List of heads of state 1656

Overview
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Africa

Ethiopia
- Emperor (Negus Negest) : Fasilides (1632–1667)

Bamum (in today's Cameroon )
- King : Ngouloure (1629–1672)

Bornu (in present-day Niger ) Sefuwa dynasty
- King / May: Ali II (1639–1677)

Dahomey
- King : Houegbadja (1645–1685)

Jolof (in what is now Senegal )
- Buur-ba Jolof : Birayma Mba (1649-1670)

Kano
- King: Muhammad Kukuna ( 1651–1652 , 1652–1660)

Congo
- Mani-Congo : Garcia II (1642–1661)

Morocco
- Saadians
  - Sultan : Ahmad III. al-Abbas (1654-1659)
- Alavids
  - Sultan : Moulay Muhammad ash-Sharif (1635–1664)

Munhumutapa Empire
- Ruler : Siti Kazurukamusapa (1652–1663)

Rwanda
- King : Kigeri II. (1648–1672)

Sultanate of Sannar (in what is now Sudan )
- Sultan : Badi II. (1644 / 45–1681)

America

Brazil
- Governor General: Jerónimo de Ataíde (1654–1657)

Viceroyalty of New Spain
- Viceroy : Francisco Fernández de la Cueva (1653–1660) (1667–1670 Viceroy of Sicily)

Viceroyalty of Peru
- Viceroy : Luis Enríquez de Guzmán (1655–1661) (1650–1653 Viceroy of New Spain)

Asia

Burma
- Arakan
  - King: Sanda Thudhamma (1652–1674)
- Taungu
  - King : Pindale (1648–1661)

Brunei
- Sultan : Muhammad Ali (1652-1660)

China ( Qing Dynasty )
- Emperor : Shunzhi (1644–1661) (1643–1661 Great Khan of the Manchu)

Georgia
- Imereti
  - King : Alexander III. (1639-1660)
- Kakheti
  - King : Rostom (1648–1656) (1634–1658 King of Kartlien)
- Kartlien
  - King : Rostom (1634–1658) (1648–1656 King of Kakheti)
- Mingrelia
  - Prince : Levan II. Dadiani (1611–1657)

India
- Ahom (Assam)
  - King : Sutamla (1648–1663)
- Dekkan Sultanates (in Central India)
  - Bijapur
    - Sultan : Mohammed Adil Shah (1627–1656)
    - Sultan: Ali Adil Shah II (1656–1672)
  - Golkonda (Qutub Shahi dynasty)
    - Sultan: Abdullah Qutb Shah (1626–1672)
- Madurai
  - Nayak : Thirumalai Nayak (1623-1659)
- Mughal Empire
  - Mughal Mughal : Shah Jahan (1627–1657)
- Mysore
  - Maharaja: Narasaraja Wodeyar I (1638–1659)
- Portuguese India
  - Viceroy : Rodrigo Lobo da Silveira (1655–1656)
  - Viceroy: Manuel Mascarenhas Homem (1656) (1656–1661, 1661–1662 member of the interim government council; 1645–1653 governor of Portuguese Ceylon)
  - Interim government councilor: Manuel Mascarenhas Homem , Francisco de Melo e Castro , António de Sousa Coutinho (1656–1661)

Indonesia
- Aceh
  - Sultan : Safiyat ud-Din Taj al-Alam bint Iskandar Muda (1641–1675)
- Johor
  - Sultan : Abdul Jalil Shah III. (1623–1677)
- Dutch East Indies
  - Governor General : Joan Maetsuycker (1653–1678) (1646–1660 Governor of Dutch Ceylon)

Japan
- Emperor (Tennō) : Go-Sai (1655–1663)
- Shogun : Tokugawa Ietsuna (1651-1680)

Cambodia
- King : Chan (1642-1659)

Kazak Khanate
- Khan : Batyr (1652-1680)

Korea ( Joseon Dynasty )
- King : Hyojong (1649-1659)

