List of Jewish personalities in the city of Dresden

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Lea Grundig (1951)
Victor Klemperer (1952).
He converted to Protestantism in 1912. In accordance with the racial legislation of the Nazi era, he was treated and persecuted as a Jew.

The following list of Jewish personalities of the city of Dresden contains, not completely and without any evaluation, known Jewish personalities who are connected with the city of Dresden . The list is a compilation of various publications and complements the not systematically managed category: Person of Judaism (Dresden) . Personalities who only lived in Dresden temporarily, but were important for life in the city, were also included. Orientation is the relevance criteria . Short biograms were recorded , they are also taken from the linked articles.

Preliminary remarks

In Dresden, as in most German cities, there is no continuous history of a Jewish community. The first known Jewish ordinance dates from 1265, so Jews lived in the city at that time, and the first synagogue also existed there. There was no ghetto, but the Dresden Jews lived mainly in the area around today's Neumarkt . After a pogrom in 1349, their expropriation in 1411 and their expulsion from the city in 1430, no Jew had a permanent residence in Dresden until the end of the 17th century.

In 1697, against the resistance of the council , August the Strong permitted resettlement and in 1708 appointed his first court Jew ( Issachar Berend Lehmann ), which meant a new beginning for the Jewish community: 15 in 1705, 109 in 1734 and 891 in 1746. In 1838 the first Jewish community in Dresden was re-admitted, and the Sempersche Synagogue was built from 1838–1840 . Jews were not allowed to settle anywhere in Saxony until 1867, but full equality with all civil rights was not achieved until 1904: in 1867 870 Jews lived in Dresden, and in 1905 3510 Jews.

At the end of the Weimar Republic, around 5,000 Jews lived in Dresden as respected members of society, but they were nevertheless exposed to antisemitic hostility in their entirety or as individuals, especially in Dresden. The process of isolation began in 1933, and the synagogue with school and departure point became the center of Jewish life in Dresden until it was burned down on November 9, 1938 during the night of the Reichspogrom . The first deportations took place in 1942 to Riga, followed by at least ten transports from Dresden to Theresienstadt and one transport to Auschwitz . In Dresden, Gauleiter Martin Mutschmann and his subordinate Nazi agencies were responsible for this process, which was often cynically called "de-Jewification", and who in turn were or wanted to distinguish themselves through particular severity.

The last transport of the last 174 Jews remaining in Dresden (among them Henny Brenner , Willy Katz , Victor Klemperer and Siegfried Lewinsky ) to Theresienstadt, which was to take place on February 16, 1945, took place because of the devastating destruction of Dresden on February 13, 1945, but the Gestapo hunted down the survivors. However, they all managed to escape it and survive in different places.

In May 1945 only 41 Jews lived in Dresden, compared to 112 in 1946. During the GDR era, the congregation consisted of only a few dozen increasingly aging members, which became increasingly smaller due to emigration and death (1953: 100, 1989: 50). Only since 1990 has a steady growth been recorded, primarily due to the immigration of Jewish people from the countries of the former Soviet Union.

A.

