Timeline for the Thirty Years War

Swedish events are given according to the Julian calendar that still prevailed there at that time (ten days earlier in each case)

On the course of the war: see the article Thirty Years War .

Prehistory from 1606

April 25, 1606	First battle of the cross and flag
April 25, 1606	Fraternal dispute in the House of Habsburg : In a document, the Archdukes of Austria, Matthias (brother of the incumbent emperor and his successor), Maximilian Erzh. Vorderösterreich and Ferdinand (later as Emperor's successor to Emperor Matthias), the tolerant, incumbent Emperor Rudolf II for the insane. With this they start the attempt to gain power for themselves.
April 1607	Wallenstein, who had served as an ensign with the imperial foot troops from 1604, becomes treasurer in the service of Archduke Matthias
December 17, 1607	Second battle of the cross and flag . The Lutheran imperial city of Donauwörth is occupied by Catholic, Bavarian troops and thus de facto annexed by the Bavarian Duke Maximilian I.
May 11 - May 15, 1608	The Protestant Union was founded in Auhausen, operated by the reformed Palatine Elector Friedrich IV
June 25, 1608	Continuation of the brotherly quarrel in the House of Habsburg : In the Peace of Love , Matthias (brother and successor of the emperor) becomes king in Hungary and receives the Archduchy of Austria and the Margraviate of Moravia . Emperor Rudolf II is increasingly losing control
March 25, 1609	Beginning of the Jülich-Klevian succession dispute
July 9, 1609	In his majesty letter, Emperor Rudolf II grants the Bohemian estates freedom of religion
July 10, 1609	Run by the Bavarian Duke Maximilian I , the Catholic League was founded in Munich as a counterweight to the Protestant Union
August 20, 1609	In his majesty letter, Emperor Rudolf II grants the Silesian estates freedom of religion
May 23, 1611	Continuation of the brotherly dispute in the House of Habsburg : Matthias is crowned King of Bohemia
January 20, 1612	End of the brotherly dispute in the House of Habsburg : Rudolf II dies. Matthias becomes Roman-German Emperor and continues the "composition policy" (a religious policy based on compromises ), which ultimately fails.
November 12, 1614	The Xanten Treaty brings a provisional and superficial solution to the Jülisch-Klevischen succession dispute : Mark Brandenburg (Protestant) receives Kleve - Mark , Ravenstein , Ravensberg and Pfalz-Neuburg (Catholic) receives Jülich-Berg .
February 1617	Wallenstein provided Archduke Ferdinand (later Emperor Ferdinand II ) with a small but well-equipped army with which he could intervene in the Friulian War .
June 29, 1617	Coronation of Ferdinand King of Bohemia in Prague's St. Vitus Cathedral . Ferdinand (later as emperor's successor to the reigning emperor Matthias ) begins a counter-reformation religious policy in Bohemia .
12 jul. / 22nd October 1617 greg.	Gustav Adolf is crowned King of Sweden in Uppsala.

Bohemian-Palatinate War (1618–1623)

1618

May 21	Estates revolt in Bohemia (1618)
23. May	Second lintel in Prague
June 1st	Ferdinand II is crowned King of Hungary in St. Martin's Church in Pressburg
20th of July	Arrest Melchior Cardinal Klesls and detention in Ambras
November 9th	Battle near Lomnitz (South Bohemia). Bohemian troops defeat imperial rulers under Karl Bonaventure Count von Buquoy
21st November	Conquest of the royal city (loyal to the Habsburg castle) by Bohemian troops under Ernst von Mansfeld

1619

March, 20th	Death of Emperor Matthias in Vienna
April, 30th	Wallenstein , who did not join the Bohemian uprising with his Moravian regiment, forced the coffers of the Moravian estates to be surrendered, brought the money to Emperor Ferdinand II in Vienna and lost parts of the regiment through desertion
May 29th	Conquest of Laa an der Thaya by Bohemian troops under Heinrich Matthias von Thurn
June 5th	“ Storm petition ” of the Lower Austrian Protestant estates with Ferdinand II in the Vienna Hofburg
6th of June	The Bohemian estates under Heinrich Matthias von Thurn stand before Vienna
June 10th	Battle of Záblat or Netolitz (South Bohemia). Defeat of the Bohemian troops under Ernst von Mansfeld against the imperial ones under Buquoy
July 31	Formation of the Bohemian Confederation , Protestantism is declared the state religion
August 19th	Ferdinand II is deposed as King of Bohemia by the Bohemian estates
20th of August	Conclusion of an attack alliance between Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania and the Bohemian estates
26th of August	Election of Elector Friedrich V of the Palatinate by the Bohemian estates as King of Bohemia ("Winter King")
August 28th	Election of Ferdinand II in Frankfurt am Main as Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation
the 9th of September	Coronation of Ferdinand II. Dt for Roman.. Emperor in Frankfurt
8th October	In Munich agreement assures Maximilian I.von Bayern the as chairman of the Catholic League , Emperor Ferdinand II. Against rebellious Protestants in Bohemia, led by V. Friedrich support. In return, the emperor promises reimbursement of the costs and a deposit of areas. Furthermore, it is (verbally) assured that the Palatinate electoral dignity will be transferred to Bavaria . The treaty is de facto a significant strengthening of the Catholic League, which has been weakened since 2016
October 14th	Battle and capture of Pressburg after the defeat of imperial troops under Rudolf von Tiefenbach against Bethlen Gábor
24.-26. October	The Bohemian army under Heinrich Matthias von Thurn unsuccessfully besieges Vienna , which is defended by Buquoy
November 4th	Coronation of Frederick V of the Palatinate as King of Bohemia in St. Vitus Cathedral
November 26th	Another siege of Vienna by the Bohemian armed forces under Heinrich Matthias von Thurn

1620

6th of June	Ferdinand II instructs Maximilian I of Bavaria with the execution of the Reich in Bohemia
3rd of July	Ulm Treaty : Neutrality agreement between the Catholic League and the Protestant Union with French mediation in the unfulfilled hope of being able to prevent Spanish conquests of imperial territories.
July 12	The imperial under Karl Bonaventura Count von Buquoy beat Bohemian-Palatinate troops under Heinrich Matthias von Thurn near Vienna
July 23	The Bavarian-Imperial army of the Catholic League under Maximilian von Bayern invades Austria to end the uprising of the Protestant estates in the hereditary lands
August 25	Election of Bethlen Gábor as King of Hungary by the Hungarian Diet in Banska Bystrica
September 11	Battle of Tirano (in Valtellina ): Spanish troops defeat the troops of the Three Leagues
September 23-26	The Bavarian imperial army of the Catholic League under Maximilian von Bayern and Tilly conquered Cham (Upper Palatinate) and invaded Bohemia.
5th October	A Saxon army under Elector Johann Georg von Sachsen invades Lusatia from the north.
November 8th	Battle of the White Mountain near Prague . Bavarian-imperial troops of the Catholic League under Tilly defeat the Bohemian-Palatinate army under Christian von Anhalt
November 9th	Frederick V escapes from the Palatinate in Prague after the Battle of White Mountain
December	Taking Karl stone under Karl Bonaventura Graf von Buquoy

1621

22nd of January	Imperial ban is imposed on Elector Frederick V of the Palatinate, who thereby loses his status as Elector
May 7th	Taking Bratislava under Charles of Bucquoy
May 14th	Dissolution of the Protestant Union
June 21st	Execution of 28 Bohemian rebel nobles in Prague
16th of July	Peter Ernst II von Mansfeld fends off an attack by Tilly near Waidhaus ( Upper Palatinate )
15./25. September	Conquest of Riga by Swedish troops
5th October	Battle of Tyrnau (Trnava, today Slovakia). Defeat of imperial troops under Rudolf von Tiefenbach against Bethlen Gábor
2. December	Christian von Halberstadt conquered Amöneburg near Mainz
20th of December	Battle of Kirdorf (today: Kirtorf ) (west of Alsfeld ): Christian von Halberstadt is repulsed by League troops under Anholt

1622

January 2nd	Christian von Halberstadt occupied Lippstadt (Soest district) as the starting point for his military campaigns in the neighboring Catholic areas of Paderborn and Münster
6th January	In the Peace of Nikolsburg (Mikulov) the Protestant prince of Transylvania Gabriel Bethlen renounced the Hungarian crown and was raised to the status of an imperial prince (Duke of Opole and Ratibor )
21th January	Christian von Halberstadt occupies Soest
3 February	Jülich under Dutch occupation surrenders to the Spaniards under Ambrogio Marchese di Spinola after several months of siege
April 27	Battle of Mingolsheim between the troops of the Catholic League under Tilly and the victorious Palatinate troops under Peter Ernst II von Mansfeld
May 6th	Battle of Wimpfen between the troops of the victorious Catholic League under Tilly and González Hernandez de Córdoba and Palatinate troops under Margrave Georg Friedrich von Baden-Durlach
20th June	Battle of Höchst between the victorious troops of the Catholic League under Tilly and the Palatinate troops under Christian von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel (Der "Wilde Herzog" or "Toller Halberstädter")
29th August	Battle of Fleurus (Belgium, between Namur and Charleroi). Palatinate Protestant troops under Christian von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel (The “Wild Duke” or “Toller Halberstädter”) and Peter Ernst II von Mansfeld succeeded in breaking through into the Netherlands against Spanish troops under González Hernandez de Córdoba
September 16-19	Troops of the Catholic League under Tilly conquer Heidelberg . The city remains under Bavarian occupation until 1632
November 2	Troops of the Catholic League under Tilly conquer Mannheim

1623

Jan. 10, 23/25 Feb	On an Electoral Congress in Regensburg, the electoral dignity of Elector Friedrich V (Palatinate) was withdrawn by Emperor Ferdinand II and the electoral dignity was transferred to Duke Maximilian I of Bavaria , who became the new elector.
July 6th	Skirmish near Reiffenhausen (near Göttingen ) between victorious Palatine Protestant troops under Christian von Halberstadt and imperial troops under Franz Albrecht von Sachsen-Lauenburg
6th of August	Battle of Stadtlohn (south of Ahaus , west of Coesfeld ) between victorious troops of the Catholic League under Tilly and Protestant troops under Christian von Halberstadt
6th of August	Election of Pope Urban VIII. Pope Urban was well-disposed towards France, but not well-disposed towards the Habsburg dynasty.

