Initiatives against right-wing extremism in Germany

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Tidyman symbol against right-wing extremism

Initiatives against right-wing extremism in Germany are political organizations and projects that are directed against right-wing extremism in Germany . Many of these have emerged since 1990 in response to racist and xenophobic attacks and murders. Even before that, there were initiatives and organizations in the awareness of the existing neo-Nazism , racism , anti-Semitism , right-wing extremist parties , right-wing extremist networks , as well as existing but long played down right- wing terrorism (single perpetrator thesis) and the victims of right-wing extremist violence in the Federal Republic of Germany . In these counter-initiatives, a distinction is made between state prevention and repression measures, scientific analysis, journalistic and journalistic education, and civil society efforts.

background

After the liberation from National Socialism , the resistance fighters and victims of National Socialism founded their own associations in the tradition of anti-fascism . As early as 1945 they merged in Austria to form the Concentration Camp Association / Association of Antifascists (VdA) , from which today's Documentation Archive of the Austrian Resistance (DÖW) emerged. In 1947, surviving opponents and victims of the National Socialist dictatorship founded the Association of Victims of the Nazi Regime (VVN, now VVN-BdA) in Germany.

Measures taken by the Allies during World War II were so-called denazification and re- education . In the Cold War from 1947 to 1989 there were considerable political disputes between the GDR and the Federal Republic over the UN. In the Federal Republic this was initially considered an instrument of the GDR and the KPD , later the DKP , and was therefore fought. Since 2002 various camp communities of former prisoners of the concentration camps belong to the all-German association VVN-BdA .

The exhibition Unpunished Nazi Justice , first shown in Karlsruhe on November 27, 1959 on the initiative of Reinhard Strecker , was the initial spark for one of the first major disputes with the continuities of National Socialist perpetrators in post-war Germany , albeit initially only limited to the area of justice . A few years later the so-called student movement followed , or better the extra-parliamentary opposition , which posthumously, despite all the heterogeneity, transfigured into a unified " 68 movement ", dealing with its parents' generation and the continuities of Nazi perpetrators, supporters and opportunists in all areas of society . As a result, the movements known as the New Social Movements emerged , in the context of which the term Antifa and corresponding groups established themselves.

Due to the candidacy of Franz Josef Strauss as a candidate of the CDU / CSU for the federal chancellorship in the federal election in 1980 , there was a nationwide Stop Strauss! Campaign In this context, the Popular Front against Reaction, Fascism and War and its magazine Antifaschistische Nachrichten was created . In the 1980s, too, the SPD came into being close look to the right .

When in 1986 the Republicans with xenophobic slogans (“Asylum flood”, “The boat is full”) won three percent of the votes in the state elections in Bavaria, the Union parties also ran a campaign against the right of asylum. Thereupon, on the initiative of the youth magazine Ran , the DBG founded the association Mach mein Kumpel nicht an! , in order to address young people in training and school for their commitment against xenophobia, racism and right-wing extremism and to support actions against it. The association is one of the oldest anti-racist organizations in Germany. His logo "The Yellow Hand" quickly found widespread use and was also made known in an ARD crime scene by Götz George .

In 1987 the anti-fascist information sheet was founded in Berlin , followed by the specialist journal Der Rechts Rand as a further anti-fascist publication in Hanover in 1989 . In 1990 the anti-fascist information, documentation and archive office in Munich was established , and in 1991 the anti-fascist press archive and education center in Berlin .

In 1992, in the context of the organizational debates in the Antifa area, with the two positions "Organization without organization" and "Organization with organization", the second parliamentary group founded the anti-fascist action / nationwide organization .

At European level, the 1997 European Monitoring Center on Racism and Xenophobia (EUMC European Monitoring Center on Racism and Xenophobia ) founded in Vienna. Their task was in 2007 by the Fundamental Rights Agency (FRA, European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights replaced) and expanded. The European network against racism was also founded in 1997 . There is also the International Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination .

After the reunification in 1990 there were more and more racist attacks, attacks and pogroms, which also aroused international attention. In response to the riots in Rostock-Lichtenhagen , there were numerous demonstrations, silent marches and calls from intellectuals, artists and politicians. After the assassination attempt in Mölln (1992), the restriction of the right to asylum in 1992 and the assassination attempt in Solingen (1993), the form of demonstration of the fairy lights established itself . Around 800,000 people took part in Munich and Hamburg alone. In Cologne, 100,000 people gathered on November 9, 1992 for a concert against racism and neo-Nazism under the motto “ Ass huh, Zäng ussenander ” to “end the widespread speechlessness about developments in our country”, and on December 13, 1992 numerous musicians in Frankfurt were under the motto “ Today you - tomorrow you! “In front of about 150,000 people on stage. Rock Against Right concerts have since become a fixture in the initiatives that campaign against right-wing extremism.

