Legnica

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Legnica
Legnica coat of arms
Legnica (Poland)
Legnica
Legnica
Basic data
State : Poland
Voivodeship : Lower Silesia
Powiat : District-free city
Area : 56.30  km²
Geographic location : 51 ° 12 '  N , 16 ° 10'  E Coordinates: 51 ° 12 '30 "  N , 16 ° 9' 37"  E
Height : 108 m npm
Residents : 99,486
(Jun. 30, 2019)
Postal code : 59-220
Telephone code : (+48) 76
License plate : DL
Economy and Transport
Street : A4 : Dresden - Krakow
Rail route : Wroclaw - Żagań
see Legnica train station
Next international airport : Wroclaw Nicolaus Copernicus Airport
Gmina
Gminatype: Borough
Surface: 56.30 km²
Residents: 99,486
(Jun. 30, 2019)
Population density : 1767 inhabitants / km²
Community number  ( GUS ): 0262011
Administration (as of 2012)
City President : Tadeusz Krzakowski
Address: pl. Słowiański 8
59-220 Legnica
Website : www.legnica.um.gov.pl



Legnica [lɛgˈɲitsa] ? / i , German Liegnitz , is a medium-sized town in the Polish Lower Silesian Voivodeship . The independent city is the county seat of Powiat Legnicki . Until 1945, Liegnitz was the capital of the Liegnitz administrative district in the Prussian province of Silesia . Audio file / audio sample  

The city has significant textile and metal processing industries .

geography

Liegnitz and its neighboring towns on a map from 1905.

Geographical location

The city is located in Lower Silesia in the Central Silesian Plain at the confluence of the Schwarzwasser (Czarna Woda) and the Katzbach (Kaczawa) , around 60 kilometers west of the Lower Silesian capital, Wroclaw and 80 kilometers east of Görlitz in a fertile plain.

Neighboring communities

Neighboring communities are in the northwest Miłkowice (Arnsdorf) , in the northeast Kunice (Kunitz) , in the southeast Legnickie Pole (Wahlstatt) and Krotoszyce (Kroitsch) in the southwest.

City structure

The city district is not officially divided into city districts, even if the names of the incorporated places are traditionally in use.

history

Battle of Liegnitz
The Marienkirche from the 12th century is the oldest church in the city

First mention and Middle Ages

The city, first mentioned in 1004, was the seat of a supervisor of a larger estate, called a castellan , in the 12th century . The dukes Boleslaw I of Silesia and his son Henry I of Poland often resided in Liegnitz. During their rule, the wooden buildings within the fortifications were probably replaced by stone structures. In 1241 the Battle of Liegnitz took place in the nearby Wahlstatt , in which Duke Heinrich II of Poland and a German-Polish army of knights were defeated by the Tatars of the Golden Horde . The market settlement of Liegnitz, which was then around the castle, was also destroyed by the Mongol storm. Heinrich's son and successor, Duke Boleslaus II of Silesia , built a new town southwest of the castle according to German law between 1242 and 1252, which he designated as the residence of the Duchy of Liegnitz and which was also the seat of an archdeaconate from 1261 . Between 1281 and 1326 the city was fortified with a wall ring. In 1284 a monastery of the Franciscan order founded in 1210 is mentioned for the first time in the city, which belonged to the Saxon Franciscan Province ( Saxonia ).

After a fire in 1338, the urban area was expanded and then again surrounded by a wall that was broken through by four gates (the Glogauer, the Breslau, the Goldberger and the Haynauer Tor). The city developed into a cultural center with three important schools: the Peters-, the Liebfrauen- and the Domschule. Duke Wenzel I founded a collegiate monastery in 1348 and designated the cathedral suburb for its endowment . Liegnitz had the right to mint since 1352 and a hereditary bailiwick since 1372 . During the Hussite Wars broke late April 1428 Hussites in the Principality of Legnica and destroyed Bunzlau , Goldberg and Haynau . In 1430 Liegnitz itself was also plundered, but the Liegnitz Castle was successfully defended.