1624

13 August	Cardinal Richelieu becomes Chairman of the Royal Council of State in France

Danish-Lower Saxon War (1625–1629)

1625

March, 20th	Election of King Christian IV of Denmark as district colonel in Lower Saxony
May 15	" Frankenburger dice game " and blood court on the Haushammerfeld near Vöcklamarkt / Upper Austria
June 5th	During the Eighty Years' War , Breda (between Rotterdam and Antwerp) was captured on June 5, 1625 by the Spanish general Ambrosio Spinola after nine months of siege .
July 25th	Emperor Ferdinand II appoints Wallenstein as imperial commander in chief.
August 25	Hamelin is occupied without a fight by troops of the Catholic League under Tilly after the city was hastily abandoned by the troops of King Christian IV of Denmark . The city remains occupied until 1633 ( Battle of Hessisch-Oldendorf ).
21st September	Battle of Verceia (Lombardy). The imperial under Pappenheim defeat the French and the Venetians
October 13th	Tilly and Wallenstein meet in Alfeld (Leine) , Limmer district, for an interview.
end of November	Charles IV (Lorraine) becomes Duke of Lorraine after years of conflict with France and, since 1624, with Richelieu . The relationship remains tense, as Charles IV supports Richelieu's opponents in Paris and Richelieu wants to expand France's influence at the expense of Lorraine to the Rhine and therefore wants to station the military in Lorraine.

1626

7/17 January	Swedish troops under Gustav II Adolf defeat a Polish army near Wallhof (near Riga)
Beginning in 1626	The Danish King Christian IV occupies the Wolfenbüttel fortress with Protestant troops .
April 25	Battle of the Dessau Elbe Bridge between the victorious imperial troops under Wallenstein and the Protestant troops under Peter Ernst II von Mansfeld . After the victory, Wallenstein dominated the Elbe crossing
May 21	Defeat of Adam Graf von Herberstorff in the Upper Austrian Peasants' War against rebellious farmers near Peuerbach / Upper Austria
6th of June	The Protestant military leader Christian von Halberstadt dies in Wolfenbüttel
June 9th	Tilly conquered on May 30th July / June 9, 1626 greg. the Danish occupied Hannoversch Münden
21 July	Successful defense under Adam Graf von Herberstorff in the Upper Austrian Peasants' War against the farmers near Linz
August 27	In the battle of Lutter am Barenberge (southeast of Hildesheim , southwest of Salzgitter ) the troops of the Catholic League under Tilly defeat the Protestant troops of the Danish King Christian IV.
end of August	Imperial troops under Pappenheim lay siege to the state fortress of Wolfenbüttel , one of the best-secured fortresses in Northern Germany. All attacks fail. Pappenheim had a dam built that dammed the Oker and flooded the city head-high for 140 days. The fortress garrison surrendered in December 1627.
9/12 November	Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim defeats the Upper Austrian farmers near Eferding and Vöcklabruck
November 29th	Ernst von Mansfeld dies on the trip to Venice in Rakovica (near Sarajevo / Bosnia)
20th of December	Peace of Pressburg between Emperor Ferdinand II and Bethlen Gábor
24th of December	Gustav Horn and Jakob De la Gardie defeat the Poles at Wenden

1627

January 25th	Return Cardinal Klesls to Vienna
10th of May	In the Renewed Land Order , the electoral monarchy in Bohemia is abolished and Bohemia declared a hereditary property of the Habsburgs
summer	Wolf Heinrich von Baudissin saves the Danish cavalry from destruction by Wallenstein near Koschau on the Oder
September 24th	Battle of Heiligenhafen on the Baltic Sea (Holstein). Defeat of the Danes under Georg Friedrich von Baden-Durlach
October	Wismar is occupied by imperial troops, who are driven out by Swedish troops in 1632
November 10th	Duchy of Pomerania is by imperial troops under Hans Georg von Arnim occupied
December 18th	Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim occupied the city ​​of Wolfenbüttel , which had been besieged since August 1626 and flooded by the construction of the Schwedendamm

1628

February 1st	Emperor Ferdinand II releases the subjects of the Mecklenburg Dukes Adolf Friedrich I and Johann Albrecht II from the oath
February 22	Hereditary transfer of the Palatinate electoral dignity to Maximilian I of Bavaria
23. May	Beginning of the unsuccessful siege of Stralsund by imperial troops under Hans Georg von Arnim and Wallenstein . The city is supported by the Swedish King Gustav II Adolf (Sweden) .
3rd August	The unsuccessful siege of Stralsund by imperial troops under Wallenstein is canceled .
September 2nd	Battle of Wolgast . Victory of the imperial troops under Albrecht von Wallenstein and Rudolf von Tiefenbach against the Danish troops under the Danish King Christian IV.
October 17th	Occupation of the Hanseatic city of Rostock by imperial troops under Wallenstein and Arnim

1629

?	In France, Cardinal Richelieu is appointed lieutenant general and is thus deputy to King Louis XIII.
January 18th	The Swedish Reichstag votes for entry into the war against Emperor Ferdinand II.
6th March	Emperor Ferdinand II issues the edict of restitution
May 22	Conclusion of the Peace of Lübeck between Emperor Ferdinand II and King Christian IV (Denmark and Norway)
17./27. June	Battle of Stuhm ( Swedish-Polish War (1600–1629) ). Victory of Polish troops, supported by imperial troops under Arnim, over Swedish troops under King Gustav Adolf
June 28th	With the Peace of Alès between the Huguenots and the French king, Cardinal Richelieu ended the state of war between Protestants and Catholics in France after La Rochelle .
August 19th	Friedrich Heinrich von Nassau-Orange , governor of the Netherlands, conquers Wesel
16./26. September	The Altmark (near Danzig) armistice ended the Swedish-Polish war for six years . Poland cedes Livonia to Sweden. The contract was extended indefinitely in 1635 with the Treaty of Stuhmsdorf

Swedish War (1630-1635)

1630

3rd of June	Beginning of the Regensburg Electoral Congress , recall of Wallenstein
July 6th	The Swedes under Gustav II Adolf land with a small force of around 13,000 men near Peenemünde on Usedom .
July 18th	Imperial troops with Gallas , Aldringen and Piccolomini conquer and plunder Mantua in the Mantuan War of Succession .
10./20. July	Occupation of Szczecin by Swedish troops. A little later, the Swedes control the entire Duchy of Pomerania .
13 August	Emperor Ferdinand II and the electors decide on an electoral convention in Regensburg to dismiss Wallenstein as commander in chief of the imperial army.
September 6th	In Memmingen, Wallenstein receives the certificate of discharge as commander-in-chief of the imperial army

