Pamplona

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Pamplona ( Iruña ) municipality
coat of arms Map of Spain
Pamplona Coat of Arms (Iruña)
Pamplona (Spain)
Finland road sign 311 (1994-2020) .svg
Basic data
Autonomous Community : NavarreNavarre Navarre
Province : Navarre
Comarca : Cuenca de Pamplona
Coordinates 42 ° 49 ′  N , 1 ° 39 ′  W Coordinates: 42 ° 49 ′  N , 1 ° 39 ′  W
Height : 449  msnm
Area : 25.24 km²
Residents : 201,653 (Jan. 1, 2019)
Population density : 7,989.42 inhabitants / km²
Founding: 74 BC Chr.
Postal code : 31001-31016
Municipality number  ( INE ): 31201
Nearest airport : Pamplona
administration
Mayor : Enrique Maya (UPN / Navarra Suma)
Website : www.pamplona.es
View of Pamplona old town with cathedral from east
Plaza del Castillo

Pamplona ( Basque : Iruñea or Iruña ) is the capital of the autonomous region of Navarre in Spain .

geography

location

Pamplona is located in a small plateau at 449  msnm on the Arga River . The area around the city is mountainous, the highest mountain in the area is the Peña Izaga , a foothills of the Pyrenees with an altitude of 1353 meters. The cityscape is characterized by a large and well-preserved citadel and a large cathedral . The center is the Plaza del Castillo with its foothills to the old Burgos (markets) in front of the town hall at the Plaza Consistorial.

climate

In Pamplona there is a transitional climate between maritime and continental climates. The summers are dry and warm, the winters rather humid and cool.

history

overview

74 BC The place was re-established by Pompeius as Pompeiopolis in place of a local settlement. During the founder's lifetime, the name was corrupted to Pompaelo . The city served to secure the crossing of the Pyrenees from Roncesvalles .

Pamplona has been destroyed several times during its history:

Its location on the Camino de Santiago from France gave the capital of Navarre a boom in the 11th century . With the division of this land, the city became part of Spain. It was expanded into a fortress and retained this status until the early years of the 20th century.

Roman time

In the winter of 75/74 BC During the war against Sertorius , the site served as a camp for the Roman general Pompey . He is considered to be the founder of Pompaelo , also Pompelo , synonymous in name with Pompeiopolis , which eventually became Pamplona . It is believed that it was the capital of the Vascones , an Iberian tribe from which the present-day Basques emerged, which they called Iruña ("the city"). The Roman Pompaelo was located in the province of Hispania Tarraconensis , on the road from Asturica (today's Astorga ) to Burdigala (today's Bordeaux ), and it was a civitas stipendiaria under the jurisdiction of the conventus (judicial district) of Caesaraugusta (today's Saragossa ). Although Pamplona can hardly be considered one of the eminent cities of Roman Hispania, recent archaeological excavations have revealed a fairly high level of development.

Epochs up to the Middle Ages

After the fall of the Roman Empire and during the Visigothic Period from the fourth to eighth centuries, the Vascones remained independent, although it is likely that the fortified city of Pamplona was ruled by the Visigoths - possibly only temporarily. It is also known that some Pamplonese bishops appeared at the councils of Toledo . From 409, the Visigoths influenced Pamplona's fate. In 542 it was conquered by Franks under Childebert I.

A bishopric since the 6th century , Pamplona became the center of Basque Christianization .

During the eighth century, Moors and Franks ruled the city intermittently. The most famous episode of this period was the destruction of the city walls, which Charlemagne caused after his failed campaign to Saragossa in 778; he was later defeated in the famous Battle of Roncesvalles . In 781, Abd ar-Rahman I and his army recaptured the city.

During the late eighth century, Pamplona navigated its territory between two powerful states, but was unable to permanently secure its rule over the Basque region . This change was also reflected in the internal battles of the Basque knighthood. Finally, Iñigo Arista was crowned king in Pamplona in 824 . This kingdom strengthened its independence from the weakened Franconian Empire and the Caliphate of Cordoba . During this period Pamplona was a kind of fortress. From 905 it was the capital of the Kingdom of Navarre . After the destruction under Abd ar-Rahman III. in 924 Pamplona became a town.

