus-like Taxa. In: Mycosphere . tape 11 , no. 1 , 2020, p. 1060-1456 ., Doi : 10.5943 / mycosphere / 11/1/8 .
  8. ↑ Hermann Voglmayr, Alain Gardi Ennet, Walter M. Jaklitsch: Asterodiscus and Stigmatodiscus, two new genera apothecial dothideomycetes and the new order Stigmatodiscales . In: Fungal Diversity . tape 80 , no. 1 , 2016, p. 271-284 , doi : 10.1007 / s13225-016-0356-y .
  9. ^ WM Jaklitsch, J. Fournier, DQ Dai, KD Hyde, H. Voglmayr: Valsaria and the Valsariales . In: Fungal Diversity . tape 73 , no. 1 , 2015, p. 159-202 , doi : 10.1007 / s13225-015-0330-0 .
  10. ↑ a b Conrad L. Schoch, Zeng Wang, JP Townsend, Joseph W. Spatafora: Geoglossomycetes cl nov, Geoglossales ord... nov. and taxa above class rank in the Ascomycota Tree of Life . In: Persoonia . tape 22 , 2009, p. 129-138 , doi : 10.3767 / 003158509X461486 ( PDF; 490 KB ).
  11. ↑ Pedro W. Crous, William Quaedvlieg, Karen Hansen, David L. Hawksworth, Johannes Z. Groenewald: Phacidium and Ceuthospora (Phacidiaceae) are congeneric: taxonomic and nomenclatural implications. In: IMA Fungus . tape 5 , no. 2 , 2014, p. 173–193 , doi : 10.5598 / imafungus. 2014-05-02-02 ( Phacidium and Ceuthospora (Phacidiaceae) are congeneric: taxonomic and nomenclatural implications. [PDF]).
  12. ↑ a b c Sajeewa SN Maharachchikumbura, Kevin D. Hyde, EB Gareth Jones, Eric HC McKenzie, Shi-Ke Huang, Mohamed A. Abdel-Wahab, Dinushani A. Daranagama, Monika Dayarathne, Melvina J. D'souza, Ishani D . Goonasekara, Sinang Hongsanan, Ruvishika S. Jayawardena, Paul M. Kirk, Sirinapa Konta, Jian-Kui Liu, Zuo-Yi Liu, Chada Norphanphoun, Ka-Lai Pang, Rekhani H. Perera, Indunil C. Senanayake, Qiuju Shang, Belle Damodara Shenoy, Yuanpin Xiao, Ali H. Bahkali, Jichuan Kang, Sayanh Somrothipol, Satinee Suetrong, Tingchi Wen, Jianchu Xu: Towards a natural classification and backbone tree for Sordariomycetes . In: Fungal Diversity . tape 72 , 2015, p. 199-301 , doi : 10.1007 / s13225-015-0331-z .
  13. ↑ Thongkantha S., Jeewon R., Vijaykrishna, D., Lumyong, S., Mckenzie, EHC., Hyde, KD. 2009. Molecular phylogeny of Magnaporthaceae (Sordariomycetes) with a new species Ophioceras chiangdaoense from Dracaena loureiroi in Thailand. Fungal Divers 34: 157-173. Online via ResearchGate
  14. ↑ a b Sinang Hongsanan, Sajeewa SN Maharachchikumbura, Kevin D. Hyde, Milan C. Samarakoon, Rajesh Jeewon, Qi Zhao, Abdullah M. Al-Sadi, Ali H. Bahkal: An updated phylogeny of Sordariomycetes based on phylogenetic and molecular clock evidence . In: Fungal Diversity . tape 84 , no. 1 , 2017, p. 25-41 , doi : 10.1007 / s13225-017-0384-2 .
  15. ^ A b QM Wang, B. Theelen, M. Groenewald, FY Bai, T. Boekhout: Moniliellomycetes and Malasseziomycetes, two new classes in Ustilaginomycotina. In: Persoonia . tape 33 , 2014, pp. 41-47 , doi : 10.3767 / 003158514X682313 .
  16. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p X.-Z. Liu, Q.-M. Wang, M. Göker, M. Groenewald, AV Kachalkin: Towards an integrated phylogenetic classification of the Tremellomycetes . In: Studies in Mycology . tape 81 , June 2015, p. 85-147 , doi : 10.1016 / j.simyco.2015.12.001 , PMID 26955199 .