  • Paul Adler ; born April 4, 1878 in Prague ; died June 8, 1946 in Zbraslav near Prague; Writer, journalist and translator, etc. a. Gustave Flaubert and Camille Lemonnier , lived in Hellerau from 1912 to 1921 and from 1923 to 1933 , published his main works Elohim , Namely and Die Zauberflöte , in 1914-1916 , fled to Czechoslovakia in 1933 , survived the Holocaust in hiding near Prague.
  • Heinz-Joachim Aris ; born May 7, 1934 in Dresden; died March 24, 2017 in Dresden; Managing Director of the Dresden Jewish Community, 2002–2016 Chairman of the Saxony State Association of Jewish Communities.
  • Helmut Aris ; born May 8, 1908 in Dresden; died November 22, 1987 in Dresden; President of the Association of Jewish Communities in the GDR.
  • Berthold Auerbach ; born February 28, 1812 in Nordstetten ; died February 8, 1882 in Cannes ; lived in Dresden from 1849 to 1859, gave a. a. the dramas Andreas Hofer , The truth and the novel New Life .
  • The Arnhold family, banking family, especially:
    • Georg Arnhold (father of Hans, Heinrich and Kurt Arnhold); born March 1, 1859 in Dessau ; died November 25, 1926 in Innsbruck ; since 1875 banker, since 1881 co-owner of the banking house Gebrüder Arnhold , with this major financier of Dresden companies, 1908 co-founder of the Saxon Esperanto Institute , 1925 honorary senator of the Technical University of Dresden , founded the Arnholdbad named after him in 1926 .
      • Hans Arnhold (brother of Heinrich and Kurt Arnhold); born on May 30, 1888 in Dresden; died on September 8, 1966 in Lausanne ; German-American banker, partner in the banking house Gebrüder Arnhold, took over its Berlin representative office, in 1931 in charge of the partnership with the bank S. Bleichröder, Berlin part "Aryanized" in 1938, escaped to Paris and in 1939 to the USA, built the New York branch of Arnhold & S. Bleichroeder to the new headquarters of the company, art collection and library confiscated in 1941 by the task force Reichsleiter Rosenberg (only parts left), the house was acquired by Reich Economics Minister Walther Funk in 1939, after 1945 officers' club, since 1998 the Hans Arnhold Center of the American Academy in Berlin.
      • Heinrich Arnhold (brother of Hans and Kurt Arnhold, father of Henry H. Arnhold); born on July 22, 1885 in Dresden; died on October 10, 1935 there; Banker, collector, patron, Esperantist, 1908 co-organizer of the 4th Esperanto World Congress in Dresden, since 1910 partner in the banking house Gebrüder Arnhold, 1911 to 1914 1st chairman of the Saxon Esperanto Association, from 1912 important collection of modern art and an extensive collection to Meißner Porzellan, co-founder of the Society of Patrons and Friends of the Technical University of Dresden and its honorary senator, death in 1935 after several strokes.
        • Henry H. Arnhold (son of Heinrich Arnhold); born September 15, 1921 in Dresden; died on August 23, 2018 in New York City ; German-American banker, collector and patron, 1936 in a Swiss boarding school, 1940 in Norway, arrested, was released, via Sweden and Cuba to the USA, studied at the University of California in Los Angeles, joined the investment bank Arnhold & S. Bleichroeder, 1960 chairman, president of the Arnhold Foundation (animal welfare, education and art), member (among others) of the American Council on Germany and the National Committee on American Foreign Policy, supported the reconstruction of the Frauenkirche , the construction of the new synagogue and the Kunstsammlungen Dresden, at the Palucca Schule Dresden Foundation of the Esther-Arnhold-Seligmann-Scholarship, owner of one of the world's most important private collections of Meissen porcelain from the years up to 1750, 2011 Honorary Senator of the Technical University of Dresden, received the Saxon Order of Merit in 2013 .
      • Kurt Arnhold (brother of Heinrich and Hans Arnhold, father of George Gerard Arnhold); born April 29, 1887 in Dresden; died September 9, 1951 in São Paulo , Brazil ; German-Brazilian banker, did his doctorate in Leipzig in 1913, since 1914 partner in the banking house Gebrüder Arnhold, had to “Aryanize” the bank under humiliating conditions from 1935, 1938/1939 with family via Switzerland and the Netherlands to Great Britain, from there to Brazil, the rescued Arnhold Library was owned by his son George Gerard Arnhold the Ev. Kreuzgymnasium in Dresden as a gift.
    • Max Arnhold ; born April 17, 1845 in Dessau; died December 4, 1908 in Dresden; Banker (founder of the later banking house Gebrüder Arnhold in 1875) and Freemason .
  • Paul Aron ; born January 9, 1886 in Dresden; died February 6, 1955 in New York City; Pianist , composer , director , conductor and translator, founded the concert series “New Music Paul Aron” in 1921, the “New Dresden Trio” in 1927, fled to Czechoslovakia in 1933, to Cuba in 1939, to the USA in 1941 .

B.

C.

  • Arthur Chitz ; born November 5, 1882 in Prague; died 1944 in the Riga ghetto ; Musicologist, pianist and composer, répétiteur at the Semperoper, musical director of the Dresden Schauspielhaus, released in 1933, deported to the Riga ghetto in 1942 and probably died there in 1944.
  • Heinrich Conradi ; also Heinz Conradi ; born as Heinrich Wilhelm Cohn on March 22, 1876 in Frankfurt am Main ; died April 26, 1943 in Dresden; Bacteriologist and hygienist at the Saxon State Health Office and at the Technical University of Dresden, lost his job in 1935 due to the First Ordinance to the Reich Citizenship Act due to his Jewish descent, and his license to practice medicine in 1938, died in the Dresden police prison under circumstances that have not yet been clarified.

D.

E.

