List of heads of state 1665

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Africa

• Ethiopia
  • Emperor (Negus Negest) : Fasilides (1632–1667)

• Bamum (in today's Cameroon )
  • King : Kigeri II. (1648–1672)

• Bornu (in present-day Niger ) Sefuwa dynasty
  • King / May: Ali II (1639–1677)

• Dahomey
  • King : Houegbadja (1645–1685)

• Jolof (in what is now Senegal )
  • Buur-ba Jolof : Birayma Mba (1649-1670)

• Kano
  • King: Bawa (1660–1670)

• Congo (conquered by Portugal in 1665)
  • Mani-Congo : Antonio I (1661-1665)

• Morocco ( Alawids )
  • Sultan : Mulai ar-Raschid (1664–1672)

• Munhumutapa Empire
  • Ruler : Kamharapasu Mukombwe (1663–1692)

• Rwanda
  • King : Kigeri II. (1648–1672)

• Sultanate of Sannar (in what is now Sudan )
  • Sultan : Badi II. (1644 / 45–1681)

America

• Brazil
  • Viceroy : Vasco de Mascarenhas (1663–1667) (1640 Governor General of Brazil; 1652–1653 Viceroy of Portuguese India)

• Viceroyalty of New Spain
  • Viceroy : Antonio Sebastián de Toledo (1664–1673)

• Viceroyalty of Peru
  • Viceroy : Diego Benavides de la Cueva (1661–1666)

Asia

• Burma
  • Arakan
    • King: Sanda Thudhamma (1652–1674)
  • Taungu
    • King : Pye (1661–1672)

• Brunei
  • Sultan : Abdul Mubin (1660–1673)

• China ( Qing Dynasty )
  • Emperor : Kangxi (1661–1722)

• Georgia
  • Imereti
    • King : Bagrat V. ( 1660 , 1664–1668, 1668–1678, 1679–1681 )
  • Kakheti
    • King : Artschil II. (1664–1675)
  • Kartlien
    • King : Wachtang V (1658–1675)
  • Mingrelia
    • Prince : Levan III. Dadiani (1661-1681)

• India
  • Ahom (Assam)
    • King : Supangmunga (1663-1670)
  • Dekkan Sultanates (in Central India)
    • Bijapur
      • Sultan : Ali Adil Shah II (1656–1672)
    • Golkonda (Qutub Shahi dynasty)
      • Sultan: Abdullah Qutb Shah (1626–1672)
  • Madurai
    • Nayak : Chokkanatha Nayak (1662–1682)
  • Mughal Empire
    • Great Mughal : Aurangzeb (1658–1707)
  • Mysore
    • Maharaja: Dodda Kempadevaraja (1659–1673)
  • Portuguese India
    • Viceroy : António de Melo e Castro (1662–1666)

• Indonesia
  • Aceh
    • Sultan : Safiyat ud-Din Taj al-Alam bint Iskandar Muda (1641–1675)
  • Johor
    • Sultan : Abdul Jalil Shah III. (1623–1677)
  • Dutch East Indies
    • Governor General : Joan Maetsuycker (1653–1678) (1646–1660 Governor of Dutch Ceylon)

• Japan
  • Emperor (Tennō) : Reigen (1663–1687)
  • Shogun : Tokugawa Ietsuna (1651-1680)

• Cambodia
  • King : Barom Reachea V (1659–1672)

• Kazak Khanate
  • Khan : Batyr (1652-1680)

• Korea ( Joseon Dynasty )
  • King : Hyeonjong (1659–1674)

• Lan Xang (in what is now Laos )
  • King : Sulingvongse (1638–1690)

• Nepal
  • Bhaktapur
    • King : Jagat Prakash Malla (1644–1673)
  • Kantipur
    • King : Pratap Malla (1641–1674)
  • Lalitpur
    • King : Srinivasa Malla (1661–1685)

• Persia ( Safavid Dynasty )
  • Shah : Abbas II (1642–1666)

• Philippines
  • Maguindanao
    • Sultan: Muhammad Dipatuan Kudarat (1619–1671) (1645–1648 Sultan of Sulu)
  • Sulu
    • Sultan: Salahud-Din Bakhtiar (1650–1680)

• Sri Lanka
  • Kandy
    • King : Rajasinha II (1629–1687)
  • Dutch Ceylon
    • Governor : Ryklof van Goens ( 1660–1661, 1663 , 1664–1675)

