List of heads of state 1641

Overview
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Africa

Ethiopia
- Emperor (Negus Negest) : Fasilides (1632–1667)

Bamum (in today's Cameroon )
- King : Ngouloure (1629–1672)

Bornu (in present-day Niger ) Sefuwa dynasty
- King / May: Ali II (1639–1677)

Dahomey
- King : Dakodonu (1620-1645)

Jolof (in what is now Senegal )
- Buur-ba Jolof : Birayma Penda (1605–1649)

Kano
- King: Kutumbi (1623–1648)

Congo
- Mani-Congo : Alvaro VI. (1636–1642)

Morocco
- Fez ( Saadier )
  - Sultan : Ahmad ibn Zaydan (1626–1641)
- Marrakech ( Saadier )
  - Sultan : Muhammad V. al-Ashgar (1636–1641) (1641–1654 in Fez and Marrakech)
- South Morocco ( Alawiden )
- Sultan : Moulay Muhammad ash-Sharif (1635–1664)

Munhumutapa Empire
- Ruler : Mavura Mhande Felipe (1629–1652)

Rwanda
- King : Mutara I (1624–1648)

Sultanate of Sannar (in what is now Sudan )
- Sultan : Rabat I (1616 / 17–1644 / 45)

America

Brazil
- Governor General: Vasco de Mascarenhas (1639–1640) (1663–1667 Viceroy of Brazil)
- Viceroy : Jorge de Mascarenhas (1640–1641)
- Provisional government junta: Pedro da Silva Sampaio , Luís Barbalho Bezerra , Lourenço de Brito Correia (1641–1642)

Viceroyalty of New Spain
- Viceroy : Diego López de Pacheco Cabrera y Bobadilla (1640–1642)

Viceroyalty of Peru
- Viceroy : Pedro Álvarez de Toledo y Leiva (1639–1648)

Asia

Burma
- Arakan
  - King: Narapati (1638-1645)
- Taungu
  - King : Thalun (1629–1648)

Brunei
- Sultan : Abdul Jailul Akhbar (1619–1649)

China ( Ming Dynasty )
- Emperor : Chongzhen (1627–1644)

Georgia
- Imereti
  - King : Alexander III. (1639-1660)
- Kakheti
  - King : Teimuras I ( 1605–1614, 1615–1616, 1623–1633 , 1636–1648)
- Kartlien
  - King : Rostom (1634–1658)
- Mingrelia
  - Prince : Levan II. Dadiani (1611–1657)

India
- Ahom (Assam)
  - King : Susenghphaa (1603–1641)
  - King: Suramphaa (1641–1644)
- Dekkan Sultanates (in Central India)
  - Bijapur
    - Sultan : Mohammed Adil Shah (1627–1656)
  - Golkonda (Qutub Shahi dynasty)
    - Sultan: Abdullah Qutb Shah (1626–1672)
- Madurai
  - Nayak : Thirumalai Nayak (1623-1659)
- Mughal Empire
  - Mughal Mughal : Shah Jahan (1627–1657)
- Mysore
  - Maharaja: Narasaraja Wodeyar I (1638–1659)
- Portuguese India
  - Viceroy : João da Silva Telo e Meneses (1640–1644, 1651 )
- Vijayanagar (South India)
  - King : Venkata III. (1632–1642)

Indonesia
- Aceh
  - Sultan : Skandar II. Thani Ala (1636–1641)
  - Sultan: Safiyat ud-Din Taj al-Alam bint Iskandar Muda (1641–1675)
- Johor
  - Sultan : Abdul Jalil Shah III. (1623–1677)
- Dutch East Indies
  - Governor General : Antonio van Diemen (1636–1645)

Japan
- Empress (Tennō) : Meishō (1629–1643)
- Shogun : Tokugawa Iemitsu (1623-1651)

Cambodia
- King : Ang Non I. (1640–1642)

Kazak Khanate
- Khan : Jahangir Khan (Kazak Khanate) (1628–1652)

Korea ( Joseon Dynasty )
- King : Injo (1623–1649)