  • Carl Elb ; born as Carl Samuel Elb April 6, 1817 in Dresden, died 1887 there; Portrait and genre painter , worked in Dresden from 1843.
  • Max Elb ; actually Maximillian Elb , b. October 29, 1851 in Dresden, died April 5, 1925 there; Entrepreneur, first honorary chairwoman of the Dresden Jewish community, Saxon Kommerzienrat , founded a Russian chemical factory, in 1892 the Deutsche Glühstoff-Gesellschaft mbH , created the rust remover Caramba , 1923 formation of Max Elb AG from predecessor companies, 1902 to 1923 one of the three community leaders , 1919 founding member of the German Democratic Party (DDP) in Dresden, 1923 first honorary chairman of the Jewish community in Dresden.
  • Moritz Elimeyer ; born 1810 in Dresden, died 1871 there; Court jeweler, Gottfried Semper designed the facade of his jewelery shop at Jüdenhof .
  • Philipp Elimeyer (brother of Moritz Elimeyer), currently unknown, founded the Elimeyer bank in Dresden
  • Erich Wilhelm Engel ; born on January 13, 1888 in Vienna ; died on December 30, 1955 there; Austrian pianist, conductor and music writer, was director of the rehearsal at the Semperoper from 1925–1933, left Dresden and Germany with Fritz Busch in 1933 and went to the Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires ( Brazil ), and in 1951 returned to Vienna.
  • Richard Englishman ; born February 17, 1889 in Leipzig , died March 16, 1966 in Uppsala , Sweden ; Musicologist, composer and harpsichordist, from 1919 in Dresden, since 1922 assistant to Fritz Busch, dismissed in 1933, private teacher, in 1939 after arrest, fled to Sweden, where he was a university professor in Uppsala.
  • Helmut Eschwege ; born July 10, 1913 in Hanover , died October 19, 1992 in Dresden, historian , documentarist, member of the SPD, 1934 emigration to Denmark and Palestine, 1946 back to Germany via Karlsbad , 1947 return of extensive Jewish books from Prague to Germany, incorporated into the Museum of German History , repeatedly excluded from the SED and re-accepted into the party, 1958 librarian at the Technical University of Dresden, in 1976 demoted to porter for unauthorized copying of Western literature, reassigned as a documentarist in the GDR due to his international reputation never recognized as a historian (despite numerous publications, some of which only exist as scripts, had to be revised dozen of times before their publication or were only published outside of the GDR), since 1965 commitment to Christian-Jewish cooperation (1984 Buber-Rosenzweig- Medal ), co-founder of the SPD 1990 in Dresden.

F.

  • Jeremias David Alexander Fiorino , also Friedrich Alexander Fiorino; born May 3, 1797 in Cassel ; died June 22, 1847 in Dresden; Miniature painter, court painter at the Saxon court, from 1830 permanently living in Dresden.
  • Marta Fraenkel ; born December 19, 1896 in Cologne ; died August 9, 1976 in New York City; Doctor, scientific manager of the Dresden Hygiene Exhibition from 1929 to 1933, dismissed by the National Socialists, emigrated to the USA via Brussels in 1935, worked there at the Welfare Center in New York and was temporarily advisor to the US government.
  • Zacharias Frankel ; born September 30, 1801 in Prague; died February 13, 1875 in Breslau ; moderately reform-oriented rabbi active in Bohemia and Germany , first chief rabbi in Dresden (1836-1854), champion of equality between Jews and Christians, founding director of the Jewish-theological seminar in Breslau, formulated a program of "historically positive Judaism" in Dresden, is considered the spiritual father of American conservative Judaism .
  • Stefan Frenkel ; born Warsaw November 21, 1902 , died March 1, 1979 in New York City; Violinist, violin teacher and composer, concert master of the Dresden Philharmonic from 1924 to 1927 , soloist and chamber musician, collaboration with Paul Aron , from 1933 only active for the Jewish Cultural Association, in 1935 to Switzerland, in 1936 in exile in the USA and first from 1936 to 1940 Concertmaster of the Metropolitan Opera in New York, concertmaster in Rio de Janeiro, as violin teacher and chamber musician.

G

H

  • Bernhard Hirschel ; born January 15, 1815 in Dresden, died January 15, 1874 there; Politicians and physicians, pioneers of homeopathy , attended the Dresden Kreuzschule as one of the first Jews from Easter 1825 , from 1834 studied medicine at the University of Leipzig , then practicing doctor in Dresden, joined the Dresden Fatherland Association in 1848, became one of its leaders, 1849 first Jewish city councilor of Dresden, between 1852 and 1874 editor of the journal for homeopathic clinic , published numerous books on homeopathy, worked as a medical historian .
  • Rafael Hofstein ; also Raphael Hofstein , b. on January 23, 1858 in Swetzian ( Vilnius Governorate ), d. 1948 in São Paulo; Musician , composer, cantor from 1891 , later head cantor of the Jewish community, founded a ladies' choir in 1906, own works with the Jewish youth orchestra from 1924 (240 opera), 1926 chairman of the Jewish cultural association in Dresden, retired in 1934, fled to Brazil in 1939, "His music combined the warmth of Eastern Jewish melodies with western musical culture" (biographer Agata Schindler).

