List of heads of state 1681

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Africa

Ethiopia
- Emperor (Negus Negest) : Yohannes I (1667–1682)

Bamum (in today's Cameroon )
- King : Kouotou (1672–1757)

Bornu (in present-day Niger ) Sefuwa dynasty
- King / May: Idris IV. (1677–1696)

Burundi
- King : Ntare III. Rushatsi (around 1680 – around 1709)

Dahomey
- King : Houegbadja (1645–1685)

Jolof (in what is now Senegal )
- Buur-ba Jolof : Bakar Penda (1670-1711)

Kano
- King: Dadi (1670–1703)

Morocco ( Alawids )
- Sultan : Mulai Ismail (1672-1727)

Munhumutapa Empire
- Ruler : Kamharapasu Mukombwe (1663–1692)

Rwanda
- King : Mibambwe II (1672–1696)

Sultanate of Sannar (in what is now Sudan )
- Sultan : Badi II. (1644 / 45–1681)
- Sultan: Unsa II (1681–1692)

America

New France
- Governor General : Louis de Buade (1672–1682, 1689–1698 )

Rupert's Land
- Governor : Ruprecht von der Pfalz, Duke of Cumberland (1670–1682)

Brazil
- Governor General : Roque da Costa Barreto (1678–1682)

Viceroyalty of New Spain
- Viceroy : Tomás Antonio de la Cerda y Aragón (1680–1686)

Viceroyalty of Peru
- Viceroy : Melchor de Liñán y Cisneros (1678–1681)
- Viceroy: Melchor de Navarra y Rocafull (1681–1689)

Asia

Burma
- Arakan
  - King: Thiri Thudhamma (1674–1685)
- Taungu
  - King : Minrekyawdin (1673–1698)

Brunei
- Sultan : Muhyiddin (1673–1690)

China ( Qing Dynasty )
- Emperor: Kang Hi (1661-1722)

Georgia
- Imereti
  - King : Bagrat V. ( 1660, 1664–1668, 1668–1678 , 1679–1681)
  - King: Giorgi IV (1681–1683)
- Kartlien
  - King : Giorgi XI. (1675–1688, 1703–1709 )
- Mingrelia
  - Prince : Levan III. Dadiani (1661-1681)
  - Prince: Levan IV. Dadiani (1681–1691)

India
- Ahom (Assam)
  - King : Sulikphaa (1679–1681)
  - King: Supaatphaa (1681–1696)
- Dekkan Sultanates (in Central India)
  - Bijapur
    - Sultan : Sikandar Adil Shah (1672–1686)
  - Golkonda (Qutub Shahi dynasty)
    - Sultan: Abul Hasan Qutb Shah (1672–1687)
- Madurai
  - Nayak : Chokkanatha Nayak (1662–1682)
- Mughal Empire
  - Great Mughal : Aurangzeb (1658–1707)
- Mysore
  - Maharaja: Chikka Devaraja (1673–1704)
- Portuguese India
  - Interim governor : António Brandão (1678–1681)
  - Viceroy: Francisco de Távora (1681–1686)

Indonesia
- Aceh
  - Sultan : Ratu Zaqiatuddin Inayat Syah (1678–1688)
- Johor
  - Sultan : Ibrahim Shah (1677–1685)
- Dutch East Indies
  - Governor General : Rijcklof van Goens (1678–1681) (1662–1663, 1665–1675 Governor of Dutch Ceylon)
  - Governor General: Cornelis Speelman (1681–1684)

Japan
- Emperor (Tennō) : Reigen (1663–1687)
- Shogun : Tokugawa Tsunayoshi (1680–1709)

Cambodia
- King : Chettha IV. (1675–1695, 1701–1702, 1703–1706 )

Kazak Khanate
- Khan : Tawke Khan (1680-1715)

Korea ( Joseon Dynasty )
- King : Sukjong (1674-1720)

Lan Xang (in what is now Laos )
- King : Sulingvongse (1638–1690)

Nepal
- Bhaktapur
  - King : Jitamitra Malla (1673–1696)
- Kantipur
  - King : Parthivendra Malla (1680–1687)
- Lalitpur
  - King : Srinivasa Malla (1661–1685)

Persia ( Safavid Dynasty )
- Shah : Safi II. (1666-1694)

Philippines
- Maguindanao
  - Sultan: Barahaman (1678–1699)

Sri Lanka
- Kandy
  - King : Rajasinha II (1629–1687)
- Dutch Ceylon
  - Governor : Laurens Pijl (1679–1692)

Thailand ( Ayutthaya )
- King : Narai (1656–1688)

