List of Nobel Prize Winners
The list of Nobel Prize winners shows everyone who has received a Nobel Prize in Physics , Chemistry , Physiology or Medicine , Literature and Peace since 1901 . In addition, the winners of the Alfred Nobel Memorial Prize for Economics , which was awarded for the first time in 1969 and which was donated by the Swedish Reichsbank and awarded together with the Nobel Prizes, are also listed.
History and modalities
The foundation stone for the Nobel Prize was laid by Alfred Nobel , who in his will decreed the establishment of a prize that was to be financed from the interest of his assets and awarded in five equally high-end categories. This led to the establishment of the Nobel Foundation .
The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences , the Karolinska Institute , the Swedish Academy and the Norwegian Nobel Prize Committee to individuals and organizations for excellence in the fields of physics , chemistry , physiology or medicine , literature and peace . In addition, the Swedish Reichsbank donated the Alfred Nobel Memorial Prize for Economics in 1968 .
A specific committee is responsible for each prize. The Royal Academy of Sciences awards the Physics , Chemistry and Alfred Nobel Memorial Prize for Economics , the Karolinska Institute the Physiology or Medicine Prize , the Swedish Academy the Nobel Prize for Literature , and the Norwegian Nobel Committee the Nobel Peace Prize . Each winner receives a medal, a certificate and a cash prize, the amount of which has changed over the years. In 1901, each award was endowed with 150,782 Swedish kronor, which would correspond to a value of 7,799,542 kroner (as of December 2008). Since 2017 the prize money has been 9 million crowns. The award ceremony takes place annually on the anniversary of Nobel's death on December 10th in Stockholm and Oslo.
In the years 1901–2017, 813 individuals and 24 organizations received the Nobel Prize. In addition, 79 people received the Alfred Nobel Memorial Prize for Economics . Four Nobel Prize winners have been forced by their governments to refuse acceptance. The Germans Richard Kuhn (chemistry, 1938), Adolf Butenandt (chemistry, 1939), and Gerhard Domagk (physiology or medicine, 1939) were forbidden by the National Socialist regime to accept the award. The Soviet Union forced Boris Pasternak (Literature, 1958) to reject his award. Two laureates , Jean-Paul Sartre (Literature, 1964) and Lê Đức Thọ (Peace, 1973), rejected the award. Since Sartre refused all official honors, he did not accept the Nobel Prize either. Lê Ðức Thọ rejected him because of the situation in Vietnam at the time. Six laureates have received multiple awards ( John Bardeen , Marie Curie , Linus Pauling , Frederick Sanger , the International Red Cross and the UNHCR ). The International Committee of the Red Cross (Peace, 1917, 1944, 1963) was among the winners three times, more often than any other .
54 of the 923 Nobel Prize winners were women. The first woman to be awarded a Nobel Prize was Marie Curie (Physics, 1903 and Chemistry, 1911).
In the years in which no prize was awarded due to special events or a lack of worthy nominations, the prize money flowed back into the respective foundation fund. This was often the case in both world wars. In the years 1940–1942 the award was completely stopped. The last time a prize was not awarded was in 1972. In 2018 the Nobel Prize for Literature was not awarded due to an internal crisis in the Swedish Academy , the awarding of the award to Olga Tokarczuk was rescheduled in 2019.
Award winners
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See also
- List of lists of Nobel Prize winners
- List of Nobel Prize winners from individual countries
- List of Nobel Laureates
- List of Nobel Laureates in Physics
- List of Nobel Prize Winners in Chemistry
- List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine
- List of Nobel Prize Winners in Literature
- List of Nobel Peace Prize Laureates
- List of laureates in economics
- Share of women in Nobel Prizes
Web links
- The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (English)
- The official site of the Nobel Foundation Nobelprize.org (English)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Alfred Nobel. In: Nobelprize.org. Nobel Foundation, accessed June 17, 2010 .
- ↑ a b Nobel Prizes. In: Nobelprize.org. Nobel Foundation, accessed June 17, 2010 .
- ↑ Awarders. In: Nobelprize.org. Nobel Foundation, accessed June 17, 2010 .
- ^ The Nobel Prize Amounts. In: Nobelprize.org. Nobel Foundation, accessed December 10, 2017 .
- ^ The ceremonies. In: Nobelprize.org. Nobel Foundation, accessed June 17, 2010 .
- ↑ a b c Facts. In: Nobelprize.org. Nobel Foundation, accessed October 9, 2014 .
- ↑ Nobel Prize awarded women. Retrieved October 28, 2019 (American English).
- ^ Nobel Prizes 1942. In: Nobelprize.org. Nobel Foundation, accessed December 10, 2017 .
- ↑ Why the Nobel Prize for Literature will not be awarded this year . kurier.at, May 4, 2018.
- ↑ The Nobel Prizes in Literature for 2018 and 2019 In: Nobelprize.org. Nobel Foundation, accessed January 11, 2019
- ↑ For this list, the common name form of the Nobel Prize winners was adopted from the official website of the Nobel Foundation and the common German name of the organizations was used. Award winners. In: Nobelprize.org. Nobel Foundation, accessed June 17, 2010 .
- ↑ a b c Since the three laureates, Richard Kuhn, Adolf Butenandt and Gerhard Domagk, were forbidden to accept the Nobel Prize in 1938 and 1939, they did not receive any monetary amount in accordance with the statutes, but the medal and certificate were presented in later years.
- ↑ In 1948 no Nobel Peace Prize was awarded. Mahatma Gandhi died before the nomination period expired and could therefore no longer be awarded posthumously. There was also no successor organization that could have been awarded, so the decision was made not to award the award because there was no suitable living candidate. Gandhi. In: Nobelprize.org. Nobel Foundation, accessed June 17, 2010 .
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↑ a b c
Boris Pasternak had to reject his award in 1958 under pressure from the Soviet government.
In 1964, Jean Paul Sartre turned down his prize for literature.
In 1973 Lê Đức Theh rejected the Nobel Peace Prize. Facts. In: Nobelprize.org. Nobel Foundation, accessed October 7, 2014 . - ↑ On the morning of October 3, 2010, the Nobel Prize Committee at the Karolinska Institute announced Steinman as one of three winners in the Physiology / Medicine category, but only learned afterwards that Steinman had died on September 30. The statutes for the Nobel Prize provide that the prize may not be awarded posthumously unless the winner dies between the announcement and the award ceremony. The Nobel Foundation, however, left it to the decision, since the purpose of the rule was to prevent an intentional posthumous award. Steinman was allowed to receive the award. His widow took it. Ralph Steinman Remains Nobel Laureate. In: Nobelprize.org. Nobel Foundation, accessed March 20, 2013 .