J

  • Anna Joachimsthal-Schwabe ; born Anna Minna Schwabe July 8, 1892 in Varel , died February 2, 1937 in Dresden or Berlin; Poet , living in Dresden since 1913, shaped the Jewish literary scene in Dresden since the beginning of the 1920s, not until 1935 in the "Gemeindeblatt der Israelitische Religionsgemeinde Dresden" her own poetry publications, own poetry book posthumously in 1937 at Philo-Verlag in Berlin.
  • Genja Jonas ; as Jenny Jonas born September 2, 1895 in Rogasen , Obornik district , Posen province , died May 8, 1938 in Dresden; Photographer , from 1918 one of the most sought-after portrait photographers in Dresden, international exhibitions, commissions abroad ( France , members of the British royal family ), the photographs of the dancer Gret Palucca were particularly important , wanted to emigrate to England , but fell ill with cancer and died in Dresden, studio destroyed in air raids on Dresden in February 1945.

K

  • Isidor Kaim (also K. Sidori ); born February 25, 1817 in Dresden, died around 1880 probably in Berlin; 1845 the first state-licensed lawyer of the Jewish faith in Saxony , studied medicine, then until 1841 law, possible to practice his profession due to a permission from the king 1845, moved to Leipzig, 1849 there civil rights and lawyer, 1854 imprisonment for alleged fraud, 1859 to Berlin, until the end in the 1860s several publications, in 1877 listed as the owner of a yarn company, then the track is lost.
  • Michael Kaskel ; born November 9, 1775 in Dresden, died January 30, 1845 there; Court banker, majority Declaration in 1796 met, military and Münzlieferant, " Bankhaus Michael Kaskel ", "Royal Saxon commerzienrath", children from the 1820s evangelical baptized in his house there was a private synagogue , bought in 1832 Antons on the Elbe in the Johannstadt be Son Carl von Kaskel (below: other personalities ) took over the family business as owner after his death.
  • Willy Katz ; born December 17, 1878 in Brieg , died January 13, 1947 in Dresden; Doctor, until 1905 medical studies in Berlin and Vienna, 1906 doctorate at the University of Greifswald , assistant doctor in Berlin and senior physician in sanatoriums in Homburg vor der Höhe and Wiesbaden , from 1909 general practitioner with his own clinic in Dresden, head of the sports medical advice center, retained after the Seizure of power by the National Socialists, initially admitted to the health insurance system, lived from October 1933 in what is known as a “mixed-race” marriage with increasing difficulties, finally lost his license to practice medicine on September 30, 1938, like all Jewish doctors, closed the practice, in July 1939 as a “handler” (head the so-called "Jewish Health Center"), responsible for the medical supervision of the more than 30 so-called "Jewish houses" and camp doctor of the Hellerberg Jewish camp , had to accompany at least ten deportations from Dresden to Theresienstadt as a doctor, after the end of the war again a doctor, medical officer in Striesen and Blow joke ; since 1990 his estate, the Dr. Willy Katz collection secured in the Washington Holocaust Museum.
  • Robert Kinsky ; born August 17, 1910 in Budapest , died as Roberto Kinsky September 15, 1977 in Buenos Aires ; Conductor, pupil of Zoltán Kodály , after his studies deputy conductor and répétiteur at the Semperoper, 1933 with Fritz Busch to Buenos Aires, direction of the orchestra of the Teatro Colón .
  • Victor Klemperer ; born October 9, 1881 in Landsberg an der Warthe , died February 11, 1960 in Dresden; Romanceist , politician, one of the most important chroniclers of the life of a survivor of the Holocaust of the German National Socialists through his diaries published from 1995 under the title I want to give testimony to the last (1933-1945) , studied philosophy , Romance studies and German studies in Munich , Geneva , Paris and Berlin , 1906 marriage to concert pianist and painter Eva Schlemmer , 1905–1912 freelance journalist in Berlin, converted in 1912, doctorate in the same year, habilitation in 1914, 1920 professor of Romance studies at the Technical University of Dresden, April 1935 as a " valid Jew " in the early retirement, diary notes as a loose-leaf collection (hidden in Pirna), expelled from the Klemperer house in 1940 , from then on in various “ Jewish houses ”, escaped deportation during the night of February 13-14, 1945 , fleeing for several months through Saxony and Bavaria, in June 1945 to Dresden, 1947 publication of “ LTI - Notebuc h of a philologist ( L ingua T ertii I mperii: language of the Third Reich ) ”, joined the KPD after hesitation , 1947–1960 at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald , the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg and finally active at the Humboldt University in Berlin , after the Volkskammer election on October 15, 1950, member of the Kulturbund of the GDR , 1950 full member of the Academy of Sciences ; elected as one of the “100 Dresden residents of the 20th century”, memorial stele in front of his house, name of a lecture hall at the TU Dresden, Victor-Klemperer-Straße in Räcknitz .