• Thailand ( Ayutthaya )
  • King : Narai (1656–1688)

• Vietnam
  • Cao Bằng ( Mạc Dynasty )
    • Ruler: Mạc Kính Vũ (1638–1677)
  • Lê dynasty
    • King: Lê Huyền Tông (1662–1671)
  • Nguyen (in the south of Vietnam)
    • Ruler: Nguyễn Phúc Tần (1648–1687)
  • Trinh
    • Ruler: Trịnh Tac (1657–1682)

Europe

• Andorra
  • Co-princes :
    • King of France : Louis XIV (1643–1715)
    • Bishop of Urgell : Melcior Palau i Boscà (1664–1670)

• Denmark and Norway
  • King : Friedrich III. (1648–1670) (1634–1648 administrator of Bremen, 1623–1629, 1634–1648 administrator of Verden)

• England , Ireland and Scotland
  • King : Charles II (1660–1685)

• France
  • King : Louis XIV (1643–1715)

• Holy Roman Empire
  • King and Emperor : Leopold I (1658–1705) (1657–1705 King of Bohemia, 1657–1705 Archduke of Austria, 1657–1705 King of Hungary)
  • Electoral College
    • Archbishopric of Cologne
      • Elector : Maximilian Heinrich von Bayern (1650–1688) (1650–1688 Bishop of Hildesheim, 1650–1688 Bishop of Liège, 1683–1688 Bishop of Münster, 1650–1688 Provost of Berchtesgaden, 1657 Abbot of Stablo-Malmedy)
    • Principality of Mainz
      • Elector : Johann Philipp von Schönborn (1647–1673) (1663–1673 Bishop of Worms, 1642–1673 Bishop of Würzburg)
    • Archbishopric of Trier
      • Elector : Karl Kaspar von der Leyen (1652–1676)
    • Duchy of Bavaria
      • Elector : Ferdinand Maria (1651–1679)
    • Kingdom of Bohemia
      • Elector : Leopold I (1657–1705) (1658–1705 Emperor, 1657–1705 Archduke of Austria, 1657–1705 King of Hungary)
    • Margraviate of Brandenburg
      • Elector : Friedrich Wilhelm (1640–1688) (1640–1688 Duke of Prussia)
    • Palatine County near the Rhine
      • Elector : Karl I. Ludwig (1648–1680)
    • Duchy of Saxony
      • Elector : Johann Georg II. (1656–1680)
  • spiritual imperial princes
    • Hochstift Augsburg
      • Bishop : Sigismund Franz of Austria (1646–1665) (1659–1665 Bishop of Trient)
      • Bishop: Johann Christoph von Freyberg (1665–1690) (1660–1674 provost of Ellwangen)
    • Bamberg Monastery
      • Bishop : Philipp Valentin Voit von Rieneck (1653–1672)
    • Hochstift Basel
      • Bishop : Johann Konrad I von Roggenbach (1656–1693)
    • Prince Provost Berchtesgaden
      • Provost : Maximilian Heinrich von Bayern (1650–1688) (1650–1688 Archbishop of Cologne, 1650–1688 Bishop of Hildesheim, 1650–1688 Bishop of Lüttich, 1683–1688 Bishop of Münster, 1657 Abbot of Stablo-Malmedy)
    • Brixen monastery
      • Bishop : Sigmund Alphons von Thun (1663–1677) (1668–1677 Bishop of Trient)
    • Archbishopric of Cambrai
      • Archbishop : Gaspard Nemius van den Bosch ou Dubois (1649–1667)
    • Chur Monastery
      • Bishop : Ulrich VI. de Mont (1661–1692)
    • Corvey Abbey
      • Abbot : Christoph Bernhard von Galen (1661–1678) (1650–1678 Bishop of Münster)
    • Balleien of the Teutonic Order
      • Grand Master : Johann Caspar von Ampringen (1664–1684)
    • Eichstätt Monastery
      • Bishop : Marquard II Schenk von Castell (1637–1685)
    • Prince Provost Ellwangen
      • Provost : Johann Christoph III. von Freyberg (1660–1674) (1665–1690 Bishop of Augsburg)
    • Hochstift Freising
      • Bishop : Albrecht Sigismund of Bavaria (1651–1685) (1668–1685 Bishop of Regensburg)
    • Fulda Abbey
      • Abbot : Joachim Graf Gravenegg (1644–1671)
    • Hildesheim Monastery
      • Bishop : Maximilian Heinrich von Bayern (1650–1688) (1650–1688 Archbishop of Cologne, 1650–1688 Bishop of Liège, 1683–1688 Bishop of Münster, 1650–1688 Provost of Berchtesgaden, 1657 Abbot of Stablo-Malmedy)
    • Prince Abbey of Kempten
      • Abbot : Roman Giel von Gielsberg (1639–1673)
    • Constance monastery
      • Bishop : Franz Johann Vogt von Altensumerau and Prasberg (1645–1689)
    • Hochstift Lübeck (1555–1803 Protestant administrators)
      • Administrator : Christian Albrecht von Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf (1655–1666) (1659–1695 Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf)
    • Liège Monastery
      • Bishop : Maximilian Heinrich von Bayern (1650–1688) (1650–1688 Archbishop of Cologne, 1650–1688 Bishop of Hildesheim, 1683–1688 Bishop of Münster, 1650–1688 Provost of Berchtesgaden, 1657 Abbot of Stablo-Malmedy)
    • Archbishopric Magdeburg (1566–1631, 1638–1680 Protestant administrators)
      • Administrator : August von Sachsen-Weißenfels (1638–1680)
    • Monastery of Münster
      • Bishop : Christoph Bernhard von Galen (1650–1678) (1661–1678 Abbot of Corvey)
    • Hochstift Osnabrück (1662–1802 alternating between Catholic and Lutheran bishops)