Self-help groups of those affected should be mentioned as further initiatives that were founded during this time. The Diên Hông association was founded in Rostock in 1992 - together under one roof For the first time, non-partisan alliances such as Bunt statt Braun were founded in Rostock. Among other things, Gegen Vergessen - For Democracy and the Cura Victims Fund were created nationwide in 1992/93 .

Conflicts and sometimes legal disputes arose between some governmental and non-governmental counter-initiatives. In 2008 , the Bavarian Ministry of the Interior initially cut state funding from the aida Munich association, which was founded in 1989, and listed the initiative in the report on the protection of the constitution. Several non-governmental organizations consider the term right-wing extremism to be misleading because it describes the problem as “a marginal phenomenon”. The criticism is based among other things on the middle studies of the University of Leipzig . Its authors Oliver Decker and Elmar Brähler came to the conclusion in 2006 that "right-wing extremism ... is a political problem in the middle of society". The high level of approval of "sometimes over 40% of those surveyed" for individual right-wing extremist statements shows the inaccuracy of the term “right-wing extremism” for the political analysis.

When the Front Deutscher Äpfel was founded in 2004, an initiative emerged that relies on parody and satire as a means of fighting against the law. Another such initiative is Storch Heinar . Their concept has also met with criticism.

In Dresden neo-Nazis used the annual commemoration of February 13, 1945 for their own marches. In contrast, the alliance Dresden Nazifree was founded in October 2009 with the aim of moving even more initiatives to mass blockades against the march. In 2010 it was achieved that the march of 5,000 neo-Nazis was limited to a stand rally in front of Dresden-Neustadt train station. On February 13 and 19, 2011, counter-demonstrators prevented the right-wing march. In 2014 there was no neo-Nazi march around February 13th in Dresden. Sit blockades have been used against almost all neo-Nazi marches since then.

Government initiatives

After the attacks in Rostock, Mölln and Solingen, government agencies focused on accepting youth work . Some neo-Nazis looked after youth clubs with other neo-Nazis as state-paid club leaders. Because of the criticism, most of these projects were discontinued after a few years. Since the " uprising of the decent " (2000), numerous initiatives against right-wing extremism have been founded in Germany. Many of them are supported by the federal programs that have existed since 2001 (see also: Youth for Tolerance and Democracy ).

Completed federal programs

The Federal Office for Civil Society Tasks has founded, financed and supported the following programs since 1990, which have now ended:

CIVITAS , a prevention program for East Germany
Entimon

In 2007, Wolfgang Frindte and Siegfried Preiser drew a sobering balance sheet of the action programs and prevention approaches against right-wing extremism in Germany that had been running until then. The federal programs were then continued in a modified form.

State activities

The federal program Promoting Tolerance - Strengthening Competence replaced the previous programs of the federal government against right-wing extremism in 2011. In the 2012 federal budget, 29 million euros were budgeted for this. From this u. a. financed the project complex - communication platform against right-wing extremism in Rhineland-Palatinate. After the “ National Socialist Underground ” was exposed in 2011 , the Federal Government set up a joint center for counter-extremism and terrorism .

The following federal institutions deal with right-wing extremism:

After the federal elections in 2013 , the federal programs under the administration of the Federal Ministry for Family, Seniors, Women and Youth were reorganized and renamed. The central federal program is now called Living Democracy . In July 2016, Federal Family Minister Manuela Schwesig and Federal Minister of the Interior Thomas de Maizière announced the expansion and consolidation of the programs. On November 8, 2016, a joint democracy congress of the federal programs “Live Democracy!” And “Cohesion through Participation” was held in Berlin. On the morning of the congress, Manuela Schwesig gave an interview to Deutschlandfunk in which she announced the doubling of the finances of the federal programs to 100 million euros (0.3 per thousand of the federal budget) for 2017.

Numerous anti-Semitism officers have been appointed at the federal and state levels.

On October 15, 2019, the Free State of Bavaria introduced a bill to tighten the penalties for anti-Semitic crimes. The draft envisages adding anti-Semitic motives and goals as a further example of inhuman motivation to act in accordance with section 46 (2) sentence 2 of the Criminal Code. So far, the text of the law has included "racist, xenophobic or other inhumane motives". The application was submitted to the Bundestag on January 8, 2020 after acceptance by the Bundesrat on November 29, 2019. The federal government supports the concerns of the bill.