In 1419 the direct Liegnitz line of the Piasts with Duke Wenzel II expired . Duke Ludwig I and his nephew Ruprecht I obtained an overall loan from their Bohemian sovereign King Wenzel IV in 1379 , with which a reversal of their sub-areas could be prevented Ludwig II of Brieg take the inheritance of Wenceslas II. After his death in 1436, his widow Elisabeth von Brandenburg received the Duchy of Liegnitz as a personal asset . She was to be the next beneficiary of Ludwig II's great-nephew and son-in-law Johann I , who had been Duke of Brieg since 1441. However, since King Sigismund failed to approve a contract of inheritance concluded between Ludwig II and his three nephews , the duchy should fall to the crown of Bohemia as a settled fiefdom . This led to long-term disputes after Ludwig II's death in 1436, which sparked the Liegnitz feudal dispute that lasted until 1469 . After Elisabeth's death in 1449, Liegnitz was transferred to Johann I, but he was unable to assert himself against the council of the city of Liegnitz. He used the change of ruler to place himself directly under the crown of Bohemia and thus to achieve the elevation of Liegnitz to the royal city . After the death of Johann I in 1453, the knighthood of the duchy and the Liegnitz guilds overthrew the regiment of the mayor Ambrosius Bitschen, who was beheaded that same year. Subsequently, the city council recognized Johann's seven-year-old son Friedrich I as Duke of Liegnitz. Independently of this, the Bohemian kings Ladislaus Postumus and Georg von Podiebrad intended to withdraw the duchy as a settled fiefdom. This is why Johann's son Friedrich I did not come to the government of his duchy until 1455, which, however, was not given to him as a fief until 1469 by Georg von Podiebrad's opposing king Matthias Corvinus , who had conquered Silesia.

Early modern age

The city of Legnica (then Lignitz) on an engraving from the work Topographia Bohemiae, Moraviae Et Silesiae by Matthäus Merian (1650)
Depiction of Friedrich II before the battle of Liegnitz

After the death of Duke Friedrich I in 1488, his widow Ludmilla , daughter of Georg von Podiebrad, ruled the Duchy until 1499 for her underage son Friedrich II , who inherited the Duchy of Brieg in 1521 from his brother Georg I and also from Johannes von Thurzo in 1523 the Duchy of Wohlau acquired. In 1522 he introduced the Reformation in Liegnitz, where he was probably influenced by Kaspar von Schwenckfeld . The convent of the Franciscan was dissolved in 1524, the last brothers left the monastery in 1541. Only the archdeacon and the Benedictine monastery remained Catholic. In autumn 1526 Friedrich founded Germany's first Protestant university in Liegnitz. However, because of the religious turmoil caused by Kaspar Schwenckfeld , it only lasted until 1530.

In the 16th century the city experienced an economic decline due to robber barons and high ducal demands. Even in the Thirty Years' War the population suffered a lot. Due to the effects of the war and the plague of 1633, the population fell from around 8,000 to around 2,500.

The last Piast duke of Liegnitz was Georg Wilhelm I , who died in 1675 at the age of fifteen. Emperor Leopold I withdrew its duchies as settled fiefdoms and installed a resident governor in Liegnitz in his capacity as King of Bohemia .

Bohemian Franciscans settled in Liegnitz around 1700. After the First Silesian War , the city came to Prussia in 1742 . With the establishment of a war and domain chamber in Glogau , which was also responsible for the Duchy of Liegnitz, the economic importance of Liegnitz declined. In the Seven Years' War there was another battle near Liegnitz , in which a Prussian army under Friedrich II defeated the Austrian army under Field Marshal Leopold Graf von Daun .

19th century

Postcard from the end of the 19th century
Housing construction from the end of the 19th century here at ul. Mickiewicza

Even in the Napoleonic Wars , Liegnitz was harassed with contributions and billeting. The secularization of 1810 affected the Benedictine and Franciscan monasteries as well as the Propsteigebuilding ( Leubuser Haus ). After the reorganization of the districts in the Prussian state after the Congress of Vienna , the municipality of Liegnitz in the district of the same name in the Prussian province of Silesia belonged to the administrative district of Liegnitz with the introduction of the administrative districts on May 1, 1816 .

With the transfer of the Lower Silesian administration from Glogau to Liegnitz in 1809 and the subsequent industrialization, the city experienced an economic boom in the 19th century, which also led to a rapid increase in population. Alexander von Minutoli (1806–1887), a trade department head for Silesian industrial development, worked in the Prussian administration in Liegnitz Castle . In his apartment at Goldbergerstrasse 33, he founded the first arts and crafts museum in the world in April 1844 with a collection of 3,600 objects. Supported by the Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm IV., He was then allowed to exhibit his rapidly growing collection on the upper floor of the Liegnitz Palace. In 1857 6,000 people from all over Europe visited the 28,000 objects presented in 18 rooms between June and the end of November.