1631

January 23	Contract to Bärwalde (near Küstrin ). France assures Sweden subsidies for the fight against the emperor .
February 26th - April 4th	Opening and subsequent meeting of the Leipzig Convention , an assembly of Protestant imperial princes who call themselves the " Leipzig Confederation ". In the final declaration (" Leipzig Declaration ") the emperor is accused of having brought misery over the empire under Tilly with the edict of restitution he issued and with the campaigns of the imperial Wallenstein army and the army of the Catholic League under Tilly , and thus the constitution of the empire having broken.
9th March	After three days of fighting, an army of the Catholic League under Tilly captured Neubrandenburg. The Swedish occupation is almost completely crushed, the commander Knyphausen is taken prisoner.
3rd / 13th April	Siege and capture of Frankfurt on the Oder by Swedish troops under Gustav II Adolf . The imperial occupation forces under Montecuccoli withdraw.
April 6th	The Peace Treaty of Cherasco (Piedmont) ends the War of the Mantuan Succession (1628–1631). Emperor Ferdinand II renounces Mantua and Montferrat and vacates Graubünden , which is occupied by the French. An additional contract will be added to the contract on June 19.
April 21	Duke Georg von Braunschweig joins the Swedish King Gustav II Adolf and receives a Swedish general patent. After the king's death, the duke was given command of the German-Swedish army in Lower Saxony and Westphalia. In August 1635 the Swedish general patent was withdrawn.
May 20th	Conquest of Magdeburg under Tilly . The city has been besieged since March 1631 and is almost completely destroyed. There are approximately 20,000 deaths among the civilian population.
30th May	Fontainebleau Treaty . Secret alliance treaty for 8 years between Elector Maximilian I of Bavaria and France . In the event of an attack on Bavaria and in the event of an Imperial Habsburg attack on France, the treaty provided for mutual assistance.
June 22	The Swedish King Gustav II. Adolf blackmailed the Elector of Brandenburg Georg Wilhelm through military threats to conclude a treaty that enabled the Swedes to use all the resources of Brandenburg and the fortresses Spandau and Küstrin as bases.
22nd of July	Swedish troops under Gustav II Adolf conquer the Duchy of Mecklenburg, which had been ceded to Wallenstein.
July 28th	Imperial Wallenstein troops under Holk offer bitter resistance to the Swedes near Wolmirstedt (north of Magdeburg).
August 7th	Swedish troops under Gustav II Adolf defeat League troops under Tilly in the Battle of Werben (near Havelberg )
August 31	The league troops under Tilly received considerable reinforcements to 36,000 men, began an attack on Saxony, conquered Merseburg, devastated and plundered the country and threatened Leipzig from September 6th
7th of September	Defeat of imperial troops under Don Marradas against Saxon troops under Arnim near Breslau.
September 11	The Swedish King Gustav II Adolf concludes an alliance treaty with the Elector of Saxony Johann Georg , in which all Saxon troops join the Swedes and the Swedish troops are guaranteed accommodation and supplies in Saxony. Gustav Adolf does not receive the supreme command of all troops, so that it remains possible for the Saxon elector to break away from the alliance at any time.
September 14th	The army of the Catholic League under Tilly conquered the Pleißenburg Fortress in Leipzig .
7/17 September	In the battle of Breitenfeld (north of Leipzig) the troops of the Catholic League under the general Tilly suffer a heavy defeat against the first jointly acting Swedish-Saxon army under King Gustav II Adolf . The defeat leads to the triumph of the Swedes as far as Bavaria
October 2nd	The Swedes, victorious in the Battle of Breitenfeld two weeks ago , occupy the city of Erfurt (until 1635)
October 14-17	Occupation of Würzburg by Gustav Adolf and then storming of the Marienberg fortress
October 6th	Imperial troops under Colonel Virmond- occupied Hanseatic City of Rostock surrender to a Swedish army under General Tott after a siege of 4½ months
28./30. October	Siege and capture of the imperial city of Rothenburg ob der Tauber under General Graf von Tilly .
15th of November	Conquest of Prague by Saxon troops under Hans Georg von Arnim as a result of the victory in the Battle of Breitenfeld
November 27th	Swedish troops under King Gustav Adolf move down the Main from Würzburg to Frankfurt and occupy Hanau without a fight , because Count Philipp Moritz , previously a supporter of the emperor, changes sides. Hanau becomes a refuge for war refugees.
December 7th	A Saxon army under Arnim defeated an imperial army under Rudolf von Tiefenbach near Nimburg (Central Bohemia) .
8/18 December	Gustav II Adolf crosses the Rhine near Erfelden near Darmstadt . The Swedish Column was erected on his behalf
15th December	Because of the dramatically poor military situation, Wallenstein was appointed commander-in-chief of the imperial army. His demands for extended powers of attorney are being negotiated until April 1632
23rd of December	The siege of Mainz lasts from December 17th to 22nd . On December 23rd, the Swedes move into Mainz after an honorable handover . The construction of a fortress (Gustavsburg) begins on the Mainspitze .

1632

1632-1648	Sea war on Lake Constance .
1632 - Sep. 1634	Heidelberg occupied by Sweden
January 14th, 21st	Pappenheim tries to terrorize Magdeburg , which is besieged by Swedish troops under Johan Banér and occupied after Pappenheim's withdrawal.
end of January	A Swedish army under Gustav Horn occupies Bamberg
at the beginning of March	After winning the Battle of Breitenfeld , Gustav Adolf reached the city of Nuremberg and was enthusiastically welcomed by the population. Nuremberg is expanded into a base of the army, which is to conquer Bavaria with 40,000 men from here.
9th March	After the heavy defeat in the Battle of Breitenfeld, a newly formed army of the Catholic League under Tilly defeated the Swedish occupation troops of Bamberg under Gustav Horn and recaptured Bamberg for a short time.
7th of April	Swedish troops occupy Donauwörth under Gustav Adolf on their way to Munich
9th April	The Ehrenbreitstein Fortress near Koblenz is occupied by French troops.
April 13th	Wallenstein begins his second generalate as commander-in-chief of the imperial army (Göllersdorf Agreement) with greatly expanded powers (including negotiating powers)
April 15th	Battle of Rain am Lech near ( Donauwörth ). The Bavarian troops under Tilly suffer a defeat against the Swedes under Gustav Adolf . (Tilly is badly wounded and dies on April 30th).
20th of April	Augsburg is taken by the Swedes under Gustav Adolf without a fight.
April 23	Short unsuccessful siege of the strong fortress of Ingolstadt by Swedish troops under Gustav Adolf.
April 27	Beginning of the fighting for Regensburg with the occupation of Regensburg by Bavarian troops. The city is expanded into a fortress, but is still conquered by the Swedes the following year.
May 11th	The imperial city of Dinkelsbühl is occupied and taken without a fight by Colonel Claus Dietrich von Sperreuth on behalf of the Swedish King Gustav Adolf .
17th of May	Entry of the Swedes into Munich under Gustav Adolf and Lennart Torstensson .
17./22. May	Occupation of the Princely Provosty of Ellwangen by Colonel Sperreuth and Colonel Degenfeld on behalf of the Swedes. Shelling of the city with cannons.
25. May	Wallenstein occupies Prague .
June	Charles IV of Lorraine puts an army from Lorraine at the disposal of the emperor. Then French troops occupy Lorraine.
July 23	The troops of Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim take the imperial city of Dortmund . The warlord demands a contribution of 50,000 thalers . Pappenheim is setting up its headquarters in Dortmund for the next few weeks .
July 23	Count Gronsfeld's plan to take the city of Hanover by surprise with an army of the Catholic League failed even before the start of the action with the | Battle near Hainholz
July 27th	Archduke Leopold Wilhelm successfully defends Ehrenberg Fortress near Reutte ( Tyrol ) against the Swedes under Bernhard von Sachsen-Weimar .
August 16	Battle of Wiesloch , Swedish and Imperial troops face each other in Wiesloch.
17th August	Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim is subject to the Dutch near Maastricht , which has been besieged since June.
20th of August	French troops occupy Triers .
August 23	The Dutch conquer Maastricht, which was occupied by the Spanish.
September 3	Battle of the Alte Veste near Fürth between the imperial family under Wallenstein and the Swedes under Gustav II Adolf. The Swedes fail to storm Wallenstein's camp.
6/16 November	Battle of Lützen (south of Leipzig ) between the imperial family under Wallenstein and the Swedes under Gustav II Adolf , who fell in this battle.
November 29th	Death of Frederick V of the Palatinate in Mainz .
21st December	The Swedes under Wolf Heinrich von Baudissin occupy Deutz (Cologne) , but withdraw the next day because of the great resistance.

1633

March 14th - July 13th	Siege of the city of Hameln , which had been occupied by troops of the Catholic League since 1625 , by Swedish troops under Georg von Braunschweig-Lüneburg . After the clear victory of the siege army over an imperial relief army drawn up under Generals Merode , Gronsfeld and Bönninghausen on July 8, 1633 in the battle of Hessisch Oldendorf , the city of Hameln, occupied by league troops, surrendered to the Swedish troops on July 13.
April 8th	The Hessians under Melander conquer Paderborn .
20th of April	Siege and storming of Landsberg am Lech under terrible circumstances by Swedish troops under Torstensson and Bernhard von Sachsen-Weimar .
April 23	Founding of the Heilbronner Bund by Protestant principalities (excluding Kur-Sachsen) and many imperial cities under the leadership of the Swedish Chancellor Oxenstierna against the imperial, Catholic imperial power.
May 5-26	City and castle (fortress) Heidelberg are occupied by Swedish troops.
20th June	The Swedish Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna appoints Bernhard von Sachsen-Weimar as Duke of the Duchy of Franconia , which was newly formed from the monasteries of Würzburg and Bamberg .
8th of July	Battle of Hessisch Oldendorf . Victory of a German-Swedish army at Hessisch Oldendorf under Georg von Braunschweig-Lüneburg and Lars Kagg over an imperial army under Merode , Gronsfeld and Bönninghausen .
15th of July	Siege Conquest and occupation of the city of Rheinfelden by Swedish troops under Rhine Count Otto Ludwig von Salm-Kyrburg-Mörchingen .
15th of August	Secret offer from Archbishop and Elector of Cologne Ferdinand of Bavaria (1577–1650) to Richelieu to place Kurköln under French protection.
Mid September	French troops occupy Lorraine again. Thereupon Charles IV of Lorraine abdicates as Duke and joins the imperial troops with an army.
12th September	The Swedes under Knyphausen conquer Osnabrück .
October 11th	The imperial army under Wallenstein and Gallas conquered Steinau an der Oder (northeast of Legnica / Liegnitz) in a surprising lightning offensive in Silesia . The Swedish commander Thurn is taken prisoner, but released again after the handover of all Silesian fortresses, which the Emperor Wallenstein resented.
October, 16th	The Swedish-occupied city of Rheinfelden is retaken by Spanish troops under Duke de Feria . Handover of the city to the imperial family, who reinforced the occupation.
14th November	In the battle for Regensburg a Swedish army conquered under Bernard of Saxe-Weimar -occupied Bavarian troops Regensburg after a short siege. Lars Kagg becomes Swedish city commander .
end of November	Starting out from Regensburg, Swedish troops conquer Straubing and Deggendorf
15th December	In Pilsen, Wallenstein received an order from Emperor Ferdinand II to wage a campaign against Bernhard von Sachsen-Weimar in occupied Regensburg. After consulting with his officers, Wallenstein ignored the order because he refused a winter campaign.