State programs

In addition to the federal government, the federal states also support initiatives against right-wing extremism:

  • Baden-Württemberg: Advisory and intervention group against right-wing extremism (BIG Rex / state-wide dropout program)
  • Bavaria: Bavarian Alliance for Tolerance
  • Berlin:
    • State Office for Equal Treatment - Against Discrimination Measures against right-wing extremism, racism and anti-Semitism
      • Land conception
      • State program “Democracy. Diversity. Respect. Against right-wing extremism, racism and anti-Semitism. "
      • State Democracy Center
      • State action plan
      • City coalition
      • EU projects
      • Advisory network
      • Advice
    • Made strong! Youth exerts influence - Youth Democracy Fund Berlin
      • Press review
      • Link list projects against right-wing extremism
    • Civil Society Berlin
  • Brandenburg: Action plan " Tolerant Brandenburg "
  • Bremen: Youth for democracy, human rights and tolerance - against racism and xenophobia
  • Hamburg: City with Courage - state program to promote democratic culture, prevent and combat right-wing extremism
  • Hessen: beratungsNetzwerk hessen - mobile intervention against right-wing extremism
Dropout program - IKARus
Program for young people who are in danger of slipping into the scene - "Red Line - Help to get out before entering"
  • Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania: Strengthening democracy and tolerance together!
  • Lower Saxony: Right to exit assistance, assistance to exit from the right-wing extremist scene, national dropout program
  • Lower Saxony: Aktion Neustart, dropout program of the Lower Saxony constitution protection, here people get advice and support for their exit from the right-wing extremist scene
  • North Rhine-Westphalia: Right-wing extremism dropout program
  • Rhineland-Palatinate: Advisory network against right-wing extremism in Rhineland-Palatinate
Complex - advice platform for young people, parents and "specialists"
Dropout program - (R) ways out
Program for young people who threaten to slip into the scene - ways back

A study by the Amadeu Antonio Foundation from 2014 comes to the conclusion that to this day there is still a clear imbalance between the state funding of engagement against right-wing extremism between the old and the new federal states. For example, while a nationwide central advisory structure for victims of racist violence has been set up in East Germany, in West Germany there is only a patchwork of selectively funded programs that still do not cover many regions. There is also still a gap in the public perception of racist violence: while in the new federal states it has been possible to address and discuss racist violence publicly and on a larger scale, this appears almost exclusively at the local level in the West German media. Racist violence is still referred to East Germany.

Activities of the state centers for political education

In addition, there are the activities of the state centers for political education that exist in every federal state. The state center for political education in Lower Saxony is a special case . Founded in 1955, it was dissolved by the Wulff I cabinet in 2004 and only reopened after the political change in 2016.

Parties and party foundations

Professional politician

Non-governmental initiatives

Initiatives against right-wing extremism are preventive and can be divided into three categories. Primary prevention is understood to mean measures that attempt to prevent right-wing extremism in advance (e.g. awareness-raising initiatives or initiatives that provide information about right-wing extremism). Secondary prevention measures try to influence the orientations, attitudes and behavior of risk groups (e.g. educational initiatives), while tertiary prevention measures work directly with right-wing extremists (e.g. dropout initiatives). But victim counseling is also an initiative against right-wing extremism by documenting the incidents and making them public.

The Federal Agency for Civic Education (bpb) provides a database of initiatives against right-wing extremism . Initiatives can be registered there that work against right-wing extremism or offer help with specific questions and problems. As of February 2014, the database contains 213 detailed entries on the topic.

The "types of initiative" there are divided into the following groups:

  • Exit aids
  • Information, documentation and education
  • Youth work
  • Local and regional initiatives
  • Online initiatives
  • Victim counseling
  • National alliances
  • Networking and bundling
  • Other initiatives

Another comprehensive list of initiatives “for democracy and tolerance - against extremism and violence” is available on the website of the Alliance for Democracy and Tolerance .

These initiatives are partly funded by state funds.

There are also the regional offices for education, integration and democracy e. V. which are coordinated through their Federal Working Group (BAG).

Scientific institutions and researchers

Category: Right-wing extremism researcher

Media merger

Reports, documentaries, focuses in the political magazines on television

Newspapers, magazine dossiers

Authors, journalists, writers

Cultural workers

Organizations, initiatives, media projects and archives

Category: Initiative against right-wing extremism

  • NSU complex
    • Blog of the secondary suit in the NSU trial
    • NSU Watch Blog
    • NSU Watch Baden-Württemberg
    • NSU Watch Brandenburg
    • NSU Watch Hessen
    • NSU Watch North Rhine-Westphalia
  • Northern Germany
    • Research north
    • Action alliance Neuruppin remains colorful, Neuruppin
    • AK Antirassismus Hamburg (antira.de) Working group on anti-racism of the United Service Union Hamburg
    • Forstrock Festival Jamel rocks the Förster - Festival for Democracy and Tolerance
    • VAJA e. V. (Association for the Promotion of Accepting Youth Work ) in Bremen
  • North Rhine-Westphalia
    • Birlicts
    • DGB North Rhine-Westphalia trade unions against right
    • Hartmut Meyer Archive Wuppertal
    • Information and documentation center for anti-racism work in North Rhine-Westphalia

Information media

Category: Information medium on right-wing extremism

On-line

Audio

  • free-radios.net audio portal for free radios

Print

Discontinued information media against right-wing extremism

Victim counseling

The association Opferperspektiven was founded in 1998. The association was founded with the aim of providing practical support to victims of right-wing extremist violence . As a result of this initiative, the first counseling center for victims of right-wing violence in Germany was created in 2000. Since 2001, this counseling center has been financed by funds from the federal program “CIVITAS - initiative against right-wing extremism” . The victim counseling from the victim's perspective was a model for the creation of further victim counseling centers. Since then, these have existed in almost all federal states. These victim counseling centers work together in various overarching working groups.