L.

  • David Landau ; also David Wolf Landau or Pollak David , b. 1742 in Lissa , died on December 4, 1818 in Dresden; Head of a yeshiva and Dajan , rabbi in Flatau from 1788–1803 , first chief rabbi in Dresden in 1803, the only one in the Kingdom of Saxony at the time , remained so until his death.
  • Wolf Landau ; born March 1, 1811 in Dresden, died August 24, 1886 there; Chief Rabbi of the Jewish community in Dresden, Jeschiwain Goltsch-Jenikau in Bohemia, then Kreuzschule in Dresden from 1836 studied at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität in Berlin, then teacher at the Israelite community school, doctorate in 1841, 1842 marriage to Fanni Feilchenfeld (1816– 1891), employee of the Jewish magazine Der Orient , after Frankel's departure in 1854, successor as chief rabbi of the Jewish community, 1851 chairman of the Dresden Mendelssohn Association, in 1863 founding of the “Fund for Shameful Arms”, writing and journalistic activities, commitment to the emancipation of the Jews in Saxony, after his death namesake for the Dr. Wolf Landau Foundation.
  • Wilhelm Lande ; born January 1, 1869; died 1951 in the USA ; Cigarette manufacturer, owner of the W. Lande cigarette factory in Dresden until 1938 , founded it in Halberstadt , relocated it to Dresden at the turn of the century, initially around 100 employees, in 1929 subsidiary "Macedonia", in 1932 600 employees, 1.2 billion cigarettes p. A., daughter Cäcilie sold Lande and Macedonia in June / July 1933 to the Nazi functionary Karl Geissinger, died in the USA in 1951 by suicide .
  • Rudolf Lappe ; born May 27, 1914 in Chemnitz, died August 11, 2013 in Dresden; 1933 emigrates to England / London. There studied electrical engineering. Return to Germany in 1948. Professorship at TU Dresden. He is considered the nestor of power electronics in the GDR. Rudolf Lappe published several textbooks and specialist books.
  • Auguste Lazar ; (also Augusta Wieghardt-Lazar , pseudonym Mary MacMillan ), b. on September 12, 1887 in Vienna, died on April 7, 1970 in Dresden; Writer , did her doctorate in Vienna in 1916 under ETA Hoffmann , moved to Dresden with her husband in 1920, after 1933 illegally in the anti-fascist resistance, emigrated to Great Britain in 1939, cook there until 1949, returned to Dresden, preferred to write children's books, supported young authors; Auguste-Lazar-Strasse in Zschertnitz .
  • Emil Lehmann ; born February 2, 1829 in Dresden, died February 25, 1898 there; Lawyer, writer, politician in the German Progressive Party , Israelite Community School, 1842–1848 Kreuzschule , studied law in Leipzig, 1848 member of the Leipzig fraternity Germania , 1863 initially lawyer , later also as a notary , since 1869 chairman of the Jewish community, 1893 co-founder of the “ Central Association of German Citizens of Jewish Faith ”, 1865–1883 ​​with a few interruptions city councilor of Dresden, there 1879–1883 ​​1st vice chairman, 1875–1881 in the second chamber of the Saxon state parliament .
  • Issachar Berend Lehmann ; also Berend Lehmann , Jissachar Bermann Segal , Jissachar ben Jehuda haLevi , Berman Halberstadt , b. April 23, 1661 in Essen ; died July 9, 1730 in Halberstadt ; Trading in luxury goods, banker, coin agent, army supplier as well as negotiating diplomat, acted as court factor mainly for August the Strong , thanks to his privileges and social and cultural commitment around 1700 a famous Jewish authority figure in Central and Eastern Europe, set a renewed (permanent) settlement of Jews by granting letters of protection in Dresden (founder of the permanent resettlement of Jews in Dresden since their expulsion in 1430).