1634

January 12th	1. Pilsener Revers: 49 generals and colonels of the imperial army (including Matthias Gallas and Johann von Aldringen ) assure Albrecht von Wallenstein of their loyalty.
January 24th	Ferdinand II's secret removal patent for Albrecht von Wallenstein and brief appointment of Gallas as the new imperial commander in chief.
February 18	The imperial decision is made known to trustworthy officers in the imperial army. They are released from their obedience to Albrecht von Wallenstein and referred to the generals Matthias Gallas , Johann von Aldringen and Octavio Piccolomini .
20. February	2. Pilsener Revers: Only 32 colonels still support Albrecht von Wallenstein as their commander
February 22	The deposition of Albrecht von Wallenstein is publicly announced to the army.
February 25	Assassination of Wallenstein in Eger by a group of Irish and Scottish officers from the Butler regiment
April 22	Defeat of a Hessian army under Melander near Herford .
2.May	Appointment of Archduke Ferdinand, King of Hungary, who later became Emperor Ferdinand III. commander in chief of the imperial army. He will keep the position until Sep. 1639 (handed over to his younger brother Leopold Wilhelm of Austria )
May 13th	A Saxon army under Hans Georg von Arnim defeated an imperial army under Colloredo near Liegnitz ( Silesia ).
3rd of June	Conquest of the fortress Philippsburg by the Swedes. Recapture in January 1635 by imperial troops under Caspar von Baumberger
14th June	Bavarian troops under Werth relieve Aichach near Augsburg, besieged by Swedish troops under Gustaf Horn
15th of July	Donauwörth is taken by the imperial family
21 July	In the battle for Regensburg the area occupied by the Swedes city is Regensburg after siege by imperial troops under Archduke Ferdinand III and Bavarian troops under Maximilian I conquered back.
22nd of July	Conquest of Landshut by a Swedish army under Bernhard von Sachsen-Weimar and Gustaf Horn . The Swedes want to reach Regensburg in time to break the imperial siege on the city. The imperial defenders of Landshut under Aldringen are defeated; Aldringen dies while withdrawing. The Swedes arrive too late to prevent the regensburg from being retaken by imperial troops.
August 16	The imperial army under Ferdinand III conquered the Swedish garrison Donauwörth on the way to Nördlingen
29th August	A Swedish army conquers and plunders Rheinfelden , defended by the imperial army under Franz von Mercy .
5th / 6th September	In the battle of Nördlingen , two Swedish armies under Bernhard von Sachsen-Weimar and Gustaf Horn suffer a heavy defeat, which leads to the Peace of Prague and a new phase of the war with new alliances. An army of the emperor under Archduke Ferdinand, who later became Emperor Ferdinand III , achieved the extraordinarily total victory . and Gallas , reinforced by a Spanish army under Cardinal-Infant Ferdinand of Spain and a Bavarian army under Elector Maximilian .
September 15th	After his defeat in the Battle of Nördlingen , Bernhard von Sachsen Weimar reached the city of Frankfurt and began to collect the remains of the defeated Swedish army. 12,000 men come together, 7,000 of them riders
21st September	A Bavarian army under Werth defeated a Swedish army under Rheingraf Otto Ludwig near Calw .
September	An imperial army conquers Heidelberg again and prepares the castle (fortress) to be blown up for days. After the surprise appearance of a French army, preparations for the demolition and the occupation are canceled.
October 1st to 16th	The Spanish army with Cardinal Infante Ferdinand, who defeated the Swedish armies of Bernhard von Sachsen Weimar and Gustaf Horn on the side of the Imperial Bavarian Army in the Battle of Nördlingen , begins the march into the Netherlands, avoiding the march through Alsace on the left Side of the Rhine to avoid conflict with France. The army bypasses Frankfurt and with 18,000 men crossed the Main near Aschaffenburg and then the Rhine near Andernach.
October 14, 1634	Würzburg is recaptured from the Swedes by imperial troops under Melchior von Hatzfeldt
November 1st	In the Treaty of Paris , the French King Louis XIII committed himself . to provide money and soldiers to the Protestant Union. The contract does not take effect because Sweden does not sign it. Improvements for Sweden are achieved in the Treaty of Compiègne in April 1635 (1635)
December	Imperial troops under Colonel Butler besiege Schorndorf east of Stuttgart . The place burned down completely after a cannonade. Colonel Butler, involved in the murder of Wallenstein, dies on December 24th. His body is transferred to Prague under the supervision of Matthias Gallas .

1635

mid-January	Surrender of the Swedish garrison at Marienberg Fortress in Würzburg
January 24th	Imperial troops conquer the held by the Swedes Philipp Burg's back
February 28	Proclamation of the armistice between the emperor and the Saxons near the north Bohemian town of Laun
March 12th	Henri II. De Rohan the leader of the Huguenots arrives in Chur on behalf of France and occupies key positions with an army at the entrance and exit of the Valtellina . Rohan anticipated an occupation of the valley by an imperial army. He thus ruled the valley, which was very important for Spain and Austria as the shortest and most convenient route between east and west and as a gateway to the Duchy of Milan. In addition, the valley was of great geopolitical importance as the borderland of denominations during the confusion of Graubünden .
March 13th	Surrender of Augsburg after being encircled by imperial troops for 6 months. the cutting of the water supply and the intention to starve the city resulted in a famine with horrific circumstances.
26th of March	Conquest of the French occupied city of Trier by Spanish troops. The Elector of Trier, Philipp Christoph von Sötern, is taken prisoner
April, 30th	In the Compiègne Treaty , France and Sweden agreed as equal partners on their interests in the war in Germany and on further support for the Protestant imperial princes. The left bank of the Rhine is left to France. The Swedes are granted control of Worms , Mainz and Benfeld (Alsace) . France should declare war on Spain and France should not enter into an armistice or peace agreement without the consent of Sweden.
May 19th	France declares war on Spain
30th May	Peace Treaty of Prague . Subsequently, with the exception of Hessen-Kassel , most of the Protestant imperial estates joined the Peace of Prague between the Emperor and the Elector of Saxony, thereby ending their respective alliance with Sweden. This ends the third phase of the Thirty Years War. The emperor is granted an imperial army in which the sovereign princes can only give instructions to their troop contingents in the role of generals of the emperor.
July	Heidelberg was reoccupied by imperial troops until the end of the war
August 8th and 18th	Duke Georg von Braunschweig and Elector Georg Wilhelm von Brandenburg accept the Peace of Prague and are no longer allies of the Swedes, but allies of the Emperor

Swedish-French War (1635-1648)

1635

May 19th	France declares war on Spain
July 4th	An imperial army under Piccolomini , sent north to the Spanish Netherlands to support the Spaniards, forces a Franco-Dutch army to give up the siege of Lions (part of the Franco-Spanish War ). A typhus epidemic reduces the strength of the French army from 29,000 to 9,000 men.
17th July	Imperial troops under Matthias Gallas try unsuccessfully to conquer the city of Zweibrücken , which was defeated by French-Weimaran troops (remaining army Bernhard von Sachsen Weimar) under La Valette and General Reinhold v. Rosen is successfully defended.
July 23	The imperial general Hans Ulrich von Schaffgotsch is publicly beheaded in Regensburg on Haidplatz . He had been accused of high treason by the emperor , but despite torture had not confessed. His goods were needed to reward the murderers of Wallenstein .
July 26th	A Spanish army under Cardinal Infante Ferdinand conquered the Schenkenschanze , an island fortress north of Cleve, where the Rhine was then divided. The fortress controlled access to the Netherlands. With their fall, the connection between the Dutch and their garrisons up the Rhine was interrupted
August	Beginning of the first, 6-month, ultimately unsuccessful, siege of the Württemberg fortress Hohentwiel , the last Protestant bastion in Württemberg. The defense is headed by Commandant Konrad Widerholt , on behalf of the sovereign Duke Eberhard III, who was in exile in Strasbourg and who fled from the emperor . of Württemberg .
September 4th	Bavarian troops under Johann von Werth conquer Speyer . The city was conquered from 1632 by the Swedes, the Imperial and French, and from 1635 to 1644 again by Imperial troops; afterwards again by the French until after the end of the war.
September 18	France declares war on Emperor Ferdinand II . As a result, the imperial army under Matthias Gallas crossed the Rhine to gain a foothold on the left bank of the Rhine in Lorraine and to threaten France from the south.
September 29th	Pursued by the superior imperial army under Gallas , which crossed the Rhine to attack Lorraine, a French army under Turenne and La Valette , together with allied troops of the Bernhard von Sachsen-Weimar (Weimaraner), withdraws with the aim of the fortresses To reach Wallerfangen and Metz . After crossing the Saar near Dillingen , the battle of Wallerfangen takes place in German-speaking Lorraine . The imperial army won no victory, but was able to push the French armies, which successfully repelled all attacks, back to Metz.
September	Beginning of the 9-month siege of the city of Hanau by imperial troops under Lamboy . In the absence of her husband, Landgrave Wilhelm V of Hessen-Kassel , who was allied with Sweden or France , and later after his death († 21st Sep. 1637), the city is ruled by the wife Amalie Elisabeth in guardianship of the son. Her husband ended the siege with a relief army in June 1636
Summer - October 22nd	Sweden gains considerably in financial and military strength after the conclusion of the Stuhmsdorf Treaty with Poland. The 6-year armistice in the Treaty of Altmark is extended indefinitely and a mutiny in Johan Banér's army is ended. Sweden shows its presence again in northern Germany and the Saxon army under Wolf Heinrich von Baudissin suffers a heavy defeat in the battle of Dömitz ( Mecklenburg ) against the Swedish army under Banér
October 27	Bernhard von Sachsen-Weimar , previously a Swedish military leader, concludes the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye with France ( Cardinal Richelieu ) . For the duration of the war, France promised him 4 million livres a year in subsidies to finance an army of 12,000 men on foot and 6,000 horsemen with the necessary artillery .
December 17th	The Swedish occupied city of Mainz and (Gustavsburg) surrender to an imperial army without a fight.

