Paderborn Monastery

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Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor with haloes (1400-1806) .svg
Territory in the Holy Roman Empire
Paderborn Monastery
coat of arms
coat of arms
map
map
The Hochstift Paderborn (red) in the Lower Rhine-Westphalian Empire (white) 1560
Alternative names Pin Paderborn high pin Paderborn, Bishopric of Paderborn, Paderborn region
Arose from Developed from the Duchy of Saxony in the 14th century
Form of rule Electoral principality / corporate state
Ruler / government Prince-bishop , administrator or vacant : cathedral chapter
Today's region / s DE-NW
Parliament 1 virile vote on the ecclesiastical bench in the Reichsfürstenrat
Reich register 1521 = 18 horsemen, 34 foot soldiers, 120 guilders - 1663 = 18 horsemen, 33 foot soldiers, 352 guilders
Reichskreis Lower Rhine-Westphalian
Capitals / residences Paderborn , Neuhaus
Denomination / Religions Roman Catholic , 2nd half of the 16th century, mostly Lutheran , large Jewish minority
Language / n German , Low German , Latin
surface 1,700 km² (1802)
Residents 96,000 (1802)
Incorporated into set in 1802 (de facto) / 1803 (officially) to Kingdom of Prussia ( Principality of Paderborn )


The Paderborn Hochstift , also known as the Princes' or contemporary Paderborn Monastery, was a corporate state and spiritual territory of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation in eastern Westphalia , which was formed in the High Middle Ages and existed until the modern age of 1802/03. It was the secular domain of the prince-bishops of Paderborn . In contrast to this is the larger area of ​​the ecclesiastical diocese , the spiritual pastoral area of the diocese of Paderborn . The monastery had been part of the Lower Rhine-Westphalian Empire since the 16th century .

geography

The Paderborn bishopric comprised roughly the area of ​​today's Westphalian districts of Paderborn and Höxter with the exception of the area around the city of Höxter , which formed the territory of the prince-abbey of Corvey (from 1779 prince-bishopric). Essentho , Meerhof , Oesdorf and Westheim of the former Wünnenberg office in the former Büren district are now part of the town of Marsberg in the Hochsauerland district . The office of Lügde (today Lippe district ) was an integral part of the bishopric from 1618 at the latest and formed an exclave of the bishopric. A joint administration in Paderborn and Lippe had existed for the Oldenburg-Stoppelberg and Schwalenberg offices since the 14th century . Grevenhagen formed a Lippe exclave in the Hochstift. The core area of ​​the former Hochstift lies on both sides of the Egge Mountains between Senne and Warburger Börde , between Weser and Sauerland , divided into the eastern Oberwald district and the western Unterwald district separated by the Egge .

The diocese always encompassed further areas, including most of the northern, southern and eastern (after the Reformation often no longer Catholic) neighboring territories of the bishopric.

Neighboring countries to the territory were the principalities of Lippe , Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel and Waldeck , the counties Ravensberg ( Brandenburg-Prussia ), Pyrmont and Rietberg , the Landgraviate of Hessen-Kassel , the Principality of Calenberg-Göttingen / Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg , the Duchy of Westphalia and the monastery Corvey .

  • Administrative structure of the Hochstift in the 18th century

  • Johannes Gigas , between 1620 and 1635

  • Matthäus Seutter : Map of the bishopric around 1750

history

In the course of the centuries, the territory of the bishopric of Paderborn developed in the area of ​​the diocese, which was only dissolved in the modern era by the Prussian occupation in 1802. A sovereign state or statehood of the bishopric can only be spoken of from the High Middle Ages (14th century) to the beginning of the 19th century.

Paderborn bishops as rulers

The list of bishops in Paderborn is long. 66 bishops have been known since the 8th century. Around 28  sovereigns were prince-bishops from the 14th century to 1802 in today's understanding. Hathumar (806–815) was the first bishop of Paderborn, Bernhard V (1321–1341) is considered the first prince-bishop. Franz Egon (since 1789) was the last head of the state; but remained the ecclesiastical pastor of the diocese until 1825. The most important prince-bishops include, in addition to the creator of the first state constitution, “Privilegium Bernhardi”, Bernhard V and Heinrich III. who was the first sovereign to really separate between his spiritual and worldly duties. In the centuries that followed, most rulers made use of the auxiliary bishops who carried out the spiritual office. During the Reformation, Henry IV was even a Protestant sovereign.

