Hagioscope

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A hagioscope (from Gr. Hágios “holy” and skopein “see, look at”), also called leprosy column and - regionally - penitence window ( penitence from Latin poenitentia “[church] penance , penance exercise”) is a breakthrough in a wall in a medieval wall Church building that allows a view of the altar inside the church from the outside . These wall openings were round, rectangular or cross-shaped. There are also hagioscopes which, with wall openings within the church, for example from side aisles, allow a view of the altar; an example of this is the church of St. Georg in Bergham in Marktl in Upper Bavaria. By the way, in the English Wikipedia this last definition is used for the Hagioscope.

In the Middle Ages , some churches were provided with such an opening so that people who had voluntarily or necessarily withdrawn from fellowship with other people could see what was going on at the altar and receive communion . So-called clauses or inclusions lived voluntarily withdrawn, who lived as secluded as possible in small cells for the purpose of more intensive religious devotion and meditation , which were either attached to the outside of the church or built into thicker walls.

In the 12th century, in the wake of major epidemics, it became necessary to provide spiritual care for larger numbers of lepers who had to live separately from the community . The Third Lateran Council in 1179 allowed these sick people to form their own communities with their own priests, their own churches and their own cemeteries, but this was not always possible in the countryside. Hagioscopes are therefore mostly found in areas that were sparsely populated in the Middle Ages, rarely in churches in larger medieval cities, where lepers were often housed in leprosoria (leprosy houses) that had their own chapels.

After the end of the great leprosy epidemics at the end of the 16th century, hagioscopes were partially filled or walled up and only rediscovered and restored in the 19th and 20th centuries during restoration work. In addition to Germany, hagioscopes were also widespread in Denmark , Finland , France , Italy , the Netherlands , Sweden and the United Kingdom .

The relevant research literature only discusses hagioscopes for the Teutonic Order that were designed for ascetic inclusions, not their use by lepers. In the English-speaking world, hagioscopes are defined even further: wall openings through interior walls are also included, for example from a side aisle, from a location from which otherwise no view of the main altar is possible, see example under “2.2 Bavaria”.

Denmark

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Germany

Baden-Württemberg

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  • Hagioscope of the old cemetery church of St. Peter and Paul in Nusplingen

Bavaria

  • Hagioscope in St. Nikolaus, Bergham near Marktl, Upper Bavaria

Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania

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  • Hagioscope of the Kambs village church

Lower Saxony

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  • Hagioscope of St. Clement's Church in Iburg Castle

  • Hagioscope in Bokelesch (exterior view)

  • Hagioscope in Bokelesch (interior view)

  • Walled-up hagioscope of the church in Dunum (exterior view)

  • Walled-up hagioscope of the church in Dunum (interior view)

  • Midlum Church with a hagioscope in the apse

  • Walled up hagioscope (left) and walled up women's door in the north wall of Mitling-Marker Church

  • Walled up hagioscope of St. Magnus Church in Sande

  • Hagioscope of St. Jakobus Church in Sandel (south side / outside)

  • Hagioscope of St. Jakobus Church in Sandel (south side / inside)

  • Hagioscope of St. Jakobus Church in Sandel (north side / outside)

  • Hagioscope of St. Jakobus Church in Sandel (north side / inside)

  • Hagioscope of the Friedenskirche in Westerholt (south side / outside / west.)

  • Hagioscope of the Friedenskirche in Westerholt (south side / inside / west.)

  • Hagioscope of the Friedenskirche in Westerholt (south side / outside / east.)

  • Hagioscope of the Friedenskirche in Westerholt (south side / inside / east.)