Lan Xang (in what is now Laos )
- King : Sulingvongse (1638–1690)

Nepal
- Bhaktapur
  - King : Jagat Prakash Malla (1644–1673)
- Kantipur
  - King : Pratap Malla (1641–1674)
- Lalitpur
  - King : Siddhi Narasimha (1620–1661)

Persia ( Safavid dynasty)
- Shah : Abbas II (1642–1666)

Philippines
- Maguindanao
  - Sultan: Muhammad Dipatuan Kudarat (1619–1671) (1645–1648 Sultan of Sulu)
- Sulu
  - Sultan: Salahud-Din Bakhtiar (1650–1680)

Sri Lanka
- Kandy
  - King : Rajasinha II (1629–1687)
- Dutch Ceylon
  - Governor : Adriaan van der Meijden (1653–1660, 1661–1663 )
- Portuguese Ceylon (Ceilaõ)
  - Governor : António de Sousa Coutinho (1655–1656)
  - Governor: António de Amaral de Meneses (1656–1658)

Thailand ( Ayutthaya )
- King : Prasat Thong (1629–1656)
- King: Suthammaracha (1656)
- King: Narai (1656–1688)

Vietnam
- Cao Bằng ( Mạc Dynasty )
  - Ruler: Mạc Kính Vũ (1638–1677)
- Lê dynasty
  - King: Lê Thần Tông ( 1619–1643 , 1649–1662)
- Nguyen (in the south of Vietnam)
  - Ruler: Nguyễn Phúc Tần (1648–1687)
- Trinh
  - Ruler: Trịnh Tráng (1623–1657)

Europe

Andorra
- Co-princes :
  - King of France : Louis XIV (1643–1715)
  - Bishop of Urgell : Joan Manuel de Espinosa (1655–1663)

Denmark and Norway
- King : Friedrich III. (1648–1670) (1634–1648 administrator of Bremen, 1623–1629, 1634–1648 administrator of Verden)

Commonwealth of England (1649-1660)
- Lord Protector : Oliver Cromwell (1649–1658)

France
- King : Louis XIV (1643–1715)

