Red (hair color)

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Red-haired child
Red-haired siblings

Red is a hair color that varies from deep mahogany red to copper and strong orange tones to reddish gold tones. The light variants are called red-blonde . The transitions towards maroon on one side and gold blonde on the other are flowing. Exact definitions and names of the various color variations are not always easy and can differ culturally as well as individually, especially in the indicated marginal areas. Just as the perception of other hair and eye colors can be different depending on the environment (the same hair color is often perceived differently and as lighter in southern countries than in northern Europe or northern Germany, for example).

The plant for red hair is called rutilism . Only about one to two percent of the world's population has natural red hair. The most common cause is a variation on chromosome 16 , which leads to a change in the MC1R protein : Instead of dark melanin, there is pheomelanin in the skin, hair and eyes, which also leads to sensitive, light skin that can only tolerate little or no sunlight , and consequently to increased sunburn and freckles tends education. In terms of sensitivity to light , many redheads are relatively close to albinism compared to other hair colors .

Reddish hair, especially red-blonde tones, can darken over time, although mostly not as extreme as with blondes. Red-haired people therefore often have slightly lighter hair as children than in adulthood. The hair color can then appear a little more matt and less luminous. Red-haired gray usually much later than Dark-haired, often only with well over 50 years. The effect is then, at least at the beginning, less 'gray' than especially with dark hair types.

The facial and body hair of red-haired or red-blonde people does not necessarily exactly match the color of the hair on the head, for example eyebrows or eyelashes can be both lighter and darker. Conversely, there is also the phenomenon of a red or reddish beard in men , although the main hair color is different (e.g. brown, blond or dark blond). The most famous example of this was Emperor Friedrich I , who went down in history as Barbarossa (" red beard ") because of his red beard .

Various red colorations of hair occur in the animal kingdom too, e.g. B. in squirrels , deer , foxes , horses , cats , dogs . In mammals, one speaks of the coat color .

term

An only minimally reddish blonde is called strawberry blond (" strawberry blond ") in English

In the German language, the hair color 'red' is not differentiated from the color red , although in truth it is a completely different color. In some other languages, however, there are different words for the color and the hair color, this is about the French word for the color red rouge while the hair color as a roux, and in the feminine as Rousse is called. Similarly, in Portuguese the hair color red is called ruivo , while the color red is vermelho or encarnado . In Kölschen dialect redheaded means foot or Fussich : (actually fox , a red-haired person is a (full color), fuchsig) Fussiger (fem. Fussige ), foot Kopp or Fussköpp (fox's head, redhead), a red-haired child Füsschen (Vulpecula).

Colloquially, even light red-blonde tones or chestnut brown hair with only a small amount of red are often referred to as 'red' in German. In English, different reddish hair colors are linguistically clearly differentiated from one another, the term strawberry blond (literally " strawberry blond ") denotes a blond tone that has only a very slight reddish tinge - a hair color that has no precise definition in Germany. Very dark red is called auburn in English ; it occurs more frequently in southern countries such as Italy or Spain , but also in North Africa and Asia , than in the north. Engl. Ginger ("ginger") refers to a hair color that tends towards orange ; However, the term is also used generally for red hair and tends to have a negative connotation.

In the Renaissance (especially in Italy) people had a preference for reddish-blonde or red-gold hair, hence the term “Titian red”.

distribution

Germany

In a random survey on naturally occurring hair colors in Germany, in which more than 9,000 people (approx. 73 percent women and 27 percent men) took part, the test persons were able to classify their natural hair color themselves, including as “red”, “reddish blonde” "Or" red-brown ". A summary of these three hair colors and a division of Germany into three regions results in the following picture:

A breakdown according to the three individual colors results in the following figures for the three regions:

  • As "red" classified themselves
    • in the north: 1.0% of women and 1.0% of men (1% in total)
    • in the middle: 0.9% of women and 0.6% of men (0.75% in total)
    • in the south: 1.1% of women and 0.4% of men (0.75% in total)
  • As "red-blond" classified themselves
    • in the north: 2.6% of women and 1.6% of men (2.1% in total)
    • in the middle: 2.3% of women and 2.1% of men (2.2% in total)
    • in the south: 2.0% of women and 1.1% of men (1.55% in total)
  • As "red-brown" classified themselves
    • in the north: 2.5% of women and 0.5% of men (1.5% in total)
    • in the middle: 2.5% of women and 1.3% of men (1.9% in total)
    • in the south: 1.7% of women and 1.1% of men (1.4% in total)

These values ​​also result in a very slight gradient towards the south, i.e. H. within Germany, the number of red-haired people tends to decrease slightly from north to south.

Worldwide

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World map of the original occurrence of red hair before European expansion (color: predominant color, red pattern: proportion of redheads)

Redheads occur in many parts of the world, but in very different proportions of the population. According to a worldwide estimate, only about two percent of Germans have a natural red coloration of their hair, compared to four percent of the population in the United States and England . In Papua New Guinea, however, it is only about 0.03 percent.

The highest proportion of redheads is found in northern Europe , especially in the west, in the British Isles . Including Scotland with allegedly 13 percent (around 660,000 people in 2005), Ireland with allegedly around 10 percent (420,000) and Wales also with around 10 percent (around 290,000 people). In England, the percentage of redheads is high in Cornwall , Nottinghamshire and South Yorkshire, as well as in the northern counties.

A study by Britains DNA published in 2013 contradicts these very high numbers (for Scotland, Ireland, Wales) at least in part : According to this, around 6 percent of Scots had red hair at the time, in absolute numbers around 300,000 people - and this is still the case a relatively high rate. Of the English, about 4 percent were red-haired, the equivalent of about 2.1 million people. Following genetic studies on 2,343 people, Britains DNA also published an initial map of redheads in the nations and regions of Great Britain. It turned out that the region around Edinburgh in Scotland can be considered the 'genetic stronghold' of red hair. There, 40% of the population carry one of the three most widespread red-hair genes, so they can have red-haired descendants. In Scotland as a whole the rate was 36.5% (but only 29% in the far north and west), in Ireland it was 34.7% (Southern Irish provinces of Leinster and Munster 38%), in Wales it was 38%, and in England as a whole at 32.4%. The red-hair gene rate in the north of England in the provinces of Yorkshire and Humberside is relatively high at 34.4% - similar to Ireland. East Anglia (on the English east coast) had the lowest values with 21%, and the Midlands with 26% carriers of red-haired genes. However, all of the values ​​mentioned are only minimum values, because rare variants of redhead genes have not been investigated at all - the total numbers are therefore likely to be a little higher. It must also be emphasized that these quotas are all about genetic material and heredity, the actual number of red-haired people is, as mentioned, much lower.