Dietrich IV first appeared as the most important prince-bishop of modern times , despite the promotion of the witch trials he was the founder of the first Westphalian university . Bishop Ferdinand II (1661–1683) provided the small territory with a cultural and spiritual boom . Its excellent contacts to the papal court in Rome allowed the bishopric to play an independent role. Both bishops from the von Fürstenberg family concentrated on their land and were academically interested donors and builders of the high baroque era . Bishop Friedrich Wilhelm can be regarded as a later enlightened reformer , even if his reforms offered no protection from the fall of the spiritual territory. Overall, only those bishops who were able to concentrate on the Paderborn territory and predominantly ruled there were also successful. On the other hand, the foreign rulers, who were in personal union with other spiritual territories, offered a certain and, as the example of Clemens August shows, often futile protection against the annexation of larger secular territorial states.

prehistory

Diocese founded by the Carolingians

The diocese of Paderborn was founded in Saxony in 799 by Pope Leo III. and the Frankish King Charlemagne in the Palatinate town of Paderborn. An exact date is not known. Years before the foundation of the diocese was prepared by the Franks. It was founded in 798 by expropriations of old Saxon property. In 799 Pope Leo III fled. before Roman unrest to Karl in Paderborn. The foundation of the diocese is directly related to Leo III's flight. from Rome and the subsequent negotiations with Karl in Paderborn on the re-establishment of the Western Roman Empire. Just a year later, Charles was crowned the new Roman Emperor in Rome. Subordinate to the diocese of Würzburg , the diocese was not yet independent in the first few years. The first bishop, the Saxon Hathumar , was trained in Würzburg. The work of the first bishop in the diocese itself can only be proven around 805. Numerous imperial assemblies can be traced back to Karl in the most important bishopric of old Saxony at the time: Ludwig the Pious 815, Ludwig the German (840, 845). The diocese was first legally upgraded in 822 by Ludwig the Pious when he was granted immunity , which excluded aristocratic judicial powers in the territory. Charles III In 885 gave the cathedral clergy the right to freely elect a bishop. The diocese experienced a religious appreciation that was no less important in the spiritual world of the early Middle Ages through the founding of numerous monasteries and monasteries ( Corvey 822, Böddeken 836, Niggenkerken 863, Neuenheerse 868) and reliquary translations : St. Liborius to Paderborn and St. Veit according to Corvey 836.

Ottonian heyday

At the end of the 9th century, the disputes over the inheritance of the Carolingians in the Franconian Empire led to conflicts in the diocese of Paderborn between the Franconian house of the Konradines and the (East) Saxon house of the Liudolfingers , the later Ottonians . The diocese was located on the Hellweg, which is important from a commercial point of view, between the property of the Liudolfinger in the Harz / Magdeburg region and the royal property in the Lower Rhine region and Aachen. The Liudolfingian bishop Meinwerk (1009-1036) knew how to use the proximity to the new kings from Saxony for himself and his diocese. In his time the diocese was actually consolidated. He himself bequeathed his hereditary property to him and acquired further property. Last but not least, he secured several counties for the diocese. In this he put Ministeriale. These measures weakened the power of the old nobility. It was also of great importance in the monastic sphere. Heinrich II left the imperial monastery Helmarshausen and the Schildesche monastery to him . The Abdinghof Monastery and the Busdorf Monastery were newly founded . This gave the bishops six own monasteries or monasteries. Economically and politically, the diocese experienced a second heyday under Meinwerk, which could be considered a prime example of an imperial bishop close to the king.

Regional restriction

Political power and the first territorial freedoms that Meinwerk had given the diocese were restricted in the period that followed, when the German kingship shifted its focus to southern Germany with the Hohenstaufen in the 12th century . The diocese, which was no longer centrally located and thus restricted in its supra-regional importance, got into regional conflicts, which were also exacerbated by the investiture dispute . Above all, the Counts of Werl and later in particular the Archbishops of Cologne sought a territorial expansion at the expense of the Diocese of Paderborn. When Barbarossa smashed the Duchy of Saxony in 1180 after Duke Henry the Lion was ousted , the diocese was added to the new Duchy of Westphalia and Engern ; the archbishop of Cologne received the ducal dignity. The numerous founding of cities were an important means of asserting power and maintaining it as much as possible.