      • Bishop : Ernst August von Braunschweig-Lüneburg (1662–1698) (1692–1698 Elector of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, 1669–1698 Duke of Braunschweig-Calenberg)
    • Paderborn Monastery
      • Bishop : Ferdinand II von Fürstenberg (1661–1683) (1687–1683 Bishop of Münster)
    • Passau bishopric
      • Bishop : Wenceslaus of Thun (1664–1673)
    • Regensburg Monastery
      • Bishop : Adam Lorenz von Toerring-Stein (1663–1666)
    • Archbishopric Salzburg
      • Archbishop : Guidobald von Thun (1654–1668) (1666–1668 Bishop of Regensburg)
    • Speyer Monastery
      • Bishop : Lothar Friedrich von Metternich-Burscheid (1652–1675) (1673–1675 Archbishop of Mainz, 1673–1675 Bishop of Worms)
    • Stablo-Malmedy Abbey
      • Abbot : Franz Egon I von Fürstenberg (1657–1682) (1663–1682 Bishop of Strasbourg)
    • Strasbourg Monastery
      • Bishop : Franz Egon von Fürstenberg (1663–1682) (1657–1682 Abbot of Stablo and Malmedy)
    • Hochstift Trento
      • Bishop : Sigismund Franz of Austria (1659–1665) (1646–1665 Bishop of Augsburg)
      • Bishop: Ernst Adalbert von Harrach (1665–1667)
    • Hochstift Worms
      • Bishop : Johann Philipp I von Schönborn (1663–1673) (1647–1673 Archbishop of Mainz, 1642–1673 Bishop of Würzburg)
    • Würzburg Monastery
      • Bishop : Johann Philipp von Schönborn (1642–1673) (1647–1673 Archbishop of Mainz, 1663–1673 Bishop of Worms)
  • secular imperial princes
    • Principality of Anhalt
      • Anhalt-Bernburg
        • Prince : Viktor I. Amadeus (1656–1718)
      • Principality of Anhalt-Dessau
        • Prince : Johann Georg II. (1660–1693)
      • Anhalt-Harzgerode
        • Prince : Friedrich (1635–1670)
      • Principality of Anhalt-Köthen
        • Prince : Wilhelm Ludwig (1650–1665)
        • Prince: Lebrecht (1665–1669) (1654–1665 Prince of Anhalt-Plötzkau)
        • Prince: Emanuel (1665–1670) (1654–1665 Prince of Anhalt-Plötzkau)
      • Anhalt-Plötzkau (falls to Anhalt-Bernburg)
        • Prince : Lebrecht (1654–1665) (1665–1669 Prince of Anhalt-Köthen)
        • Prince: Emanuel (1654–1665) (1665–1670 Prince of Anhalt-Köthen)
      • Anhalt-Zerbst
        • Prince : Johann VI. (1621-1667)
    • Arenberg
      • Duke : Philipp Franz (1640–1674) (prince until 1644)
    • Margraviate of Baden
      • Baden-Baden
        • Margrave : Wilhelm (1622–1677)
      • Baden-Durlach
        • Margrave : Friedrich VI. (1659–1677)
    • Brandenburg-Ansbach
      • Margrave : Albrecht II (1634–1667)
    • Brandenburg-Bayreuth
      • Margrave : Christian Ernst (1655–1712)
    • Braunschweig-Lüneburg
      • Calenberg-Göttingen
        • Duke: Georg Wilhelm (1648–1665) (1665–1705 Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg)
        • Duke: Johann Friedrich (1665–1679)
      • Luneburg
        • Duke : Christian Ludwig (1648–1665) (1641–1648 Duke of Braunschweig-Calenberg-Göttingen)
        • Duke: Georg Wilhelm (1665–1705) (1648–1665 Duke of Braunschweig-Calenberg-Göttingen)
      • Wolfenbüttel
        • Duke : August II (1635–1666)
    • Hessen-Darmstadt
      • Landgrave : Ludwig VI. (1661–1678)
    • Hessen-Kassel
      • Landgrave : Wilhelm VII. (1663-1670)
    • Hohenzollern-Hechingen
      • Prince : Philipp (1661–1671)
    • Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
      • Prince : Meinrad I (1638–1681)
    • Jülich and Berg
      • Duke : Philipp Wilhelm (1653–1679) (1685–1690 Elector of the Palatinate, 1653–1690 Duke of Palatinate-Neuburg)
    • Leuchtenberg
      • Duke : Maximilian Philipp Hieronymus (1650–1705)
    • Liechtenstein
      • Prince : Karl Eusebius (1627–1684)
    • Lorraine
      • Duke : Charles IV ( 1625–1634, 1641 , 1661–1670)
    • Duchy of Mecklenburg
      • Mecklenburg-Guestrow
        • Duke : Gustav Adolf (1636–1695) (1636–1648 administrator of Ratzeburg)
      • Mecklenburg-Schwerin
        • Duke : Christian Ludwig I (1658–1692)
    • Nassau
      • Ottonian line
        • Nassau-Diez
          • Prince : Heinrich Casimir II. (1664–1696) (1664–1696 governor of Friesland, Groningen and Drenthe)
        • Nassau-Dillenburg
          • Prince : Heinrich (1662–1701)
        • Nassau-Hadamar
          • Prince : Moritz Heinrich (1653–1679)
        • Nassau-Siegen (Catholic line)
          • Prince : Johann Franz Desideratus (1638–1699) (count until 1652)
        • Nassau-Siegen (reformed line)
          • Prince : Johann Moritz (1623–1679) (count until 1652)
          • Prince: Georg Friedrich (1623–1674) (count until 1664)
    • Austria