Holy Roman Empire
- King and Emperor : Ferdinand III. (1637–1657) (1637–1657 King of Bohemia, 1637–1657 Archduke of Austria, 1637–1657 King of Hungary)
- Electoral College
  - Archbishopric of Cologne
    - Elector : Maximilian Heinrich von Bayern (1650–1688) (1650–1688 Bishop of Hildesheim, 1650–1688 Bishop of Liège, 1683–1688 Bishop of Münster, 1650–1688 Provost of Berchtesgaden, 1657 Abbot of Stablo-Malmedy)
  - Principality of Mainz
    - Elector : Johann Philipp von Schönborn (1647–1673) (1663–1673 Bishop of Worms, 1642–1673 Bishop of Würzburg)
  - Archbishopric of Trier
    - Elector : Karl Kaspar von der Leyen (1652–1676)
  - Duchy of Bavaria
    - Elector : Ferdinand Maria (1651–1679)
  - Kingdom of Bohemia
    - Elector : Ferdinand III. (1637–1657) (1637–1657 Emperor, 1637–1657 Archduke of Austria, 1637–1657 King of Hungary)
  - Margraviate of Brandenburg
    - Elector : Friedrich Wilhelm (1640–1688) (1640–1688 Duke of Prussia)
  - Palatine County near the Rhine
    - Elector : Karl I. Ludwig (1648–1680)
  - Duchy of Saxony
    - Elector : Johann Georg I (1611–1656)
    - Elector: Johann Georg II. (1656–1680)
- spiritual imperial princes
  - Hochstift Augsburg
    - Bishop : Sigismund Franz of Austria (1646–1665) (1659–1665 Bishop of Trient)
  - Bamberg Monastery
    - Bishop : Philipp Valentin Voit von Rieneck (1653–1672)
  - Hochstift Basel
    - Bishop : Johann Franz von Schönau (1651–1656)
    - Bishop: Johann Konrad I von Roggenbach (1656–1693)
  - Prince Provost Berchtesgaden
    - Provost : Maximilian Heinrich von Bayern (1650–1688) (1650–1688 Archbishop of Cologne, 1650–1688 Bishop of Hildesheim, 1650–1688 Bishop of Lüttich, 1683–1688 Bishop of Münster, 1657 Abbot of Stablo-Malmedy)
  - Brixen monastery
    - Bishop : Anton Crosini von Bonporto (1648–1663)
  - Archbishopric of Cambrai
    - Archbishop : Gaspard Nemius van den Bosch ou Dubois (1649–1667)
  - Chur Monastery
    - Bishop : Johannes Flugi of Aspermont (1636–1661)
  - Corvey Abbey
    - Abbot : Arnold IV. De Valdois (1638–1661)
  - Balleien of the Teutonic Order
    - Hoch- und Deutschmeister : Leopold Wilhelm von Österreich (1641–1662) (1631–1638 Archbishop of Magdeburg, 1628–1648 Bishop of Halberstadt, 1626–1662 Bishop of Passau, 1626–1662 Bishop of Strasbourg)
  - Eichstätt Monastery
    - Bishop : Marquard II Schenk von Castell (1637–1685)
  - Prince Provost Ellwangen
    - Provost : Johann Rudolf von Rechberg (1654–1660)
  - Hochstift Freising
    - Bishop : Albrecht Sigismund of Bavaria (1651–1685) (1668–1685 Bishop of Regensburg)
  - Fulda Abbey
    - Abbot : Joachim Graf Gravenegg (1644–1671)
  - Hildesheim Monastery
    - Bishop : Maximilian Heinrich von Bayern (1650–1688) (1650–1688 Archbishop of Cologne, 1650–1688 Bishop of Liège, 1683–1688 Bishop of Münster, 1650–1688 Provost of Berchtesgaden, 1657 Abbot of Stablo-Malmedy)
  - Prince Abbey of Kempten
    - Abbot : Roman Giel von Gielsberg (1639–1673)
  - Constance monastery
    - Bishop : Franz Johann Vogt von Altensumerau and Prasberg (1645–1689)
  - Hochstift Lübeck (1555–1803 Protestant administrators)
    - Administrator : Christian Albrecht von Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf (1655–1666) (1659–1695 Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf)
  - Liège Monastery
    - Bishop : Maximilian Heinrich von Bayern (1650–1688) (1650–1688 Archbishop of Cologne, 1650–1688 Bishop of Hildesheim, 1683–1688 Bishop of Münster, 1650–1688 Provost of Berchtesgaden, 1657 Abbot of Stablo-Malmedy)
  - Archbishopric Magdeburg (1566–1631, 1638–1680 Protestant administrators)
    - Administrator : August von Sachsen-Weißenfels (1638–1680)
  - Monastery of Münster
    - Bishop : Christoph Bernhard von Galen (1650–1678) (1661–1678 Abbot of Corvey)
  - Osnabrück Monastery
    - Bishop : Franz Wilhelm von Wartenberg (1625–1661) (1631–1648 Bishop of Minden, 1649–1661 Bishop of Regensburg, 1630–1631 Bishop of Verden)
  - Paderborn Monastery
    - Bishop : Dietrich Adolf von der Recke (1650–1661)
  - Passau bishopric
