List of heads of state 1660
Overview
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Africa
-
Ethiopia
- Emperor (Negus Negest) : Fasilides (1632–1667)
-
Bamum (in today's Cameroon )
- King : Kigeri II. (1648–1672)
-
Bornu (in present-day Niger ) Sefuwa dynasty
- King / May: Ali II (1639–1677)
-
Dahomey
- King : Houegbadja (1645–1685)
-
Jolof (in what is now Senegal )
- Buur-ba Jolof : Birayma Mba (1649-1670)
-
Kano
- King: Muhammad Kukuna ( 1651–1652 , 1652–1660)
- King: Bawa (1660–1670)
-
Congo
- Mani-Congo : Garcia II (1642–1661)
-
Morocco ( Alawids )
- Sultan : Moulay Muhammad ash-Sharif (1635–1664)
-
Munhumutapa Empire
- Ruler : Siti Kazurukamusapa (1652–1663)
-
Rwanda
- King : Kigeri II. (1648–1672)
- Sultanate of Sannar (in what is now Sudan )
America
-
Brazil
- Governor General: Francisco Barreto de Meneses (1657–1663)
-
Viceroyalty of New Spain
- Viceroy : Francisco Fernández de la Cueva (1653–1660) (1667–1670 Viceroy of Sicily)
- Viceroy: Juan de Leyva y de la Cerda (1660–1664)
-
Viceroyalty of Peru
- Viceroy : Luis Enríquez de Guzmán (1655–1661) (1650–1653 Viceroy of New Spain)
Asia
-
Brunei
- Sultan : Muhammad Ali (1652-1660)
- Sultan: Abdul Mubin (1660–1673)
- China ( Qing Dynasty )
-
Georgia
-
Imereti
- King : Alexander III. (1639-1660)
- King: Bagrat V. (1660, 1664–1668, 1668–1678, 1679–1681 )
- King: Wachtang I. Tschutschunaschwili (1660–1661, 1668 )
-
Kartlien
- King : Wachtang V (1658–1675)
-
Mingrelia
- Prince : Vamek III. Dadiani (1658–1661) (1661 King of Imereti)
-
Imereti
-
India
- Ahom (Assam)
-
Dekkan Sultanates (in Central India)
-
Bijapur
- Sultan : Ali Adil Shah II (1656–1672)
-
Golkonda (Qutub Shahi dynasty)
- Sultan: Abdullah Qutb Shah (1626–1672)
-
Bijapur
-
Madurai
- Nayak : Muthu Alakadri Nayak (1659–1662)
-
Mughal Empire
- Great Mughal : Aurangzeb (1658–1707)
-
Mysore
- Maharaja: Dodda Kempadevaraja (1659–1673)
- Portuguese India
-
Indonesia
-
Aceh
- Sultan : Safiyat ud-Din Taj al-Alam bint Iskandar Muda (1641–1675)
-
Johor
- Sultan : Abdul Jalil Shah III. (1623–1677)
-
Dutch East Indies
- Governor General : Joan Maetsuycker (1653–1678) (1646–1660 Governor of Dutch Ceylon)
-
Aceh
-
Japan
- Emperor (Tennō) : Go-Sai (1655–1663)
- Shogun : Tokugawa Ietsuna (1651-1680)
-
Cambodia
- King : Barom Reachea V (1659–1672)
- Korea ( Joseon Dynasty )
-
Lan Xang (in what is now Laos )
- King : Sulingvongse (1638–1690)
-
Nepal
-
Bhaktapur
- King : Jagat Prakash Malla (1644–1673)
-
Kantipur
- King : Pratap Malla (1641–1674)
-
Lalitpur
- King : Siddhi Narasimha (1620–1661)
-
Bhaktapur
-
Philippines
-
Maguindanao
- Sultan: Muhammad Dipatuan Kudarat (1619–1671) (1645–1648 Sultan of Sulu)
-
Sulu
- Sultan: Salahud-Din Bakhtiar (1650–1680)
-
Maguindanao
-
Sri Lanka
-
Kandy
- King : Rajasinha II (1629–1687)
-
Dutch Ceylon
- Governor : Adriaan van der Meijden (1653–1660, 1661–1663 )
- Governor: Ryklof van Goens (1660–1661, 1663, 1664–1675 )
-
Kandy
-
Vietnam
-
Cao Bằng ( Mạc Dynasty )
- Ruler: Mạc Kính Vũ (1638–1677)
-
Lê dynasty
- King: Lê Thần Tông ( 1619–1643 , 1649–1662)
-
Nguyen (in the south of Vietnam)
- Ruler: Nguyễn Phúc Tần (1648–1687)