Within the rest of Europe , people with red hair can also be found in the Netherlands , Belgium , Germany , France , Italy , Austria , Switzerland , Spain , Portugal , Russia , the Baltic States and Southeast Europe . In a Danish study, 3.6% of all participants had 'red' hair. In Italy , the incidence of red hair is 0.57% of the total population, and this is the same in all regions of the country - except in Sardinia , where the figure is only 0.24% (as of 2013). Red hair is also found in Jews , and was formerly even considered “typical” - in reality, however, it is a rare feature here too: in 1903, 5.6% of Polish Jews are said to have had red hair. In 1910, according to other studies, 3.69% of Jewish women had red hair, and 10.9% of Jewish men had red beards (which, however, is not the same as hair on their heads).

It's not really known why red and reddish hair are more common in certain regions than others, but different theories have been suggested over and over again. Some think that the distribution area of ​​the redheads coincides with the former peoples' movements of the Celts and Picts , among which some redheads are suspected. The Celts were moved westwards and backwards by the Romans in the British Isles . a. displaced to Ireland, and northward to Scotland. Tacitus already wrote in Agrippa that many of the Caledonians (ancestors of the Scots) had “reddish hair” ( comae rutilae ). The Gauls and the Germanic tribes have not only been described as blond since ancient times, but sometimes also as rutilus (reddish, red-blond).

Uyghur girl with dark red, slightly piebald hair

In the United States, 6 to 18 million people have reddish hair, as well as around 620,000 to 1,030,000 Australians because many of the people there have ancestors from the British Isles. Because of their European descent, redheads are also found in Canada , New Zealand and South Africa .

In addition, people with mostly dark red hair can be found in northern India , in northern parts of the Middle East , and in Pakistan . In Morocco and Algeria , red hair is occasionally found among the Berbers . Redheads are very rare in Japan and the South Pacific .

genetics

Red hair is inherited recessively , which means that even parents who are not red-haired themselves can invisibly carry the predisposition for rutilism and can then pass it on. So even dark-haired or blonde people without any reddish tinge in their hair can have a child with red or reddish hair if they had a red-haired person among their ancestors at some point , and if both partners (parents) have this predisposition. In this case, the chance of having a red-haired child is 25%.

Responsible for red hair and the often related plant for sun sensitive white skin , is primarily the gene MC1R, located on the chromosome is 16, and the sometimes called "ginger gene" (abbreviation of the term Ginger for orange-red Hair). 92 percent of all redheaded people have mutated copies of MC1R. The gene contains the information for the melanocortin-1 receptor , which can lead to different hair colors. Various scientists, including Mark Stoneking and his team at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig (MPI-Eva), found that MC1R occurs in more than 70 different variants, five of which have been identified for red hair are responsible (as of 2012).

The three most common gene variants for red hair are: 151- cysteine red (or R151C ), 160- tryptophan red (or R160W ), and 294- histidine red (or D294H ). Other gene variants are much less frequent, with an allele frequency of use less than 2%. The gene variants 151-cysteine- red and 160-tryptophan- red are about 70,000 years old and presumably both go back to ancestors in West Asia . 294-Histidine -Rot is much younger and probably comes from a European who lived 30,000 years ago.

In addition, experts suspect that at least one other gene - HCL2 on chromosome 4 - could also play a role in red hair color (as of 2012). In further research at the University of Edinburgh, an association study by the UK Biobank (as of 2018) found a total of eight genes that cause a form of red hair. The SNPs on the MC1R are responsible for 73% of the cases. Other loci were found in the POMC gene , which forms the prohormone for alpha-MSH, the ligand for the melanocortin receptor 1. A deficiency in alpha-MSH , like a dysfunctional receptor, can explain the development of red hair. Another SNP points to ASIP , an antagonist of alpha-MSH at the receptor, so that an increased production of ASIP also leads to red hair. Another SNP was found in the HER2 gene, which influences the transcription of OCA2, and a SNP in TSPAN10 that hinders the migration of melanocytes, which can lead to red and blond hair.

According to the English magazine Ginger Parrot , men with a red beard, but who have a different hair color, do not have the MC1R mutation on chromosome 16 in their DNA , but on chromosome 4.

In modern criminology, redheads can be identified one hundred percent using their MC1R gene. A corresponding DNA test was developed by the forensic scientist Manfred Kayser at the Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam . Only 80 percent of brown and blonde hair is detectable, 90 percent of black hair.

In contrast to other hair colors, red hair has a large proportion of the pigment pheomelanin . It is also said that redheads only have around 90,000 hairs, as opposed to blondes and brunettes, which are calculated to be around 100,000 to 120,000 hairs. Instead, the red hair is a lot thicker and sometimes downright "wiry" - but this is less the case with lighter shades of reddish blonde.

Some research suggests that redheads have abnormalities in their pain system, particularly increased sensitivity to pain . Several scientists, including a team led by Edwin Liem of the University of Louisville in the US state Kentucky , found that redheads in anesthesia one to about 20 percent higher anesthesia needs have until they feel no pain. Jeffrey Mogil from McGill University in Montreal and other scientists were also able to show “that red-haired women react more sensitively to cold and heat stimuli.” Overall, however, there are also contradicting results on the pain perception of redheads, and it appears that “certain forms of pain are stronger, others, however, are perceived weaker. "

Since the very light or white skin, which is usually associated with red hair, only has a very small proportion of the dye eumelanin , a higher vitamin D production occurs when exposed to sunlight . The gene for this receptor is also known as the extension locus . In addition, the risk of skin cancer from sun exposure is much higher in redheads (similar to albinos ) than in people with darker skin color, because the UV rays of the sun can more easily penetrate to the cell nuclei and the DNA of the skin cells. This damages the genetic make-up and cancer develops.

Based on a study from 2001 on the ginger gene, the hypothesis was put forward that the Neanderthals may have had red hair and passed on this genetic make-up. A 2007 study analyzing Neanderthals' DNA found that some Neanderthals were actually red-haired, but that this was due to a mutation in the MC1R gene that could not be detected in modern humans.

Different natural shades of red

The hair color of a person is determined by the amount of melanin embedded. Pheomelanin itself initially causes a reddish tone. The relationship to dark eumelanin is decisive - it shows that most Europeans have a slightly reddish color that is masked by eumelanin and is therefore not perceived as red but brown hair. This becomes visible with bleaching , where the dark eumelanin is washed out first and a typical red-tinged undertone appears. A strong red tone, which can also have a brownish tinge, is created when a little eumelanin is embedded in addition to a lot of pheomelanin. As with most blonde and brunette hair, darkening often occurs from childhood to adulthood, with eumelanin gradually becoming more strongly expressed . Even in adulthood, it can still darken.

  • Red-blonde (Breda 2011)

  • bright red or copper red (Breda 2011)

  • dark copper or mahogany red (Sidney 2012)

  • The Jewish activist Jehuda Glick with red hair and beard

  • an udmurt lady with dark red hair (MushNadii)

History, culture, clichés

There were and are numerous ideas and clichés about red-haired people, some of which contradict each other. Darker and stronger or lighter and weaker shades of red also have a slightly different effect and were therefore often classified differently. The symbolism of the color red also plays a subliminal role, or the symbolism of fire , or of metals such as copper or (red) gold .