Cologne-Paderborn conflict

The regional weakness of the diocese initially led to conflicts with its immediate neighbors. The Counts of Schwalenberg , the Lords of Brakel and the Counts of Everstein , the Archbishops of Mainz , the Lords of Schöneberg , the Lords of Büren and the Lords of Lippe kept secular rule to a minimum.

At the same time, the city of Paderborn emancipated itself from episcopal power. The archbishops of Cologne also sought allies in the citizenry to weaken the Paderborn bishop. The Archbishops of Cologne, Philipp von Heinsberg (1167–1191) and Engelbert I von Berg (1216–1225), moved monasteries and monasteries to conclude alliances with Cologne. Engelbert supported the self-determination of the city of Paderborn in 1217. He also supported the founding and upgrading of cities in the Duchy of Westphalia (including Werl , Geseke , Brilon , Obermarsberg and Rüthen ).

After Engelbert's murder in 1225, Cologne's pressure on Paderborn initially eased, but Konrad von Hochstaden , as Archbishop of Cologne, continued the expansion course of his predecessors. Since Bishop Simon I (1247–1277) was the first bishop of Paderborn to pursue an active territorial policy, a violent confrontation occurred. In the battle of the Wülferichskamp near Dortmund in 1254, the Cologne team defeated the Paderborn troops. The Paderborn diocese now threatened to fall entirely to Cologne. The Battle of Worringen on June 5, 1288, however, ended the Cologne expansion abruptly. Cologne had to limit itself to the territory of the Duchy of Westphalia and the archbishop to the title of Duke of Westphalia-Engern. The disputes between Paderborn and Cologne should be suspended for the next century, as both rulers took care of the internal expansion of their territories.

The emergence of the princely rule and administration

The founder of the bishopric Bernhard V. (1321-1341)

If the bishops had been court lords over their peasants on their property since the 9th century , the first secular office-holderships in other areas of the diocese developed under Bishop Bernhard II . The Counts of Schwalenberg - Waldeck handed over the important bailiwick office to the bishop, which actually represented the secular representation of the bishop. Spiritual and secular tasks were now in the hands of Bernhard II. The growing insignificance of the royal service of the Saxon Paderborn bishops also left room for the expansion of territorial rule.

Bishop Bernhard V is considered to be the real creator of the Paderborn Monastery. Even under his direct predecessors Günther I and Dietrich II , he was the real head of the state rulership. On the one hand, he owed his power to the strengthened estates , on the other hand, he was able to use his power for himself through a new constitution by integrating the class power of the nobility, the cathedral chapter and the cities. For the first time in 1309 a council of estates was created, which consisted of four canons and four ministers and two citizens each from the cities of Warburg and Paderborn. The mutual dependency, especially in a crisis situation, gradually formed constitutional laws that more and more crystallized the Paderborn Monastery.

In addition to the new constitutional regulations, the extensive foundations of cities are also of importance for the years of Bishop Bernhard V. In hardly any other area of Westphalia was there a similar density of cities in the Middle Ages. In addition to the new foundations, he attached particular importance to the consolidation of rule. In his time, the area of ​​the bishopric was rounded off as it should exist until its end in 1802/03.

Bernhard V's military and urban development measures also led the country into a serious financial crisis, which again required a constitutional act to resolve it. In the Bernhardi privilege , the aristocratic estates and the prince-bishop were sworn to a mutual assistance pact . The cities also followed suit.

The founding of cities was primarily a measure to create sovereign infrastructure . From the end of the 13th century, offices were formed which primarily served tax, police, military and legal control. This was not done centrally, but unequally, based on existing titles and offices, so that some designations were misleading. In Nieheim, for example, the bailiff was called Richter , although he did not speak justice, other names were Landvogt ( Peckelsheim ), Go- and Freirafen (Warburg).

At the end of the 14th century, middle instances were created with the upper offices , which also remained until the end of the territory. Dringenberg Castle and Neuhaus Castle each formed an eastern and western district, later called Oberwalden and Unterwalden , separated by the natural barrier Eggegebirge and dominated by the cities of Warburg and Paderborn. The administrative structure was very much adapted to the historical circumstances and must appear to be very backward from the point of view of later Westphalian- French or Prussian-German centralistic administrative reformers. A look at the constitutional reality of a very modern state structure like that of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland shows how traditions can continue to exist incoherently.