-
Trinh
- Ruler: Trịnh Tac (1657–1682)
-
Cao Bằng ( Mạc Dynasty )
Europe
-
Andorra
-
Co-princes :
- King of France : Louis XIV (1643–1715)
- Bishop of Urgell : Joan Manuel de Espinosa (1655–1663)
-
Co-princes :
-
Denmark and Norway
- King : Friedrich III. (1648–1670) (1634–1648 administrator of Bremen, 1623–1629, 1634–1648 administrator of Verden)
-
Commonwealth of England (1649-1660)
- Rule of Parliament (1659-1660)
-
England , Ireland and Scotland
- King : Charles II (1660–1685)
-
Holy Roman Empire
- King and Emperor : Leopold I (1658–1705) (1657–1705 King of Bohemia, 1657–1705 Archduke of Austria, 1657–1705 King of Hungary)
-
Electoral College
-
Archbishopric of Cologne
- Elector : Maximilian Heinrich von Bayern (1650–1688) (1650–1688 Bishop of Hildesheim, 1650–1688 Bishop of Liège, 1683–1688 Bishop of Münster, 1650–1688 Provost of Berchtesgaden, 1657 Abbot of Stablo-Malmedy)
-
Principality of Mainz
- Elector : Johann Philipp von Schönborn (1647–1673) (1663–1673 Bishop of Worms, 1642–1673 Bishop of Würzburg)
-
Archbishopric of Trier
- Elector : Karl Kaspar von der Leyen (1652–1676)
-
Duchy of Bavaria
- Elector : Ferdinand Maria (1651–1679)
- Kingdom of Bohemia
-
Margraviate of Brandenburg
- Elector : Friedrich Wilhelm (1640–1688) (1640–1688 Duke of Prussia)
-
Palatine County near the Rhine
- Elector : Karl I. Ludwig (1648–1680)
-
Duchy of Saxony
- Elector : Johann Georg II. (1656–1680)
-
Archbishopric of Cologne
- spiritual imperial princes
-
Hochstift Augsburg
- Bishop : Sigismund Franz of Austria (1646–1665) (1659–1665 Bishop of Trient)
-
Bamberg Monastery
- Bishop : Philipp Valentin Voit von Rieneck (1653–1672)
-
Hochstift Basel
- Bishop : Johann Konrad I von Roggenbach (1656–1693)
-
Prince Provost Berchtesgaden
- Provost : Maximilian Heinrich von Bayern (1650–1688) (1650–1688 Archbishop of Cologne, 1650–1688 Bishop of Hildesheim, 1650–1688 Bishop of Lüttich, 1683–1688 Bishop of Münster, 1657 Abbot of Stablo-Malmedy)
-
Brixen monastery
- Bishop : Anton Crosini von Bonporto (1648–1663)
-
Archbishopric of Cambrai
- Archbishop : Gaspard Nemius van den Bosch ou Dubois (1649–1667)
-
Chur Monastery
- Bishop : Johannes Flugi of Aspermont (1636–1661)
-
Corvey Abbey
- Abbot : Arnold IV. De Valdois (1638–1661)
-
Balleien of the Teutonic Order
- Hoch- und Deutschmeister : Leopold Wilhelm von Österreich (1641–1662) (1631–1638 Archbishop of Magdeburg, 1628–1648 Bishop of Halberstadt, 1626–1662 Bishop of Passau, 1626–1662 Bishop of Strasbourg)
-
Eichstätt Monastery
- Bishop : Marquard II Schenk von Castell (1637–1685)
-
Prince Provost Ellwangen
- Provost : Johann Rudolf von Rechberg (1654–1660)
- Provost: Johann Christoph III. von Freyberg (1660–1674) (1665–1690 Bishop of Augsburg)
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Hochstift Freising
- Bishop : Albrecht Sigismund of Bavaria (1651–1685) (1668–1685 Bishop of Regensburg)
-
Fulda Abbey
- Abbot : Joachim Graf Gravenegg (1644–1671)
-
Hildesheim Monastery
- Bishop : Maximilian Heinrich von Bayern (1650–1688) (1650–1688 Archbishop of Cologne, 1650–1688 Bishop of Liège, 1683–1688 Bishop of Münster, 1650–1688 Provost of Berchtesgaden, 1657 Abbot of Stablo-Malmedy)