In history, some rather dark-haired peoples were taken for reddish hair, for example the Romans . The Roman women were enthusiastic about the blond and red-blond hair of the Gallic , Germanic and Celtic prisoners, which they considered 'golden'. They forced her to cut them off so they could make wigs themselves, or tried other means to dye their own hair. In the Arab world there is still a certain preference for red hair. The people of Tripoli use vermilion to dye their hair reddish.

In the Indian Ayurveda reddish hair prone to sunburn and freckles skin to the features of one dosha (or constitutional type ) Pitta , which according to the theory of elements corresponding to the elements of fire and water. The association with flames and fire is also very common in Europe. Turned into the negative, the idea of hellfire is apparently also a superstition that associates red hair with the devil and witches . For example, in Sardinia, where red hair is rare, it is traditionally viewed as a sign of bad luck and a sign of the devil. Although only a few adults in the modern western world seriously believe in such things, these ideas are repeated again and again in the media and sometimes ironically reinterpreted. For example, in a women's journal the headline Red Hair: Club of Devils . The fairy tale of witch-like evil red-haired people only became effective and suggestive for millions of children (and adults) in the coming decades in the truest sense of the word in the film Cinderella - an American high-gloss adaptation of the Cinderella fabric directed by Kenneth Branagh remanufactured where the wicked stepmother ( Cate Blanchett ) and one of the spiteful stepsisters ( Sophie McShera ) have red hair (so 2 ​​out of 3 bad guys); Otherwise the film shines with its rarely one-sided and kitschy hair color clichés: all good, beautiful women (Cinderella, her mother, the good fairy) are light blond , the beautiful prince has dark hair . Nevertheless, the film was not only "received very positively by the critics", the German Youth Media Commission (JMK) of the Federal Ministry of Education also gave Cinderella an unreservedly positive rating , the film contains "no lasting negative elements" and is "recommended as a fairy tale film for all age groups" .

Juan de Juanes : Last Supper (detail). The Spanish painter painted the traitor Judas here with bright red hair.

In the past, red hair was thought to be a typical Jewish trait and there was a legend about the “ red Jews ”. In combination with the clichés of the devil, hell and sin , which were associated with the color red or with red hair, this led to the fact that in medieval and early modern art in Italy and Spain, above all, the "evil" traitor of Christ was seen Judas Iscariot occasionally characterized by glowing red hair, and thereby set him apart from the other disciples (see figure opposite). In scenes such as the capture of Jesus or his mockery , other “evil Jews” and henchmen with red hair were sometimes depicted, for example in a mosaic from the 12th century in St. Mark's Basilica in Venice . In such pictures not only the anti-Judaistic idea was spread that “the Jews” were to blame for the death of Jesus, but also “the redheads”. Generally respected and "sympathetic" Jewish people from the Old Testament , such as B. Abraham , Mose , Jakob , King Solomon u. a., were usually painted with other hair colors - however there are some exceptions (see below: Fine arts).

Later there was an association in other countries and among writers from Shakespeare to Charles Dickens with villainous Jewish characters like Shylock (in: The Merchant of Venice ) and Fagin (in: Oliver Twist ) with red hair. This idea was also known in Russian anti-Semitism .

In contrast to the “negative” associations mentioned above, red-blonde (= 'red-gold') hair in particular was modern in Renaissance Italy (as it was in ancient times). And in the art of the late Middle Ages and Renaissance , this hair color was very often used to represent particularly holy figures such as Christ , Mary or angels (see below).

The above-mentioned association with fire (and heat) also means that the passionate, spirited, “hot-blooded” redhead embodies something like the opposite of the “cool” and “unapproachable” blonde in women . In the modern world, red-haired women are often viewed as "wild, boisterous, and confident" or as "particularly sexually active". The aforementioned clichés are not only projected onto women by men , but are also used in advertising and are often adopted as models by some women who naturally have a different hair color themselves, but dye their hair red.

Redheads in general are supposed to be “cheeky, impulsive and uncomfortable”.

In the 20th century, the figure of the clown also appeared, whose hair is archetypically bright red or orange . Although the typical hair color of clowns is usually completely artificial and has nothing to do with natural red hair, and although the clown is actually a popular figure, he also has a far-reaching and not always positive influence in the world of stereotypes about natural redheads People, especially since various funny characters from the world of children's books and films and comic characters are derived from the clown archetype , such as B. the Pumuckl or Pippi Longstocking . Both characters also have a certain bold cheekiness in common with the clown (see above). The red-haired clown archetype also use (s) some cabaret artists such as Hape Kerkeling and Piet Klocke (see below: red-haired comedy characters).

Studies

Popularity and attractiveness

Red-haired Man (Tyler MacNiven)

In a not yet completed online study by Ronald Henss, more than 15,000 participants have been asked about their "likes and dislikes regarding the hair color of men and women". Around 24 percent of those surveyed were men and 76 percent women. The study was carried out in German and English, with around 43 percent of participants from German-speaking countries (more than 80 percent of them from Germany) and 57 percent from other countries (including most of the USA ). The subjects were asked the following questions:

  • What hair color do you prefer for men?
  • What hair color do you prefer in women?
  • Which hair color do you like the least in men?
  • Which hair color do you like the least in women?

The results show that red men's hair is the most likely to be rejected. Red hair in men was almost never mentioned as the most popular color, and over 60% of both men and women said they liked red hair least in men. Brown hair in men is the most popular, especially from the perspective of women. The assessment of blonde hair in men is ambivalent: blonde was cited roughly equally as the most attractive and the least attractive hair color in both groups.

Red hair in women is also rather unpopular, but the rejection is not as evident as the rejection of red hair in men. More than 40% of men stated that they like red hair the least in women (then blonde follows with almost 30%). About 30% of women like red hair the least; however, around 40% of women name blonde as the hair color they least like about women.

Prejudices about red hair in women

As part of a diploma thesis at the Saarland University , Saarbrücken 2002, Martin Rinck conducted a study under the guidance of Ronald Henss. a. The question was how different hair colors in women affect and are assessed by outside viewers. A total of more than 2,000 test persons were interviewed on the Internet, in a German and an English version (around one third men and two thirds women, around 55 percent German-speaking and 45 percent English-speaking people).

There were some significant results with regard to red hair: Regarding the psychological characteristic emotional lability (“fearful, insecure, self-pitying, oversensitive ...”), red-haired women were assessed as emotionally more stable, blondes the most unstable, brown and black were in between. The test subjects also considered red-haired women "by far" more willing to take risks and more extroverted ("willing to experiment, adventurous, enterprising, creative ...") than other hair colors (black- haired women had the lowest values). Conversely, redheads received the worst values for the characteristic social compatibility (“helpful, fond of children, family-oriented, friendly ...”), so they were classified as relatively socially incompatible (here too, blacks were the opposite pole with the highest values). In other traits such as professional success , discontinuity , femininity / attractiveness and health / youthfulness , red hair did not get any particularly noticeable assignments.