Political and demographic crisis in the 14th and 15th centuries century

In the 14th century the Paderborn-Cologne conflict broke out again. The occasion was a feud within the family of Paderborn Bishop Wilhelm I von Berg . The citizens of Paderborn and Wilhelm's father sought support from the Archbishop of Cologne, Friedrich III. von Saar Werden (1370–1414). The feud ended in open war. Friedrich's successor, the administrator, Bishop Dietrich III. von Moers (1414–1463) finally sought the establishment of a Rhenish-Westphalian “super territory” under Cologne leadership. The planned merger of the Cologne and Paderborn territories remained unsuccessful due to the resistance of the Paderborn estates. Another violent conflict was the Hesse-Paderborn feud that broke out in 1464 between Prince-Bishop Simon III and Ludwig II of Lower Hesse . The feud ended with an armistice in 1471.

The political crises in connection with Cologne's expansion policy cannot be seen in isolation from the much worse natural disaster that struck the territory from the middle of the 14th century. The Paderborn chronicler Gobelinus Person described the effects of the great bubonic plague , which in 1348, coming from the Mediterranean, also made large areas of Westphalia deserted. In addition to the rural and urban population, the nobility was also hugely affected. Of around 130 members of chivalry, only around 50 were left between 1340 and 1445. Many aristocratic families were only able to survive in the more remote Oberwald district. No exact figures are known from the common population. The Sintfeld in the Lower Forest southeast of the country was worst hit . Of 41 settlements, only the city of Wünnenberg was able to hold onto. The rest fell wild. The nobility themselves reacted with isolation. It is no coincidence that the rule that both parents should be of aristocratic origin has applied to the members of the cathedral chapter since then.

16th century and Reformation period

The Protestant Prince-Bishop Heinrich IV. (1577–1585)

The epidemic catastrophes of the 14th and 15th centuries subsided after 1500. The territory was gradually able to consolidate. In some cases, the prince-bishop's rule had to accept severe losses of power. In particular, the cities of Paderborn and Warburg , and to some extent Brakel, were able to emancipate themselves from clerical rule. The epidemics of the past decades also meant that a large part of the noble families died out. The remaining families increasingly corresponded to the early modern image of the landlords, who instead of castles in mansions influenced life in and on the country. The peasants, however, were able to break away from the landlords to a modest extent. Especially in the Dringenberg Oberamt the free Meier increased, even if in large parts of the northern Unterwald district the farmers remained dependent on the aristocratic guardian as " independent authorities ".

Even at the beginning of the modern era, the bishopric remained a strongly ecclesiastical territory. Above all stood the prince-bishop. The neighboring monastery, the Corvey Abbey , also exerted an influence on secular and spiritual life in Paderborn. The numerous monasteries were of great importance: Benedictines ruled and worked in the Abdinghof monastery in Paderborn , in Gehrden , Helmarshausen , Marienmünster and Willebadessen ; The Paderborn Busdorf Monastery , Neuenheerse , Böddeken and Dalheim existed as collegiate monasteries . Cistercians formed communities in the Paderborn Gaukirche , in Hardehausen , Holthausen , Wormeln and Brenkhausen . Franciscans lived in Paderborn and Dominicans in Warburg . In the course of the devotio moderna , Augustinian reform monasteries were able to establish themselves, such as Böddeken and Dalheim. At the same time, numerous new urban parishes were able to emancipate themselves, above all the market church in Paderborn.

In this environment of aristocratic, urban and reformist church development, popular piety also grew and with it the opening up to reformatory movements.

The Reformation, which celebrated great success in the early 16th century, prevailed above all in the territories neighboring the bishopric. The Landgraviate of Hesse was reformed in 1527 and the County of Lippe in 1538. Especially the Reformation in the northern neighbors was painful for the Paderborn bishop, as they belonged to the spiritual diocese of the diocese. However, where the secular rule of the prince-bishop and the cathedral chapter existed, the Roman Catholic structures prevailed in the medium term. First of all, the citizens of the capital Paderborn opened up to reformatory ideas. Around 1525, more and more people in Paderborn turned to the new faith. A first evangelical sermon by the Saxon court preacher Friedrich Myconius is documented for 1526 .