Vietnam
- Lê dynasty
  - King: Lê Gia Tông (1675–1705)
- Nguyen (in the south of Vietnam)
  - Ruler: Nguyễn Phúc Tần (1648–1687)
- Trinh
  - Ruler: Trịnh Tac (1657–1682)

Europe

Andorra
- Co-princes :
  - King of France : Louis XIV (1643–1715)
  - Bishop of Urgell : Joan Desbach Martorell (1682–1688)

Denmark and Norway
- King : Christian V (1670–1699)

England , Ireland and Scotland
- King : Charles II (1660–1685)

France
- King : Louis XIV (1643–1715)

Holy Roman Empire
- King and Emperor : Leopold I (1658–1705) (1657–1705 King of Bohemia, 1657–1705 Archduke of Austria, 1657–1705 King of Hungary)
- Electoral College
  - Archbishopric of Cologne
    - Elector : Maximilian Heinrich von Bayern (1650–1688) (1650–1688 Bishop of Hildesheim, 1650–1688 Bishop of Liège, 1683–1688 Bishop of Münster, 1650–1688 Provost of Berchtesgaden, 1657 Abbot of Stablo-Malmedy)
  - Principality of Mainz
    - Elector : Anselm Franz von Ingelheim (1679–1695)
  - Archbishopric of Trier
    - Elector : Johann VIII. Hugo von Orsbeck (1676–1711) (1675–1711 Bishop of Speyer)
  - Duchy of Bavaria
    - Elector : Maximilian II. Emanuel (1679–1726) (1692–1706 governor of the Spanish Netherlands)
  - Kingdom of Bohemia
    - Elector : Leopold I (1657–1705) (1658–1705 Emperor, 1657–1705 Archduke of Austria, 1657–1705 King of Hungary)
  - Margraviate of Brandenburg
    - Elector : Friedrich Wilhelm (1640–1688) (1640–1688 Duke of Prussia)
  - Palatine County near the Rhine
    - Elector : Charles II (1680–1685)
  - Duchy of Saxony
    - Elector : Johann Georg III. (1680-1691)
- spiritual imperial princes
  - Hochstift Augsburg
    - Bishop : Johann Christoph von Freyberg (1665–1690) (1660–1674 provost of Ellwangen)
  - Bamberg Monastery
    - Bishop : Peter Philipp von Dernbach (1672–1683) (1675–1683 Bishop of Würzburg)
  - Hochstift Basel
    - Bishop : Johann Konrad I von Roggenbach (1656–1693)
  - Prince Provost Berchtesgaden
    - Provost : Maximilian Heinrich von Bayern (1650–1688) (1650–1688 Archbishop of Cologne, 1650–1688 Bishop of Hildesheim, 1650–1688 Bishop of Lüttich, 1683–1688 Bishop of Münster, 1657 Abbot of Stablo-Malmedy)
  - Brixen monastery
    - Bishop : Paulinus Mayr (1678–1685)
  - Archbishopric of Cambrai
    - Archbishop : Jacques-Théodore de Brias (1675–1694)
  - Chur Monastery
    - Bishop : Ulrich VI. de Mont (1661–1692)
  - Corvey Abbey
    - Abbot : Christoph von Bellinghausen (1678–1696)
  - Balleien of the Teutonic Order
    - Grand Master : Johann Caspar von Ampringen (1664–1684)
  - Eichstätt Monastery
    - Bishop : Marquard II Schenk von Castell (1637–1685)
  - Prince Provost Ellwangen
    - Provost : Johann Christoph IV. Adelmann von Adelmannsfelden (1674–1687)
  - Hochstift Freising
    - Bishop : Albrecht Sigismund of Bavaria (1651–1685) (1668–1685 Bishop of Regensburg)
  - Fulda Abbey
    - Abbot : Placidus von Droste (1678–1700)
  - Hildesheim Monastery
    - Bishop : Maximilian Heinrich von Bayern (1650–1688) (1650–1688 Archbishop of Cologne, 1650–1688 Bishop of Liège, 1683–1688 Bishop of Münster, 1650–1688 Provost of Berchtesgaden, 1657 Abbot of Stablo-Malmedy)
  - Prince Abbey of Kempten
    - Abbot : Rupert von Bodman (1678–1728)
  - Constance monastery
    - Bishop : Franz Johann Vogt von Altensumerau and Prasberg (1645–1689)
  - Hochstift Lübeck (1555–1803 Protestant administrators)
    - Administrator : August Friedrich von Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf (1666–1705)
  - Liège Monastery
    - Bishop : Maximilian Heinrich von Bayern (1650–1688) (1650–1688 Archbishop of Cologne, 1650–1688 Bishop of Hildesheim, 1683–1688 Bishop of Münster, 1650–1688 Provost of Berchtesgaden, 1657 Abbot of Stablo-Malmedy)
  - Monastery of Münster
    - Bishop : Ferdinand II von Fürstenberg (1678–1683) (1661–1683 Bishop of Paderborn)
  - Hochstift Osnabrück (1662–1802 alternating between Catholic and Lutheran bishops)
    - Bishop : Ernst August von Braunschweig-Lüneburg (1662–1698) (1692–1698 Elector of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, 1669–1698 Duke of Braunschweig-Calenberg)
  - Paderborn Monastery
    - Bishop : Ferdinand II von Fürstenberg (1661–1683) (1687–1683 Bishop of Münster)
  - Passau bishopric
    - Bishop : Sebastian von Pötting (1673–1689)
  - Regensburg Monastery
    - Bishop : Albrecht Sigismund of Bavaria (1668–1685) (1652–1685 Bishop of Freising)
  - Archbishopric Salzburg
    - Archbishop : Max Gandolf von Kuenburg (1668–1687)
  - Speyer Monastery
    - Bishop : Johann Hugo von Orsbeck (1675–1711) (1676–1711 Archbishop of Trier)
  - Stablo-Malmedy Abbey
    - Abbot : Franz Egon I von Fürstenberg (1657–1682) (1663–1682 Bishop of Strasbourg)
  - Strasbourg Monastery
    - Bishop : Franz Egon von Fürstenberg (1663–1682) (1657–1682 Abbot of Stablo and Malmedy)
  - Hochstift Trento
    - Bishop : Francesco Alberti di Poja (1677–1689)
  - Hochstift Worms
    - Bishop : Franz Emmerich Kaspar Waldbott von Bassenheim (1679–1683)
  - Würzburg Monastery
    - Bishop : Peter Philipp von Dernbach (1675–1683) (1672–1683 Bishop of Bamberg)
- secular imperial princes