Working groups

A working group is the working group of advisory projects for victims of racist, right-wing extremist and anti-Semitic violence (agOra). agOra comprises the following founding members:

Victim perspective Brandenburg, AMAL - help for those affected by right-wing violence (Saxony), Reach Out - advice and education against right-wing extremism and racism (Berlin), LOBBI - state-wide victim counseling, support and information for those affected by right-wing violence (Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania), ABAD - contact point for Right-wing extremist and racist attacks and discrimination victims (Thuringia), counseling center for victims of right-wing extremist violence (Leipzig, Saxony), counseling center for victims of right-wing violence (Dessau, Saxony-Anhalt), contact point for victims of right-wing extremist violence (Cottbus, Brandenburg), contact and advice center for Victims of right-wing extremist violence (Bernau, Brandenburg), counseling center for victims of right-wing extremist violence (Frankfurt (Oder), Brandenburg), counseling center for victims of right-wing extremist violence (Strausberg, Brandenburg).

Other supraregional networks or working groups are the “ working group of victim aids ” (ado), the counseling centers for victims of right-wing violence in the eastern German states and the federal working group for the development of democracy . In addition, there are regional networks such as the Brandenburg “Action Alliance against Violence, Right-Wing Extremism and Xenophobia” or the first contact point of the Berlin State's advisory network for victims of right-wing extremism.

One association is the Federal Association of Advice Centers for People Affected by Right- Wing , Racist and Anti-Semitic Violence VBRG e. V. Member organizations of the VBRG are BUD (Bavaria), ReachOut (Berlin), Opferperspektiven (Brandenburg), Empower (Hamburg), response (Hesse), LOBBI (Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania), BEFORE (Munich), OBR (North Rhine-Westphalia), RAA Sachsen (Saxony), mobile advice for victims of right-wing violence (Saxony-Anhalt), zebra (Schleswig-Holstein) and ezra (Thuringia).

Another association is the Federal Association of Mobile Consulting.

Projects by federal state

  • Baden-Württemberg
    • Light line in Stuttgart
  • Bavaria
    • BUD - advice. Support. Documentation. For victims of right-wing extremist violence c / o Bayerischer Jugendring
  • Brandenburg
    • Contact point for victims of right-wing extremist violence Cottbus
    • Advice center for victims of right-wing violence Frankfurt (Oder) (BORG)
    • Advice center for victims of right-wing extremist violence ... Strausberg
    • Contact and advice center for victims of right-wing violence in Bernau
    • Victim perspective Potsdam
    • Action plan "Tolerant Brandenburg"
  • Hesse
    • advisory network Hessen
    • response - advice for victims of right-wing and racist violence
  • Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
    • Lobbi e. V. - Nationwide victim counseling, support and information for victims of right-wing violence in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
  • North Rhine-Westphalia
    • BACKUP - Advice center for victims of right-wing violence c / o Der Paritätische gGmbH, Dortmund district group
    • Live democracy Aachen
    • OBR - Victims Advice Rhineland
    • Advice and support for those affected by right-wing extremist and racist violence c / o Information and documentation center for anti-racism work in NRW (IDA-NRW) Düsseldorf
  • Rhineland-Palatinate
    • Victims advice right-wing extremism Rhineland-Palatinate
  • Saarland
    • Advice center for victims of discrimination and right-wing violence
  • Saxony
    • Amal - Help for those affected by right-wing violence in Saxony
    • Mobile advisory teams from the Kulturbüro Sachsen e. V.
    • RAA Saxony with advice centers in Chemnitz, Dresden and Leipzig
  • Saxony-Anhalt
    • Project counterpart, mobile advisory team against right-wing extremism in Anhalt
    • Together e. V. Offices in Magdeburg, Halle, Dessau and Salzwedel and a mobile counseling service for victims of right-wing extremist violence
  • Schleswig-Holstein
    • BeraNet - advisory network against right-wing extremism in Schleswig-Holstein
  • Thuringia
    • ABAD - contact point for those affected by right-wing extremist and racist attacks and discrimination
    • ezra - Mobile advice for victims of right-wing, racist and anti-Semitic violence
    • Thuringian relief service for victims of right-wing extremist violence - victim counseling for victims of right-wing extremist violence, their relatives, friends and witnesses

Campaigns

Foundations and funding opportunities

Right-wing extremism dropout programs

Right-wing extremism dropout programs advise and support people in leaving the right-wing extremist scene. In Germany there are various governmental and non-governmental drop-out programs that are affiliated with different authorities or providers.