  • Paul Lehmann ; born in Stettin around 1875 , died in Frankfurt am Main in 1928 ; Apprenticeship in the metal industry, first publications in Halberstadt , owner of various Central German newspapers and publishers ( Saale-Zeitung (or its predecessors), Hallesche Allgemeine and Otto-Handel-Verlag ), settled in Dresden in 1919, no more writing or publishing activity, but active in the Jewish community, died unexpectedly on a trip in 1928.
  • Hermann Lewin , son of Julius Lewin, also Hermann G. Lewin , in the United States Hermann G. Lane ; born January 8, 1904, probably in Gollub ( West Prussia Province ), died June 5, 1992 in the USA; German-American entrepreneur, co-owner of the Yramos cigarette factory until 1938 , he called himself Hermann G. Lane from 1940 , with his company Lane Ltd. highly recognized dealer of pipe tobacco , 150 employees, sold to Dunhill in 1978 , remained chief executive until 1982 , when he was then appointed chairman , special blend HGL with his initials, company today STG Lane of the Scandinavian Tobacco Group .
  • Julius Lewin , father of Hermann Lewin; born April 22, 1875 in Gollub (West Prussia Province), died 1950 in New York City; German entrepreneur in the cigarette industry, built up the Yramos cigarette factory , was a co-owner until 1938, was involved in the Jewish community in the Orthodox Culture Commission, April 28, 1942, deported to the Theresienstadt ghetto, after the end of the war in June 1945 to Dresden, after a short stay in the USA.
  • Siegfried Lewinsky ; born on May 24, 1881 in Kempen ; died on June 29, 1958 in Dresden; Actor, 1910–1934 at the Dresdner Schauspielhaus, survived the Holocaust and air raids with great hardship, as he lived with his wife in what is known as a “mixed-race” marriage, 1945–1951 worked again at the Schauspielhaus.
  • Paul Lewitt ; born August 30, 1895 in Prague, died September 11, 1983 in Weimar , actor , director, from Hermine Körner to the Dresdener Komödie, there first direction, 1933 withdrawal of the work permit as a Czech citizen, emigration to the ČSR in Prague and Brno , 1939 Fled via Poland to England, there at the German émigré theater, in December 1945 return to Dresden, theater director of the Volksbühne Dresden, 1948 deputy general director of the Dresden State Theater , from 1952 director at the Berlin theater of friendship , from 1953 directing on television, most recently chief director.
  • Oskar Lesser ; born October 23, 1851 in Dresden, died June 22, 1933 there; 1889 to 1925 head of the Israel Healthcare Society. In 1892 he was the heir of his father, co-owner of the company "Schie M. Nachf." Bank and exchange business in the Seestrasse, from 1892 to 1925 he was also an authorized signatory at the banking house Gebr. Arnold, 1906 to 1924 one of the heads of the community, from 1908 treasurer of the Mendelssohn Association.
  • Leon Lion Head ; born December 10, 1892 in Szczerzec near Lemberg , Austria-Hungary , died December 15, 1966 in Zurich ; Co-founder of the Association of People Persecuted by the Nazi Regime (VVN), since 1913 in Dresden, 1919–1932 Vice Chairman of the General Jewish Workers' Union , 1930 member of the SPD, 1934 to Palestine , 1936 to Warsaw as an insurance agent , imprisoned in the Warsaw Ghetto in 1940 , after escaping in 1942 and joining a Polish-Jewish resistance group, sentenced to death , transferred to several concentration camps, also survived a death march , first chairman of the Jewish community after 1945, member of the SED in 1946, after the Slansky trial 1953 escaped to West Berlin and Düsseldorf , 1957 in the Switzerland .