1636

January 9th	The last Swedes leave the city of Mainz and Gustavsburg
11th January	In the battle near Haselünne (near Meppen) between a Swedish regiment under Field Marshal Dodo Freiherr zu Innhausen and Knyphausen and superior imperial troops under Colonel Lautersheim, the Swedish troops achieve a tactical victory, although Knyphausen is killed
March, 20th	In the Treaty of Wismar , France and Sweden confirm the joint continuation of the struggle against the Habsburg emperor and his Spanish allies with financial support from the Swedes by France
June 13-23	A Hessian-Swedish relief army under Landgrave Wilhelm V , drawn from Paderborn, blows up the siege ring formed by imperial troops under Guillaume de Lamboy with 20 entrenchments around the fortress Hanau after a year-long siege . The besiegers suffer heavy losses.
June 26th / 30th	The relief army of Hanau under Landgrave Wilhelm V surprisingly withdraws after a few days.
July 14th	Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar conquered the city of Zabern (Saverne, Alsace), where Gallas had his quarters during the campaign in Burgundy.
13 August	The advance of an imperial Lorraine army under Charles of Lorraine and Guillaume de Lamboy to relieve the city ​​of Dole in Burgundy, which was besieged by a French army under Henri II de Bourbon-Condé , led Condé to make one last attempt at conquest by blowing a mine. Instead of destroying a bastion, the explosion of the mine only leads to a huge crater in front of it, which makes a storm attack even more impossible. The siege army withdrew and was sent to Picardy to reinforce the French defense against Spaniards and Bavaria , while the Imperial troops entered Dole shortly afterwards, but did not pursue the enemy troops any further.
August 14th	Intending to attack Paris together, Spanish and Bavarian imperial troops under Cardinal-Infant Ferdinand , Johann von Werth and Octavio Piccolomini conquer the French border fortress of Corbie 100 km north of Paris. This leads to a popular uprising in Paris and the creation of a popular army against the attackers. (Recapture of the fortress after the siege of Corbie by French troops on November 14, 1636)
4th of October	Battle of Wittstock (northwest of Brandenburg ). A Swedish army under Johan Banér achieves a comprehensive victory over a numerically far superior Imperial Saxon army under Count Melchior von Hatzfeldt and Elector Johann Georg I. After this victory, the Swedes, which had been inactive for a long time, again became a great threat to Silesia, Saxony, Bohemia and hereditary lands of the Habsburgs. That was also one of the reasons for abandoning plans to conquer Paris.
November 1st	The attempt by the imperial army under Matthias Gallas to conquer the French border town of Saint-Jean-de-Losne on the Saône in Burgundy is unsuccessful. The city was to serve as a bridgehead on the French side of the river. The French campaign is finally canceled.
14th November	The French border fortress of Corbie , 100 km north of Paris, captured by Spanish troops in August 1636, is recaptured by French troops on November 14, 1636 after a 6-week siege of Corbie .
December 22	Election of the Archduke of Austria Ferdinand as Roman-German King in Regensburg

1637

February 15th	Death of Emperor Ferdinand II in Vienna , Emperor Ferdinand III takes office.
March 10th	Death of Bogislaw XIV of Pomerania in Stettin . A violent dispute broke out between Sweden and Brandenburg over the successor.
June 29th	The march (flight) of the Swedish army under Baner von Torgau over the Oder to the fortified Swedish camps on the coast of the Baltic Sea and to the Swedish relief army under Wrangel cannot be prevented by the imperial army under Gallas. Thus the imperial failed to destroy the last Swedish field army.
June 26th	The Bavarian general Johann von Werth forces the French to withdraw from the Ehrenbreitstein Fortress ( Koblenz )
October 10th	The fortress of Breda , (occupied by Spain for 12 years) surrenders after 11 weeks of siege to Prince Friedrich Heinrich of Nassau-Orange , governor of the Netherlands. Spain must pull associations out of Franche-Comté to keep the Spanish Netherlands. The withdrawal of the Spaniards gave Bernhard von Sachsen-Weimar's army freedom.
Summer autumn	Bernhard von Sachsen-Weimar crosses the Rhine with his army, follows French wishes and moves to Hochburgund , where an imperial army under Savelli and Johann von Werth follows him. Werth is seriously injured in fighting. Bernhard's army moves into winter quarters in Mömpelgard and is strengthened by good food for the campaign of 1638, which opened early and became the most successful campaign in Bernhard's career
October - December	The imperial army under Gallas was able to hold on to the Baltic coast (sea edge) despite the withdrawal of Götz's corps , but did not achieve any resounding success against the Swedish troops under Johan Banér , who could be trapped behind the Peene . There are small successes: Wolgast and Demmin conquered, 1,000 prisoners taken at Loitz . The Swedes keep Greifswald Anklam Stettin, Stralsund, Cammin and Kolberg in Western Pomerania.

1638

January 26th - February 28th	Bernhard von Sachsen-Weimar's army leaves the winter quarters in Mömpelgard to conquer the forest towns on the Rhine. With the siege of Rheinfelden , after the later arrival of an imperial relief army, the battle of Rheinfelden began , which ran in three phases and led to the conquest of Rheinfelden in Aargau by the Weimaraner army on March 3, 1638 , which had already been conquered in July 1633 , but was lost again in October 1633.
February 12th	Hanau , defended by Swedish troops, is conquered by imperial troops under Count Ludwig Heinrich von Nassau-Dillenburg and Major Freiherr Johann Winter von Güldenborn and returned to Count Philipp Moritz (Hanau-Münzenberg) .
February 28	The first meeting of the Battle of Rheinfelden developed from the siege of the city that began on January 26th . A stronger Imperial-Bavarian relief army under Savelli and Johann von Werth defeated the Franco-Swedish-German army under Bernhard von Sachsen-Weimar , which had besieged the city since February 5th. The surprised siege army withdraws for tactical reasons, but reappears three days later and takes the hostile army by surprise.
3 March	In the second meeting of the battle of Rheinfelden , the returning Swedish German army under Bernhard von Sachsen-Weimar surprises the imperial Bavarian army and completely defeats it. Army leaders Savelli and von Werth and all officers are taken prisoner. Savelli can later escape. Rheinfelden remains under Swedish occupation until 1647 and is handed over to France.
March, 15	In Hamburg treaty between France, ( Cardinal Richelieu ), and Sweden (negotiator for Axel Oxenstierna was Johan Adler Salvius ) extended France in 1636 agreed in the Treaty of Wismar annual subsidy of 400,000 riksdalers to Sweden for three years, but must accept that Sweden does not want to use its troops in the war against Spain.
12. April	Handover of the city of Freiburg im Breisgau to Bernhard von Sachsen-Weimar after an eleven-day siege.
April 13th	The military leader of the Huguenots in the wars of religion between 1610 and 1629, then a French general who drove the Spaniards and Austrians from the Valtellina in 1634 , comes to the Rhine in the camp of Bernhard von Sachsen-Weimar in 1638 , becomes difficult in the battle of Rheinfelden wounded and died on April 13 in Königsfelden.
May 19 - December 17	Siege of Breisach up to the handover of the fortress to Bernhard von Sachsen-Weimar . Since the siege ring cannot be closed immediately, supplies are still coming into the city
August 9	The first attempt to relieve the besieged Breisach fortress by an imperial Bavarian army under Savelli and Götz fails in the battle of Wittenweiher against the army of Bernhard von Sachsen Weimar
October 4th - October 16th	Siege of the city of Lemgo by Ruprecht von der Pfalz
15th October	The second attempt to relieve the besieged Breisach fortress was the meeting on the Ochsenfelde . An army of Bernhard von Sachsen-Weimar succeeds in completely defeating an army of Duke Charles of Lorraine . The army had planned to bring supplies to the besieged fortress Breisach
October 17th	An Imperial Saxon army under Hatzfeldt ends the siege of the city of Lemgo that has been going on since October 4th and defeats the Swedish siege army under Ruprecht von der Pfalz , who is captured in the Battle of Vlotho .
October 24th	The third attempt to relieve the besieged Breisach fortress by a Bavarian army under Johann von Götzen fails.
December 17th	Surrender of the besieged imperial fortress Breisach under Hans von Reinach . Handover of the fortress to Bernhard von Sachsen-Weimar