State dropout programs

State dropout programs are affiliated with various authorities in most of the federal states and the federal government. The state dropout programs advise and support people in breaking away from the right-wing extremist scene and ideology. The aim is to turn towards a free democratic basic order such as basic and human rights. State dropout programs combine pedagogical and security authority knowledge and experience in their teams, so that right-wing extremists can opt out in a sustainable and safe manner. These and other conditions for successful exit work are set out in the paper by the state exit programs : Locations and perspectives of official exit assistance programs . The following state exit programs are currently in operation in Germany:

  • Baden-Württemberg
    • BIG Rex - Advisory and Intervention Group against Right-Wing Extremism. The advisory and intervention group against right-wing extremism of the Baden-Württemberg State Office of Criminal Investigation addresses young people who already have a solid right-wing extremist view of the world. Authority: State Criminal Police Office Baden-Württemberg.
  • Bavaria
    • Bavarian dropout program. The Bavarian dropout program helps right-wing extremists to put their will to leave and to lead a self-determined life in the future. Authority: Bavarian Information Center against Extremism (BIGE)
  • Federation
    • Dropout program for right-wing extremists - The Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (BfV) wants to reach people who have come into the sphere of influence of right-wing extremist groups, want to break away from it and are unable to get out on their own. Authority: Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution.
  • Hesse
    • IKARus - Information and Competence Center for Right-Wing Extremism. Anyone who is active in right-wing extremist groups or who sympathizes with them and who has the idea of ​​breaking away from this scene not only needs courage, but above all assistance and advice. Authority: Hessian State Criminal Police Office.
  • Lower Saxony
    • Aktion Neustart - the right-wing extremism dropout program advises and helps people to leave the right-wing extremist scene. Authority: Lower Saxony Ministry of the Interior and Sport, Department for Protection of the Constitution / Prevention., Aktion Neustart is also active on Facebook, Youtube and Instagram.
    • Dropouts aid law - aids to phase out the extreme right-oriented scene. Authority: Lower Saxony Ministry of Justice, Lower Saxony State Prevention Council. Right to exit assistance is also active on Facebook.
  • North Rhine-Westphalia
    • Changing lanes - Right-wing extremism dropout program in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. Do you want to make it? We accompany you on your way out of the scene. Authority: Ministry of the Interior and Local Affairs of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia, Protection of the Constitution. Changing lanes is also active on Facebook.
  • Rhineland-Palatinate
    • (R) AUSwege - The offer is primarily intended to address young people who have come under the influence of right-wing extremist groups and are looking for support in leaving the right-wing extremist scene. Authority: State Office for Social Affairs, Youth and Supply.
  • Saxony
    • Dropout program Saxony - get out! Out into the future! Authority: Saxon State Ministry of the Interior, Office of the State Prevention Council in the Free State of Saxony. Saxony's dropout program is also active on Facebook.
  • Saxony-Anhalt
    • EXTRA - An offer to help you get out of right-wing extremism. Authority: Ministry of the Interior and Sport, Protection of the Constitution.

Non-state dropout programs

The non-governmental drop-out programs are run by different types of providers.

  • EXIT Germany - In 2000, the former criminalist and ex-chief criminal officer Bernd Wagner and ex-neo-Nazi leader Ingo Hasselbach founded the drop-out initiative for right-wing extremists who were willing to drop out.
  • Project 21 II e. V. for right-wing extremists who are still active and willing to leave
  • Thuringian Advisory Service - Exit from right-wing extremism and violence