    - Bishop : Leopold Wilhelm of Austria (1626–1662) (1631–1638 Archbishop of Magdeburg, 1641–1662 Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, 1628–1648 Bishop of Halberstadt, 1626–1662 Bishop of Strasbourg)
  - Regensburg Monastery
    - Bishop : Franz Wilhelm von Wartenberg (1649–1661) (1631–1648 Bishop of Minden, 1625–1661 Bishop of Osnabrück, 1630–1631 Bishop of Verden)
  - Archbishopric Salzburg
    - Archbishop : Guidobald von Thun (1654–1668) (1666–1668 Bishop of Regensburg)
  - Speyer Monastery
    - Bishop : Lothar Friedrich von Metternich-Burscheid (1652–1675) (1673–1675 Archbishop of Mainz, 1673–1675 Bishop of Worms)
  - Stablo-Malmedy Abbey
    - Abbot : Wilhelm II of Bavaria (1650–1657)
  - Strasbourg Monastery
    - Bishop : Leopold Wilhelm of Austria (1626–1662) (1631–1638 Archbishop of Magdeburg, 1641–1662 Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, 1628–1648 Bishop of Halberstadt, 1626–1662 Bishop of Passau)
  - Hochstift Trento
    - Bishop : Carlo Emanuele Madruzzo (1629–1658)
  - Hochstift Worms
    - Bishop : Hugo Everhard Cratz von Scharfenstein (1654–1663)
  - Würzburg Monastery
    - Bishop : Johann Philipp von Schönborn (1642–1673) (1647–1673 Archbishop of Mainz, 1663–1673 Bishop of Worms)
- secular imperial princes
  - Principality of Anhalt
    - Anhalt-Bernburg
      - Prince : Christian II. (1630–1656)
      - Prince: Viktor I. Amadeus (1656–1718)
    - Anhalt-Dessau
      - Prince : Johann Kasimir (1618–1660)
    - Anhalt-Harzgerode
      - Prince : Friedrich (1635–1670)
    - Anhalt-Koethen
      - Prince : Wilhelm Ludwig (1650–1665) (1650–1659 under guardianship)
      - Regent: Lebrecht von Anhalt-Plötzkau (1653–1659)
      - Regent: Emanuel von Anhalt-Plötzkau (1653–1659)
    - Anhalt-Plötzkau
      - Prince : Lebrecht (1654–1665) (1665–1669 Prince of Anhalt-Köthen)
      - Prince: Emanuel (1654–1665) (1665–1670 Prince of Anhalt-Köthen)
    - Anhalt-Zerbst
      - Prince : Johann VI. (1621-1667)
  - Arenberg
    - Duke : Philipp Franz (1640–1674) (prince until 1644)
  - Margraviate of Baden
    - Baden-Baden
      - Margrave : Wilhelm (1622–1677)
    - Baden-Durlach
      - Margrave : Friedrich V (1622–1659)
  - Brandenburg-Ansbach
    - Margrave : Albrecht II (1634–1667)
  - Brandenburg-Bayreuth
    - Margrave : Christian Ernst (1655–1712)
  - Braunschweig-Lüneburg
    - Calenberg-Göttingen
      - Duke: Georg Wilhelm (1648–1665) (1665–1705 Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg)
    - Luneburg
      - Duke : Christian Ludwig (1648–1665) (1641–1648 Duke of Braunschweig-Calenberg-Göttingen)
    - Wolfenbüttel
      - Duke : August II (1635–1666)
  - Hessen-Darmstadt
    - Landgrave : George II (1626–1661)
  - Hessen-Kassel
    - Landgrave : Wilhelm VI. (1637–1663)
  - Hohenzollern-Hechingen
    - Prince : Eitel Friedrich II. (1623–1661)
  - Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
    - Prince : Meinrad I (1638–1681)
  - Jülich and Berg
    - Duke : Philipp Wilhelm (1653–1679) (1685–1690 Elector of the Palatinate, 1653–1690 Duke of Palatinate-Neuburg)
  - Leuchtenberg
    - Duke : Maximilian Philipp Hieronymus (1650–1705)
  - Liechtenstein
    - Prince : Karl Eusebius (1627–1684)
  - Lorraine (occupied by France 1634–1641 and 1641–1661)
  - Duchy of Mecklenburg
    - Mecklenburg-Guestrow
      - Duke : Gustav Adolf (1636–1695) (1636–1648 administrator of Ratzeburg)
    - Mecklenburg-Schwerin
      - Duke : Adolf Friedrich I ( 1592–1628 , 1631–1658) (1631–1648 administrator of Schwerin)
  - Nassau
    - Ottonian line
      - Nassau-Diez
        Prince : Wilhelm Friedrich (1640–1664) (count until 1654) (1640–1664 governor of Friesland, Groningen and Drenthe)
      - Nassau-Dillenburg
        Prince : Ludwig Heinrich (1623–1662) (count until 1654)
      - Nassau-Hadamar
        Prince : Moritz Heinrich (1653–1679)
      - Nassau-Siegen (Catholic line)
        Prince : Johann Franz Desideratus (1638–1699) (count until 1652)
      - Nassau-Siegen (reformed line)
        