From the 11th century onwards, the revitalized economic development of Pamplona allowed urban life to flourish, aided by the medieval pilgrimages to Santiago de Compostela . The bishops of Pamplona regained their ecclesiastical leadership, while in previous centuries secluded monasteries , particularly the monastery of San Salvador de Leyre , had real influence on religious power. Pilgrims on the Camino de Santiago to Santiago de Compostela did a lot to revive commercial and cultural exchanges with Christian Europe across the Pyrenees.

Pamplona experienced a great boom under King Sancho Mayor (1000-1035), whose policy of opening up the country and promoting pilgrimage resulted in the foundation of the Franconian districts of San Nicolas and San Cernin . In order to promote the settlement he granted the newly founded quarters various special rights, the Fueros . These privileges aroused the envy of the Basques in Navarrería , the original Pamplona, ​​and there were bloody feuds in the area of ​​the present-day city.

In the 12th century, the town expanded to include the two Burgos (independent districts), San Cernin and San Nicolás , in which the population of local Navarrese swelled to include French merchants and craftsmen. Old Pamplona and new Burgos were almost always at odds with each other. The most dramatic episode was the destruction of the Navarrería by the other two places and the massacre of its population in 1276. The old place was abandoned for almost fifty years. King Charles III of Navarre ordered the unification of the cities into a single city in 1423 with the "Privilegio de la Unión". In it he declared the unity and equality of the citizens. The walls between the quarters were then torn down and a new, uniform city wall was built.

Incorporation in Castile and Spain

In 1512, Southern Navarra (also called Obernavarra) was incorporated into the Kingdom of Castile , but remained an autonomous kingdom with its own institutions and laws, first ruled by the respective ruler of Castile and later by the respective king of Spain. North Navarra (also known as Niedernavarra), the historical administrative district "Ultrapuertos", was occupied by France and later incorporated into it.

Ignaz of Loyola

During the siege in 1521, the Basque officer Íñigo López de Loyola , who was fighting with the Castilian troops, was conspicuous for his relentless perseverance despite the hopeless military situation. During the subsequent bombardment of his bastion, he was seriously injured. During the long recovery period he decided to radically change his life and founded the Society of Jesus . The "Basilica de S. Ignacio" commemorates the place where Ignatius of Loyola was wounded when the place was defended against Henry II , the Count of Foix , in 1521.

Pamplona City Hall

The citadel in the southwest of the city was rebuilt in 1571 by order of King Philip II ; Pamplona became a fortress on the edge of the Pyrenees . During the 18th century, some beautiful palaces were built in the capital of Navarre, such as the "Casa Consistorial" (town hall) in 1752. The neoclassical facade of the cathedral was made in 1783 to designs by Ventura Rodriguez.

The city was not spared from the regional wars of the 19th century. During the Napoleonic Wars , French troops occupied the city in 1808 and stayed in it until 1813. During the Carlist Wars (1833, 1872), Pamplona supported the Isabellan monarchy , in contrast to Navarre, which was dominated by the village and fought in favor of the aspirant Don Carlos .

Recent history

The Spanish Civil War began in Spanish Morocco on July 17, 1936 with the military coup . In Pamplona, ​​with the support of Carlist forces, the putschists quickly succeeded in usurping state power. On the evening of July 18, the commander of the Civil Guard in Navarre , Jose Medel Rodriguez-Briones , who was loyal to the Spanish government , was murdered by one of his subordinates. The putschists also liquidated the local commander of the Guardia Civil Major Rodriguez Mendel and the mayor of Estella , Fortunato de Aguirre Luguin .

On the day of the coup, Carlist peasants flocked to the main town square to volunteer. A total of 1200 requetés from Pamplona then moved to Saragossa . Later another unit of 3,500 men left Pamplona to cut off the Basque Country from France at Irun . In the Navarre region, the nationalists liquidated large numbers of Republicans. According to Heleno Saña , their number is equal to the number of male votes the Popular Front received in the 1936 elections.

Pamplona has retained the medieval plan of the city and its star-shaped fort , but the agricultural center of formerly 28,886 inhabitants in 1900 has expanded, including the suburbs, especially after the Spanish Civil War . The city is home to two universities, the private Universidad de Navarra , founded in 1952 by Josemaría Escrivá de Balaguer and an institution of Opus Dei , and the state Universidad Pública de Navarra , created by the Government of Navarra in 1987. There is also a local one Branch of the UNED (Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia).