These are not actual characteristics of redheaded women (and other hair colors), just assignments and prejudices . The authors also expressly point out that “these results in no way lay claim to general validity” and that “other results could also occur with other persons to be assessed”.

Discrimination

As a minority with a very conspicuous - and, according to the studies mentioned above, relatively "undesirable" - trait, people with red or reddish hair are and have been repeatedly victims of ridicule, scorn and discrimination , especially in childhood and adolescence, in the past and present and worldwide . In 2012, the UK Center for Equality Policy Research ( CfEPR = Center for Gender Equality Research ) said that redheads suffer more from discrimination than ethnic minorities. It would only be worse with the disabled.

Various people report that as a child they were (not only) used and mocked with terms such as “redhead”, “tomato”, “carrot head” or “carrot”, or even “ fire alarms ” and “ lighthouse ”.

Evelyn de Morgan ; The love potion . The oil painting plays with the cliché of the red-haired witch .

Prejudice , rejection and hatred can also be found in the following well-known and tasteless sayings with which redheads are sometimes belittled: "Better dead than red", or "Red hair, freckles - are the devil's fellows (also: table fellows)". A Dutch saying goes: "Rood hair en een puntige kin, daar zit de duivel in" (German: "Red hair and a pointed chin, there is the devil in there"). The association with the devil, malice and witches is one of the traditional clichés that redheads have to suffer from to this day, but there is no higher rate of persecuted and burned red-haired women during the time of the witch hunt , which peaked in the 16th and 17th centuries provable.

Even characters that were originally meant to be sympathetic, such as the red-haired goblin “ Pumuckl ” or the cheeky “ Pippi Longstocking ”, are turned into spiteful swear words for redheads in the mouths of mocking children . Even in the journalistic field, redheads have to take a lot, so 'wrote' an author who reported on the relatively young Roodharigendag in Breda in 2012 , ironically in the headline of his article: “All my hair is red, red, red”. In Great Britain, redheads are ridiculed as ginger (ginger), ginge or carot-tops (carrot head), not infrequently also in the media.

The characteristic of white skin , which is normally associated with red hair, corresponded to a millennia-old ideal of beauty, at least for women, into the 20th century (freckles not, but these only arise through exposure to the sun). Since the ideal of beauty shifted towards tanned skin in the western world around the middle of the 20th century , white skin has often been shown to be a 'problem', annoying or even ugly , and also a target of more or less gross discrimination ( see also: Lookism ). A natural red woman succinctly describes the insensitive or deliberately humiliating reactions of non-redheads: "My arm is very popular as an object of comparison when friends want to show off their holiday tan."

But in addition to verbal and psychological violence, there are also physical fights, for example another German woman with red hair reports that she “went through hell as a child and in school . ... I was constantly being picked on and bullied by others. And sometimes it got really tough: classmates beat me up, stole me and spat in my face. "

Despite, or perhaps because of, the particularly high rate of redheads, some particularly severe cases of bullying and violence against redheaded people are known from England : In 2003, a 20-year-old was stabbed in the back because he was "ginger" (redheaded). The case of a family with four children in Newcastle upon Tyne who felt compelled to move twice after being repeatedly the victim of ridicule and violence because of their red hair became very famous . Windows were smashed and the family's children were "beaten, kicked and thrown over a hedge." In the same year a British woman was one in a lawsuit damages awarded in excess of 17,000 pounds, after being humiliated at work because of her red hair and sexually harassed. After the incidents, the woman preferred to bleach her hair. In May 2009, a 15-year-old British schoolboy committed suicide after being bullied about his red hair. A health commission had classified the boy as "not suicidal" just the day before. A 14-year-old boy in Lincoln was severely abused by three adult men in 2013 “just because he had red hair”. The three men broke his arm and trampled him on his head in such a way that they later had to put a metal plate on the boy's head. The main offender was sentenced to 5 years and 9 months in prison, the other two to 26 months.

Dandelion Sisters.jpg

A particularly hard and dubious case of hatred redhead occurred in 2008 when a 14-year-old from Vancouver on Facebook a group called "Kick a Ginger" ( "Kick a redhead") founded and on November 20 a "National Kick A Ginger Day ”(“ National Kick a Redhead Day ”) - this group was joined by almost 5,000 people, and there has been evidence of organized violence. The trigger for this action was an episode of the cartoon series South Park , where a character named Cartman describes red-haired people as evil and devilish ("evil") and as soulless ("soulless"). The founder and head of the Facebook group defended himself that it would have been "... everything was just a joke ".

In December 2009, the British supermarket chain Tesco had a Christmas card in their range that showed a child with red hair sitting on Santa's lap with the comment: “Santa loves all children. Even redheads. ”(“ Santa loves all kids. Even ginger ones. ”) After some customers complained about the lack of taste, Tesco apologized that they didn't want to hurt anyone.

The author Roberto Giardina writes that in ancient Egypt the color of red hair was viewed as the unfortunate color and for this reason newborns with red hair were immediately killed. But there is evidence that most people do not want to have a red-haired child even in modern times: In September 2011, Cryos International , one of the largest sperm banks in the world with its headquarters in Denmark , announced that it would no longer accept sperm donations from red-haired men. The director Ole Schou said: "We have nothing against red-haired donors", but Cryos remains seated on the donations made by redheads to date due to a lack of demand. Brown-eyed and Mediterranean donors are popular in Denmark ; in Ireland, on the other hand, red-haired donors would do better.

The English Center for Equality Policy Research ( CfEPR ) introduced in 2012 is also a very clear disadvantage red-headed people on the labor market tight. This is proven by an experiment in which the same application documents with different photos (regarding the hair color) were sent to different companies. Sarah Ahmed, Director of CfEPR , summed up: “An applicant with red hair is seven times more likely to be rejected than one with dark hair, and eight times more often than one with blonde hair. Men with red hair seem particularly disadvantaged. It is a miracle that so many even have a job. "

The prejudice and discrimination to which red-haired boys and men are apparently particularly exposed was taken by the British photographer Thomas Knights (himself chestnut) in 2014 for his photo exhibition "RED HOT 100", which was first shown in New York and later elsewhere . Knights shows 100 red-haired men with bare chests on a turquoise-blue background. The short statements of those portrayed for each picture "reveal their mostly early experiences of bullying, insults and discrimination due to their red hair color". The photographer himself said in an interview that he “asked all of the UK's modeling agencies about red-haired men. There was none...". He also wants to show the film producers that red-haired men look good: “I don't know when the decision was made not to cast men with red hair as heroes. But that has to change. "

Days of the redheads

Redhead Day 2007

As a form of solidarity among redheads, so-called redhead days are celebrated in various places . Since 2005 (with the exception of 2006) on the first weekend in September, the most famous redhead day in the town of Breda in the Netherlands has taken place on the initiative of the artists Bart Rouwenhorst and Jos Vogelpoel. A Redhead Day was also launched in England and will take place for the fifth time on May 19, 2018. In May 2012 there was the first Italian meeting "Rossitalia" ("Red Italy") in Milan , where a hundred red-haired Italians met in front of the Milan Cathedral . In 2017, the red-haired magazine MC1R organized a German red-haired day in Hamburg for the first time, a second is to follow in 2018.