Between 1844 and 1875 the city received railway connections with the neighboring Silesian cities as well as with Dresden and Berlin . The intensive vegetable cultivation, which was promoted in 1723 by the establishment of a higher agricultural school, gained importance. (Two hundred years later - in 1925 - it became the Agricultural Vegetable School.) The Liegnitz textile products and, from 1849, the Eduard Seiler's piano manufacture also gained importance .

On January 1, 1874, Liegnitz was the third Lower Silesian city (after Breslau and Görlitz) to become a district . The district administrator of the Liegnitz district continued to have its seat in the city. In mid-June 1898, during the term of office of Lord Mayor Ottomar Oertel , there were riots lasting several days in the city, which claimed one dead and several injured and could only be ended by the massive deployment of the military. These tumults in Liegnitz were the cause of considerable reforms in the Prussian municipal police starting in 1898. In early 1898 the electric tram was also put into operation. At the end of the 19th century Liegnitz had two Protestant churches, two Catholic churches, an Old Catholic church, an Irvingian prayer house and a synagogue .

20th century until today

View of the old town with the Piast Castle, around 1900
The New Town Hall built between 1902 and 1906
View from the Piast Castle on St. Johannes and the city today

In the 1910 census, 95.86 percent of the residents of Liegnitz gave German, 2.26 percent Wendish , 1.27 percent Polish, 0.19 percent Czech and 0.15 percent German and Polish as their mother tongue.

The Wehrmacht air force built the Liegnitz air base on the southern edge of the city from 1935 . On April 1, 1937, parts of the communities Alt Beckern, Groß Beckern, Hummel, Liegnitzer Vorwerke, Pfaffendorf and Prinkendorf from the district of Liegnitz were incorporated into the urban district of Liegnitz.

Liegnitz belonged to the Prussian Province of Silesia until 1919 and from 1938 to 1941 and to the Prussian Province of Lower Silesia from 1919 to 1938 and from 1941 to 1945 .

After the Second World War , Liegnitz was placed under Polish administration by the Soviet occupying forces . The place name was first Polonized as Lignica and later changed to Legnica . The German population was almost entirely expelled from Liegnitz by the local Polish administrative authority and replaced by Poland. The new settlers came mainly from the areas east of the Curzon Line that had fallen to the Soviet Union as part of the " West displacement of Poland " .

Although the city remained almost undestroyed after the conquest, apart from arson by the Red Army soldiers , the well-preserved medieval old town with its small-scale development was leveled in the 1960s. Only the city's churches, public buildings, such as the two town halls, the knight academy and the city theater, as well as a few town houses, such as the herring stalls , remained as fragments of the old town, which was then redesigned in the socialist model style with apartment blocks on a simplified street network.

During the Cold War , Legnica was the main base of the Soviet Army in the People's Republic of Poland , and it was an important control center of the Warsaw Pact . This is where the headquarters of the Northern Group of the Soviet Army troops were located - until they were moved to Warsaw and Świdnica in 1984 - as well as the High Command for the West Direction of the Warsaw Pact, as well as the 4th Air Army of the Soviet Air Force . From here, the Soviet troops left for Czechoslovakia in August 1968 . "Little Moscow" extended over a third of the city area. The withdrawal of Russian troops was completed in 1993.

According to the Polish census of 2002, 94.96 percent of the population described themselves as Poles, 0.31 percent as Ukrainians , 0.24 percent as Lemken and 0.11 percent as Roma .

In Liegnitz, the first letterbox documented in writing was in 1633 at the Haynischer Tor. Liegnitz was also known for the gingerbread specialty Liegnitzer bomb .

On March 25, 1992 Pope John Paul II raised Liegnitz to the seat of the Roman Catholic diocese of Legnica .

Demographics

Flag of the city of Liegnitz.

In the period from 1890 to 1939, over 80 percent of the residents of Liegnitz belonged to the Protestant religious community.