-
Prince Abbey of Kempten
- Abbot : Roman Giel von Gielsberg (1639–1673)
-
Constance monastery
- Bishop : Franz Johann Vogt von Altensumerau and Prasberg (1645–1689)
-
Hochstift Lübeck (1555–1803 Protestant administrators)
- Administrator : Christian Albrecht von Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf (1655–1666) (1659–1695 Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf)
-
Liège Monastery
- Bishop : Maximilian Heinrich von Bayern (1650–1688) (1650–1688 Archbishop of Cologne, 1650–1688 Bishop of Hildesheim, 1683–1688 Bishop of Münster, 1650–1688 Provost of Berchtesgaden, 1657 Abbot of Stablo-Malmedy)
-
Archbishopric Magdeburg (1566–1631, 1638–1680 Protestant administrators)
- Administrator : August von Sachsen-Weißenfels (1638–1680)
-
Monastery of Münster
- Bishop : Christoph Bernhard von Galen (1650–1678) (1661–1678 Abbot of Corvey)
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Osnabrück Monastery
- Bishop : Franz Wilhelm von Wartenberg (1625–1661) (1631–1648 Bishop of Minden, 1649–1661 Bishop of Regensburg, 1630–1631 Bishop of Verden)
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Paderborn Monastery
- Bishop : Dietrich Adolf von der Recke (1650–1661)
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Passau bishopric
- Bishop : Leopold Wilhelm of Austria (1626–1662) (1631–1638 Archbishop of Magdeburg, 1641–1662 Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, 1628–1648 Bishop of Halberstadt, 1626–1662 Bishop of Strasbourg)
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Regensburg Monastery
- Bishop : Franz Wilhelm von Wartenberg (1649–1661) (1631–1648 Bishop of Minden, 1625–1661 Bishop of Osnabrück, 1630–1631 Bishop of Verden)
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Archbishopric Salzburg
- Archbishop : Guidobald von Thun (1654–1668) (1666–1668 Bishop of Regensburg)
-
Speyer Monastery
- Bishop : Lothar Friedrich von Metternich-Burscheid (1652–1675) (1673–1675 Archbishop of Mainz, 1673–1675 Bishop of Worms)
-
Stablo-Malmedy Abbey
- Abbot : Franz Egon I von Fürstenberg (1657–1682) (1663–1682 Bishop of Strasbourg)
-
Strasbourg Monastery
- Bishop : Leopold Wilhelm of Austria (1626–1662) (1631–1638 Archbishop of Magdeburg, 1641–1662 Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, 1628–1648 Bishop of Halberstadt, 1626–1662 Bishop of Passau)
-
Hochstift Trento
- Bishop : Sigismund Franz of Austria (1659–1665) (1646–1665 Bishop of Augsburg)
-
Hochstift Worms
- Bishop : Hugo Everhard Cratz von Scharfenstein (1654–1663)
-
Würzburg Monastery
- Bishop : Johann Philipp von Schönborn (1642–1673) (1647–1673 Archbishop of Mainz, 1663–1673 Bishop of Worms)
-
Hochstift Augsburg
- secular imperial princes
-
Principality of Anhalt
-
Anhalt-Bernburg
- Prince : Viktor I. Amadeus (1656–1718)
-
Principality of Anhalt-Dessau
- Prince : Johann Kasimir (1618–1660)
- Prince: Johann Georg II. (1660–1693)
- Anhalt-Harzgerode
-
Principality of Anhalt-Köthen
- Prince : Wilhelm Ludwig (1650–1665)
- Anhalt-Plötzkau
-
Anhalt-Zerbst
- Prince : Johann VI. (1621-1667)