        Prince : Johann Moritz (1623–1679) (count until 1652)
        
        Count: Georg Friedrich (1623–1674) (from 1664 Prince)
  - Austria
    - Archduke : Ferdinand III. (1637–1657) (1637–1657 Emperor, 1637–1657 King of Bohemia, 1637–1657 King of Hungary)
  - Ostfriesland
    - Prince : Enno Ludwig (1648–1660) (count until 1654)
  - Pfalz-Neuburg
    - Duke : Philipp Wilhelm (1653–1690) (1685–1690 Elector of the Palatinate, 1653–1679 Duke of Jülich and Berg)
  - Pfalz-Sulzbach (split off from Pfalz-Neuburg)
    - Duke : Christian August (1656–1708)
  - Palatinate-Veldenz
    - Duke : Leopold Ludwig (1634–1694)
  - Pfalz-Zweibrücken
    - Duke : Friedrich (1635–1661)
  - Duchy of Saxony
    - Saxony-Altenburg
      - Duke : Friedrich Wilhelm II. (1639–1669)
    - Saxe-Gotha
      - Duke: Ernst I (1640–1672) (1672–1675 Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg)
    - Saxe-Weimar
      - Duke : Wilhelm IV. (1620–1662)
  - Saxony-Lauenburg
    - Duke : August (1619–1656)
    - Duke: Julius Heinrich (1656–1665)
  - Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf
    - Duke : Friedrich III. (1616–1659)
  - Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg
    - Duke : Christian Adolf I (1653–1667 / 1702) (loses Sønderborg to Denmark in 1667, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sønderborg-Franzhagen from 1676–1702)

Italian states
- Genoa
  - Doge : Alessandro Spinola (1654–1656)
  - Doge: Giulio Sauli (1656-1658)
- Guastalla
  - Duke : Ferrante III. Gonzaga (1632-1678)
- Papal States
  - Pope : Alexander VII (1655–1667)
- Milan (1535–1706 to Spain)
  - Duke : Philip IV of Spain (1621–1665)
    - Governor : Luis de Benavides Carrillo (1648–1656)
    - Governor: Teodoro Trivulzio (1656) (1647–1649 Viceroy of Sicily)
    - Governor: Alfonso Perez de Vivero (1656–1660)
- Mantua (1533–1708 personal union with Montferrat)
  - Duke : Carlo II. Gonzaga (1637-1665)
- Massa and Carrara
  - Prince : Carlo I. Cybo-Malaspina (1623–1662)
- Mirandola
  - Duke : Alessandro II Pico (1637–1691)
- Modena and Reggio
  - Duke : Francesco I d'Este (1629–1658)
- Montferrat (1533–1708 personal union with Mantua)
  - Duke : Carlo II. Gonzaga (1637-1665)
- Naples (1503–1707 / 14 to Aragon or Spain )
  - King : Philip IV of Spain (1621–1665)
    - Viceroy : García de Avellaneda y Haro, Count of Castrillo (1653–1658)
- Parma and Piacenza
  - Duke : Ranuccio II. Farnese (1646–1694)
- Piombino
  - Prince : Niccolò I. Ludovisi (1634–1664)
- San Marino
  - Capitani Reggenti : Ottavio Giannini ( 1645–1646, 1652 , 1655–1656, 1659, 1665, 1669, 1673, 1678–1679 ) and Bartolomeo Ceccoli ( 1633, 1636–1637, 1641–1642, 1652–1653 , 1655–1656)
  - Capitani Reggenti: Melchiorre Maggio Belluzzi ( 1631, 1637–1638, 1643–1644, 1650 , 1656, 1663 ) and Vincenzo Lorenzoni ( 1634–1635, 1639, 1646, 1651 , 1656, 1660, 1664 )
  - Capitani Reggenti: Alessandro Belluzzi ( 1651 , 1656–1657, 1660–1661, 1666–1667, 1672–1673, 1680, 1687 ) and Giovanni Serafini ( 1637–1638, 1642. 1648, 1653 , 1656–1657, 1660, 1664– 1665, 1671–1672, 1675, 1681 )
- Savoy
  - Duke : Charles Emanuel II (1638–1675)
- Sicily (1412–1713 to Aragon or Spain )
  - King : Philip IV of Spain (1621–1665)
    - Viceroy : Juan Téllez – Girón, Duke of Osuna (1655–1656)
    - Governor: Martín de Redín (1656–1657)
- Tuscany
  - Grand Duke : Ferdinando II. De 'Medici (1621–1670)
- Venice
  - Doge : Carlo Contarini (1655–1656)
  - Doge: Francesco Cornaro (1656)
  - Doge: Bertuccio Valier (1656–1658)