      • Archduke : Leopold V (1657–1705) (1658–1705 Emperor, 1657–1705 King of Bohemia, 1657–1705 King of Hungary)
    • Ostfriesland
      • Prince : Georg Christian (1660–1665)
      • Prince: Christian Eberhard (1665–1708) (until 1690 under guardianship)
      • Regent: Christine Charlotte von Württemberg (1665–1690)
    • Pfalz-Neuburg
      • Duke : Philipp Wilhelm (1653–1690) (1685–1690 Elector of the Palatinate, 1653–1679 Duke of Jülich and Berg)
    • Pfalz-Sulzbach
      • Duke : Christian August (1656–1708)
    • Palatinate-Veldenz
      • Duke : Leopold Ludwig (1634–1694)
    • Pfalz-Zweibrücken
      • Duke : Friedrich Ludwig (1661–1681)
    • Duchy of Saxony
      • Saxony-Altenburg
        • Duke : Friedrich Wilhelm II. (1639–1669)
      • Saxe-Gotha
        • Duke: Ernst I (1640–1672) (1672–1675 Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg)
      • Saxe-Weimar
        • Duke : Johann Ernst II. (1662–1683)
    • Saxony-Lauenburg
      • Duke : Julius Heinrich (1656–1665)
      • Duke; Franz Erdmann (1665–1666)
    • Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf
      • Duke : Christian Albrecht (1659–1695) (1655–1666 administrator of Lübeck)
    • Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg
      • Duke : Christian Adolf I (1653–1667 / 1702) (loses Sønderborg to Denmark in 1667, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sønderborg-Franzhagen from 1676–1702)
    • Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg
      • Duke : Ernst Günther (1627–1689)
    • Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck
      • Duke : August Philipp (1627–1675)
    • Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
      • Duke : Christian (1663–1698)
    • Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Norburg
      • Duke : Johann Bogislaw (1656–1669)
    • Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön
      • Duke : Joachim Ernst (1622–1671)
    • Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Wiesenburg
      • Duke : Philipp Ludwig (1627–1689)
    • Württemberg
      • Duke : Eberhard III. (1628–1674)
  • other imperial estates (selection)
    • County of Hanau
      • Count : Friedrich Casimir (1642–1685) (1641–1642 Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg)
    • lip
      • Lippe-Biesterfeld
        • Count : Jobst Hermann (1627–1678)
      • Lippe brake
        • Count : Kasimir (1657–1692)
      • Lippe-Detmold
        • Count : Hermann Adolf (1652–1665)
        • Count: Simon Heinrich (1665–1697)
    • Nassau
      • Walramic line
        • Nassau-Idstein
          • Count : Johann (1629–1677) (1627–1629 Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken-Weilburg)
        • Nassau-Ottweiler
          • Count : Johann Ludwig (1659–1690) (1640–1659 Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken)
        • Nassau-Saarbrücken
          • Count : Gustav Adolf (1640–1677)
        • Nassau-Usingen
          • Count : Walrad (1659–1702) (Prince from 1688, Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken from 1640–1659)
        • Nassau-Weilburg
          • Count : Friedrich (1655–1675)
    • Oldenburg
      • Count : Anton Günther (1603–1667)
    • Ortenburg
      • Count : Georg Reinhard (1658–1666)
    • Reuss
      • Reuss older line
        • Reuss overburden
          • Lord : Heinrich I (1629–1681) (count from 1673)
        • Reuss undergrowth
          • Lord : Heinrich V. ( 1604–1616 , 1625–1667) (1616–1625 Lord of Reuss-Greiz, 1643–1667 Lord of Reuß-Burgk)
      • Reuss younger line
        • Reuss-Gera
          • Lord : Heinrich II. (1635–1670)
        • Reuss-Lobenstein
          • Lord : Heinrich X. (1647–1671) (1635–1647 Lord of Reuss-Gera)
        • Reuss-Saalburg
          • Lord : Heinrich I (1647–1666) (1640–1647 Lord of Reuss-Gera, 1666–1673 Lord of Reuss-Schleiz, 1673–1692 Count of Reuss-Schleiz)
        • Reuss-Schleiz
          • Lord : Heinrich IX. (1647–1666) (1635–1647 Lord of Reuss-Gera)
    • Schaumburg-Lippe
      • Count : Philip I (1647–1681)
    • Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
      • Count : Albert Anton (1646–1710)
    • Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (common rule)
      • Count : Christian Günther II. (1642–1666) (in Arnstadt)
      • Count: Anton Günther I (1642–1666) (in Sondershausen)
      • Count: Ludwig Günther II. (1642–1681) (in Ebeleben, from 1666 in Arnstadt)
    • Waldeck-Eisenberg
      • Count : Heinrich Wolrad (1645–1664)
    • Waldeck Wildungen
      • Count : Christian Ludwig (1645–1706)
      • Count: Josias II (1645–1669)