Visual arts

Fra Angelico : Pala Strozzi , detail of the Descent from the Cross . Jesus and his favorite disciple, Saint John , are red-blond here.

Reddish or reddish-blond hair was very popular in painting for centuries and was used not only as interesting color accents, but also often symbolically , especially in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance . Occasionally, medieval depictions found by devils with glut -rotem Hair, z. B. in Luca Signorelli's fresco of the damned (around 1500) in Orvieto Cathedral ; However, these are not human figures, but deliberately bizarre figures with partly gray or green skin. It has already been mentioned above that in Italian and Spanish medieval art the Christ traitor Judas Iscariot or similar 'evil Jews' were sometimes depicted with glowing red hair in order to characterize them as creatures caught in the clutches of the devil. Overall, such representations are not very common, they lasted the longest in the Spain of the Reconquista , and even there only occasionally until the 16th century.

Other 'sympathetic' Jewish figures from the Old Testament were sometimes depicted as red-haired, but here the painters chose realistic, lighter shades of red or red-blonde that were perceived as beautiful, not the dark 'glowing red' hair colors that are found in malicious figures. This concerns, for example, King David , who was actually referred to as "red" or "red-haired" in the original Hebrew text of the Bible ( 1 Sam 16:12  HFA ) (see below: Literature). However, it was relatively rarely painted in this way, for example by baroque artists such as Rubens in The Meeting of David and Abigail (different versions in: Detroit Institute of Arts and Getty Center Los Angeles) and by his student Erasmus Quellinus II in David playing the harp King Saul (ca.1635, Szépművészeti Múzeum Budapest), or by Jacob van Oost the Elder. Ä. in the painting David with the head of Goliath (c. 1648, Hermitage , Saint Petersburg). Other biblical figures, such as B. King Solomon , were sometimes depicted with red hair, examples are again from Rubens or from Cornelis de Vos . In Rubens' Judgment of Solomon (c. 1617, Statens Museum for Kunst , Copenhagen), however, not only the wise king has beautiful red hair, but also the wrong and heartless' mother '- so here you can find examples of in one and the same picture a positive figure and for the stereotype that red hair is a sign of malice.

A hundred years earlier, Lucas Cranach the Elder also dealt with the same topic . Ä. in his painting The Judgment of Salomonis (approx. 1537, Gemäldegalerie Berlin), and he represented a kind of 'twisted world' where King Solomon and all other figures have the same red hair color, except for a few white-haired old people and except for the wrong mother , to whom he gave brownish hair - apparently with the idea that "all Jews" had red hair and therefore one can recognize the wrong mother solely by her darker hair color (and by the green dress, while the others wear red robes).

Nicolas Poussin : Rebecca at the Well , ca.1648, Louvre. At least five women with reddish hair in various shades.

The French baroque painter Nicolas Poussin , who created many pictures based on Old Testament themes, repeatedly and (unrealistic) often used red or reddish hair, for example in Rebecca at the fountain ( Rebecca et Eliézer ; approx. 1648, Louvre ) both have the main character Rebekah, and several other women with reddish hair tones - albeit in cleverly graded different nuances and with a very aesthetic effect. The same applies to Poussin's The Triumph of David (1631–1633; Dulwich Picture Gallery ), and The Finding of Moses (c. 1647, Louvre), as well as several similar works by this artist.

Very often in the late Middle Ages from at least around 1300 many painters depicted both Jesus and the Virgin Mary , as well as angels and saints , with red-blonde or reddish ' golden ' hair (see also: red gold ). This applies e.g. B. for Italian painters of the Trecento such as Lippo Memmi , Simone Martini , Ambrogio Lorenzetti , Lorenzo Monaco , and also for later painters such as Giovanni Bellini , Rosso Fiorentino or Fra Angelico , who for example in his coronation of Mary ( Louvre , Paris) Christ himself, some angels and depicted some saints with a whole range of finely graded reddish hair colors.

In Flemish, French and German painting, too, the Virgin Mary and the baby Jesus (or the adult Jesus), Saint Mary Magdalene and, again and again, angels often appear with 'red-gold' or reddish hair, for example in Jean Malouel , Jan van Eyck , Rogier van der Weyden , Petrus Christ , Hans Memling , Jan Provoost , Gerard David , Juan de Flandes , Hieronymus Bosch and Hans Holbein the Elder . A very famous example of a German painter is the Madonna in the Rosenhag by Stefan Lochner , where the Madonna, the baby Jesus and some angels have reddish-blond hair (see gallery below). The long-forgotten French painter Enguerrand Quarton also painted a particularly spectacular red-haired Madonna in his brightly colored Coronation of the Virgin (around 1454; Musée Pierre-de-Luxembourg in Villeneuve-lès-Avignon ).

In addition, women with reddish or even more often reddish-blond hair were a common motif. This is particularly true of the Renaissance painters, especially since red-blonde tones were seen as “golden” hair, especially in Italy. A well-known example is the birth of Venus by Botticelli , where the hair color of Venus is a reddish golden blonde and other figures also have red hair, or for his painting Primavera , where he again depicted Venus and two of the three Graces with different reddish hair tones. By Titian , the so-called Titian red is named, although this hair color does not occur to him for the first time and rather rare.

From the 16th century on, when painting became more and more realistic and individual, red hair was depicted significantly less often outside of portrait painting (e.g. portraits of Henry VIII , Mary Tudor or Elizabeth I of England).

In the late 19th century, the impressionist Pierre Auguste Renoir had a noticeable predilection for red-blonde women, and actress Jeanne Samary also sat as his model several times . Also, Amedeo Modigliani and Gustav Klimt often painted red-haired women. The Pre-Raphaelites also had a preference for red hair . In his painting Christ in the House of His Parents, John Everett Millais even dared to paint the adolescent Jesus and his mother with red hair, actually adopting the customs of the early Italian Renaissance - albeit in a very realistic way - but the painting resolved in the Victorian England caused a terrible scandal, and the writer Charles Dickens drooled in a hateful criticism: "A hideous, crooked-necked, flaming redhead in a nightgown"; and Millais' red-haired Maria he called a. a. as a "monster" (see gallery below).