M.

R.

S.

V

  • Berthold quarter ; born on June 28, 1885 in Vienna, died on September 24, 1953 there; Writer , dramaturge , essayist , translator and film and theater director working in Germany, the USA and Great Britain, director at the Dresden Schauspielhaus from 1918 to 1921, escaped from Germany in 1933, then from Austria to Great Britain and returned to Vienna in 1946.

W.

  • Julius Wahle ; born on February 15, 1861 in Vienna, died February 7, 1940 in Dresden; Austrian-German literary scholar , known among other things as the editor of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's letters, studied with Erich Schmidt , doctorate in 1885, from 1886 active as archivist at the Goethe and Schiller Archive in Weimar , whose management from 1921, 1910 was the first person ever Honored with the Golden Goethe Medal , collaborated with Max Hecker on the Weimar edition of Goethe's works, 1932 moved to Dresden, 1933 forced to leave the Goethe Society .
  • Helmut Weiß ; born May 13, 1913 in Dresden; died August 18, 2000 in Narva , Estonia , called Helmut Weiss-Wendt since 1937 ; Communist writer, musician, music educator and choir director, escaped the Holocaust in autumn 1934 through naturalization in the Soviet Union, 1937 victim of the Stalinist purges and expulsion from the KPD at the instigation of Herbert Wehner , imprisonment and exile in Karaganda , after rehabilitation and lifting of exile in 1957 to Estonia, where he was music educator, choir director and composer.
  • Jakob Winter ; born June 30, 1857 in Šušara , died March 18, 1940 in Dresden, study of the Talmud in Miava , study of Jewish theology in Berlin and Breslau, doctorate in Halle, after the sudden death of Chief Rabbi Wolf Landau in 1886 provisional management of rabbi business, 1887 final, Appointed professor in 1911, celebrated 50 years of office in 1936 under the most difficult external conditions, member of the delegation to lift the ban on slaughter; Jakob-Winter-Platz in Prohlis .
  • Albert Wolf , b. March 31, 1890 in Buchen ; died 1951 in Chicago ; Studied in Breslau, during the First World War auxiliary rabbi in the army, 1920–1938 rabbi in Dresden, 1938/39 chief rabbi, arrested in the pogrom night of November 10, 1938, deported to the Buchenwald concentration camp , but was able to travel via England in 1939 after being released from Dresden the USA emigrated, 1940–1951 rabbi in Chicago; Albert-Wolf-Platz in Prohlis.
  • Wilhelm Wolfsohn , pseudonym Carl Maien ; born October 20, 1820 in Odessa , died August 13, 1865 in Dresden; Journalist, playwright, translator and mediator of German-Russian literary relations, attended the Jewish high school in Odessa, 1837 studied medicine as well as classical philosophy, philology and history in Leipzig, first articles in the Allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums , from 1841 sponsor of Theodor Fontane , 1843–1845 Material collection in Odessa, resident in Dresden from 1852, playwright, co-founder of the German Schiller Foundation .
  • Karl Wollf (1876–1952), German dramaturge and writer, fled Germany before 1939, in London co-founder and president of the largest London cultural emigrant organization Club (from 1943).
  • Julius Ferdinand Wollf , b. May 22, 1871 in Koblenz , died February 27, 1942 in Dresden; Journalist, publicist , newspaper publisher , 1903–1933 editor-in-chief and co-publisher of the daily newspaper Dresdner Latest Nachrichten (DNN), high school and studies in Koblenz (philosophy, history, economics, art and literary history), then dramaturge in Karlsruhe, from 1899 at the “ Münchner Newspaper ”, 1903 managing director and editor-in-chief, co-editor of DNN, 1912 co-founding of the German Hygiene Museum , 1916 professor title, in 1933 forced out of office as editor-in-chief of DNN and from the board of directors of the Hygiene Museum, increasing hardship as a result of the professional ban, eye problems and extensive blindness, shortly before the deportation suicide on February 27, 1942 in Dresden.

Z

  • Josef Zimmering ; born May 19, 1911 in Pirna ; died 1995 in Dresden; Politician , diplomat , translator , 1928 member of the Communist Youth Association of Germany , 1933 emigrated to Czechoslovakia, later to Great Britain, there active in the FDJ , 1946 return, member of the SED, 1952–1954 deputy chairman of the council of Chemnitz and Karl -Marx-Stadt for popular education and culture, then in the diplomatic service of the GDR, 1955–1959 permanent representative of the GDR at the UN Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) in Geneva, head of the International Relations Department in the General Secretariat of the German Red Cross in the GDR (DRK), Secretary of the Albert Schweitzer Committee .
  • Max Zimmering ; born November 16, 1909 in Pirna, died September 15, 1973 in Dresden; Writer, 1928 member of the Communist Youth Association of Germany, joined the KPD in 1929, from 1928 editor for “Arbeiterstimme”, Dresden, “ AIZ ”, Berlin and “ Die Rote Fahne ”, Berlin, 1933 emigrated to Czechoslovakia, later France, Palestine and Great Britain , there editor of the monthly " Freie Deutsche Kultur ", 1946 return, until 1953 editor of " Zeit im Bild ", 1956–1958 association secretary of the writers' association of the GDR, afterwards director of the institute for literature "Johannes R. Becher" in Leipzig, from 1964 Writer in Dresden.

Other personalities

In the literature, various personalities are listed as Jewish personalities (sometimes quite persistently) or as personalities of Jewish origin . This is not the case in detail, as they either converted themselves, had already been baptized into Christianity by their parents or their parents had already converted and this led to the deletion (or non-inclusion) in the registers of the Jewish communities from the outset. This has been opposed to the National Socialist practice since 1933: Through the reduction (and mixing) of descent and religion in the Nazi ideology, Jewish personalities are often listed who only experienced them through this Nazi classification. A designation of Jewish origin, on the other hand, is (often unconsciously) still today based on the same Nazi criteria.

Others, like Victor Klemperer , have been classified as “ valid Jews ” since 1935 and have suffered the same reprisals.