• Italian states
  • Genoa
    • Doge : Stefano De Mari (1663-1665)
    • Doge: Cesare Durazzo (1665–1667)
  • Guastalla
    • Duke : Ferrante III. Gonzaga (1632-1678)
  • Papal States
    • Pope : Alexander VII (1655–1667)
  • Milan (1535–1706 to Spain)
    • Duke : Philip IV of Spain (1621–1665)
    • Duke: Charles II of Spain (1665–1700)
      • Governor : Luis de Guzmán Ponce de Leon (1662–1668)
  • Mantua (1533–1708 personal union with Montferrat)
    • Duke : Carlo II. Gonzaga (1637-1665)
    • Duke: Ferdinando Carlo Gonzaga (1665–1708) (1678–1692 Duke of Guastalla)
  • Massa and Carrara
    • Duke : Alberico II. Cibo-Malaspina (1662–1690) (until 1664 prince)
  • Mirandola
    • Duke : Alessandro II Pico (1637–1691)
  • Modena and Reggio
    • Duke : Francesco II. D'Este (1662–1694)
  • Montferrat (1533–1708 personal union with Mantua)
    • Duke : Carlo II. Gonzaga (1637-1665)
    • Duke: Ferdinando Carlo Gonzaga (1665–1708) (1678–1692 Duke of Guastalla)
  • Naples (1503–1707 / 14 to Aragon or Spain )
    • King : Philip IV of Spain (1621–1665)
    • King: Charles II of Spain (1665–1700)
      • Viceroy : Pascual de Aragón (1664–1666)
  • Parma and Piacenza
    • Duke : Ranuccio II. Farnese (1646–1694)
  • Piombino
    • Prince : Giovan Battista Ludovisi (1664–1699)
  • San Marino
    • Capitani Reggenti : Francesco Maccioni (1664–1665, 1668–1669, 1674, 1679, 1683, 1688–1689, 1692, 1696, 1699–1700, 1706–1707, 1710–1711 ) and Giovanni Serafini ( 1637–1638, 1642, 1648, 1653, 1656–1657, 1660 , 1664–1665, 1671–1672, 1675, 1681 )
    • Capitani Reggenti: Ottavio Giannini ( 1645-1646, 1652, 1655–1656, 1659 , 1665, 1669, 1673, 1678–1679 ) and Francesco Angeli ( 1659 / 60–1660 , 1665, 1669, 1673–1674, 1677, 1681– 1682, 1688, 1695 )
    • Capitani Reggenti: Carlo Tosini ( 1650–1651, 1654–1655, 1661–1662 , 1665–1666, 1671–1672, 1675–1676, 1679–1680, 1683–1684 ) and Sforza Cionini ( 1628, 1632–1633, 1641– 1642, 1645, 1655, 1661 , 1665–1666, 1672–1673 )
  • Savoy
    • Duke : Charles Emanuel II (1638–1675)
  • Sicily (1412–1713 to Aragon or Spain )
    • King : Philip IV of Spain (1621–1665)
    • King: Charles II of Spain (1665–1700)
      • Viceroy : Francesco Caetani (1662–1667) (1660–1662 governor of Milan)
  • Tuscany
    • Grand Duke : Ferdinando II. De 'Medici (1621–1670)
  • Venice
    • Doge : Domenico II. Contarini (1659–1675)