  - Principality of Anhalt
    - Anhalt-Bernburg
      - Prince : Viktor I. Amadeus (1656–1718)
    - Principality of Anhalt-Dessau
      - Prince : Johann Georg II. (1660–1693)
    - Anhalt-Harzgerode
      - Prince : Wilhelm (1670–1709)
    - Principality of Anhalt-Köthen
      - Prince : Emanuel Lebrecht (1671–1704) (until 1692 under guardianship)
      - Regent: Anna Eleonore zu Stolberg-Wernigerode (1670–1690)
    - Anhalt-Zerbst
      - Prince : Karl Wilhelm (1667–1718) (1667–1674 under guardianship)
  - Arenberg
    - Duke : Karl Eugen (1674–1681)
    - Duke: Philipp Karl Franz (1681–1691)
  - Margraviate of Baden
    - Baden-Baden
      - Margrave : Wilhelm (1622–1677)
    - Baden-Durlach
      - Margrave : Friedrich VII. Magnus (1677–1709)
  - Brandenburg-Ansbach
    - Margrave : Johann Friedrich (1667–1686)
  - Brandenburg-Bayreuth
    - Margrave : Christian Ernst (1655–1712)
  - Braunschweig-Lüneburg
    - Calenberg-Göttingen
      - Duke: Ernst August (1679–1692) (1692–1698 Elector of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, 1661–1698 Bishop of Osnabrück)
    - Luneburg
      - Duke : Georg Wilhelm (1665–1705) (1648–1665 Duke of Braunschweig-Calenberg-Göttingen)
    - Wolfenbüttel
      - Duke : Rudolf August (1666–1704)
  - Hessen-Darmstadt
    - Landgrave : Ernst Ludwig (1678–1739)
  - Hessen-Kassel
    - Landgrave : Karl (1670–1730) (until 1675 under guardianship)
  - Hohenzollern-Hechingen
    - Prince : Friedrich Wilhelm (1671–1735)
  - Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
    - Prince : Meinrad I (1638–1681)
    - Prince: Maximilian (1681–1689)
  - Jülich and Berg
    - Duke : Johann Wilhelm II. (1679–1716) (1690–1716 Elector Palatinate, 1690–1716 Duke of Palatinate-Neuburg)
  - Leuchtenberg
    - Duke : Maximilian Philipp Hieronymus (1650–1705)
  - Liechtenstein
    - Prince : Karl Eusebius of Liechtenstein (1627–1684)
  - Lorraine (occupied by France 1670–1697)
  - Duchy of Mecklenburg
    - Mecklenburg-Guestrow
      - Duke : Gustav Adolf (1636–1695) (1636–1648 administrator of Ratzeburg)
    - Mecklenburg-Schwerin
      - Duke : Christian Ludwig I (1658–1692)
  - Nassau
    - Ottonian line
      - Nassau-Diez
        Prince : Heinrich Casimir II. (1664–1696) (1664–1696 governor of Friesland, Groningen and Drenthe)
      - Nassau-Dillenburg
        Prince : Heinrich (1662–1701)
      - Nassau-Hadamar
        Prince : Franz Alexander (1679–1711)
      - Nassau-Siegen (Catholic line)
        Prince : Johann Franz Desideratus (1638–1699) (count until 1652)
      - Nassau-Siegen (reformed line)
        Prince : Wilhelm Moritz (1679–1691)
  - Austria
    - Archduke : Leopold V (1657–1705) (1658–1705 Emperor, 1657–1705 King of Bohemia, 1657–1705 King of Hungary)
  - Ostfriesland
    - Prince : Christian Eberhard (1665–1708) (until 1690 under guardianship)
    - Regent: Christine Charlotte von Württemberg (1665–1690)
  - Pfalz-Neuburg
    - Duke : Philipp Wilhelm (1653–1690) (1685–1690 Elector of the Palatinate, 1653–1679 Duke of Jülich and Berg)
  - Pfalz-Sulzbach
    - Duke : Christian August (1656–1708)
  - Palatinate-Veldenz
    - Duke : Leopold Ludwig (1634–1694)
  - Pfalz-Zweibrücken
    - Duke : Friedrich Ludwig (1661–1681)
    - Duke: Karl I (1681–1697) (1660–1697 King of Sweden, 1694–1697 Duke of Pfalz-Veldenz)
  - Duchy of Saxony
    - Saxe-Coburg
      - Duke : Albrecht (1680–1699) (1675–1680 Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg)
    - Saxony-Eisenach
      - Duke : Johann Georg I (1672–1686)
    - Saxony-Eisenberg
      - Duke : Christian (1680–1707) (1675–1680 Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg)
    - Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
      - Duke : Friedrich I. (1675-1691)
    - Saxony-Hildburghausen
      - Duke : Ernst (1680–1715) (1675–1680 Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg)
    - Saxony-Jena
      - Duke : Johann Wilhelm (1678–1690) (under guardianship)
      - Regent: Johann Ernst II of Saxe-Weimar (1678–1683)
    - Saxony-Meiningen
      - Duke : Bernhard I (1680–1706) (1675–1680 Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg)
    - Saxony-Römhild
      - Duke : Heinrich (1680–1710) (1675–1680 Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg)
    - Saxony-Saalfeld
      - Duke : Johann Ernst (1680–1729) (1675–1680 Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg)
    - Saxe-Weimar
      - Duke : Johann Ernst II. (1662–1683)
  - Saxony-Lauenburg
    - Duke : Julius Franz (1666–1689)
  - Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf
    - Duke : Christian Albrecht (1659–1695) (1655–1666 administrator of Lübeck)
  - Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg
    - Duke : Ernst Günther (1627–1689)
  - Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck
    - Duke : August (1675–1689)
  - Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Franzhagen
    - Duke : Christian Adolf I (1653–1667 / 1702) (loses Sønderborg to Denmark in 1667, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sønderborg-Franzhagen from 1676–1702)