1639

early April	A Swedish army under Johan Banér besieged Freiberg . The siege is canceled and only continued unsuccessfully after the victory in the battle of Chemnitz .
April 14th	Battle of Chemnitz . Victory of a united Swedish army under Johan Banér and Lennart Torstensson over the imperial-Saxon army under Gallas
April 23	Beginning of the five-month siege of the city and fortress of Pirna by Swedish troops under Johan Banér . While the fortress Pirna could not be conquered, the lower lying city was plundered and badly destroyed
June 7th	Battle of Diedenhofen ( Thionville , Lorraine). The imperial under Piccolomini defeat the French under Manassès de Pas, Marquis de Feuquières
July 18th	Bernhard von Sachsen-Weimar dies surprisingly.
July - October	Second 4-month unsuccessful siege of the Württemberg fortress Hohentwiel . (see 1st siege Aug. 1635 - Feb. 1636)
September	Leopold Wilhelm of Austria , brother of Emperor Ferdinand III. becomes commander in chief of the imperial army. He keeps the position until Feb. 1643 (handed over to Gallas)
9th October	Johann Ludwig von Erlach, the successor of Bernhard von Sachsen-Weimar, sells his army (the Weimaraner) to France
October 17th	Siege and capture of Bautzen by the Swedes under Johan Banér
Oct 1639 - March 1640	The Swedish field marshal Johan Banér defeats an imperial defense army near Brandeis , penetrates into Bohemia and systematically destroys the country's infrastructure so that it can no longer be used by other armies
October 31	Battle of the Downs . Dutch victory over a Spanish fleet off Dunkirk . Spain loses a large part of its fleet

1640

August to the end of September	The Imperial Bavarian Army and the Swedish Army faced each other at Fritzlar in equal strength for several weeks in winter temperatures without combat measures and then withdrew to winter quarters.
September	Third 1-month unsuccessful siege of the Württemberg fortress Hohentwiel . (see first siege Aug. 1635 - Feb. 1636)
13.september	Emperor Ferdinand III. opens the Reichstag in Regensburg under the motto peace, understanding, amnesty. Conditions of the Prague Peace are to be relaxed for Protestants. A few months later, after the death of the elector Georg Wilhelm von Brandenburg, who was loyal to the emperor, it changed . His successor Friedrich Wilhelm criticizes the emperor's policy for the battered Brandenburg and wants a different policy than the emperor
17th of September	Turenne conquers Turin
15th of November	Battle on Riebelsdorfer Berg in Northern Hesse between Saxon-Weimar troops under General Rosen and imperial troops, in which the imperial general Hans Rudolf von Breda was killed.
December 1	Death of Elector Georg Wilhelm von Brandenburg . His successor Friedrich Wilhelm von Brandenburg ( Great Elector ) indicates at the Reichstag in Regensburg that he wants to conclude an armistice with Sweden for Brandenburg.

1641

January	A Swedish army under Johan Banér suddenly appears in front of Regensburg to force the dissolution of the Reichstag, which has been in session since September 1640. Emperor Ferdinand III. keep calm. The siege does not take place. The Swedish army withdraws, pursued by an imperial army. The Reichstag ends in November 1641 unsuccessfully due to dissent.
1641-1643	The Danish King Christian besieges Hamburg unsuccessfully and, to the annoyance of the Swedes, interferes as an alleged mediator in the so-called Hamburg peace talks , which are supposed to serve as preparation for peace negotiations. Brandenburg concludes an armistice with Sweden. The emperor is pursuing hesitant resistance by delaying the Hamburg peace talks and stirring up enmity between Denmark and Sweden.
17. March	Battle of Preßnitz : Victory of imperial troops under Piccolomini over the fleeing army of the Swedes under Johan Banér , which has high losses. Banér escapes, but dies on his return in the camp near Halberstadt
27th of March	Bavarian troops under Franz von Mercy beat the Swedish rearguard of the Banér army near Neunburg vorm Wald
May 20th	The Swedish general Johan Banér dies. He was one of the most ruthless and sophisticated generals of the war. Lennart Torstensson will be his successor
Summer autumn	A newly formed Imperial Saxon army under Franz Albrecht von Sachsen-Lauenburg recaptured all Swedish bases in Silesia.
July 6th	In the battle of La Marfée (near Sedan) the troops of the French King Louis XIII are defeated. under Gaspard de Coligny first the troops of French rebels under Frédéric-Maurice de la Tour d'Auvergnes, Duke of Bouillon and Prince of Sedan , who are supported by Imperial Spanish troops under Guillaume de Lamboy . Despite the defeat, the city of Sedan was surrounded by royal troops. The siege of the city ended with the submission of the Duke of Bouillon on August 4th of the same year. As a suspect in connection with the Cinq-Mars conspiracy , he had to cede the sovereign principality of Sedan to France in 1642 for his pardon
July 14th	The Elector of Brandenburg, Friedrich Wilhelm, decides on an armistice with Sweden.
July 16 - September 19	Siege of Dorsten : Imperial troops under Melchior Graf von Hatzfeldt force Johann von Geyso , commander of the important right-Rhenish fortress of the Landgraviate of Hessen-Kassel, to hand over the fortress after a 3-month siege
October 24th	A Bavarian imperial army under Johann von Winterscheid forces Einbeck to surrender
November 1st	A Bavarian-Imperial army under Johann von Winterscheid besieged Göttingen without success
21st December	Preliminary treaty of Hamburg is Muenster and Osnabrueck fixed as conference venues
Dec. Jan.	fourth unsuccessful siege of the Württemberg fortress of Hohentwiel, lasting several months . (see 1st siege Aug. 1635 - Feb. 1636)

1642

January 16	After the death of Georg (Braunschweig-Calenberg) : Conclusion of a preliminary peace between Emperor and Guelph. The dukes of Brunswick terminate the alliance with Sweden. They are assured of neutrality by the emperor. The Weser fortresses remain in Swedish hands.
January 17th	Battle on the Kempen Heide ( Tönisvorst between Krefeld and Kempen ). The French and Hesse defeat an imperial army under Count Lamboy
April 27th, May 4th	After the unification of two Swedish armies under Lennart Torstensson and Torsten Stålhandske , the Saxon fortress of Glogau with supply depot in Silesia is conquered.
May 12th to June 17th	Unsuccessful siege of Lleida ( Catalonia ) with Spanish occupation by the French under Louis II. De Condé
May 30th, 31st	A recently reorganized Imperial Saxon army under Franz Albrecht von Sachsen-Lauenburg is badly defeated near Schweidnitz by the Swedes under Torstensson .
June 14th - mid Oct.	The Swedish army, victorious at Schweidnitz, crossed the Neisse to Olomouc , which surrendered to the Swedes. The city commander was later executed. After Olomouc, the cities of Troppau, Cosel and Oppeln also emerge, but not Brieg, whose siege the Swedes under Torstensson give up on July 25th and then retreat first to the mouth of the Neisse, later in mid-October near Torgau over the Elbe to Leipzig , where it came to the 2nd battle near Breitenfeld.
October 7th	Battle of Lleida . The Spaniards under Leganez defeat the French under Lamothe-Houdancourt
October 23 / November 2	Second battle near Breitenfeld , the largest battle of the war after Nördlingen. An imperial army under Archduke Leopold Wilhelm and Piccolomini is badly defeated by a Swedish army under Lennart Torstensson .
December 4th	Death of the French Chancellor Richelieu
December 7th	After the siege, the city of Leipzig surrendered to the Swedes under Lennart Torstensson and remained occupied until 1650
End of December / January 1643	Swedish troops under Lennart Torstensson again besieged the city of Freiberg in vain under the city commander Georg Hermann von Schweinitz

1643

February	Leopold Wilhelm of Austria , the brother of Emperor Ferdinand III. is recalled as commander in chief of the imperial army. His successor is Matthias Gallas , who holds the position until 1645.
May 14th	Death of Louis XIII. The official successor is the 4-year-old Ludwig XIV under the tutelage of his mother Anna of Austria (sister of the Spanish King Philip IV and sister-in-law of the German Emperor Ferdinand III ) .
May 18	Mazarin is First Minister of France and continues the anti-Habsburg policy of Cardinal Richelieu consistently continue
18./19. May	Battle of Rocroi ( Ardennes ). A Spanish army with its feared infantry is crushed by a French army under Louis II. De Condé
November 19th	Capture of the city of Rottweil by the French under Jean Baptiste Budes de Guébriant †
November 24th	Battle of Tuttlingen . An imperial Bavarian army under Franz von Mercy and Johann von Werth surprises a French Weimar army under Rantzau that is in winter quarters , conquers the artillery, takes 7,000 prisoners and achieves a great success.
September - December	The Swedish troops, under the command of Lennart Torstensson, received an order from Oxenstierna to attack the Danish possessions in northern Germany. Torstensson secures the areas under Swedish control in Bohemia and Moravia and secretly begins to leave the German theater of war with an army. He moved north with the army, invaded Holstein in December without a declaration of war on Denmark and occupied all of Jutland by the end of January 1644.