Albrecht Dürer : Self-Portrait, 1498, Prado
Annibale Carracci : Self-Portrait, around 1590
Joos van Cleve : Self-Portrait, 1519
Rembrandt : Self-Portrait, around 1642

A few painters had reddish hair themselves, so Albrecht Dürer posed himself with long reddish-blond hair in his self-portraits from 1493 and 1498 ( Prado , Madrid), but his hair seems to have darkened later because he is on one of the old ones today Pinakothek (Munich) a few years later with a much darker and hardly reddish hair color. Gerard David (in: The Virgin among Virgins , around 1509, Musée des Beaux-Arts , Rouen), Joos van Kleve the Elder on his self-portrait from 1519 ( Museo Thyssen Bornemisza , Madrid) and Joachim Wtewael on a self-portrait also had clearly red hair from 1601 in the Centraal Museum Utrecht , as well as the Dutch baroque painter Gerard ter Borch (self-portrait 1668, Mauritshuis , The Hague). Ter Borch also often painted red-haired people - and not just women - for whom his family members (especially his daughter and son) served as models. On his youthful self-portrait from 1619/20, Anthony van Dyck painted himself with chestnut-colored hair ( Hermitage St. Petersburg) - his hair no longer appears reddish in later self-portraits (including around 1633, private collection), but his beard and eyebrows are dark copper-red. The miniaturist Nicholas Hillier (self-portrait, 1577, Victoria & Albert Museum , London), Hendrick Goltzius (self-portrait 1600, Albertina , Vienna), Annibale Carracci (self-portrait, around 1595–1600, Uffizi , Florence) and Rembrandt ( on several self-portraits, including 1629, Boston , and 1640, National Gallery , London). In the 19th century Vincent van Gogh depicted himself in numerous self-portraits with a red beard and eyebrows. William Holman Hunt (self-portrait 1875, Uffizi, Florence), Carl Olaf Larsson (self-portrait 1906, Uffizi, Florence) and Alberto Giacometti ( Self-Portrait, 1921, Kunsthaus Zürich ).

  • Fra Angelico : Coronation of the Virgin , 1430–1435 (detail with angels and saints), Louvre

Film and media

With the advent of color film, red-haired actresses sometimes became interesting for the film industry from the 1940s onwards. Some actresses dyed their hair red, which probably contributed to their success. In the game, they often embodied the clichés of redheads: mysterious, inscrutable, passionate, fiery, spirited and seductive, sometimes also argumentative. Examples of actresses whose red hair became their trademark even though it was only colored are: Rita Hayworth , Maureen O'Hara , Deborah Kerr , Shirley MacLaine and, in the German-speaking area, Senta Berger . Examples of actresses whose hair was or is naturally reddish are: Katharine Hepburn (maroon), Isabelle Huppert , Nicole Kidman and Tilda Swinton . The latter two, however, both bleached their natural color at some point, presumably to be more versatile, and in the case of Kidman also to correspond more to the modern image of a classic blonde and beauty; it changes the color from light blonde to reddish golden blonde.

In the case of female characters in particular, film and theater often use the special aura of red hair, even though they are often only colored:

In one of the very first color films, the fairy-tale musical The Wizard of Oz (1939), Judy Garland's dark red hair was shown to its best advantage.

One of the most famous redheads is Astrid Lindgren 's children's book character Pippi Longstocking , who was perfectly played in several films by little Inger Nilsson with bright red pigtails (1969, 1970 , 1971 ). At the same time, with the character of the small, cheeky, and bear-strong Pippi, who cannot and does not want to behave properly (to the delight of the audience), a foolish old cliché about redheads was spread - albeit in a funny way and in a lovable representation . Conversely, the actually dark-haired Michèle Mercier became the beautiful Angélique with the help of red and gold hair in several film adaptations of the novel of the same name by Anne Golon (1964–1968). Both of the actresses mentioned have never completely shed the image of these film characters (and their hair color).

A rare case of a male hero with reddish hair was the loving dwarf and wizard Willow in the 1988 fantasy film of the same name , played by Warwick Davis ; The movie baby Elora, who is in danger and is rescued by Willow, is also red-haired.

In Jane Campion's moving film biography An Angel at My Blackboard (1990) played a. a. Kerry Fox with tousled red hair, the highly sensitive, very shy New Zealand author Janet Frame , who was falsely diagnosed as schizophrenic and tragically spent several years of her life in mental hospitals .

Virginia Woolf's androgynous heroine Orlando was played in 1992 by the natural red Tilda Swinton. In the award-winning film Titanic , Kate Winslet wore a red-haired wig as the rebellious and romantic main character Rose, just like Frances Fisher , the actress who played her coldly calculating mother. Artificially bright red hair was the trademark of Franka Potente in Lola Run in 1999 ; The successful German film was so popular in England that hairdressing salons offered the hair color Lola red . Two beautiful red-haired girls play a key role in the film Perfume - The Story of a Murderer (2006), based on the famous bestseller by Patrick Süskind (see below).

In the Harry Potter films (2001–2011), Rupert Grint , who is red-blonde by nature, became world-famous as the protagonist's sympathetic best friend. In the well-known television series Downton Abbey there are several people with (mostly artificial) reddish hair: Above all , Edith, played by Laura Carmichael - the troubled "ugly duckling" of the family - and her aunt Rosamond, played by Samantha Bond , as well as the House servant Alfred.

Also worth mentioning are several films about the life of Queen Elizabeth I of England , who was actually auburn, sometimes bright red in films: The Virgin Queen (1955) with Bette Davis (as a particularly ugly Elisabeth), the two Elisabeth , are particularly well known -Films with Cate Blanchett ( 1998 and 2007 ), and Helen Mirren's portrayal in a 2006 two-parter .

Just like in the known comics by Uderzo and Goscinny has Obelix , the best friend of Asterix , in all Asterix cartoons and feature films with Gerard Depardieu red hair. The protagonist Ginger Foutley of the cartoon series Gingers Welt is also red-haired and, appropriately, red-haired in English is called ginger haired , so that she has a descriptive name .

In the fairy tale film Cinderella (2015), Cate Blanchett as a beautiful, wicked stepmother and Sophie McShera as one of the nasty stepsisters have red hair. As noted above in the “Clichés” chapter, this very one-sided characterization warms up the old hair color cliché of 'vicious red-haired witches' and spreads it on a large scale. A particularly unfortunate derailment since the film is primarily intended for children. In the famous cartoon from 1950, an angry stepsister also had (very artificial) red hair, but the stepmother was an ugly old woman with dark gray hair. The red-haired witch cliché is also used in the Hollywood film Magic Sisters (1998), where several generations of a family of - after all good and lovable - "witches" often have red hair (next to dark hair - but never blonde). The main roles are played by Nicole Kidman, who was then still natural red and dark-haired Sandra Bullock .

Other films in which redheads play a special role are Tatort: ​​Rot - rot - tot (1978), Red Sonja (1985), The fifth element (1997), In the Cut (2003), The Empire of the Wolves (2005) , The Red Zora (2008) and Merida - Legend of the Highlands (2012).

Well-known personalities who dyed their hair red

Known real redheads

Redheads in literature

Erasmus Quellinus II .: David plays the harp in front of King Saul , ca.1635 (detail). The 17th century painter already knew that David was red-haired ( 1 Sam 16.12  HFA ).