Projects against right-wing extremism with a historical reference

On-line

Prices

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Christian Demuth: What to do? And leave what? Conditions for success and obstacles for initiatives against right-wing extremism  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF) In: perspektiven 21 - Brandenburgische Hefte für Wissenschaft & Politik , Issue 36, December 2007, pp. 61–70, here pp. 61 f.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.perspektiven21.de  
  2. ↑ Member associations. VVN-BdA , accessed on February 7, 2014 .
  3. ↑ see for example Norbert Frei Hitler's elites after 1945. Campus Verlag , Frankfurt am Main 2001
  4. ^ List of former NSDAP members who were politically active after May 1945
  5. ↑ historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de
  6. ↑ Strauss Trials Wooded and Chopped . In: Der Spiegel . No. 22 , 1980 ( online ).
  7. ↑ A schoolgirl is fighting against Strauss . In: Mittelbayerische Zeitung , March 23, 2013
  8. ↑ Bundestag elections: 1980 Like a wild bull . In: Der Tagesspiegel , August 1, 2013
  9. ^ Bartholomäus Grill: Elective Affinities on the Right Edge , Die Zeit , April 10, 1992
  10. ↑ Andreas Strippel, Felix M. Steiner: With asylum compromise and fire bottles against “the Kanaks in the country” ( Memento from February 20, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), Publikative.org , May 26, 2013
  11. ^ Velten Schäfer: The Magic of the Yellow Hand , Neues Deutschland , August 30, 2013
  12. ↑ The Yellow Hand: 25 Years Against Racism , German Federation of Trade Unions , November 18, 2011, accessed on February 7, 2014
  13. ↑ Printed in: SchlagZeilen. Rostock: Racism in the media , editors: Siegfried Jäger, Helmut Kellershohn, Joachim Pfennig. 2nd Edition. Duisburg 1992, p. 18.
  14. ↑ Enlightenment for Politics . In: Die Zeit , No. 5/1993.
  15. ↑ arschhuh.de: Foreword from Cologne against racism and neo-Nazis , quoted from Arsch huh - Zäng ussenander! Kölner against Racism and Neo-Nazis , Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Cologne 1992.
  16. ^ Mai-Phuong Kollath : The Diên Hông Association - Self-Help and Integration Work in Rostock , in: Success in a niche? The Vietnamese in the GDR and in East Germany , edited by Karin Weiss and Mike Dennis, Münster 2005, pp. 127–136; see also the website of the Diên Hông association .
  17. ^ Website of the association Bunt statt Braun .
  18. ↑ opferfonds-cura.de ( Memento from July 29, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
  19. ^ " Revenge against research project? ( Memento from July 28, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) “, redok from April 14, 2009.
  20. ↑ Oliver Decker , Elmar Brähler : From the edge to the middle. (PDF) Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung , 2006, p. 157f , accessed on February 22, 2014 .
  21. ^ Olaf Sundermeyer: Bomb commemoration in Dresden: Neo-Nazis fail with propaganda march , Der Spiegel, February 13, 2010
  22. ↑ Michael Bommes , Albert Scherr : Fascists out of the youth center? Problems of open youth work in dealing with right-wing youth. In: Michael Bommes, Albert Scherr (ed.): Youth work with right-wing youth. Böllert, KT-Verlag, Bielefeld 1992, ISBN 3-925515-35-6 , p. 111 ff.
  23. ↑ esf.de ( Memento from January 25, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  24. ↑ Wolfgang Frindte, Siegfried Preiser: Preventive approaches against right-wing extremism. In: APuZ 11/2007 . Federal Agency for Civic Education, March 2, 2007, accessed on February 7, 2014 .
  25. ↑ toleranz-foerdern-kompetenz-staerken.de
  26. ↑ lautgegennazis.de ( Memento from February 4, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  27. ↑ bpb.de
  28. ↑ zusammenhalt-durch-teilhabe.de ( Memento of 16 January 2012 at the Internet Archive )
  29. ↑ buendnis-toleranz.de
  30. ↑ bmi.bund.de
  31. ↑ mut- gegen-rechte-gewalt.de ( Memento from January 25, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  32. ↑ BIKnetz - prevention network against right-wing extremism
  33. ↑ blk-demokratie.de
  34. ↑ Demokratieie-leben.de
  35. ↑ Prevention against extremism projects are supported on a permanent basis . tagesschau.de , July 13, 2016
  36. ↑ https://www.demokratie-leben.de/globals/news/detailseiten-news/gemeinsamer-demokratiekongress-der-bundesprogramme-demokratie-leben-und-z zusammenhalt-durch- teilhabe.html
  37. ↑ amilienministerin Schwesig more prevention against extremism , Germany radio November 8, 2016
  38. ^ Draft of a ... law amending the Criminal Code - determination of sentences for anti-Semitic criminal offenses , Federal Councilor printed matter 498/19. Retrieved January 12, 2020.
  39. ↑ German Bundestag printed paper 19/16399 . Retrieved January 12, 2020.