1644

January	Swedish troops under Lennart Torstensson conquer the Danish mainland ( Jutland ) in the so-called Torstensson War . The resistance of the Danes under Christian IV is strong, Mazarin cuts the money for Sweden, Emperor Ferdinand III creates a new army under Matthias Gallas , which is supposed to support the Danes against the Swedes and reaches Kiel in the summer of 1644.
6 May – 11. May	A Bavarian army under Franz von Mercy besieged the French-occupied Überlingen for a few days . The French occupation gives up against free withdrawal on May 12th.
May 16	Sea battle in the Lister Tief between Danish-Norwegian and Swedish- Dutch squadrons
July 11th	Sea battle on the Kolberger Heide . King Christian IV of Denmark uses 40 ships against 34 Swedish ships and is wounded. The Swedish fleet must withdraw.
July 28th	A Bavarian army with 16,500 men under Franz von Mercy besieged and bombed Freiburg im Breisgau, which had been French-occupied since 1638, from the end of June 1644 . The French occupation gives up against free withdrawal on July 28th. The Bavarian troops dig themselves into the hills in Freiburg, entrench themselves and await the newly gathering French army.
3rd to 5th August	Battle of Freiburg im Breisgau between a French-Weimaran army with 20,000 men under Turenne and Louis de Condé and the Bavarian army under Franz von Mercy . In one of the “most murderous and costly battles of the war” 6,000 French mercenaries were killed, but only around 1,100 Bavarian mercenaries. The further advance of the French into southern Germany is initially prevented.
9/10 August	The French army, rejected on August 5th near Freiburg, bypasses the Bavarian army through the Glottertal in the north in order to cut off its supply routes and the connection to Bavaria. The Bavarian army under Franz von Mercy , withdrawn in time, was able to repel the attack by the French army leadership under Reinhold von Rosen near St. Peter , but had to leave its entire baggage behind.
13 August	The Imperial Imperial Army under Matthias Gallas reached the city of Kiel on its campaign in support of Denmark against the Swedes.
12th September	The French army under Turenne, which had moved north from Freiburg, captured Philippsburg after a siege of three weeks.
17th of September	The city of Mainz surrenders without a fight to a French army under Louis II. De Bourbon, prince de Condé
October 13th	Sea battle near Fehmarn (1644) . The Swedes under Wrangel defeat the Danes with massive help from the Netherlands . Danish control of the Baltic Sea has ended
Nov 23 Dec 23	In the battle of Jüterbog (Brandenburg, Teltow district), the Swedes under Torstensson defeat the cavalry of the imperial army under Gallas , which had split on the march back from Holstein to Silesia. The imperial infantry was defeated on December 23 at Frohse (Magdeburg). Since the imperial army was effectively dissolved, Saxony is unprotected and the way to Bohemia and Moravia is free for the Swedish army.
December 4th	Opening of the peace congress in Münster
Dec (?)	Fifth unsuccessful siege of the Württemberg fortress of Hohentwiel, lasting several months . (see first siege Aug. 1635 - Feb. 1636)

1645

January 7th	Field sergeant-general Johann Wilhelm von Hunolstein , as commander of the imperial infantry, leads the last 1,400 combat-capable foot soldiers of the Gallas army out of Magdeburg, which was blocked by the Swedes, and brings them to Prague via Wittenberg within a month. Together with the riders who escaped at Jüterbog at the end of 1644, only a fraction of the imperial army, which had previously moved to Holstein under Gallas, was returned to the Habsburg hereditary lands. The sick Commander-in-Chief Gallas initially stayed in Magdeburg and reached Prague in mid-February, where he was not given a new command.
6th March	Battle of Jankau (Jankov. Southeast of Prague ). The Swedish army under Torstensson defeated the imperial Bavarian armies under Götzen and Werth . After the sweeping victory, the way to Vienna is free for the Swedes.
March 31st - April 5th	The Swedish army under Lennart Torstensson conquered the cities of the Waldviertel north of the Danube, northwest of Vienna , without a fight , including the Krems fortresses on March 31 and the Korneuburg fortress on April 5. Attempts to cross the Danube here and create a bridgehead fail. The two fortresses are occupied by Swedish troops.
9th April	The attack of the Swedish army under Lennart Torstensson on Vienna comes to a standstill before Vienna when imperial troops under the command of Matthias Gallas, supported by Leopold Wilhelm of Austria, resist in the battle at today's Brigittakapelle and the support of Prince Georg from Transylvania, which the Swedes hoped for II. Rákóczi is absent. The main Swedish army withdrew to besiege Brno , which threatened the Swedish supply lines.
May	Leopold Wilhelm of Austria , the brother of Emperor Ferdinand III. becomes commander-in-chief of the imperial army again for about two years. He keeps the position until December 1646 (handed over to Gallas)
May 3 - August 23	Beginning of the siege of the city of Brno in Moravia by a Swedish army under Lennart Torstensson . The imperial city commander Raduit de Souches can hold the city with only 1,500 men against the approximately 25,000-30,000 strong Torstensson army for 4 months. After a last unsuccessful major attack by the Swedes with the support of the Transylvanian Prince Georg I. Rákóczi on August 15th. Torstensson finally moves on August 23. severely weakened with his troops
5th of May	Battle of Herbsthausen (near Mergentheim ). Bavarian imperial troops under Franz von Mercy and Johann von Werth win a great victory against a French army under Turenne . The French suffer heavy losses and lose 2,500 men as prisoners, including many officers.
3rd August	Battle of Alerheim (near Nördlingen ) An imperial Bavarian army under Franz von Mercy and Johann von Werth is defeated by a French army under the Duc d'Enghien , which was to reinforce the army of Turenne defeated at Herbsthausen. The French side in particular has high casualties (4,000 men). On the Imperial Bavarian side, Mercy and 1,500 mercenaries are killed and 1,500 mercenaries are taken prisoner. The outcome of the battle was a massive weakening for both sides.
August 23	Resignation peace to Brömsebro . Denmark has to make concessions to the Swedes
September 6th	Elector Johann Georg von Sachsen signs an armistice agreement with Sweden in Kötzschenbroda near Dresden . The Swedes lose a hostile threat in advance on Vienna. After Brandenburg (armistice 1641) the emperor loses his second ally. The only ally left to the emperor is Bavaria.
13th December	Peace of Linz between Emperor Ferdinand III. and Georg I. Rákóczi , Prince of Transylvania

1646

May 5th to August 4th	Siege and recapture of Korneuburg Fortress (north of the Danube near Vienna) by imperial troops. The fortress had been occupied by Swedish troops since April 1645. The Krems fortress (north of the Danube 70 km west of Vienna), which had also been occupied by Swedish troops since April 1645 , had been recaptured by imperial troops on May 5, 1646.
June 19th	Alliance of the Elector of Trier Philipp Christoph von Sötern with France. Handover of the Philippsburg Fortress to the French for permanent occupation
September	The summer campaign of a Swedish-French army under Carl Gustaf Wrangel and Turenne aims to plunder Bavaria. Augsburg is bombarded and besieged, but not conquered because the city is horrified by a Bavarian army. The Swedish army moves to Swabia, sacking Kempten at the end of 1646 and Bregenz in January 1647. Then the army returns to Bavaria to a location west of the Ammersee in order to continue plundering from there.
October 11th	The French conquer Dunkirk ( Franco-Spanish War (1635-1659) )
20th November	Skirmish on the Totenhöhe near Frankenberg (Eder) between troops from Hessen-Darmstadt under Ernst Albrecht von Eberstein reinforced by imperial troops and troops from Hessen Kassel under Johann von Geyso reinforced by Swedish troops. The troops from Hessen-Darmstadt were defeated, which was an important stage victory for Hessen-Kassel.
November 23	The French-Swedish troops under Carl Gustaf Wrangel and Turenne cross the Lech to the west and leave Bavaria on the orders of the ruling minister of France Jules Mazarin . Mazarin wants to accelerate the peace negotiations and he does not want any Protestant powers in Bavaria.
December	Leopold Wilhelm of Austria , the brother of Emperor Ferdinand III. is recalled after two years as commander in chief of the imperial army. Matthias Gallas , who has already been released twice, will be appointed as Commander-in-Chief as his successor . He dies just 4 months later. His successor was Peter Melander von Holzappel in 1647

1647

January to March	Siege of Hohentübingen Castle , which is occupied by Bavarian troops, by a French army under Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, vicomte de Turenne . After one of the corner towers was blown up, Hohentübingen Castle was handed over.
the 14th of March	The Bavarian Elector Maximilian I resolved the armistice of Ulm between France, Sweden and Bavaria without consulting the Kaiser in order to end the destruction of Bavaria. In doing so, he breaks the alliance with the emperor, who no longer has a strong ally. The Bavarian cavalry general Johann von Werth decided to take the emperor's side, but his officers did not follow him.
April 25	The commander in chief of the army Matthias Gallas falls ill and dies. His successor as the last Commander-in-Chief of the Imperial Army is Peter Melander von Holzappel , who died in May 1648 in the battle of Zusmarshausen .
28th of May	Siege of Fürstenau for ten days by the Swedish field marshal Hans Christoph von Königsmarck
18th of June	Louis Condé is defeated by the Spaniards near Lleida (Catalonia)
July 18th	Conquest of the fortress of Eger, which was occupied by imperial troops, by Swedish troops under Major General Helmold Wilhelm Wrangel (not related to Carl Gustaf Wrangel )
August 18th to September 5th	Multi-day Battle of Triebl in Northern Bohemia between the troops of the Imperial Empire army under the generals Johann von Werth and Peter Melander of Holzappel and Swedish troops under Major General Helmold Wilhelm Wrangel , with greater losses to persons and material for the Swedish army. Major General Wrangel is killed.