Lan Xang (in what is now Laos )
- King : Sulingvongse (1638–1690)

Manchu
- Great Khan : Huang Taiji (1626–1643)

Nepal
- Bhaktapur
  - King : Naresha Malla (1637-1644)
- Kantipur
  - King : Lakshminarasimha Malla (1620–1641)
  - King: Pratap Malla (1641–1674)
- Lalitpur
  - King : Siddhi Narasimha (1620–1661)

Persia ( Safavid dynasty)
- Shah : Safi I (1629-1642)

Philippines
- Maguindanao
  - Sultan: Muhammad Dipatuan Kudarat (1619–1671) (1645–1648 Sultan of Sulu)
- Sulu
  - Sultan: Muwallil Wasit (1610-1650)

Sri Lanka
- Kandy
  - King : Rajasinha II (1629–1687)
- Dutch Ceylon
  - Governor : Jan Thyszoon Payart (1640–1646)
- Portuguese Ceylon (Ceilaõ)
  - Governor : Filipe Mascarenhas ( 1630–1631 , 1640–1645) (1644–1651 Viceroy of Portuguese India)

Thailand ( Ayutthaya )
- King : Prasat Thong (1629–1656)

Vietnam
- Cao Bằng ( Mạc Dynasty )
  - Ruler: Mạc Kính Vũ (1638–1677)
- Champa
  - King : Po Ramé (1627–1644)
- Lê dynasty
  - King: Lê Thần Tông (1619–1643, 1649–1662 )
- Nguyen (in the south of Vietnam)
  - Ruler: Nguyen Phuc Lan (1635–1648)
- Trinh
  - Ruler: Trịnh Tráng (1623–1657)

Europe

Andorra
- Co-princes :
  - King of France : Louis XIII. (1610-1643)
  - Bishop of Urgell : Pau Duran (1634–1651)

Denmark and Norway
- King : Christian IV (1588–1648)

England , Ireland and Scotland
- King : Charles I (1625–1649)

France
- King : Louis XIII. (1610-1643)