Population development until 1945
year Residents Remarks
1783 04810
1819 09617
1825 09592 including 7,953 Evangelicals, 1,536 Catholics and 102 Jews
1828 010,242 without military
1829 010,245 excluding the military, including 8,445 Evangelicals, 1,653 Catholics and 147 Jews
1840 013,150 excluding the military, including 10,780 Protestants, 2038 Catholics and 332 Jews
1855 015,891 mostly Protestants, including 257 Old Lutherans , 47 Irvingians and eight Baptists
1858 017,889 17,124 civilians (13,794 Protestants, 2526 Catholics, 197 Christian Catholics and 807 Jews) and 765 military personnel
1864 019,574
1880 037,157
1885 043,347
1890 046,874 thereof 37,350 Evangelicals, 8176 Catholics and 913 Jews
1900 054,822 thereof 43,793 Evangelicals, 9657 Catholics and 877 Jews
1910 066,620 thereof 53,136 Evangelicals and 10,827 Catholics
1925 073.123 58,441 of them Protestants, 12,201 Catholics, 118 other Christians, 833 Jews
1933 076,544 of which 60,682 Protestants, 11,975 Catholics, 13 other Christians, 674 Jews
1939 078,456 thereof 60,263 Protestants, 12,453 Catholics, 445 other Christians, 194 Jews
1945 025,085
Number of inhabitants since World War II
year Residents Remarks
1960 65,000
1995 107,837
2000 107,427
2005 105,939

politics

City President

At the head of the city administration is the city ​​president . Since 2002 this has been Tadeusz Krzakowski ( SLD ). From 2006 he ran with his own election committee, but remained an SLD member and was also supported by his party. In the regular new election in October 2018, the electoral alliance made up of SLD and Lewica Razem then presented its own candidate against him for the first time. The result was as follows:

In the run-off election that was necessary, Krzakowski clearly prevailed against the KO candidate Rabczenko with 64.8% of the vote and remained mayor.

City council

The city council has 23 members who are directly elected. The election in October 2018 led to the following result:

coat of arms

Former coat of arms of Liegnitz (in use until 1945)

Blazon : In blue a golden, double-tailed lion turned to the left with two crossed silver keys in its paws.

In this form, the coat of arms was awarded on March 12, 1453 by the Bohemian King Ladislaus Postumus and by Emperor Friedrich III. approved. Unusual is the coat of arms described in the award document , which consists of a crown and the common figure of the shield on it ("... on the shield ain gulden Cron and in it the front tail of the Lewen holding in the ainen phaten zwen Slu e ssel ..."). The keys are attributes of St. Peter, the patron of the parish church, and can already be found in older city seals.

Twin cities

Others

In many cities in the Federal Republic of Germany, streets were named after local cities in the post-war period as a sign of solidarity with the lost German eastern regions. For example, there are a. a Liegnitzer Strasse in Marl .

Economy and Infrastructure

The copper smelter

As shown under history, agriculture and especially vegetable growing played an important role in earlier centuries. In the 19th and 20th centuries, companies in the chemical and pharmaceutical industry, metal processing companies (especially textile machine construction), clothing and wood industries established themselves. The large copper ore deposits north of the city were mined from 1957 and a copper smelter was built, for which a smelting capacity of 50,000 tons / year was given in 1960.

In the 19th and early 20th centuries, Liegnitz was an important center of piano manufacturing. In 1913 there were twelve piano factories. Three keyboard factories worked as suppliers for companies like Blüthner in Leipzig. In 1849 the Eduard Seiler piano factory was founded, which was continued in Kitzingen am Main after it was driven out and which still exists as a brand today. The factories of Julius Gerstenberger (founded 1864) and Gustav Selinke (founded 1866, 1889 Selinke & Sponnagel, 1894 Eduard Sponnagel ) were merged in 1925/29 by Arthur Franke in the company Franke, Sponnagel & Gerstenberger.

traffic

The A4 , which connects Germany with Upper Silesia , runs through Liegnitz . There are railway lines to Dresden , Poznan and Katowice . Until 2003 the city was the terminus of the longest running train of the Polish State Railways. Liegnitz also has an airport.

Culture and sights

Buildings

Cathedral of St. Peter and Paul

Cathedral of St. Peter and Paul
Marienkirche
View of the eastern entrance of the Piast Castle