Red-haired clowns and comedy characters

Charlie Rivel 1967
  • The costume of the famous Spanish clown Charlie Rivel included a wig with a red fringe of hair.
  • Hape Kerkeling started his TV career in 1985 with his red-haired, cheeky and sadistic child character Hannilein .
  • The cabaret artist Piet Klocke became known to a wide audience as the red-haired, gaunt and absent-minded Professor Schmitt-Hindemith .
  • In the United States, the stage character Carrot Top of the red-haired comedian and American Comedy Award winner Scott Thompson has been a popular appearance on numerous television and stage shows since the early 1990s.
  • Kyle Broflovski, cartoon character from South Park . The series also deals in the episode In the Body of the Enemy with the topic of red-haired people.
  • Oliver Pocher's role as the red-haired society expert Sylvia Constanze von Weischenhirn from the Oliver Pocher Show .
  • Laura Prepons role as Donna Pinciotti in the American series The 70s .

Haircolor

Emphasizes artificial red tone

Vegetable dyes have been used to dye textiles for thousands of years, but hair has also been colored. For example, an Egyptian mummy from the 14th century BC Chr. Hair dyed with henna can be detected. Depending on the desired tone, plant parts such as walnut shell , indigo , rhubarb root , blueberry , coffee or tea are added. In many cases, however, no completely natural effects can be achieved with henna.

With chemical coloring agents, depending on the dyeing technique, somewhat natural-looking effects can be achieved, but towards the end of the 20th century, consciously unnatural and garish hair colors came onto the market that are based on shades such as bright red or orange (like blue, green, etc.) gives); A trigger for this was the aforementioned film Run Lola Run with Franka Potente.

Natural red hair itself is relatively difficult to dye, and the results cannot always be precisely estimated in advance.