Holy Roman Empire
- King and Emperor : Ferdinand III. (1637–1657) (1637–1657 King of Bohemia, 1637–1657 Archduke of Austria, 1637–1657 King of Hungary)
- Electoral College
  - Archbishopric of Cologne
    - Elector : Ferdinand of Bavaria (1612–1650) (1612–1650 Bishop of Hildesheim, 1612–1650 Bishop of Lüttich, 1612–1650 Bishop of Münster, 1618–1650 Bishop of Paderborn, 1594–1650 Provost of Berchtesgaden, 1612–1650 Dept. from Stablo-Malmedy)
  - Principality of Mainz
    - Elector : Anselm Casimir Wambolt von Umstadt (1629–1647)
  - Archbishopric of Trier
    - Elector : Philipp Christoph von Sötern (1623–1652) (1610–1652 Bishop of Speyer)
  - Kingdom of Bohemia
    - Elector : Ferdinand III. (1637–1657) (1637–1657 Emperor, 1637–1657 Archduke of Austria, 1637–1657 King of Hungary)
  - Margraviate of Brandenburg
    - Elector : Friedrich Wilhelm (1640–1688) (1640–1688 Duke of Prussia)
  - Palatine County near the Rhine
    - Elector : Maximilian I of Bavaria (1623–1648) (1597–1648 Duke of Bavaria, 1648–1651 Elector of Bavaria)
  - Duchy of Saxony
    - Elector : Johann Georg I (1611–1656)
- spiritual imperial princes
  - Hochstift Augsburg
    - Bishop : Heinrich V. von Knöringen (1599–1646)
  - Bamberg Monastery
    - Bishop : Franz von Hatzfeld (1633–1642) (1631–1642 Bishop of Würzburg)
  - Hochstift Basel
    - Bishop : Johann Heinrich von Ostein (1628–1646)
  - Prince Provost Berchtesgaden
    - Provost : Ferdinand von Bayern (1594–1650) (1612–1650 Archbishop of Cologne, 1612–1650 Bishop of Hildesheim, 1612–1650 Bishop of Lüttich, 1612–1650 Bishop of Münster, 1618–1650 Bishop of Paderborn, 1612–1650 Dept. from Stablo-Malmedy)
  - Archbishopric Bremen (1567–1648 Protestant administrators)
    - Administrator : Frederick of Denmark (1634–1648) (1648–1670 King of Denmark and Norway, 1623–1629, 1634–1648 Administrator of Verden)
  - Brixen monastery
    - Bishop : Wilhelm von Welsperg (1629–1641)
    - Bishop: Johann Platzgummer (1641–1647)
  - Archbishopric of Cambrai
    - Archbishop : François van der Burch (1615–1644)
  - Hochstift Cammin (1557–1650 Protestant administrators)
    - Administrator : Ernst Bogislaw von Croÿ (1637–1650)
  - Chur Monastery
    - Bishop : Johannes Flugi of Aspermont (1636–1661)
  - Corvey Abbey
    - Abbot : Arnold IV. De Valdois (1638–1661)
  - Balleien of the Teutonic Order
    - Hoch- und Deutschmeister : Johann Kaspar von Stadion (1627–1641)
    - Hoch- und Deutschmeister: Leopold Wilhelm von Österreich (1641–1662) (1631–1638 Archbishop of Magdeburg, 1628–1648 Bishop of Halberstadt, 1626–1662 Bishop of Passau, 1626–1662 Bishop of Strasbourg)
  - Eichstätt Monastery
    - Bishop : Marquard II Schenk von Castell (1637–1685)
  - Prince Provost Ellwangen
    - Provost : Johann Jakob Blarer von Wartensee (1621–1654)
  - Hochstift Freising
    - Bishop : Veit Adam von Gepeckh (1618–1651)
  - Fulda Abbey
    - Abbot : Hermann Georg von Neuhof (1635–1644)
  - Halberstadt Monastery
    - Administrator : Leopold Wilhelm of Austria (1628–1648) (1631–1638 Archbishop of Magdeburg, 1641–1662 Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, 1626–1662 Bishop of Passau, 1626–1662 Bishop of Strasbourg)
  - Hildesheim Monastery
    - Bishop : Ferdinand of Bavaria (1612–1650) (1612–1650 Archbishop of Cologne, 1612–1650 Bishop of Lüttich, 1612–1650 Bishop of Münster, 1618–1650 Bishop of Paderborn, 1594–1650 Provost of Berchtesgaden, 1612–1650 Dept. from Stablo-Malmedy)
  - Prince Abbey of Kempten
    - Abbot : Roman Giel von Gielsberg (1639–1673)
  - Constance monastery
    - Bishop : Johann von Waldburg (1627–1644)
  - Hochstift Lübeck (1555–1803 Protestant administrators)
    - Administrator : Johann von Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf (1634–1655)
  - Liège Monastery
    - Bishop : Ferdinand of Bavaria (1612–1650) (1612–1650 Archbishop of Cologne, 1612–1650 Bishop of Hildesheim, 1612–1650 Bishop of Münster, 1618–1650 Bishop of Paderborn, 1594–1650 Provost of Berchtesgaden, 1612–1650 Dept. from Stablo-Malmedy)