At the time of Hermann von Wied , the Reformation development could only be pushed back temporarily. At the time of Johann von Hoya , the bishopric was predominantly Protestant. At least he managed to restore Catholic worship in the city of Paderborn. At the time of Heinrich von Sachsen-Lauenburg , who was himself a Protestant, the country was almost entirely Protestant again.

Counter-Reformation and confessionalization

The Bishop of the Counter Reformation: Dietrich IV. (1585–1618)

This changed in the time of Bishop Dietrich von Fürstenberg . Under his rule, the Counter Reformation and the Catholic confessionalization began to gain a foothold in the bishopric. In the clergy he introduced reforms in line with the Council of Trent . Through a printing monopoly by the Prince-Bishop, he ensured that liturgical texts and other scriptures corresponded to the norms of the Catholic denomination and the interests of the sovereign. The agendas of 1602 were supposed to enforce the administration of the sacrament in the Catholic sense. Clergymen had to confess to Catholicism or give up their office. Dietrich sometimes used repression against laypeople. For the formation of the clergy in the counter-Reformation sense and for the implementation of the Catholic denomination as a whole, the bishop relied primarily on the Jesuits. During his time the Theodorianum high school and the university were established.

Partly connected with this was the dispute with the estates. In order to defend themselves against the sovereign claims to power, these came together several times to form agreements. In 1604 the city of Paderborn was subjugated by the bishop and his rebellious, Protestant mayor was executed. The rights fought against the bishops over the centuries were largely lost to Paderborn. Overall, however, it was not possible to establish an absolutist rule in the country. Even after Dietrich, prince-bishops remained dependent on the approval of the estates.

Under Dietrich von Fürstenberg, a border dispute that had long existed with the Landgraviate of Hessen-Kassel was settled.

Thirty Years' War

The Thirty Years' War , which was not waged for purely religious reasons, had a major impact on the bishopric, which was again firmly in Catholic hands. In terms of foreign policy and economy, the Paderborn region played an insignificant role. Militarily insignificant, it only fulfilled its obligations within the Lower Rhine-Westphalian Empire on the Catholic side of the emperor. Nevertheless, the "perpetual war" hit the country comparatively hard. The suffering for the population was great. Looting and billeting on both sides bled people and land. In the first phase of the war until 1622 there were only indirect effects. Troops of the Protestant Union in particular repeatedly plundered the Catholic area. The first direct occupation of the capital Paderborn was made by the "Tollen Christian" Christian von Braunschweig . From January to May 1622, the city was looted and de facto Protestant, but the marauding troops withdrew. The robbery of the Liborian shrine and the cathedral treasure and the subsequent coinage of the “ Pfaffenfeindtaler ” have not been forgotten to this day . The Elector of Cologne, Ferdinand of Bavaria , who, in addition to five other territories, was also the Prince-Bishop of Paderborn, first raised pen troops in 1627, but the Blanckart regiment was unable to offer effective protection. Especially in the second half of the war the country suffered from changing occupations. In 1630 the new Protestant leader, King Gustav II Adolf of Sweden, was able to win the Hesse-Kassel landgrave Wilhelm V as an ally. He was promised several Catholic territories, including neighboring Paderborn. After the unsuccessful capture of the stronger bishopric of Münster in 1632, the Hesse-Kassel troops under General Peter Melander von Holzappel occupied the bishopric for four years. It was not until 1636 that the imperial general Johann von Götz was able to drive out the Hessians. Attacks did not fail to materialize in the following years. In 1640/41 Swedish troops occupied the bishopric for the first time on their retreat from Bohemia . The heavy devastation was repeated again in 1646. Neither the imperial troops nor the district defension called up by Ferdinand I were able to drive the Swedes out in the long term.

So the Hochstift was probably the most affected area in Westphalia. The city of Paderborn alone has been conquered or besieged 16 times. The number of inhabitants in the Hochstift had decreased by a third. Due to the suffering and the powerless authorities, the country also suffered a major setback socially.

In the end, the bishopric was threatened with annexation by the Landgraviate of Hessen-Kassel . This could be averted by French opposition in the negotiations for the Peace of Westphalia . The country was economically depressed. Contribution payments were made after the war, in addition to currency devaluation and mismanagement .