• Khanate of Crimea
  • Khan : Mehmed IV. Giray ( 1641–1644 , 1654–1666)

• Courland
  • Duke : Jakob Kettler (1642–1682)

• Malta
  • Grand Master : Nicolas Cotoner (1663–1680)

• Moldova (under Ottoman rule)
  • Prince : Eustatie Dabija (1661–1665)
  • Prince: Gheorghe Duca (1665–1666, 1668–1672, 1678–1683 )

• Monaco
  • Prince : Louis I (1662–1701)

• Netherlands
  • Republic of the Seven United Provinces
    • Friesland
      • Governor : Heinrich Casimir II of Nassau-Dietz (1664–1696) (1664–1696 governor of Groningen and Drenthe, 1664–1696 Prince of Nassau-Dietz)
    • Drenthe and Groningen
      • Governor : Heinrich Casimir II of Nassau-Dietz (1664–1696) (1664–1696 governor of Friesland, 1664–1696 Prince of Nassau-Dietz)
    • Holland and Zeeland
      • Governor : vacant (1650–1672)
    • Overijssel and Gelderland
      • Governor : vacant (1650–1675)
    • Utrecht
      • Governor : vacant (1650–1672)
  • Spanish Netherlands (formally part of the Holy Roman Empire until 1714/95)
    • Governor : Francisco de Moura Cortereal (1664–1668)

• Ottoman Empire
  • Sultan : Mehmed IV (1648-1687)

• Poland
  • King : John II Casimir (1648–1668)

• Portugal
  • King : Alfonso VI. (1656–1683)

• Prussia
  • Duke : Friedrich Wilhelm (1640–1688) (1640–1688 Elector of Brandenburg)

• Russia
  • Tsar : Alexei I (1645–1676)

• Sweden
  • King : Charles XI. (1660–1697) (1681–1697 Duke of Pfalz-Zweibrücken)

• Transylvania
  • Prince : Michael I. Apafi (1661–1690)

• Spain
  • King : Philip IV (1621–1665) (1621–1640 King of Portugal)
  • King: Charles II (1665–1700)

• Hungary
  • King : Leopold I (1657–1705) (1658–1705 Emperor, 1657–1705 King of Bohemia, 1657–1705 Archduke of Austria)

• Wallachia (under Ottoman rule)
  • Prince : Radu Leon (1664–1669)