  - Archbishopric Magdeburg (1566–1631, 1638–1680 Protestant administrators)
    - Administrator : August von Sachsen-Weißenfels (1638–1680)
  - Hochstift Minden
    - Bishop : Franz Wilhelm von Wartenberg (1631–1648) (1626–1661 Bishop of Osnabrück, 1649–1661 Bishop of Regensburg, 1630–1631 Bishop of Verden)
  - Monastery of Münster
    - Bishop : Ferdinand of Bavaria (1612–1650) (1612–1650 Archbishop of Cologne, 1612–1650 Bishop of Hildesheim, 1612–1650 Bishop of Lüttich, 1618–1650 Bishop of Paderborn, 1594–1650 Provost of Berchtesgaden, 1612–1650 Dept. from Stablo-Malmedy)
  - Osnabrück Monastery
    - Bishop : Franz Wilhelm von Wartenberg (1625–1661) (1631–1648 Bishop of Minden, 1649–1661 Bishop of Regensburg, 1630–1631 Bishop of Verden)
  - Paderborn Monastery
    - Bishop : Ferdinand of Bavaria (1618–1650) (1612–1650 Archbishop of Cologne, 1612–1650 Bishop of Hildesheim, 1612–1650 Bishop of Lüttich, 1612–1650 Bishop of Münster, 1594–1650 Provost of Berchtesgaden, 1612–1650 Dept. from Stablo-Malmedy)
  - Passau bishopric
    - Bishop : Leopold Wilhelm of Austria (1626–1662) (1631–1638 Archbishop of Magdeburg, 1641–1662 Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, 1628–1648 Bishop of Halberstadt, 1626–1662 Bishop of Strasbourg)
  - Ratzeburg Monastery (1554–1648 Protestant administrators)
    - Administrator :: Gustav Adolf von Mecklenburg-Güstrow (1636–1648) (1636–1965 Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow)
  - Regensburg Monastery
    - Bishop : Albert von Toerring-Stein (1613–1649)
  - Archbishopric Salzburg
    - Archbishop : Paris of Lodron (1619–1653)
  - Hochstift Schwerin (1533–1648 Protestant administrators)
    - Administrator : Adolf Friedrich I of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1634–1648) (1592–1628, 1631–1658 Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin)
  - Speyer Monastery
    - Bishop : Philipp Christoph von Sötern (1610–1652) (1623–1652 Archbishop of Trier)
  - Stablo-Malmedy Abbey
    - Abbot : Ferdinand of Bavaria (1612–1650) (1612–1650 Archbishop of Cologne, 1612–1650 Bishop of Hildesheim, 1612–1650 Bishop of Lüttich, 1612–1650 Bishop of Münster, 1618–1650 Bishop of Paderborn, 1594–1650 Provost from Berchtesgaden)
  - Strasbourg Monastery
    - Bishop : Leopold Wilhelm of Austria (1626–1662) (1631–1638 Archbishop of Magdeburg, 1641–1662 Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, 1628–1648 Bishop of Halberstadt, 1626–1662 Bishop of Passau)
  - Hochstift Trento
    - Bishop : Carlo Emanuele Madruzzo (1629–1658)
  - Hochstift Verden (1568–1630 and 1634–1648 Protestant administrators)
    - Administrator : Frederick of Denmark ( 1623–1629 , 1634–1648) (1648–1670 King of Denmark and Norway, 1634–1648 Administrator of Bremen)
  - Hochstift Worms
    - Bishop : Georg Anton von Rodenstein (1629–1652)
  - Würzburg Monastery
    - Bishop : Franz von Hatzfeld (1631–1642) (1633–1642 Bishop of Bamberg)
- secular imperial princes
  - Principality of Anhalt
    - Anhalt-Bernburg
      - Prince : Christian II. (1630–1656)
    - Anhalt-Dessau
      - Prince : Johann Kasimir (1618–1660)
    - Anhalt-Harzgerode
      - Prince : Friedrich (1635–1670)
    - Anhalt-Koethen
      - Prince : Ludwig I (1603–1650)
    - Anhalt-Plötzkau
      - Prince : August (1611–1653)
    - Anhalt-Zerbst
      - Prince : Johann VI. (1621-1667)
  - Arenberg
    - Prince : Philipp Franz (1640–1674) (from 1644 Duke)
  - Margraviate of Baden
    - Baden-Baden
      - Margrave : Wilhelm (1622–1677)
    - Baden-Durlach
      - Margrave : Friedrich V (1622–1659)
  - Bavaria
    - Duke : Maximilian I (1597–1651) (Elector from 1648) (1623–1648 Elector of the Palatinate)
  - Brandenburg-Ansbach
    - Margrave : Albrecht II (1634–1667)
  - Brandenburg-Bayreuth
    - Margrave : Christian (1603–1655)
  - Braunschweig-Lüneburg