Pamplona has been called the city with one of the highest standards of living in Spain. On January 1, 2019, the population was 201,653, an increase due to immigration, particularly from South America.

coat of arms

Description : In blue under a golden crown, a running silver lion with red reinforcement and a tongue colored in this way. In the red shelf the gold chain of Navarre . On the coat of arms the golden royal crown.

Urban development

As in many other European cities, it is very easy to distinguish what the old city (Casco Viejo) is and what the new boroughs are. The oldest part of the old town is Navarrería , which corresponds to the area of ​​the Roman city. During the 12th century the districts of Sankt Sernin ( San Saturnino or San Cernin) and Sankt Nikolaus ( San Nicolás ) were founded. King Charles III of Navarre decreed the amalgamation of the three places into a single community in 1423.

The city did not expand in width until the late 19th century. Of course, their population grew and so did their density. The expansion of the city was hampered by the military because the Pamplona fortress system was strategically important in the defense of the western Pyrenees and later crucial in the battles against the Carlist. It was forbidden to build next to the ramparts. In 1888, a small modification to the fort was allowed, but it only allowed the construction of six blocks. It was called I Ensanche (first extension). The development of military technology during World War I convinced the Spanish government that the ramparts and fort of Pamplona were outdated. The southern city walls were demolished and the II Ensanche (second extension) was planned. Their plan followed the model designed by Ildefons Cerdà for Barcelona . Its blocks were erected between the 1920s and 1950s. Five to eight-story residential complexes predominated.

politics

Historical development in the Pamplona Municipal Council
Political party 2011 2007
Be right % Seats Be right % Seats
Unión del Pueblo Navarro (UPN) 35.80% 11 42.86% 13
Nafarroa Bai (Na-Bai) 22.58% 7th 26.26% 8th
PSOE (PSN-PSOE) 11.72% 3 15.23% 4th
Image EA-Alternatiba (image) 10.88% 3 - -
Partido Popular (PP) 6.72% 2 - -
Izquierda-Ezkerra (IE) 5.31% 1 - -
Acción Nacionalista Vasca (EAE-ANV) - - 6.06% 2
Source: Spanish Ministry of the Interior

mayor

The democratically elected mayor
Term of office mayor Political party
1979-1983 Julián Balduz Calvo PSN-PSOE
1983-1987 Julián Balduz Calvo PSN-PSOE
1987-1991 Javier Chourraut Burguete UPN
1991-1995 Alfredo Jaime Irujo UPN-PP
1995-1999 Javier Chourraut Burguete CDN
1999-2003 Yolanda Barcina Angulo UPN-PP
2003-2007 Yolanda Barcina Angulo UPN-PP
2007-2011 Yolanda Barcina Angulo UPN
2011-2015 Enrique Maya Miranda UPN
2015-2019 Joseba Asirón Sáez EH Bildu
since 2019 Enrique Maya Miranda NA +

Population development of the municipality

Source: INE archive - graphic processing for Wikipedia

Culture and sights

Pamplona Cathedral

Buildings

Sanfermines

Pamplona is best known for the annual Sanfermines from July 6th to July 14th, which are traditionally held in honor of the patron saint of the Diocese of Pamplona, Firmin the Elder of Amiens . For this purpose, San Fermín is transported from his chapel in the church of San Lorenzo in a procession, in which large paper mache figures, also known as Gigantes , are carried past the church of San Cernín to the cathedral and then back to the church of San Lorenzo. The participants in the procession are dressed in white and wear red scarves and sashes (sometimes berets ) with a white shirt and white trousers.

Encierro at the town hall

The biggest attraction of the Sanfermines, even before the bullfights (in the bullfighting arena, three matadors fight two bullfights each day), are the bull runs ( encierros in Spanish ), which take place every morning at 8 a.m. - except on the opening day - through the streets of Santo Domingo - Plaza del Ayuntamiento - Calle Mercaderes - Calle Estafeta between the stables on the edge of the old town and the bullring. The distance is 825 m. The origin of this custom lies in a cattle market on the occasion of the patronage festival , to which the butcher boys drove the cattle to be sold every morning.

Nobody is allowed to stop or run backwards when running the bull. Furthermore, pregnant women and children are not allowed to participate. The police are trying to enforce these rules and remove apparently drunk participants. Nevertheless, numerous participants are injured every year. Since 1924, 15 people have been killed while running the bulls. After the race is over, the animals are killed in the arena in the evening.

Similar to the bullfight, the Encierro is also highly controversial between supporters and opponents. The animal welfare association PETA , for example, started a spectacular action with a naked run two days before the Sanfermines, during which up to 1,000 PETA activists ran naked through Pamplona.