North Rhine-Westphalia

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Rhineland-Palatinate

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Saxony-Anhalt

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Schleswig-Holstein

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  • Hagioscope of the St. Mary's Church in Boren

Finland

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  • Hagioscope in the Olafsburg in Savonlinna

France

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  • Hagioscope of the old chapel St. Maurice in Freimingen-Merlenbach

  • Hagioscope of the Church of St. Peter and Paul in Saint-Avold

Italy

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  • Hagioscope of the Trinity Church of Monteaperta

Netherlands

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  • Hagioscope of the Church of Breede

  • Hagioscope of the Old Blasius Church in Delden

  • Hagioscope of the St. Vitus Church in Doezum

  • Hagioscope of the Salvius Church in Dronrijp

  • Hagioscope of the Pancratius Church by Godlinze

  • Hagioscope of St. John's Church in Hoorn

  • Hagioscope of the village church of Jistrum

  • Hagioscope of the Marienkirche in Krewerd

  • Hagioscope of the church of Leegkerk

  • Hagioscope of St. Andrew's Church in Maastricht

  • Hagioscope of the Mauritius Church in Marsum

  • Hagioscope of the Martinus Church in Middelbert

  • Hagioscope of the church of Niehove

  • Hagioscope of the church of Opwierde

  • Hagioscope of St. Lambertus Church in Vught

Sweden

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  • Hagioscope of the Church of Bro

  • Lockable hagioscope in Granhult Church

United Kingdom

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  • Hagioscope of the Church of St. Mary in Grendon

  • Hagioscope of St. Martin's Church in Liskeard

  • Hagioscope of the Church of St. Beuno in Llanycil

  • Hagioscope of the All Saints Church in Tilbrook

literature

  • Armin Tuulse: Bönekamrar och hagioskop , in: E. Forsman u. a. (Ed.), Konsthistoriska studier, tillägnade Sten Karling , Stockholm 1966
  • Gerhard Elmer: View through the wall and hagioscope in the brick architecture of the Teutonic Order . In: The sacred brick architecture of the southern Baltic Sea region - the theological aspect. Gebr. Mann Verlag, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-7861-1569-9 , pp. 233-243.
  • Kai Peter Jankrift: Hagioskope - Disregarded evidence of the history of leprosy . In: Die Klapper - Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Leprakunde eV , Münster, 7th year / 1999, p. 1 ff. , Accessed on January 30, 2015.
  • Michael Böhnke: Theological reasons for and against the functionality of the Christian religion . In: Norbert Jömann, Christiane Junker, Chadi Touma (eds.): Religion - why, why, why? On the function of religion from a sociological, biological, philosophical and theological point of view . Series: Edition KSHG , Vol. 3, LIT Verlag, Münster 2004, ISBN 3-8258-6947-4 , pp. 91–112, here pp. 95–97.
  • Ivo Just: The hagioscope of the Johanniterkapelle in Bokelesch . In: Die Klapper - messages from the Society for Leprosy , Münster, 13th year / 2005, p. 11 f. , accessed January 30, 2015.
  • Ingeborg Nöldeke: Hagioscopes of medieval village churches on the East Frisian peninsula - an unexpected discovery . In: Die Klapper - Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Leprakunde eV , Münster, Volume 18/2010 , p. 10 f. , accessed January 30, 2015.
  • Ingeborg Nöldeke: Hidden treasures in East Frisian village churches - hagioscopes, rood screens and sarcophagus lids - overlooked details from the Middle Ages . Isensee Verlag, Oldenburg 2014, ISBN 978-3-7308-1048-4 ; Table of contents , accessed January 31, 2015.
  • Alfred Rauhaus : Brief ecclesiastical studies - Reformed churches from inside and outside . Verlag Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2007, ISBN 978-3-525-63374-8 , p. 91 ff.
  • Ingomar Reiff: East Frisia trip to the hagioscopes of medieval village churches . In: Die Klapper - Communications from the Society for Leprosy , Münster, Volume 18/2010 , p. 12 f. , accessed January 30, 2015.