    - Calenberg-Göttingen
      - Duke: Georg (1636–1641)
      - Duke: Christian Ludwig (1641–1648) (1648–1665 Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg)
    - Luneburg
      - Duke : Frederick IV (1636–1648)
    - Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel
      - Duke : August II (1635–1666)
  - Hessen-Darmstadt
    - Landgrave : George II (1626–1661)
  - Hessen-Kassel
    - Landgrave : Wilhelm VI. (1637–1663)
  - Hohenzollern-Hechingen
    - Prince : Eitel Friedrich II. (1623–1661)
  - Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
    - Prince : Meinrad I (1638–1681)
  - Jülich and Berg
    - Duke : Wolfgang Wilhelm (1614–1653) (1614–1653 Duke of Palatinate-Neuburg)
  - Leuchtenberg
    - Landgrave : Maximilian Adam (1621–1646)
  - Liechtenstein
    - Prince : Karl Eusebius (1627–1684)
  - Lorraine (occupied by France 1634–1641 and 1641–1661)
    - Duke : Charles IV ( 1625–1634 , 1641, 1661–1675 )
  - Duchy of Mecklenburg
    - Mecklenburg-Guestrow
      - Duke : Gustav Adolf (1636–1695) (until 1654 under guardianship) (1636–1648 administrator of Ratzeburg)
      - Regent: Adolf Friedrich I of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1636–1654)
    - Mecklenburg-Schwerin
      - Duke : Adolf Friedrich I ( 1592–1628 , 1631–1658) (1631–1648 administrator of Schwerin)
  - Austria
    - Archduke : Ferdinand III. (1637–1657) (1637–1657 Emperor, 1637–1657 King of Bohemia, 1637–1657 King of Hungary)
  - Pfalz-Neuburg
    - Count : Wolfgang Wilhelm (1614–1653) (1614–1653 Duke of Jülich and Berg)
  - Palatinate-Veldenz
    - Duke : Leopold Ludwig (1634–1694)
  - Pfalz-Zweibrücken
    - Duke : Friedrich (1635–1661)
  - Duchy of Saxony
    - Saxony-Altenburg
      - Duke : Friedrich Wilhelm II. (1639–1669)
    - Saxony-Eisenach
      - Duke : Albrecht (1640–1644)
    - Saxe-Gotha
      - Duke: Ernst I (1640–1672) (1672–1675 Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg)
    - Saxe-Weimar
      - Duke : Wilhelm IV. (1620–1662)
  - Saxony-Lauenburg
    - Duke : August (1619–1656)
  - Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf
    - Duke : Friedrich III. (1616–1659)
  - Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg
    - Duke: Johann Christian (1627–1653)
  - Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg
    - Duke : Ernst Günther (1627–1689)
  - Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck
    - Duke : August Philipp (1627–1675)
  - Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
    - Duke : Philipp (1622–1663)
  - Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Norburg
    - Duke : Friedrich (1624–1658)
  - Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön
    - Duke : Joachim Ernst (1622–1671)
  - Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Wiesenburg
    - Duke : Philipp Ludwig (1627–1689)
  - Württemberg
    - Duke : Eberhard III. (1628–1674)
- other imperial estates (selection)
  - Hanau-Lichtenberg
    - Count : Philipp Wolfgang (1625–1641)
    - Count: Friedrich Casimir (1641–1685) (1641–1647 under guardianship) (1642–1685 Count of Hanau-Münzenberg)
  - Hanau-Munzenberg
    - Count : Philipp Ludwig III. (1638–1641) (1638–1641 under guardianship)
    - Count: Johann Ernst (1641–1642)
  - lip
    - Lippe-Biesterfeld
      - Count : Jobst Hermann (1627–1678)
    - Lippe brake
      - Count : Otto (1621–1657)
    - Lippe-Detmold
      - Count : Simon Philipp (1636–1650)
  - Nassau
    - Ottonian line
      - Nassau-Diez
        Count : Wilhelm Friedrich (1640–1664) (Prince from 1654) (1640–1664 governor of Friesland, Groningen and Drenthe)
      - Nassau-Dillenburg
        Count : Ludwig Heinrich (1623–1662) (Prince from 1654)
      - Nassau-Hadamar
        Count : Johann Ludwig (1607–1653) (prince from 1650)
      - Nassau-Siegen (Catholic line)
        Count : Johann Franz Desideratus (1638–1699) (from 1652 Prince)
      - Nassau-Siegen (reformed line)
        