Witch trials in the Hochstift Paderborn

There are evidence of witch trials against 260 people between 1510 and 1702 in the Hochstift Paderborn. In at least 204 cases they ended with execution or death in custody and in 18 cases with release. The outcome of the remaining proceedings is unclear. The proportion of women is around 70%. Children were only occasionally charged. The sources are very good for the noble lords of the von Büren and Westphalen families, but unfortunately very bad for the sovereign's judiciary, so that the above figures are only a lower limit.

Individual processes can be traced around 1510, then since 1555, more continuously since 1572. Three major waves of persecution can be recorded in the decade after 1590, between 1628 and 1631 and between 1656 and 1659. The high point of the persecution was around 1630 with at least 85 victims. In the Büren lordship alone, 50 people were executed between March 17th and April 15th, 1631.

In the area of ​​jurisdiction of the cathedral chapter in the Paderborn bishopric, witch trials were carried out in Borchen from 1597 to around 1611 . The head of this witch hunt was the syndic of the cathedral monastery, Licenciat Johann Moller . 13 people from Etteln were charged, nine people burned for alleged sorcery, including Elisabeth Schaefer and Margaretha Vogt . The fate of the women “Die Josepsche” von Etteln and Gertraud Kneips bear witness to the abuse of power and sexual exploitation of the victims by witch judges Moller and his colleagues.

The process carried out by Bishop Dietrich von Fürstenberg (r. 1585–1618) in 1600/01 against the prior, the subprior and two other monks of the Augustinian canons' monastery in Dalheim made waves .

Baroque boom under Ferdinand II.

The enlightened Prince Ferdinand II (1661–1683)

The reconstruction after the Thirty Years' War was delayed because the state had to pay high war indemnities to Hesse. He started mainly under Prince-Bishop Ferdinand II (von Fürstenberg) . His large baroque building program, for example, served not least to create employment opportunities. In addition, there were further domestic reform measures in the areas of law, the economy and the school system. Knowing about the weakness of the country, the bishop behaved as neutrally as possible in the armed conflicts of his time, but tended to support France. Its promotion of science and culture was of great importance.

The Paderborn outskirts of Kurköln

In 1719 Clemens August from Wittelsbach , who was also Bishop of Munster, was elected bishop. Due to his youth, Clemens August had to transfer the spiritual direction of the diocese to the cathedral dean Wilhelm Hermann von Wolff-Metternich . It was not until 1727 that the young aristocrat was ordained bishop. The administrative management of the Paderborn territory was transferred to a newly established "Secret Council". A new court chamber and the court council formed the highest state authorities - measures of state consolidation and administrative modernization. The young Bavarian was able to develop real power as Elector of Cologne from 1723. Later he also became Prince-Bishop of Hildesheim and Osnabrück.

The Paderborn bishopric now developed into a side country of Kurköln and the Wittelsbach family, whose Bavarian coat of arms still adorn numerous buildings in the bishopric. The country experienced the splendor of its Rococo court when the bishop visited it . The celebrations for the 900th anniversary of the transfer of the relics of Saint Liborius with baroque fireworks and the renovation of the residential palace Neuhaus in a baroque garden landscape were eloquent examples of his penchant for representation . Various buildings such as the Jesuit Church in Büren also originated from his initiative . For Clemens himself, the bishopric was important because of its hunting grounds in the Senne . In the empire the "Lord of Fünfkirchen" strove for further power.

His Paderborn territory also got into power-political conflicts, first on the side of the emperor in the War of the Polish Succession against France, then in the War of Austrian Succession with France against the Austrian Archduchess Maria Theresa. The greatest success of the Wittelsbach family was the election of Charles VII as Roman-German Emperor. Karl was elected with the vote of his brother Clemens Augusts and crowned by him on behalf of the Pope.

The Seven Years War

During his reign, however, most of the Seven Years' War fell . The country stood on the side of the French and the Emperor , but was used by the Allies and French as a supply and recruitment area, as a winter camp and sometimes as a battlefield ( Battle of Warburg ). The state capital was always the headquarters of the troops. The Paderborn regiment meanwhile fought together with the electoral Cologne and Münster contingents of the Imperial Army outside the country. The war let the bishopric bleed to death and brought much misery for the population.

It was the declared aim of the Electorate of Braunschweig-Lüneburg to annex the bishopric. After the death of Bishop Clemens August 1761, this led to a two-year vacancy during the war. Only after the existence of the bishopric after the Peace of Paris in 1763 with the help of the French Bishop of Le Mans and King Louis XV. was secured, a new bishop could be elected with Wilhelm Anton von der Asseburg .