Khanate of Crimea
- Khan : Mehmed IV. Giray ( 1641–1644 , 1654–1666)

Courland
- Duke : Jakob Kettler (1642–1682)

Malta
- Grand Master : Jean de Lascaris-Castellar (1636–1657)

Moldova (under Ottoman rule)
- Prince : Gheorghe Ștefan (1653–1658)

Monaco
- Prince : Honoré II (1604–1662) (lord until 1633)

Netherlands
- Republic of the Seven United Provinces
  - Friesland
    - Governor : Wilhelm Friedrich von Nassau-Dietz (1640–1664) (1640–1664 governor of Groningen and Drenthe, 1640–1654 Count of Nassau-Dietz, 1654–1664 Prince of Nassau-Dietz)
  - Drenthe and Groningen
    - Governor : Wilhelm Friedrich von Nassau-Dietz (1640–1664) (1640–1664 governor of Friesland, 1640–1654 Count of Nassau-Dietz, 1654–1664 Prince of Nassau-Dietz)
  - Holland and Zeeland
    - Governor : vacant (1650–1672)
  - Overijssel and Gelderland
    - Governor : vacant (1650–1675)
  - Utrecht
    - Governor : vacant (1650–1672)
- Spanish Netherlands (formally part of the Holy Roman Empire until 1714/95)
  - Governor : Leopold Wilhelm of Austria (1647–1656) (1631–1638 Archbishop of Magdeburg, 1641–1662 Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, 1628–1648 Bishop of Halberstadt, 1626–1662 Bishop of Passau, 1626–1662 Bishop of Strasbourg)
  - Governor: Juan José de Austria (1656–1659)

Ottoman Empire
- Sultan : Mehmed IV (1648-1687)

Poland
- King : John II Casimir (1648–1668)

Portugal
- King : John IV (1640–1656)
- King: Alfonso VI. (1656–1683)

Prussia
- Duke : Friedrich Wilhelm (1640–1688) (1640–1688 Elector of Brandenburg)

Russia
- Tsar : Alexei I (1645–1676)

Sweden
- King : Karl X. Gustav (1654–1660)

Transylvania
- Prince : Georg II. Rákóczi (1648–1657)

Spain
- King : Philip IV (1621–1665) (1621–1640 King of Portugal)

Hungary
- King : Ferdinand III. (1637–1657) (1637–1657 Emperor, 1637–1657 King of Bohemia, 1637–1657 Archduke of Austria)

Wallachia (under Ottoman rule)
- Prince : Constantin Șerban Basarab (1654–1658) (1659, 1661 Prince of Moldova)