        Count : Johann Moritz (1623–1679) (Prince from 1652)
        
        Count: Georg Friedrich (1623–1674) (from 1664 Prince)
        
        Count: Heinrich (1623-1652)
      - Nassau-Siegen-Hilchenbach
        Count: Wilhelm (1623–1642)
    - Walramic line
      - Nassau-Idstein
        Count : Johann (1629–1677) (1627–1629 Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken-Weilburg)
      - Nassau-Saarbrücken
        
        Count :
        
        Count: Kraft (1640–1642)
        
        Count: Johann Ludwig (1640–1659) (1659–1690 Count of Nassau-Ottweiler)
        
        Count: Gustav Adolf (1640–1677)
        
        Count: Walrad (1640–1659) (1659–1688 Count of Nassau-Usingen, 1688–1702 Prince of Nassau-Usingen)
      - Nassau-Weilburg
        Count : Ernst Casimir (1632–1655) (1627–1632 Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken-Weilburg)
  - Oldenburg
    - Count : Anton Günther (1603–1667)
  - Ortenburg
    - Count : Friedrich Casimir (1627–1658)
  - Ostfriesland
    - Count : Ulrich II. (1628–1648)
  - Reuss
    - Reuss older line
      - Reuss overburden
        Lord : Heinrich I (1629–1681)
      - Reuss undergrowth
        Lord : Heinrich V. ( 1604–1616 , 1625–1667) (1616–1625 Lord of Reuss-Greiz, 1643–1667 Lord of Reuß-Burgk)
    - Reuss younger line
      - Reuss-Gera
        
        Lord : Heinrich II. (1635–1670)
        
        Lord: Heinrich IX. (1635–1647) (1647–1666 Mr. von Reuss-Schleiz)
        
        Lord: Heinrich X. (1635–1647) (1647–1671 Lord of Reuss-Lobenstein)
        
        Lord: Heinrich I (1640–1647) (1647–1666 Lord of Reuss-Saalburg, 1666–1673 Lord of Reuss-Schleiz, 1673–1692 Count of Reuss-Schleiz)
  - Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
    - Count : Ludwig Günther I (1612–1646) (Blankenburg)
  - Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (common rule)
    - Count : Günther XLII. (1586-1643)
    - Count: Christian Günther I. (1586–1642)
  - Waldeck-Eisenberg
    - Count : Philipp Dietrich (1640–1645)
  - Waldeck Wildungen
    - Count : Philip VII (1638–1645)