The following personalities belong to it:

  • Felix Holldack ; born October 10, 1880 in Koenigsberg, died May 29, 1944 in Garmisch-Partenkirchen ; Legal scholar , university professor , study of law and philosophy, 1902 dissertation The Canonical-Legal Influences in Marriage Law of the Civil Code. to the Dr. jur. , then in Heidelberg doctorate to Dr. phil. with From the legend and the realm of the Grusinian Queen Tamara. , 1909 Habilitation, private lecturer in law, regular associate professor for international law , legal philosophy and comparative law, 1920 call for law at the Technical University of Dresden, 1934 as a Catholic under Nazi racial laws as a half-Jew, subsequently a private scholar , survived until his death in 1944 by mixed-bred marriage .
  • Fanny Lewald ; as Fanny Marcus geb. March 24, 1811 in Königsberg, died August 5, 1889 in Dresden; Writer, converted to Protestantism in 1829, despite anti-Semitic hostility, published the two novels Clementine and Jenny in 1843 , meeting with Adolf Stahr in Rome in 1845/46 , for several years an unusual struggle for a kind of triangular relationship (only dissolved in 1855), champion of women's emancipation , called for women's unrestricted right to education and commercial work, against the forced marriage of young women and against the ban on divorce , called for numerous articles and novels on these subjects; Fanny-Lewald-Strasse in Kleinzschachwitz .
  • Martin Wilhelm Oppenheim ; born February 1, 1781 in Königsberg , died October 10, 1863 in Dresden; Banker, privateer, sponsor of Gottfried Semper, baptized in 1826, co-owner of the Königsberg trading and banking house Oppenheim & Warschauer , then placed the banking business in the hands of his son Rudolph Oppenheim , initially to Berlin, followed his daughter Elisabeth Grahl to Dresden, belonged in the 19th century . Century was one of the wealthiest residents of Dresden, was a member of a large number of artistic-literary associations, in 1839 and 1845 commissioned Gottfried Semper for two magnificent houses for winter and summer ( Villa Rosa and Palais Kaskel-Oppenheim ), which were typical for several decades of building in Dresden were.
  • large parts of the Kaskel family are not Jewish personalities , including:
    • Carl von Kaskel ; converted in 1844, was the son of Michael Kaskel, from 1867 von Kaskel , from 1869 Freiherr von Kaskel , pseudonym : Carl Lassekk , geb. October 6, 1797 in Dresden, died July 31, 1874 there; Banker, owner of the Kaskel banking house , co-founder of Dresdner Bank , royal Saxon Chamber of Commerce , house banker of the Saxon royal family, financed the German war for Saxony and Austria in 1866 , raised to the Austrian baron status in 1869 , likewise the royal Saxon recognition, 1872 conversion of the Bankhaus Kaskel in Dresdner Bank , Consul General of the Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway .
    • Karl von Kaskel ; Son of Carl von Kaskel, born October 10, 1866 in Dresden, died November 22, 1943 in Berlin; Composer (operas, overtures, songs), after studying in Leipzig and Cologne, professorship in Munich since 1899, living in hiding in Berlin after the Nazi seizure of power , as considered a Jew under Nazi racial laws, died there of a heart attack during a bomb attack.

See also

literature

  • Jews in Dresden. In: Folke Stimmel, Reinhardt Eigenwill a. A .: Stadtlexikon Dresden A-Z . Verlag der Kunst, Dresden and Basel, 1994, ISBN 3-364-00300-9 , pp. 207-208.
  • Dresdner Geschichtsverein (Ed.): Between Integration and Destruction - Jewish Life in Dresden in the 19th and 20th Centuries (= Dresdner Hefte - Contributions to Cultural History. No. 45, 2nd, revised edition, June 2000). Dresden 2000, ISBN 3-910055-34-6 .
  • Kerstin Hagemeyer: Jewish life in Dresden. Exhibition on the occasion of the consecration of the new Dresden synagogue on November 9, 2001. Saxon State Library - Dresden State and University Library, Dresden 2002, ISBN 3-910005-27-6 .
  • Biograms in: Jewish Community of Dresden, State Capital Dresden (Ed.): Once & Now. On the history of the Dresden synagogue and its community . ddp goldenbogen, Dresden 2003, ISBN 3-932434-13-7 , pp. 135-183.
  • Hannes Heer; Jürgen Kesting; Peter Schmidt: Silent voices: the expulsion of the “Jews” and “politically intolerable” from the Dresden theaters 1933 to 1945; an exhibition . Semperoper Dresden and Staatsschauspiel Dresden May 15 to July 13, 2011. Berlin, Metropol 2011, ISBN 978-3-86331-032-5 , short biographies, pp. 120–141.

Web links

  • Biographies of selected personalities who were buried in the New Jewish Cemetery on Juden-in-Mittelsachsen.de
  • Biographies of selected artists who are or were connected with Dresden
  • Online database of persecuted and murdered Dresden Jews of the Saxon Memorials Foundation

Remarks

  1. ↑ Exception: When Dresden was destroyed, the residents of the “Judenhaus” Sporergasse 2, the former community hall of the Jewish community, perished.
  2. ↑ The figures given in the literature differ. For this text they were taken from: Annette Rehfeld-Staudt: Stations of the persecution of Jews in Saxony . On the website of the Saxon State Center for Political Education online , accessed on June 3, 2018