The Gothic Cathedral of St. Peter and Paul (in Polish: Kościół ŚŚ Piotra i Pawła ), also known as the "Upper Church", was built from 1329 to 1390 and was repaired several times after fire damage, for example in 1835 based on a design by Karl Friedrich Schinkel . The restoration and conversion of the church from 1892 to 1894 based on a design by Johann Otzen led to fundamental changes, especially for the exterior. The main façade, which remained unfinished, was supplemented by a south tower with a neo-Gothic spire, and the entire building was significantly changed in its historical substance by facing with new bricks and new building sculptures. In contrast, the valuable interior of the three-aisled hall church was preserved. The Liegnitz council stalls from 1568, Caspar Berger's pulpit from 1586 to 1588 and numerous epitaphs date from the Renaissance . Baroque is next to the main altar with the painting of the Ascension of Christ the case of the organ (1722–1725), a work by Ignatius Mentzel, which contains an instrument from the company Schlag & Söhne from 1894. After Duke Friedrich II introduced the Reformation in his Duchy of Liegnitz in 1522/23 , the church served as a Protestant house of worship. After the transition to Poland in 1945, it was given to the Catholics. A figure of Mary in the main portal that was removed at the end of the 19th century was reassembled after the re-Catholicization and the figure of Martin Luther that was inserted here was removed. His quote from the 19th century “Here I stand and I cannot do otherwise. God help me. Amen. Worms 1521 ”was preserved and is now apparently placed in Maria's mouth. Since 1992 the church has served as the cathedral of the newly founded Diocese of Legnica .

Marienkirche

The oldest church is the Protestant Marien- or Niederkirche (Polish: Kościół Marii Panny ), also known as the Church of Our Lady, from the 12th century . Even more than the cathedral, its original Gothic shape, which had been rebuilt several times, was reshaped in a neo-Gothic style after a fire from 1824 to 1829, and it became a hall church . But it also has a lavish baroque organ case from 1735.

Parish Church of St. John

The parish church of St. Johannes Baptist (Polish: Kościół Św. Jana Chrzciciela ), started in 1333, was built between 1714 and 1720, presumably based on designs by Christoph Dientzenhofer and his son Kilian Ignaz Dientzenhofer . To the southeast of the church is the Piast mausoleum , which was built between 1677 and 1679 as a foundation by the Duchess Luise von Anhalt-Dessau .

Piast castle

The Piast Castle in Liegnitz

The Piast Castle ( Zamek Piastowski in Polish ) is one of the oldest stone castles in Poland. It was built at the end of the 11th century and was the headquarters of the Dukes of Liegnitz and Brzeg between 1248 and 1675. After the death of the last Piast Georg Wilhelm I , the castle fell as a completed fief to the crown of Bohemia home . When the Prussian King Friedrich II took the city in 1740, he had the castle rebuilt. Defensive structures such as a moat or drawbridge have been removed. In 1835 and 1840 two fires destroyed the old Piast Castle. In 1840 it was rebuilt according to plans by Schinkel, with the castle being supplemented with ornaments in the Gothic and Renaissance styles . In 1945 the castle again burned down completely and was only rebuilt in the 1960s. In 2009 the castle was renovated and both towers were opened to the public as viewing platforms. Today there are educational institutions in the building, including the Legnica Pedagogical University.

Old Town Hall

The Old Town Hall ( Stary ratusz in Polish ) on the Ring was built from 1737 to 1741 in the Baroque style.

new town hall

The New Town Hall ( Nowy ratusz in Polish ) was built in the neo-renaissance style from 1902 to 1906 according to a design by the city building councilor Paul Oehlmann. Due to the rapid increase in the population, a new town hall had to be built. In addition to this building, the actual plan provided for other buildings which together formed an inner courtyard and were to be supplemented by a large tower. However, this project was probably not realized due to a lack of financial resources. Today the administration of the city is still in the building.

More Attractions

Liegnitzer Ring with the old town hall and herring stalls (Śledziówki)
The Gabeljürge
Miejski Park
Prussian all-mile obelisk as a Saxon all-mile column on Jauerstrasse

Museums

  • The copper museum in the former house of the Leubus abbots was founded in 1962. It deals with the history of copper mining and the material copper . The museum also includes the exhibitions in the Knight's Academy, the Piast Chapel, the remains of the former castle chapel in the Piast Castle and the Museum of the Battle of Liegnitz in Wahlstatt .

Sports

Personalities

sons and daughters of the town

To 1900

From 1901

Other personalities

literature

Web links

Commons : Legnica  - album with pictures, videos and audio files
Wikivoyage: Legnica  - travel guide
Wikisource: Lignitz in the Topographia Bohemiae, Moraviae et Silesiae  - sources and full texts