  40. ↑ berlin.de
  41. ↑ berlin.de
  42. ↑ berlin.de
  43. ↑ berlin.de
  44. ↑ berlin.de
  45. ↑ berlin.de
  46. ↑ berlin.de
  47. ↑ berlin.de
  48. ↑ berlin.de
  49. ↑ stark- made.de
  50. ↑ stark- made.de
  51. ↑ stark- made.de
  52. ↑ civil society.berlin
  53. ↑ tolerantes.brandenburg.de
  54. ↑ [1]
  55. ↑ beratungsnetzwerk-hessen.de
  56. ↑ ikarus-hessen.de
  57. ↑ Rote-linie.net
  58. ↑ aussteigerhilferechts.niedersachsen.de
  59. ^ Verassungsschutz.niedersachsen.de
  60. ↑ beratungsnetzwerk-rlp.de
  61. ↑ secure.komplex-rlp.de  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / secure.komplex-rlp.de  
  62. ↑ demokratielernenundleben.rlp.de
  63. ↑ secure.komplex-rlp.de ( Memento from April 11, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
  64. ^ Marion Kraske: Staatsversagen - How those committed against right-wing extremism are let down. A report from West Germany , Amadeu Antonio Foundation, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-940878-14-4 , p. 7 f .; amadeu-antonio-stiftung.de (PDF)
  65. ^ Frank Meyer: Broad failure on all levels , interview with Marion Kraske, Deutschlandradio Kultur , April 10, 2013; Retrieved August 6, 2014
  66. ↑ lpb-bw.de ( Memento from November 17, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
  67. ↑ Closure of the State Center for Political Education in Lower Saxony July 27, 2004
  68. ↑ boell.de
  69. ↑ 2minuten.gruene.de
  70. ↑ gruene-bundestag.de
  71. ↑ gruene-fraktion-bayern.de
  72. ↑ gruene-fraktion-nrw.de
  73. ↑ gruene-duesseldorf.de
  74. ↑ gruene-jugend.de ( Memento from August 3, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
  75. ↑ die-linke.de
  76. ↑ linksfraktion.de ( Memento from August 3, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
  77. ↑ rosalux.de
  78. ↑ fes- gegen-rechtsextremismus.de
  79. ↑ fes.de
  80. ↑ fes.de ( Memento from August 3, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
  81. ↑ Wolfgang Frindte, Siegfried Preiser: Preventive approaches against right-wing extremism . In: Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte , 11/2007, pp. 32–38, here p. 34.
  82. ^ Initiatives against right-wing extremism. Federal Agency for Civic Education , accessed on February 7, 2014 .
  83. ↑ buendnis-toleranz.de ( Memento from February 25, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  84. ↑ bag-raa.de ( Memento from January 21, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
  85. ↑ ecpr.eu
  86. ↑ ecpr.eu
  87. ↑ ecpr.eu ( Memento from August 3, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
  88. ↑ Frauen-und-rechtsextremismus.de ( Memento from August 3, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
  89. ↑ forena.de
  90. ↑ uni-bielefeld.de
  91. ↑ protestinstitut.eu
  92. ↑ Right Terror
  93. ↑ swr.de
  94. ↑ tagesschau.de
  95. ^ Sheets for German and International Politics Dossier: Danger from the Right
  96. ↑ correctiv.org
  97. ↑ spiegel.de
  98. ↑ stern.de
  99. ↑ tagesspiegel.de
  100. ↑ taz.de
  101. ↑ taz.de
  102. ↑ taz.de
  103. ↑ taz.de
  104. ↑ taz.de
  105. ↑ zeit.de
  106. ↑ zeit.de
  107. ↑ blog.zeit.de
  108. ↑ maikbaumgaertner.de
  109. ↑ How stupid you are ... | Carolin Kebekus: PussyTerror TV | WDR
  110. ↑ schaubuehne.de ( Memento from July 11, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
  111. ↑ vimeo.com
  112. ↑ carolin-emcke.de ( Memento from August 17, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
  113. ↑ dash.org
  114. ↑ isdonline.de
  115. ↑ stiftung-auschwitz-komitee.de
  116. ↑ https://jfda.de/
  117. ↑ https://www.mbr-berlin.de/
  118. ↑ neofa-ausstellung.vvn-bda.de
  119. ↑ nsu-nebenklage.de
  120. ↑ nsu-watch.info
  121. ↑ netzwerk-selbsthilfe.de ( Memento from February 26, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  122. ↑ e.g. nsu-watch.info
  123. ↑ brandenburg.nsu-watch.info
  124. ↑ hessen.nsu-watch.info
  125. ↑ nrw.nsu-watch.info
  126. ↑ Munich is colorful! e. V. In: muenchen-ist-bunt.de. Retrieved August 16, 2016 .
  127. ↑ sinninger-initiative.de
  128. ↑ agrexive.de ( Memento from November 9, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  129. ↑ no-nazi.net
  130. ↑ https://www.facebook.com/debatedehate/
  131. ↑ amadeu-antonio-stiftung.de ( Memento from July 26, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
  132. ↑ amadeu-antonio-stiftung.de ( Memento from August 11, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
  133. ↑ amadeu-antonio-stiftung.de ( Memento from August 11, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
  134. ↑ amadeu-antonio-stiftung.de ( Memento from August 11, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
  135. ↑ neue-rechte.net
  136. ↑ http://www.idz-jena.de/