Late reforms and the fall of the bishopric

The first page of the 14th edition of the Paderborn intelligence sheet (1777)

The country suffered from the destruction and debts of the war in the second half of the 18th century, a main reason for the later negative press for the backward Catholic country in the Protestant educational literature . The economic situation remained difficult despite the attempts to promote trade by Wilhelm Anton. In addition, the new prince-bishop began reforms in the education system. These were continued under Friedrich Wilhelm von Westphalen and the last Prince-Bishop Franz Egon von Fürstenberg . The latter was partly based on the reform policy of the Münster minister Franz von Fürstenberg . For the time, progressive school regulations were issued. A normal school was also founded in Paderborn to improve the training of elementary school teachers. In high schools, German replaced Latin as the language of instruction. The principality also sought to join the journalistically. From 1774 the " Paderborn Intelligence Gazette " was published regularly.

The late reformer Wilhelm Anton (1763–1782)

Like all the clerical principalities of the old empire, the bishopric was on the defensive against the centralized administrative state of Prussia. The small state was still struggling with an oversized mountain of debt that had arisen through the Seven Years' War through no fault of its own. There was also no ruling dynasty that could sustainably pursue reforms and allied strategies. In the late 18th century, the lower classes in Paderborn also protested against the estates. In 1794 the tax exemption for clergy and nobility was lifted. But there were no decisive reforms. However, a majority of the population was by no means interested in a complete dissolution of the traditional order.

The general political weather situation was decisive for the downfall. The Hochstift also became the plaything of the great European powers. The final authority of the Holy Roman Empire as guarantor of the imperial territories was coming to an end. Catholic France, which in 1648 had saved the independence of the bishopric, had become an enemy. The peace of Campo Formio in 1797 set the Rhine border in favor of revolutionary France. The Reichsfriedenskongress zu Rastatt 1798 compensated the secular principalities with the defenseless spiritual areas. Even the Second Coalition War in 1798 could not stop the end of the Paderborn Monastery. In the Peace of Luneville in 1801, the fate was sealed.

On May 23, the Paris Treaty gave the territory to the Kingdom of Prussia. On August 1, 1802, Prussian troops under General von L'Estocq occupied the bishopric of Paderborn. In 1803, the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss sealed the annexation of the Hochstift by Prussia, also in terms of state law. In 1803 the bishopric fell to Prussia as a compensation country. Paragraph 3 of the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss reads: To the King of Prussia, Elector of Brandenburg, for the Duchy of Geldern, and the part of the Duchy of Cleve on the left bank of the Rhine, for the Duchy of Moeurs, the districts of Sevenaer, Huissen and Malburg, and for the Rhine - and Maaszölle: the dioceses of Hildesheim and Paderborn; … The last prince-bishop of Paderborn Franz Egon von Fürstenberg had to give up the secular rule over the monasteries of Paderborn and Hildesheim, but he retained the spiritual jurisdiction over his dioceses until his death in 1825 and was allowed to continue to use his spiritual and princely titles. Prince-Bishop Franz Egon von Fürstenberg resided mainly in Hildesheim and was buried there in the cathedral.

Estates

The estates of the bishopric were divided into the cathedral chapter, the nobles and the cities. All three estates formed the state parliament.

Cathedral chapter

The Paderborn Cathedral Chapter was the real power factor in the Paderborn Monastery. It not only determined the bishop, it also participated in active government. Its function was particularly important during the sedis vacancy . If the bishopric was not occupied, it was the actual government. In the bishopric of Paderborn, the cathedral chapter consisted of 24  canons ( prebends , also called capitulars ), compared to other monasteries the number was average.

In the Middle Ages, commoners were also allowed to hold office, but the increasingly dominant nobility continued to seal themselves off. As early as 1341, only aristocrats belonged to the cathedral chapter. In addition, the canons had to have noble ancestors. The families eligible for a foundation formed the pen nobility that shaped the clerical states of north-west Germany . In addition to their position in power politics, the canons enjoyed personal advantages, as the positions formed important supply posts. The canon foundations offered sufficient income for the owner, mostly second-born sons of noble families with no inheritance claims. Canons were above all aristocrats living secularly, most of whom resided in the Paderborn cathedral freedom. Their service buildings, the “Kurien”, were also located here. About 80% of the Paderborn canons came from the Westphalian region, many of them from the Duchy of Westphalia .