With his novel Fiesta, Ernest Hemingway made not only the bull runs, but also the fascinating city world famous.

Magdalen Bridge over the Arga River

Way of St. James

Entrance to Pamplona through the Frankentor

The Navarre branch of the Camino de Santiago leads through Pamplona, ​​which is why many pilgrims can be found in the city, especially in the summer months. The pilgrims cross the Río Arga on the medieval Magdalene Bridge (Puente Magdalena), pass the enormous fortifications and come through the Frankentor (Puerta Fráncia) into the old town of Pamplona.

Immediately after crossing the Magdalenenbrücke, the pilgrim will find the pilgrim hostel "Casa Paderborn", run by the Jakobusfreunde Paderborn , about 300 meters upstream, right on the banks of the Río Arga.

In the old town near the cathedral there is still the city pilgrims' hostel "Jesús y María".

societies

  • Club Atlético Osasuna , football club. Osasuna's stadium is called Reyno de Navarra (formerly El Sadar ).
  • SDC San Antonio , handball club. The games will be played at the Pabellón Universitario de Navarra .

economy

Of particular economic importance is the Volkswagen Navarra SA automobile plant on the western outskirts in Landaben, which is part of the Volkswagen Group and employs 4,795 people (as of 2010). In addition to engine production, the VW Polo has been built there since 1984 . In 2010, 336,336 VW Polos and 181,962 engines were produced in Pamplona.

In the industrial area Los Agostino , a is Liebherr -Werk (Liebherr Industrias Metálicas, SA) , the cranes and truck mixers produced.

Infrastructure

Pamplona airport

The city can be easily reached by car, bus, train and the Navarre branch of the Camino de Santiago .
It also has the Noain regional airport . It is a small airport that is mostly only served by Madrid, Barcelona and Lisbon. Lufthansa has been flying to Pamplona four times a week from Frankfurt since November 2017 .

Education

Pamplona has three universities, the oldest being the University of Navarra , founded in 1952 by members of the Catholic organization Opus Dei , the state Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA) , founded in 1987, and one of the Spanish Open University Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED) Associated education center, which has been offering part-time courses for over 20 years.

Twin cities

Personalities who have worked in the city

sons and daughters of the town

literature

  • Ernest Hemingway: Fiesta , Rowohlt, Reinbek 1999, ISBN 3-499-22603-0 (German)
  • Cordula Rabe: Spanish Way of St. James. From the Pyrenees to Santiago de Compostela. All stages - with variants and height profiles. Bergverlag Rother, Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-7633-4330-0 ( Rother hiking guide ).

Web links

Commons : Pamplona-Iruña  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Cifras oficiales de población resultantes de la revisión del Padrón municipal a 1 de enero . Population statistics from the Instituto Nacional de Estadística (population update).
  2. ↑ Location information from the regional government of Navarre (Spanish)
  3. ^ Claudius Ptolemy ii. 6. Section 67; Strabo III. P. 161
  4. ^ Antonine Itinerary p. 455
  5. ↑ Pliny the Elder III. 3. s. 4th
  6. ^ Hugh Thomas : The Spanish Civil War, Ullstein Verlag, Berlin West 1962, page 190.
  7. ^ Antony Beevor, The Spanish Civil War, 2nd edition, ISBN 978-3-442-15492-0 , page 153.
  8. ↑ Heleno Saña : The Libertarian Revolution (The Anarchists in the Spanish Civil War), ISBN 3-89401-378-8 , 1st edition, page 55.
  9. ↑ Pamplona / Iruña , on elecciones.mir.es, accessed on October 15, 2018
  10. ↑ SCHOTTS SAMMELSURIUM Sport Spiel & Idleness Bloomsbury Berlin 2004 ISBN 3-8270-0635-X p. 20
  11. ↑ The race with the bull - bull races as a tourist attraction. (No longer available online.) In: TIERSOS.de. July 16, 2016, archived from the original on July 16, 2016 ; accessed on July 16, 2016 .
  12. ^ Basic press information: Volkswagen Navarra, SA . Volkswagen Media Services. March 15, 2011. Retrieved April 15, 2011.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.volkswagen-media-services.com
  13. ↑ Lufthansa Infopoint. October 2017 ( Memento from October 6, 2017 in the Internet Archive )
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Navigation bar St. James " Camino Francés "

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