Italian states
- Genoa
  - Doge : Giovanni Battista Durazzo (1639–1641)
  - Doge: Giovanni Agostino De Marini (1641–1642)
- Guastalla
  - Duke : Ferrante III. Gonzaga (1632-1678)
- Papal States
  - Pope Urban VIII (1623-1644)
- Milan (1535–1706 to Spain)
  - Duke : Philip IV of Spain (1621–1665)
    - Governor : Diego Felipe de Guzmán ( 1635–1636 , 1636–1641)
    - Governor: Juan Velasco de la Cueva, Count of Siuela (1641–1643)
- Mantua (1533–1708 personal union with Montferrat)
  - Duke : Carlo II. Gonzaga (1637-1665)
- Massa and Carrara
  - Prince : Carlo I. Cybo-Malaspina (1623–1662)
- Mirandola
  - Duke : Alessandro II Pico (1637–1691)
- Modena and Reggio
  - Duke : Francesco I d'Este (1629–1658)
- Montferrat (1533–1708 personal union with Mantua)
  - Duke : Carlo II. Gonzaga (1637-1665)
- Naples (1503–1707 / 14 to Aragon or Spain )
  - King : Philip IV of Spain (1621–1665)
    - Viceroy : Ramiro Núñez de Guzmán, Duke of Medina de las Torres (1637–1644)
- Parma and Piacenza
  - Duke : Odoardo I. Farnese (1622–1646)
- Piombino
  - Prince : Niccolò I. Ludovisi (1634–1664)
- San Marino
  - Capitani Reggenti : Giambattista Belluzzi and Federico Gozi (1640–1641)
  - Capitani Reggenti: Giambattista Ricci and Pier Antonio Giangi (1641)
  - Capitani Reggenti: Sforza Cionini and Bartolomeo Ceccoli (1641–1642)
- Savoy
  - Duke : Charles Emanuel II (1638–1675)
- Sicily (1412–1713 to Aragon or Spain )
  - King : Philip IV of Spain (1621–1665)
    - Viceroy : Francisco de Melo (1639–1641) (1641–1644 governor of the Spanish Netherlands)
    - Viceroy: Juan Alfonso Enríquez de Cabrera y Colonna (1641–1644)
- Tuscany
  - Grand Duke : Ferdinando II. De 'Medici (1621–1670)
- Venice
  - Doge : Francesco Erizzo (1631-1646)

Khanate of Crimea
- Khan : Bahadır I. Giray (1637-1641)
- Khan: Mehmed IV. Giray (1641–1644, 1654–1666 )

Courland
- Duke : Friedrich Kettler ( 1595-1616 , 1617-1642)

Malta
- Grand Master : Jean de Lascaris-Castellar (1636–1657)

Moldova (under Ottoman rule)
- Prince : Vasile Lupu (1634–1653)

Monaco
- Prince : Honoré II. (1604–1662) (until 1633 Seigneur)

Netherlands (rule disputed Eighty Years War )
- Republic of the Seven United Provinces (formally part of the Holy Roman Empire until 1648)
  - Friesland
    - Governor : Wilhelm Friedrich von Nassau – Diez (1640–1664) (1640–1654 Count of Nassau-Diez, 1654–1664 Prince of Nassau-Diez)
  - Groningen and Drenthe
    - Governor : Wilhelm Friedrich von Nassau-Diez (1640–1664) (1640–1654 Count of Nassau-Diez, 1654–1664 Prince of Nassau-Diez)
  - Holland and Zeeland
    - Governor : Friedrich Heinrich of Orange (1625–1647)
  - Overijssel and Gelderland
    - Governor : Friedrich Heinrich of Orange (1625–1647)
  - Utrecht
    - Governor : Friedrich Heinrich of Orange (1625–1647)
- Spanish Netherlands (formally part of the Holy Roman Empire until 1714/95)
  - Governor : Ferdinand of Spain (1633–1641) (1633–1634 governor of Milan)
  - Governor: Francisco de Melo (1641–1644) (1639–1641 Viceroy of Sicily)

Ottoman Empire
- Sultan : İbrahim (1640-1648)

Poland
- King : Władysław IV. Wasa (1632–1648) (1610–1613 Tsar of Russia)

Portugal
- King : John IV (1640–1656)

Prussia
- Duke : Friedrich Wilhelm (1640–1688) (1640–1688 Elector of Brandenburg)

Russia
- Tsar : Michael I (1613–1645)

Sweden
- Queen : Christina I (1632–1654) (until 1644 under guardianship)
  - Regent: Axel Oxenstierna (1632–1644)

Transylvania
- Prince : Georg I. Rákóczi (1630–1648)

Spain
- King : Philip IV (1621–1665) (1621–1640 King of Portugal)

Hungary
- King : Ferdinand III. (1637–1657) (1637–1657 Emperor, 1637–1657 King of Bohemia, 1637–1657 Archduke of Austria)

Wallachia (under Ottoman rule)
- Voivode : Matei Basarab (1632–1654)