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Anhalt-Bernburg
-
Arenberg
- Duke : Philipp Franz (1640–1674) (prince until 1644)
-
Margraviate of Baden
- Baden-Baden
-
Baden-Durlach
- Margrave : Friedrich VI. (1659–1677)
-
Brandenburg-Ansbach
- Margrave : Albrecht II (1634–1667)
-
Brandenburg-Bayreuth
- Margrave : Christian Ernst (1655–1712)
-
Braunschweig-Lüneburg
-
Calenberg-Göttingen
- Duke: Georg Wilhelm (1648–1665) (1665–1705 Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg)
-
Luneburg
- Duke : Christian Ludwig (1648–1665) (1641–1648 Duke of Braunschweig-Calenberg-Göttingen)
- Wolfenbüttel
-
Calenberg-Göttingen
- Hessen-Darmstadt
-
Hessen-Kassel
- Landgrave : Wilhelm VI. (1637–1663)
-
Hohenzollern-Hechingen
- Prince : Eitel Friedrich II. (1623–1661)
- Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
-
Jülich and Berg
- Duke : Philipp Wilhelm (1653–1679) (1685–1690 Elector of the Palatinate, 1653–1690 Duke of Palatinate-Neuburg)
-
Leuchtenberg
- Duke : Maximilian Philipp Hieronymus (1650–1705)
-
Liechtenstein
- Prince : Karl Eusebius (1627–1684)
- Lorraine (occupied by France 1634–1641 and 1641–1661)
-
Duchy of Mecklenburg
-
Mecklenburg-Guestrow
- Duke : Gustav Adolf (1636–1695) (1636–1648 administrator of Ratzeburg)
-
Mecklenburg-Schwerin
- Duke : Christian Ludwig I (1658–1692)
-
Mecklenburg-Guestrow
-
Nassau
-
Ottonian line
-
Nassau-Diez
- Prince : Wilhelm Friedrich (1640–1664) (count until 1654) (1640–1664 governor of Friesland, Groningen and Drenthe)
-
Nassau-Dillenburg
- Prince : Ludwig Heinrich (1623–1662) (count until 1654)
-
Nassau-Hadamar
- Prince : Moritz Heinrich (1653–1679)
-
Nassau-Siegen (Catholic line)
- Prince : Johann Franz Desideratus (1638–1699) (count until 1652)
-
Nassau-Siegen (reformed line)
- Prince : Johann Moritz (1623–1679) (count until 1652)
- Count: Georg Friedrich (1623–1674) (from 1664 Prince)
-
Nassau-Diez
-
Ottonian line
- Austria
-
Ostfriesland
- Prince : Enno Ludwig (1648–1660) (count until 1654)
- Prince: Georg Christian (1660–1665)
-
Pfalz-Neuburg
- Duke : Philipp Wilhelm (1653–1690) (1685–1690 Elector of the Palatinate, 1653–1679 Duke of Jülich and Berg)
-
Pfalz-Sulzbach
- Duke : Christian August (1656–1708)
-
Palatinate-Veldenz
- Duke : Leopold Ludwig (1634–1694)
- Pfalz-Zweibrücken
-
Duchy of Saxony
-
Saxony-Altenburg
- Duke : Friedrich Wilhelm II. (1639–1669)
-
Saxe-Gotha
- Duke: Ernst I (1640–1672) (1672–1675 Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg)
-
Saxe-Weimar
- Duke : Wilhelm IV. (1620–1662)
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Saxony-Altenburg
-
Saxony-Lauenburg
- Duke : Julius Heinrich (1656–1665)
-
Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf
- Duke : Christian Albrecht (1659–1695) (1655–1666 administrator of Lübeck)
-
Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg
- Duke : Christian Adolf I (1653–1667 / 1702) (loses Sønderborg to Denmark in 1667, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sønderborg-Franzhagen from 1676–1702)
-
Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg
- Duke : Ernst Günther (1627–1689)
-
Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck
- Duke : August Philipp (1627–1675)
- Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
-
Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Norburg
- Duke : Johann Bogislaw (1656–1669)
-
Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön
- Duke : Joachim Ernst (1622–1671)
-
Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Wiesenburg
- Duke : Philipp Ludwig (1627–1689)
-
Württemberg
- Duke : Eberhard III. (1628–1674)
-
Principality of Anhalt
- other imperial estates (selection)
-
County of Hanau
- Count : Friedrich Casimir (1642–1685) (1641–1642 Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg)
-
lip
-
Lippe-Biesterfeld
- Count : Jobst Hermann (1627–1678)
- Lippe brake
-
Lippe-Detmold
- Count : Hermann Adolf (1652–1665)
-
Lippe-Biesterfeld
-
Nassau
-
Walramic line
- Nassau-Idstein
-
Nassau-Ottweiler
- Count : Johann Ludwig (1659–1690) (1640–1659 Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken)
-
Nassau-Saarbrücken
- Count : Gustav Adolf (1640–1677)
- Nassau-Usingen
- Nassau-Weilburg
-
Walramic line
-
Oldenburg
- Count : Anton Günther (1603–1667)
-
Ortenburg
- Count : Georg Reinhard (1658–1666)
-
Reuss
-
Reuss older line
-
Reuss overburden
- Lord : Heinrich I (1629–1681) (count from 1673)
-
Reuss undergrowth
- Lord : Heinrich V. ( 1604–1616 , 1625–1667) (1616–1625 Lord of Reuss-Greiz, 1643–1667 Lord of Reuß-Burgk)
-
Reuss overburden
-
Reuss younger line
-
Reuss-Gera
- Lord : Heinrich II. (1635–1670)
-
Reuss-Lobenstein
- Lord : Heinrich X. (1647–1671) (1635–1647 Lord of Reuss-Gera)
-
Reuss-Saalburg
- Lord : Heinrich I (1647–1666) (1640–1647 Lord of Reuss-Gera, 1666–1673 Lord of Reuss-Schleiz, 1673–1692 Count of Reuss-Schleiz)
-
Reuss-Schleiz
- Lord : Heinrich IX. (1647–1666) (1635–1647 Lord of Reuss-Gera)
-
Reuss-Gera
-
Reuss older line
- Schaumburg-Lippe
-
Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
- Count : Albert Anton (1646–1710) (1646–1662 under guardianship)
- Regent: Emilie von Oldenburg (1646–1662)
-
Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (common rule)
- Count : Christian Günther II. (1642–1666) (in Arnstadt)
- Count: Anton Günther I (1642–1666) (in Sondershausen)
- Count: Ludwig Günther II. (1642–1681) (in Ebeleben, from 1666 in Arnstadt)
-
Waldeck-Eisenberg
- Count : Heinrich Wolrad (1645–1664)
-
Waldeck Wildungen
- Count : Christian Ludwig (1645–1706)
- Count: Josias II (1645–1669)
-
County of Hanau
-
Italian states
-
Genoa
- Doge : Giovanni Battista Centurione (1658-1660)
- Doge: Gian Bernardo Frugoni (1660–1661)
-
Guastalla
- Duke : Ferrante III. Gonzaga (1632-1678)
-
Papal States
- Pope : Alexander VII (1655–1667)
-
Milan (1535–1706 to Spain)
-
Duke : Philip IV of Spain (1621–1665)
- Governor : Alfonso Perez de Vivero (1656–1660)
- Governor: Francesco Caetani (1660–1662) (1662–1667 Viceroy of Sicily)
-
Duke : Philip IV of Spain (1621–1665)
-
Mantua (1533–1708 personal union with Montferrat)
- Duke : Carlo II. Gonzaga (1637-1665)
-
Massa and Carrara
- Prince : Carlo I. Cybo-Malaspina (1623–1662)
-
Mirandola
- Duke : Alessandro II Pico (1637–1691)
-