Italian states
- Genoa
  - Doge : Agostino Spinola (1679–1681)
  - Doge: Luca Maria Invrea (1681–1683)
- Guastalla
  - Duke : Ferdinando Carlo von Gonzaga-Nevers (1678–1692) (1665–1708 Duke of Mantua and Montferrat)
- Papal States
  - Pope : Innocent XI. (1676–1689)
- Milan (1535–1706 to Spain)
  - Duke : Charles II of Spain (1665–1700)
    - Governor : Juan Tomás Enríquez de Cabrera y Ponce de León (1678–1686)
- Mantua (1533–1708 personal union with Montferrat)
  - Duke : Ferdinando Carlo Gonzaga (1665–1708) (1678–1692 Duke of Guastalla)
- Massa and Carrara
  - Duke : Alberico II. Cibo-Malaspina (1662–1690) (until 1664 prince)
- Mirandola
  - Duke : Alessandro II Pico (1637–1691)
- Modena and Reggio
  - Duke : Francesco II. D'Este (1662–1694)
- Montferrat (1533–1708 personal union with Mantua)
  - Duke : Ferdinando Carlo Gonzaga (1665–1708) (1678–1692 Duke of Guastalla)
- Naples (1503–1707 / 14 to Aragon or Spain )
  - King : Charles II of Spain (1665–1700)
    - Viceroy : Fernando Fajardo y Álvarez de Toledo (1675–1683)
- Parma and Piacenza
  - Duke : Ranuccio II. Farnese (1646–1694)
- Piombino
  - Prince : Giovan Battista Ludovisi (1664–1699)
- San Marino
  - Capitani Reggenti : Giambattista Tosini ( 1666, 1669–1670, 1673–1674, 1677 , 1680–1681, 1697, 1704-1705 ) and Melchiorre Martelli (1680–1681, 1685, 1690, 1693–1694, 1697–1698, 1702, 1705–1706, 1710 )
  - Capitani Reggenti: Giacomo Belluzzi ( 1642, 1648, 1652–1653, 1657–1658, 1661, 1666, 1669–1670 , 1681) and Giovanni Serafini ( 1637–1638, 1642, 1648, 1653, 1656–1657, 1660, 1664– 1665, 1671–1672, 1675 , 1681)
  - Capitani Reggenti: Paolo Antonio Onofri ( 1635, 1639, 1642–1643, 1646–1647, 1650–1651, 1654–1655, 1659–1660, 1663, 1667–1668, 1671, 1675 , 1681–1682, 1685–1686 ) and Francesco Angeli ( 1665, 1669, 1673–1674, 1677 , 1681–1682, 1688, 1695 )
- Savoy
  - Duke : Viktor Amadeus II. (1675–1720, 1730–1732 ) (1713–1720 King of Sicily, 1720–1730 King of Sardinia)
- Sicily (1412–1713 to Aragon or Spain )
  - King : Charles II of Spain (1665–1700)
    - Viceroy : Francisco de Benavides Dávila y Corella (1678–1687) (1687–1695 Viceroy of Naples, 1675–1678 Viceroy of Sardinia)
- Tuscany
  - Grand Duke : Cosimo III. de 'Medici (1670-1723)
- Venice
  - Doge : Alvise Contarini (1676–1684)