Web links

Commons : Hagioscope  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Footnotes

  1. ↑ a b Building history of the St. Marien Church in Boren ( memento from April 30, 2015 in the web archive archive.today ), accessed on November 19, 2018.
  2. ↑ a b St. Andrew's Church in Brodersby ( memento from April 8, 2015 in the web archive archive.today ), accessed on November 19, 2018.
  3. ↑ Elmer, see literature.
  4. ^ Church of Tørring (Danish) , accessed March 5, 2015.
  5. ↑ Reinhold Kießling: Siechenhauskapelle Waiblingen - 540 years old . In: Die Klapper - Communications from the Society for Leprosy , Münster, Volume 21/2013 , p. 10 f. , accessed March 2, 2015.
  6. ↑ Eugen Schüle: Chapel and Infirmary Waiblingen , accessed on March 2, 2015.
  7. ↑ Renovation of the Klösterle , accessed on March 4, 2015.
  8. ↑ The exterior wall painting of the Johanniterkirche Mirow ( Memento from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on February 2, 2015.
  9. ↑ Wolfgang Runge: Churches in the Oldenburger Land , Volume I (Church districts Butjadingen , Brake , Elsfleth . With comments on Ludwig Münstermann ), Heinz Holzberg Verlag, Oldenburg 1983, ISBN 3-87358-167-1 , p. 25 ff.
  10. ↑ Dr. Jörgen Welp: Churches in the Oldenburg Wesermarsch , accessed on February 2, 2015.
  11. ^ Walled-up niche (hagioscope) discovered, accessed on February 16, 2015.
  12. ↑ A walk through Kirchwahlingen , accessed on December 6, 2015.
  13. ^ Hagioskop - Leprosy Fissure in the Midlum Church in Rheiderland, accessed on February 11, 2015.
  14. ↑ The Rasteder St. Ulrichs Church , accessed on February 11, 2015.
  15. ^ Leprosy cracks in the church wall - The Roggenstede Hagioscope , accessed on February 1, 2015.
  16. ↑ Leprosy Fissure at the Sandeler Church , accessed on February 11, 2015.
  17. ^ Walled up hagioscope in Strackholt Church , accessed on February 11, 2015.
  18. ↑ Hagioscope of the Suurhuser Church , accessed on February 1, 2015.
  19. ^ Church of St. Ulricus in Börninghausen ( memorial from December 26, 2015 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on February 1, 2015.
  20. ^ Karen Künstler-Brandstädter: The building history of the Liebfrauenkirche in Andernach, [Masch.] Diss. Phil. Bonn 1994, p. 90.
  21. ↑ The nave was destroyed by arson in 1886, the choir, the Eligius Chapel , has been preserved , accessed on February 15, 2015.
  22. ^ Entry on infirmary in the database of cultural assets in the Trier region ; accessed on January 26, 2016.
  23. ↑ Manfred Böckling: Dark Stories from Koblenz - Schön & Schaurig, Gudensberg-Gleichen 2018, pp. 47–49.
  24. ↑ Jiri Fajt (ed.), Wilfried Franzen (ed.), Peter Knüvener (ed.): The Altmark from 1300 to 1600 - a cultural region in the field of tension between Magdeburg, Lübeck and Berlin . Lukas Verlag, Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-86732-106-8 , p. 309.
  25. ↑ Hagioscope of the Notre Dame church in Dives-sur-Mer ( memento of February 3, 2015 in the web archive archive.today ), accessed on November 19, 2018.
  26. ↑ Hagioscope of the Notre-Dame-du-Roncier basilica in Josselin ( memento of September 16, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on November 19, 2018.
  27. ^ Building history of the Old Church Oosterbeek ( Memento from September 18, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (Dutch) , accessed on December 27, 2015.
  28. ↑ Bro Church's cruciform hagioscope , accessed February 1, 2015.
  29. ↑ Brief description of Granhult Church (Swedish) , accessed February 2, 2015.
  30. ^ The Husaby Church hagioscope , accessed March 4, 2015.
  31. ↑ Priory: a small monastery dependent on an abbey.