  137. ↑ ajcberlin.org
  138. ↑ apabiz.de
  139. ↑ blog.schattenbericht.de
  140. ↑ rechtesland.de
  141. ↑ apabiz.de
  142. ↑ mbr-berlin.de
  143. ↑ berlin-gegen-nazis.de
  144. ↑ berlingegenrechts.de
  145. ↑ berlinerratschlagfuerdemokratie.de
  146. ↑ leftvision.de
  147. ↑ antifa-berlin.info
  148. ↑ rassismusundjustiz.noblogs.org
  149. ↑ recherche-nord.com
  150. ↑ antira.de
  151. ↑ forstrock.de
  152. ↑ Trade unions against the right
  153. ↑ nrw.vvn-bda.de
  154. ↑ IDA-NRW
  155. ^ Rheinhessen against right e. V.
  156. ↑ filmpiraten.org
  157. ↑ mobit.org
  158. ↑ thueringenrechtsaussen.wordpress.com
  159. ↑ http://www.zivilcourage.at/
  160. ↑ Burschenschafterpacktaus.wordpress.com
  161. ↑ dahamist.at
  162. ↑ Unlimited: Trans-European Perspectives on the Extreme Right
  163. ↑ IDA Ent Grenzent: Trans-European Perspectives on the Extreme Right October 10, 2016
  164. ↑ counter-speech.info
  165. ↑ h-ref.de  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.h-ref.de  
  166. ↑ inforiot.de
  167. ↑ kein-raum-fuer-rechts.de
  168. ↑ krr-faq.net ( Memento from October 21, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
  169. ↑ oireszene.blogsport.de
  170. ↑ rechte-jugendbuende.de
  171. ↑ Rechtssdrall.com
  172. ↑ vice.com
  173. ↑ free-radios.net
  174. ↑ journal-exit.de
  175. ↑ In addition, the makers of Lotta have been looking after the blog NRW Rechtsaußen , which has existed since summer 2009, since mid-May 2012 , formerly nrwrex.wordpress.com, now https://www.lotta-magazin.de/nrwrex
  176. ↑ NRW far right has accompanied the extreme right in North Rhine-Westphalia since summer 2009. The blog has been maintained by the editorial staff of LOTTA - antifascist newspaper from North Rhine-Westphalia, Rhineland-Palatinate and Hesse since mid-May 2012.
  177. ↑ dasversteckspiel.de
  178. ↑ zeckomag.com
  179. ↑ bremer-schattenbericht.com
  180. ↑ fightfascism.wordpress.com
  181. ↑ agora-info.de
  182. ↑ bnr.de
  183. ↑ Federal Association of Advice Centers for People Affected by Right-Wing, Racist and Anti-Semitic Violence ( Memento from September 27, 2017 in the Internet Archive )
  184. ↑ Member organizations of the VBRG ( Memento from September 27, 2017 in the Internet Archive )
  185. ^ Federal Association of Mobile Advice
  186. ↑ Leuchtlinie.de
  187. ↑ netz-gegen-nazis.de
  188. ↑ berliner-register.de
  189. ↑ jfda.de
  190. ↑ mbr-berlin.de
  191. ↑ stiftung-spi.de
  192. ↑ reachoutberlin.de
  193. ↑ kop-berlin.de
  194. ↑ dosto.de
  195. ↑ tolerantes.brandenburg.de
  196. ↑ beratungsnetzwerk-hessen.de ( Memento from March 2, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  197. ^ Website of the response advice center , accessed on April 17, 2017.
  198. ↑ mv-demokratie.de ( Memento from February 26, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  199. ↑ backup-nrw.org
  200. ↑ Demokratieie-leben-aachen.de
  201. ↑ opferberatung-rheinland.de
  202. ↑ beratungsnetzwerk-rlp.de ( Memento from January 22, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  203. ↑ Kompetenz-fuer-demokratie.de ( Memento from February 26, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  204. ↑ Kulturbuero-sachsen.de
  205. ↑ raa-sachsen.de
  206. ↑ projektgegenpart.org
  207. ↑ mobile-opferberatung.de
  208. ↑ netz-gegen-nazis.de
  209. ↑ BeraNet - Advisory Network Against Right-Wing Extremism in Schleswig-Holstein ( Memento from November 9, 2017 in the Internet Archive )
  210. ↑ ezra.de
  211. ↑ amadeu-antonio-stiftung.de ( Memento from July 26, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
  212. ↑ Buchheit, Frank (2014): Locations and perspectives of official exit assistance programs for right-wing extremists
  213. ^ BIG Rex Baden-Württemberg
  214. ↑ BIGE Bavaria
  215. ↑ Bund BfV
  216. ↑ IKARus Hessen
  217. ↑ New Start Lower Saxony campaign
  218. ↑ Action restart on Facebook
  219. ^ Action restart on Youtube
  220. ↑ Action restart on Instagram
  221. ^ Aid to exit right, Lower Saxony
  222. ↑ Get out help on the right on Facebook
  223. ^ Change of lane North Rhine-Westphalia ( Memento from October 13, 2017 in the Internet Archive )
  224. ↑ Change lanes on Facebook
  225. ↑ (R) AUSwege Rhineland-Palatinate
  226. ↑ Saxony dropout program
  227. ↑ Saxony dropout program
  228. ↑ Saxony-Anhalt exit aid
  229. ↑ projekt21ii.de
  230. ↑ ausstieg-aus-gewalt.de
  231. ↑ annefrank.de
  232. ↑ holocaustliteratur.de
  233. ↑ server1.info ( Memento from June 25, 2017 in the Internet Archive )
  234. ↑ bpb.de
  235. ↑ topographie.de
  236. ↑ clio-online.de
  237. ↑ gedenkstaettenforum.de
  238. ↑ hsozkult.de
  239. ↑ infoclio.ch
  240. ↑ learn-aus-der-geschichte.de
  241. ^ Award ceremony for the Band for Courage and Understanding 2013. DGB Berlin-Brandenburg