Modena and Reggio
- Duke : Alfonso IV. D'Este (1658–1662)
-
Montferrat (1533–1708 personal union with Mantua)
- Duke : Carlo II. Gonzaga (1637-1665)
-
Naples (1503–1707 / 14 to Aragon or Spain )
-
King : Philip IV of Spain (1621–1665)
- Viceroy : Gaspar de Bracamonte Guzmán, Count of Peñaranda (1658–1664)
-
King : Philip IV of Spain (1621–1665)
-
Parma and Piacenza
- Duke : Ranuccio II. Farnese (1646–1694)
-
Piombino
- Prince : Niccolò I. Ludovisi (1634–1664)
-
San Marino
- Capitani Reggenti : Paolo Antonio Onofri ( 1635, 1639, 1642, 1646–1647, 1650–1651, 1654–1655 , 1659–1660, 1663, 1667–1668, 1671, 1675, 1681–1682, 1685–1686 ) and Antonio Ricci (1659–1659 / 60) (died in office) Francesco Angeli (1659 / 60–1660, 1665, 1669, 1673–1674, 1677, 1681–1682, 1688, 1695 )
- Capitani Reggenti: Vincenzo Lorenzoni ( 1634–1635, 1639, 1646, 1651, 1656 , 1660, 1664 ) and Giovanni Serafini ( 1646, 1651, 1656 , 1660, 1664 )
- Capitani Reggenti: Alessandro Belluzzi ( 1651, 1656–1657 , 1660–1661, 1666–1667, 1672–1673, 1680, 1687 ) and Giambattista Zampini ( 1651, 1656–1657 , 1660–1661, 1666–1667, 1672–1673, 1680, 1687 )
-
Savoy
- Duke : Charles Emanuel II (1638–1675)
-
Sicily (1412–1713 to Aragon or Spain )
-
King : Philip IV of Spain (1621–1665)
- Presidente del Reino : Pedro Martínez Rubeo (1657–1660)
- Viceroy: Fernando de Ayala (1660–1662)
-
King : Philip IV of Spain (1621–1665)
-
Tuscany
- Grand Duke : Ferdinando II. De 'Medici (1621–1670)
-
Venice
- Doge : Domenico II. Contarini (1659–1675)
-
Genoa
-
Khanate of Crimea
- Khan : Mehmed IV. Giray ( 1641–1644 , 1654–1666)
-
Courland
- Duke : Jakob Kettler (1642–1682)
-
Malta
- Grand Master : Martin de Redin (1657–1660)
- Grand Master: Annet de Clermont-Gessant (1660)
- Grand Master: Raphael Cotoner (1660–1663)
-
Moldova (under Ottoman rule)
- Prince : Ștefăniță Lupu (1659–1661, 1661 )
-
Netherlands
-
Republic of the Seven United Provinces
-
Friesland
- Governor : Wilhelm Friedrich von Nassau-Dietz (1640–1664) (1640–1664 governor of Groningen and Drenthe, 1640–1654 Count of Nassau-Dietz, 1654–1664 Prince of Nassau-Dietz)
-
Drenthe and Groningen
- Governor : Wilhelm Friedrich von Nassau-Dietz (1640–1664) (1640–1664 governor of Friesland, 1640–1654 Count of Nassau-Dietz, 1654–1664 Prince of Nassau-Dietz)
-
Holland and Zeeland
- Governor : vacant (1650–1672)
-
Overijssel and Gelderland
- Governor : vacant (1650–1675)
-
Utrecht
- Governor : vacant (1650–1672)
-
Friesland
-
Spanish Netherlands (formally part of the Holy Roman Empire until 1714/95)
- Governor : Luis de Benavides Carillo (1659–1664)
-
Republic of the Seven United Provinces
-
Poland
- King : John II Casimir (1648–1668)
-
Portugal
- King : Alfonso VI. (1656–1683)
-
Prussia
- Duke : Friedrich Wilhelm (1640–1688) (1640–1688 Elector of Brandenburg)
-
Sweden
- King : Karl X. Gustav (1654–1660)
- King: Charles XI. (1660–1697) (1681–1697 Duke of Pfalz-Zweibrücken)
-
Transylvania
- Prince : Achatius Barcsay (1658–1660)
-
Wallachia (under Ottoman rule)
- Prince : Gheorghe Ghica (1659–1660, 1673–1678 ) (1658–1659 Prince of Moldavia)
- Prince: Grigore I. Ghica (1660–1664, 1672–1673 )