literature

See also

Web links

Commons : Red Hair  - album with pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ fussich in the hands- on dictionary of the LVR Institute for Regional Studies and Regional History, viewed on May 9, 2018.
  2. ↑ Fusskopp -köpp in the Kölsch dictionary, viewed on May 9, 2018.
  3. ↑ The summarizing figures were calculated from the individual table values ​​at Ronald Henss: whether blond, whether black, whether brown ... preferences for hair colors. Results of an online investigation . Section incidence of hair colors . Henss emphasizes that the classification is based on self-reported information and therefore no claim to full representativeness exists.
  4. ↑ Ronald Henss: Whether blond, whether black, whether brown ... preferences for hair colors. Results of an online investigation . Section incidence of hair colors .
  5. ↑ a b c Auslan Cramb: Edinburgh is surprise capital of redheaded Britain and Ireland , in: The Telegraph , August 24, 2013, viewed May 16, 2018
  6. ↑ a b c d e Britains DNA Announces the Results of the Red-Head Project ( PDF ), p. 2.
  7. ↑ a b c d Britains DNA Announces the Results of the Red-Head Project ( PDF )
  8. ^ "There are various other red-head variants, but all are rare with an allele frequency below 2%. Therefore these estimates are minimum figures, which could rise by a few% if all rare redhead variants were included. "In: Britains DNA Announces the Results of the Red-Head Project ( PDF ), p. 5.
  9. ↑ Apparently no distinction was made between red-blonde, red or red-brown. Lock-Andersen, J., Wulf, HC & Knudstorp, ND (1998). Interdependence of eye and hair color, skin type and skin pigmentation in a Caucasian population. Acta Dermato-Venerologica, 78, 214-219. online examination ", seen on May 15, 2018. Please click on" Hair color and eye color "in the left field!
  10. ↑ Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Antonio Moroni, Gianna Zei: Consanguinity, Inbreeding, and Genetic Drift in Italy , Princeton University Press, February 15, 2013, p. 270
  11. ↑ Elkind: Evrei Trudi Antropologitshes-kavo Amdilla , xxi, Moscow, the 1,903th
  12. ^ Maurice Fishberg: Jews, race & environment , 99, Transaction Publishers, 1911, ISBN 978-1-4128-0574-2 I.
  13. ↑ Tacitus: Agricola , Chapter XI: “Ethnography of Britain, Origin of Men”, [1] , viewed May 19, 2018
  14. ^ "The physical characteristics of the Teutons" , seen on May 19, 2018
  15. ↑ "Ginger" genes perhaps older than Homo sapiens ( memento from July 17, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ) - Report at 3sat .online (archive version from 2012)
  16. ↑ Neanderthals did not mix with people - report on ORF .at
  17. ↑ Ian J. Jackson, Albert Tenesa, David Sims, Jonathan Rees, Oriol Canela-Xandri: Genome-wide study of hair color in UK Biobank explains most of the SNP heritability . In: Nature Communications . tape 9 , no. 1 , December 10, 2018, ISSN  2041-1723 , p. 5271 , doi : 10.1038 / s41467-018-07691-z ( nature.com [accessed January 10, 2019]).
  18. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Pia Heinemann : What makes redheads painfully unique .welt.de, March 11, 2012.
  19. ^ Britains DNA Announces the Results of the Red-Head Project ( PDF ), p. 5.
  20. ↑ a b Eight genes color hair red . In: Aerzteblatt . December 14, 2018.
  21. ^ Ginger Parrot website : online , viewed May 2, 2018
  22. ↑ From: “Redheads are difficult to anaesthetize”, in: Spiegel, October 16, 2002, seen online on April 30, 2018
  23. ^ Red Heads Suffer More. In: New Scientist . October 15, 2002.
  24. ↑ From: Sophia Münder: Redheads give doctors a riddle , in: NDR.de, August 6, 2016, online , seen on April 30, 2018
  25. ↑ Red hair a legacy of Neanderthal man
  26. ↑ Red-Heads and Neanderthals . May 2001. Archived from the original on October 18, 2005. Retrieved October 28, 2005.
  27. ↑ Nicole's hair secrets . In: The Daily Telegraph , February 10, 2002. Archived from the original on December 11, 2005. Retrieved November 2, 2005. 
  28. ^ Paul Rincon: Neanderthals 'were flame-haired' , BBC. October 25, 2007. Retrieved September 21, 2013. 
  29. ↑ Burkhard Strassmann: “All my hair is red, red, red” (about the Roodharigendag in Breda), in: Die Zeit No. 37, September 6, 2012, online , seen on May 2, 2018
  30. ↑ Roland White: "Carrot tops, let's root out this 'ginger hate'", online , in: The Times , April 1, 2012 (viewed May 16, 2018)
  31. ↑ Article in: Glamor , Red Hair: Club of the Devils ( Memento from May 8, 2018 in the Internet Archive ), seen on May 8, 2018
  32. ↑ Of course it is only about wigs or colored hair. In the cartoon, only one wicked stepsister had (very artificial) red hair, the stepmother was dark gray.
  33. ↑ online , viewed June 2, 2018
  34. ↑ "Judas's Red Hair and The Jews", in: Journal of Jewish Art (9), Melinnkoff RM, 1982, pp. 31-46
  35. ↑ La Basilica di San Marco a Venezia , (a cura di Ettore Vio), Scala, Florenz 1999, (Italian), p. 124 and illustration on p. 126–127. The scenes mentioned are located on the arch between the resurrection dome and the Pentecostal dome directly below the crucifixion; In addition to the red-haired Judas, five out of 8 soldiers also had red or reddish hair tones in the capture ; In the adjacent Ecce Homo scene, three out of five mockers are red-haired. These hair colors do not appear in other comparable scenes.
  36. ↑ Shakespeare and the Mediterranean: the selected proceedings of the International Shakespeare Association World Congress , ( Theaters and Performances ), Valencia, 2001, (University of Delaware Press, 2004), p. 40
  37. ^ Betty N. Hoffman: Jewish hearts: a study of dynamic ethnicity in the United States and the Soviet Union , SUNY Press, 2001, p. 106
  38. ↑ Article in: Glamor , "Red Hair: Club of Devils" ( Memento from May 8, 2018 in the Internet Archive ), seen on May 8, 2018
  39. ↑ a b c d Tina Kaiser: How different it is to live as a redhead welt.de, September 29, 2010.
  40. ↑ See: Glamor , "Red Hair: Club of Devils" ( Memento of May 8, 2018 in the Internet Archive ), seen on May 8, 2018
  41. ↑ a b c d Ronald Henss: Summary of the results of an online survey on hair color preferences , accessed on January 25, 2019.
  42. ^ A b c Ronald Henss: Hair color and personality impression , summary of a diploma thesis at the University of Saarland (Saarbrücken 2002).
  43. ↑ Roland White: "Carrot tops, let's root out this 'ginger hate'", online , in: The Times , April 1, 2012 (viewed May 16, 2018)
  44. ↑ Also in Italian "carota". Burkhard Strassmann: "All my hair is red, red, red" (about the Roodharigendag in Breda), in: Die Zeit No. 37, September 6, 2012, online , seen on May 2, 2018
  45. ↑ Burkhard Strassmann: “All my hair is red, red, red” (about the Roodharigendag in Breda), in: Die Zeit No. 37, September 6, 2012, online , seen on May 2, 2018
  46. ↑ In reference to the well-known song "Red, red, red are all my clothes". Burkhard Strassmann: "All my hair is red, red, red" (about the Roodharigendag in Breda), in: Die Zeit No. 37, September 6, 2012, online , seen on May 2, 2018
  47. ↑ "Carrot-Tops: Being red not so easy" , ABC News 2007 (viewed on May 3, 2018)
  48. ↑ Nele Justus: “This is my life as a redhead” (experience report), in: Barbara.de (Brigitte), [2] , seen on May 2, 2018
  49. ↑ "Ginger hair sparks stabbing" , BBC News, November 24, 2003 (viewed May 3, 2018)
  50. ↑ "Red-haired family forced to move" , BBC News, June 2, 2007 (viewed May 3, 2018)
  51. ↑ The case is also mentioned in Tina Kaiser: How different it is to live as a redhead welt.de, September 29, 2010.
  52. ↑ "Woman wins ginger jibes tribunal" , BBC News, June 25, 2007 (viewed May 3, 2018)
  53. ↑ "Schoolboy bullied over ginger hair hanged himself" , in: Daily Telegraph, May 12th 2009
  54. ↑ "'Red hair revenge' attack on Lincoln boy sees men jailed" , BBC News, April 16, 2013 (as of May 3, 2018)
  55. ↑ Matthew Moore: "Facebook 'Kick a Ginger' campaign prompts attacks on redheads" , in: The Daily Telegraph, November 22, 2008, London (viewed May 3, 2018)
  56. ^ "Tesco apologises over 'ginger jibe' Christmas card" , in: BBC News, December 14, 2009 (viewed May 3, 2018)
  57. ↑ Roberto Giardina: Lob der Rothaarigen, 1997, p. 27. Here after: Julia Steblau: Red hair - a curse and blessing, master's thesis, Potsdam, Grin: [3] , (footnote 13), seen on May 2, 2018
  58. ↑ Lesley Ciarula Taylor: "Sperm bank can't find takers for red-haired genes" , In: The Star , Toronto, September 20, 2011 (viewed May 3, 2018)
  59. ↑ “A job applicant with ginger hair is seven times more likely to be rejected than a dark-haired applicant, and eight times more likely than a fair-haired applicant. Men with ginger hair seem to be particularly disadvantaged. It's amazing that so many have jobs. ”. Roland White: "Carrot tops, let's root out this 'ginger hate'", online , in: The Times , April 1, 2012 (viewed May 16, 2018)
  60. ↑ "Cloudy weather could have caused Celts' red hair" , in: Irish Central , June 30, 2017 (viewed May 16, 2018)
  61. ↑ Victoria Windtner: "Men with red hair: discriminated, bullied, erotic and strong -" RED HOT 100 "by Thomas Knights", (article on book with photo series (originally exhibition) by Thomas Knights (among others): RED HOT 100, Bruno Gmünder GmbH, 2014), February 22, 2015, online , seen on May 2, 2018
  62. ↑ Simon Broll: “RED HOT photographer Thomas Knights - We need a red-haired James Bond” (interview with Thomas Knights, about the original exhibition in New York and book with photo series): RED HOT 100, Bruno Gmünder GmbH, 2014), in : Spiegel online, September 9, 2014 [4] , seen on May 2, 2018
  63. ↑ Entry on the website of the web magazine Ginger Parrot : online , as seen on May 2, 2018
  64. ↑ Website for “Redhead Day UK 2018” on May 19, 2018 , viewed on May 2, 2018
  65. ↑ Burkhard Strassmann: “All my hair is red, red, red” (about the Roodharigendag in Breda), in: Die Zeit No. 37, September 6, 2012, online , seen on May 2, 2018
  66. ↑ Entry on MC1R's website , viewed May 2, 2018
  67. ↑ Interview with Bishop Joachim Wanke: David now has red hair , in: kathisch.de , April 29, 2016, seen on May 13, 2018.
  68. ↑ Unfortunately, this feature has been changed in various Bible translations, especially in the Luther Bible , where it was referred to as "brownish" and still is in the 2017 version. Various translations can be found on Bibeltext.com , viewed May 13, 2018.
  69. ^ Günter Metken: Pre-Raphaelites (1973/74), p. 113
  70. ↑ These and all of the self-portraits mentioned below can be viewed in: 500 Self-portraits , with an introduction by Julian Bell, Phaidon, London, 2000.
  71. ↑ [5] , viewed May 13, 2018.
  72. ↑ Various translations can be found on Bibeltext.com , viewed May 13, 2018.
  73. ↑ Luther Bible 2017: online , viewed May 13, 2018.
  74. ↑ Interview with Bishop Joachim Wanke: "David has red hair now" , in: kathisch.de , April 29, 2016, seen on May 13, 2018.
  75. ↑ Coloring hair with vegetable dyes