1648

February 28	Death of King Christian IV of Denmark
17th of May	Battle of Zusmarshausen west of Augsburg . In one of the last battles of the war, French-Swedish troops under Turenne and Carl Gustaf Wrangel defeat the troops of the imperial army under Melander and Montecuccoli
14th June	Battle of Wevelinghoven . In one of the last battles of the war, imperial troops under Guillaume de Lamboy experience a defeat against troops from the Landgraviate of Hessen-Kassel under Johann von Geyso .
July 26th	Capture of the Lesser Town in Prague followed by sacking by the Swedish troops under Königsmarck and the siege of Prague until November 1st during the peace negotiations in Münster
20th of August	Battle of Lens . Imperial defeat of Spanish troops under the governor of the Spanish Netherlands Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria against French troops under Louis II. De Bourbon, prince de Condé ( Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) ).
4th of October	Battle of Dachau . Victory of imperial troops under Piccolomini and Johann von Werth over French-Swedish troops under Wrangel , who were on a large-scale hunt in the woods between Dachau and Munich
October 24th	Signing of the Peace of Westphalia in Münster and Osnabrück

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b} C. V. Wedgewood: The 30 Years War . Cormoran Verlag, Munich 1999, ISBN 3-517-09017-4 , pp. 108, 109f
2. ↑ CV Wedgewood: The 30 Years War . Cormoran Verlag, Munich 1999, ISBN 3-517-09017-4 , pp. 168, 215, 270, 408
3. ↑ ^{a b c} C. V. Wedgewood: The 30 Years War . Cormoran Verlag, Munich 1999, ISBN 3-517-09017-4 , pp. 246f, 254f, 256.
4. ↑ ^{a b c} C. V. Wedgewood: The 30 Years War . Cormoran Verlag, Munich 1999, ISBN 3-517-09017-4 , pp. 257f.
5. ^ Christian Pantle: The Thirty Years' War. When Germany was on fire . Ullstein Buchverlage GmbH, Berlin 2017, ISBN 978-3-549-07443-5 , p. 117 .
6. ^ Dinkelsbühl [LK Ansbach]; HHSD VII, p. 142ff.
7. ↑ Pilsner Revers: s: Resolution Which several colonels with the Prince of Friedland for conservation of the Armada taken (in Eger) in: Wikisource
8. ↑ ^{a b} Lothar Höbelt: From Nördlingen to Jankau. Imperial strategy and warfare 1634-1645 . In: Republic of Austria, Federal Minister for State Defense (Hrsg.): Writings of the Heeresgeschichtliches Museum Wien . tape 22 . Heeresgeschichtliches Museum, Vienna 2016, ISBN 978-3-902551-73-3 , p. 25th f .
9. ↑ ^{a b} Lothar Höbelt: From Nördlingen to Jankau. Imperial strategy and warfare 1634-1645 . In: Republic of Austria, Federal Minister for State Defense (Hrsg.): Writings of the Heeresgeschichtliches Museum Wien . tape 22 . Heeresgeschichtliches Museum, Vienna 2016, ISBN 978-3-902551-73-3 , p. 131-132 .
10. ↑ ^{a b} Lothar Höbelt: From Nördlingen to Jankau. Imperial strategy and warfare 1634-1645 . In: Republic of Austria, Federal Minister for State Defense (Hrsg.): Writings of the Heeresgeschichtliches Museum Wien . tape 22 . Heeresgeschichtliches Museum, Vienna 2016, ISBN 978-3-902551-73-3 , p. 164-180 .
11. ^ Carl J. Burckhardt: Richelieu. Great power politics and death of the cardinal . tape 3 . Georg DW Callwey, Munich 1966, p. 270 f .
12. ^ Lothar Höbelt: From Nördlingen to Jankau. Imperial strategy and warfare 1634-1645 . In: Republic of Austria, Federal Minister for National Defense (Hrsg.): Writings of the Army History Museum Vienna . tape 22 . Heeresgeschichtliches Museum, Vienna 2016, ISBN 978-3-902551-73-3 , p. 174 ff., 438 .
13. ↑ CV Wedgewood: The 30 Years War . Cormoran Verlag, Munich 1999, ISBN 3-517-09017-4 , p. 368.
14. ^ Christian Pantle: The Thirty Years War. When Germany was on fire . Propylaen Ullstein Buchverlage GmbH, Berlin 2017, ISBN 978-3-549-07443-5 , p. 243-246 .
15. ↑ ^{a b} Cicely Veronica Wedgwood : The 30 Years War . Paul List Verlag Munich 1967. Licensed edition for Cormoran Verlag 1999, (pp. 380–385) ISBN 3-517-09017-4
16. ^ Lothar Höbelt: From Nördlingen to Jankau. Imperial strategy and warfare 1634-1645 . In: Republic of Austria, Federal Minister for National Defense (Hrsg.): Writings of the Army History Museum Vienna . tape 22 . Heeresgeschichtliches Museum, Vienna 2016, ISBN 978-3-902551-73-3 , p. 282, 312, 321, .
17. ^ Lothar Höbelt: From Nördlingen to Jankau. Imperial strategy and warfare 1634-1645 . In: Republic of Austria, Federal Minister for National Defense (Hrsg.): Writings of the Army History Museum Vienna . tape 22 . Heeresgeschichtliches Museum, Vienna 2016, ISBN 978-3-902551-73-3 , p. 314 .
18. ↑ ^{a b c} Lothar Höbelt: From Nördlingen to Jankau. Imperial strategy and warfare 1634-1645 . In: Republic of Austria, Federal Minister for State Defense (Hrsg.): Writings of the Heeresgeschichtliches Museum Wien . tape 22 . Heeresgeschichtliches Museum, Vienna 2016, ISBN 978-3-902551-73-3 , p. 324-339 .
19. ^ ^{A b} Christian Pantle: The Thirty Years' War. When Germany was on fire . Propylaen Ullstein Buchverlage GmbH, Berlin 2017, ISBN 978-3-549-07443-5 , p. 263 ff .
20. ^ Christian Pantle: The Thirty Years' War. When Germany was on fire . Ullstein Buchverlage GmbH, Berlin 2017, ISBN 978-3-549-07443-5 , p. 263 .
21. ↑ ^{a b c} Christian Pantle: The Thirty Years War. When Germany was on fire . Propylaen Ullstein Buchverlage GmbH, Berlin 2017, ISBN 978-3-549-07443-5 , p. 270 f .
22. ^ ^{A b} Christian Pantle: The Thirty Years' War. When Germany was on fire . Ullstein Buchverlage GmbH, Berlin 2017, ISBN 978-3-549-07443-5 , p. 272 f .
23. ^ Lothar Höbelt: From Nördlingen to Jankau. Imperial strategy and warfare 1634-1645 . In: Republic of Austria, Federal Minister for National Defense (Hrsg.): Writings of the Army History Museum Vienna . tape 22 . Heeresgeschichtliches Museum, Vienna 2016, ISBN 978-3-902551-73-3 , p. 416-417 .
24. ^ Christian Pantle: The Thirty Years War. When Germany was on fire . Propylaen Ullstein Buchverlage GmbH, Berlin 2017, ISBN 978-3-549-07443-5 , p. 278 .
25. ^ The armistice treaty at Kötzschenbroda between Sweden and Saxony concluded on August 27, 1645 in the original and in today's German
26. ^ ^{A b} Christian Pantle: The Thirty Years' War. When Germany was on fire . Ullstein Buchverlag GmbH, Berlin 2017, ISBN 978-3-549-07443-5 , p. 294 ff .
27. ^ Christian Pantle: The Thirty Years' War. When Germany was on fire . Ullstein Buchverlage GmbH, Berlin 2017, ISBN 978-3-549-07443-5 , p. 298 f .
28. ↑ Communications from the Historical Association of Osnabrück, 1848 p.165

Remarks

1. ↑ When the Swedes, who were also allied with France, invaded Bavaria in April 1632 after the Battle of Rain am Lech , the treaty became worthless. France did not come to Bavaria's aid because France had also signed a support agreement with Sweden (the Bärwalde Treaty )
2. ^ After the defeat of the Swedes near Nördlingen, Count Philipp Moritz fled to his relatives in Holland in 1635
3. ↑ Not mentioned in the article (March 2020)
4. ↑ This army, which remains under changing guides even after the death of Bernard of Saxe-Weimar and takes part in many battles, is often referred to as The Weimaraner called, which must be clear that this designation unrelated to the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar to do has, but means the person Bernhard von Sachsen-Weimar, whose army was paid by France