Khanate of Crimea
- Khan : Murad Giray (1678–1683)

Courland
- Duke : Jakob Kettler (1642–1682)

Malta
- Grand Master : Gregorio Carafa (1680–1690)

Moldova (under Ottoman rule)
- Prince : Gheorghe Duca ( 1665–1666, 1668–1672 , 1678–1683)

Monaco
- Prince : Louis I (1662–1701)

Netherlands
- Republic of the Seven United Provinces
  - Friesland
    - Governor : Heinrich Casimir II of Nassau-Dietz (1664–1696) (1664–1696 governor of Groningen and Drenthe, 1664–1696 Prince of Nassau-Dietz)
  - Drenthe and Groningen
    - Governor : Heinrich Casimir II of Nassau-Dietz (1664–1696) (1664–1696 governor of Friesland, 1664–1696 Prince of Nassau-Dietz)
  - Holland and Zeeland
    - Governor : Wilhelm III. of Orange (1672–1702) (1689–1702 King of England, Ireland and Scotland, 1696–1702 governor of Drenthe, 1675–1702 governor of Overijssel, 1672–1702 governor of Utrecht)
  - Overijssel and Gelderland
    - Governor : Wilhelm III. of Orange (1675–1702) (1689–1702 King of England, Ireland and Scotland, 1696–1702 governor of Drenthe, 1672–1702 governor of Holland, Zealand and Utrecht)
  - Utrecht
    - Governor : Wilhelm III. of Orange (1672–1702) (1689–1702 King of England, Ireland and Scotland, 1696–1702 governor of Drenthe, 1672–1702 governor of Holland and Zealand, 1675–1702 governor of Overijssel)
- Spanish Netherlands (formally part of the Holy Roman Empire until 1714/95)
  - Governor : Alessandro Farnese (1678–1682)

Ottoman Empire
- Sultan : Mehmed IV (1648-1687)

Poland
- King : Johann III. Sobieski (1674-1696)

Portugal
- King : Alfonso VI. (1656–1683)
  - Regent: Peter II (1667–1683) (1683–1706 king)

Prussia
- Duke : Friedrich Wilhelm (1640–1688) (1640–1688 Elector of Brandenburg)

Russia
- Tsar : Fyodor III. (1676–1682)

Sweden
- King : Charles XI. (1660–1697) (1681–1697 Duke of Pfalz-Zweibrücken)

Transylvania
- Prince : Michael I. Apafi (1661–1690)

Spain
- King : Charles II (1665–1700)

Hungary
- King : Leopold I (1657–1705) (1658–1705 Emperor, 1657–1705 King of Bohemia, 1657–1705 Archduke of Austria)

Wallachia (under Ottoman rule)
- Prince : Șerban I. Cantacuzino (1678–1688)