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b population. Size and Structure by Territorial Division. As of June 30, 2019. Główny Urząd Statystyczny (GUS) (PDF files; 0.99 MiB), accessed December 24, 2019 .
  2. ↑ Dieter Berg (Ed.): Traces of Franciscan History. Chronological outline of the history of the Saxon Franciscan provinces from their beginnings to the present. Werl 1999, p. 75.
  3. ↑ Dieter Berg (Ed.): Traces of Franciscan History. Chronological outline of the history of the Saxon Franciscan provinces from their beginnings to the present. Werl 1999, p. 259.289.
  4. ^ Siegfried Wollgast: Philosophy in Germany between the Reformation and the Enlightenment, 1550–1650 . Akademie Verlag, 1993, ISBN 3-05-002099-7 .
  5. ^ Siegfried Wollgast: Morphology of Silesian Religiosity in the Early Modern Age: Socinianism and Anabaptism. In: Würzburg medical history reports. Volume 22, 2003, pp. 419-448, here: p. 420
  6. ↑ Roman Smolorz: Legnica (City) ( Memento of the original from May 31, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Website of the University of Klagenfurt, accessed on February 27, 2011. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / eeo.uni-klu.ac.at
  7. ↑ Dieter Berg (Ed.): Traces of Franciscan History. Chronological outline of the history of the Saxon Franciscan provinces from their beginnings to the present. Werl 1999, p. 397.
  8. ↑ Minkels, Margret Dorothea: Alexander von Minutoli, the founder of the 1st arts and crafts museum in the world (1844) . Norderstedt 2018, ISBN 978-3-7460-6982-1 , p. 165-170 .
  9. ↑ Minkels, Margret Dorothea: Alexander von Minutoli, the founder of the 1st arts and crafts museum in the world (1844) . Norderstedt 2018, ISBN 978-3-7460-6982-1 , p. 377-415 .
  10. ^ Official gazette of the Prussian government in Liegnitz 1873, p. 314
  11. ^ A b Meyers Konversations-Lexikon . 6th edition, Volume 12, Leipzig and Vienna 1908, p. 540.
  12. ↑ See Polish Main Statistical Office (GUS) ( Memento from December 17, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  13. ↑ Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. liegnitz.html. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
  14. ↑ a b Herrmann Adalbert Daniel : Handbook of Geography:, Volume 4: Germany. Political geography . 2nd edition, Leipzig 1868, p. 493
  15. ↑ Joseph Marx v. Liechtenstern: Textbook of the statistics of all currently existing European states . Volume 1, Vienna / Dresden 1821, p. 81.
  16. ↑ a b Johann Georg Knie : Alphabetical-statistical-topographical overview of the villages, spots, towns and other places of the royal family. Prussia. Province of Silesia, including the Margraviate of Upper Lusatia, which now belongs entirely to the province, and the County of Glatz; together with the attached evidence of the division of the country into the various branches of civil administration . Breslau 1830, pp. 961-963.
  17. ^ Johann Georg Knie : Brief geographical description of Prussian Silesia, the County of Glaz and the Prussian Margraviate of Upper Lusatia or the entire province of Prussian Silesia: For use in schools. First ribbon . Breslau 1831. Page 117–122 of Chapter I: District of the royal. Government of Breslau ( pp. 305-310 of the e-copy of the Gyfrowa library ).
  18. ^ Johann Georg Knie : Alphabetical-statistical-topographical overview of the villages, spots, cities and other places of the royal family. Preusz. Province of Silesia . 2nd edition, Breslau 1845, pp. 959-851.
  19. ↑ a b Ascher Sammter: Chronicle of Liegnitz . Liegnitz 1861, p. 1.
  20. ↑ a b c d e f g h Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. liegnitz.html. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
  21. ^ Meyer's New Lexicon. Volume 5, Bibliographical Institute, Leipzig 1964, p. 325.
  22. ^ Result on the website of the election commission, accessed on August 13, 2020.
  23. ^ Result on the website of the election commission, accessed on August 13, 2020.
  24. ↑ Otto Hupp : The coats of arms and seals of the German cities, spots and villages according to official and archival standards. Swell. Frankfurt a / M 1898.
  25. ↑ a b Meyer's New Lexicon. Volume 5, Bibliographical Institute, Leipzig 1964, p. 325.
  26. ↑ liegnitz.de
  27. ↑ Cf. organy.art.pl ( Memento of the original from January 12, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; Retrieved May 10, 2008. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.organy.art.pl
  28. ↑ Presentation on www.liegnitz.info
  29. ↑ liegnitz.pl
  30. ↑ liegnitz.pl
  31. ↑ Eucharistic Event. Retrieved January 6, 2018 .
  32. ↑ legnica.um.gov.pl ( Memento of the original dated May 11, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.legnica.um.gov.pl