  17. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Paul M. Kirk, Paul F. Cannon, David W. Minter, JA Stalpers: Dictionary of the Fungi . 10th edition. CABI Europe, Wallingford, Oxfordshire (UK) 2008, ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8 .
  18. ↑ Jadson JS Oliveira, Ruby Vargas-Isla, Tiara S. Cabral, Doriane P. Rodrigues, Noemia K. Ishikawa: Progress on the phylogeny of the Omphalotaceae: Gymnopus s. str., Marasmiellus s. str., Paragymnopus gen. nov. and Pusillomyces gen. nov. In: Mycological Progress . tape 18 , no. 5 , May 2019, ISSN  1617-416X , p. 713-739 , doi : 10.1007 / s11557-019-01483-5 .
  19. ^ A b Manfred Binder, David S. Hibbett: Molecular systematics and biological diversification of Boletales . In: Mycologia . tape 98 , no. 6 . Mycological Society of America, 2006, pp. 971–981 , doi : 10.3852 / mycologia.98.6.971 ( PDF; 2.49 MB ).
  20. ↑ Boletales. classified by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). In: Encyclopedia of Life . Retrieved August 2, 2012 .
  21. ↑ Gang Wu, Bang Feng, Jianping Xu, Xue-Tai Zhu, Yan-Chun Li, Nian-Kai Zeng, Md. Iqbal Hosen, Zhu L. Yang: Molecular phylogenetic analyzes redefine seven major clades and reveal 22 new generic lineages in the fungal family Boletaceae . In: Fungal Diversity . tape 69 , no. 1 , 2014, p. 93-115 , doi : 10.1007 / s13225-014-0283-8 .
  22. ↑ Diplocystidaceae centrifugal 1974. MB81678. In: MycoBank.org . Fungal databases. Nomenclature and Species Banks. International Mycological Association (IMA), accessed August 11, 2012 .
  23. ↑ Kentaro Hosaka, Scott T. Bates, Ross E. Beever, Michael A. Castellano, Wesley Colgan III, Laura S. Domínguez, Eduardo R. Nouhra, József Geml, Admir J. Giachini, S. Ray Kenney, Nicholas B. Simpson , Joseph W. Spatafora, James M. Trappe: Molecular phylogenetics of the gomphoid-phalloid fungi with an establishment of the new subclass Phallomycetidae and two new orders . In: Mycologia . tape 98 , no. 6 , 2006, doi : 10.3852 / mycologia.98.6.949 .
  24. ↑ Michael Weiß, Franz Oberwinkler: Phylogenetic relationships in Auriculariales and related groups . In: Mycological Research . tape 105 , no. 4 , 2001, p. 403-415 .
  25. ↑ Manfred Binder, Alfredo Justo, Robert Riley, Asaf Salamov, Francesc Lopez-Giraldez, Elisabet Sjökvist, Alex Copeland, Brian Foster, Hui Sun, Ellen Larsson, Karl-Henrik Larsson, Jeffrey Townsend, Igor V. Grigoriev, David S. Hibbett : Phylogenetic and phylogenomic overview of the Polyporales . In: Mycologia . tape 105 , no. 6 , 2013, p. 1350-1373 , doi : 10.3852 / 13-003 .
  26. ↑ Elisabet Sjökvist, Bernard E. Pfeil, Ellen Larsson, Karl-Henrik Larsson: Stereopsidales - a new order of mushroom-forming fungi . In: PLoS ONE . tape 9 , no. 8 , 2014, p. e106204 , doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0095227 .
  27. ↑ R. Bauer, S. Garnica, F. Oberwinkler, K. Riess, M. Weiß, D. Begerow: Entorrhizomycota: A New Fungal Phylum Reveals New Perspectives on the Evolution of Fungi. In: PLoS ONE. 10 (7), 2015, p. E0128183. doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0128183 (online)
  28. ↑ Achim Bollmann, Andreas Gminder , Peter Reil: List of illustrations of large European mushrooms . In: Yearbook of the Black Forest mushroom teaching show . 4th edition. Volume 2. Schwarzwälder Pilzlehrschau, 2007, ISSN  0932-920X (301 pages; directory of the color images of almost all large European mushrooms (> 5 mm) incl. CD with over 600 species descriptions).