Vacancies were filled using a “complex rotation principle”: in odd months the pope filled , in even months a canon ( turnarius ), who in turn changed weekly. The emperor was finally allowed to occupy the first prebende to become vacant after he took office. The occupation was mostly associated with nepotism and corruption .

For a canon, his certainly existing religiosity was not decisive. A canon did not have to receive higher orders. He mostly kept lovers, including household items. He could easily leave the prebend, for example, to take over the inheritance of the parent company when the first-born brother died. In many cases canons were also capitulars in other dioceses.

The cathedral capitulars had different offices, compared to ministerial offices with great restrictions. The cathedral provost formed the head of the chapter, he administered the extensive goods of the cathedral chapter and represented the cathedral chapter externally. The cellar was responsible for the livelihood of the canons, the thesaurary looked after the cathedral treasure and the cathedral's liturgical equipment. The priors were the oldest members and formed the “executive board” of the chapter. The treasurer was the chief judge for the citizens of the city of Paderborn, the cantor was responsible for the cathedral choir , the scholaster for the cathedral school .

Due to its political and economic power, the cathedral chapter possessed a comprehensive degree of organization. It had its own administration with its own seal and in case of vacancies it minted its own coins. The cathedral chapter also had lower jurisdiction through manorial rule: Lippspringe , Atteln , Etteln , Henglarn , Husen , Scharmede , Dahl , Kleehof , Blankenrode and Bredenborn were in the hands of the canons. The cathedral chapter also had extensive possessions in 43 other locations in the bishopric.

Knighthood

Although the majority of the canons did not come from the Paderborn aristocracy, there were various family relationships with the other canons from the predominantly Westphalian noble houses. The knighthood had its own institutional structure with (financial) administration. In the 17th century the aristocratic state even had the right of self-assembly. Not all of the nobles of the Paderborn bishopric were also part of the state estate. The candidate had to show a knight's seat and be able to prove his aristocratic origin. Evidence was provided by a proven and attested ancestral sample, initially through a four or eight ancestor sample, from 1662 on a sixteen ancestor sample. The Paderborn knighthood thus did not accept any foreign nobles (knight seat) and no noble nobles (ancestral probation). In contrast to the cathedral chapter and the prince-bishop, the knighthood was always shaped by Paderborn.

The following noble families are in the 15./16. Century in the Hochstift demonstrable: von Anreppen, von der Asseburg, von Brenken , von Bruck, von Büren, Krevet, von Dinkelburg, von Elmeringhusen, von Ense, von Falkenberg, von Graffen , von Haxthausen , von Herse, von Heygen, von Hörde, von Holthusen, von Imbsen, Juden, Kanne, von Ketteler , Langen, von der Lippe , von Luthardessen , von Mengersen , von Modexen, von Naten, von Niehusen, von Oeynhausen , von Ohsen, Rabe von Canstein , Rabe von Pappenheim , Rabe von Calenberg , Rebock, von Rost, von Scharfenberg , Schele, Schilder, Sesberg, von Siddessen, Spiegel , Stapel, von Sunrike, Valepage , von Verne, von Vlechten, Voswinkel, von Welda, von Westphalen , von Winzigerode and von Wrede.

Cities

Capitals and cities of the Principality of Paderborn until 1802/03 (as of 1789):
Paderborn , Warburg , Brakel , Borgentreich | Beverungen , Borgholz , Bredenborn , Büren , Driburg , Dringenberg , Gehrden , Calenberg , Kleinenberg , Lichtenau , Lippspringe , Lügde , Nieheim , Peckelsheim , Salzkotten , Steinheim , Vörden , Willebadessen , Wünnenberg

The Hochstift Paderborn had an unusually large number of cities. In fact, the founding of new cities was an important instrument of the Paderborn bishops to strengthen the sovereignty of the state, especially in the defense against extraterritorial claims.

The relationship between the cities and the sovereign was often ambivalent. On the one hand, the great independence of many cities was a thorn in the side of the prince-bishop and, especially in the case of Paderborn, which had become Protestant, led to conditions similar to civil war. But although the prince-bishops finally moved spatially from the state capital to Neuhaus in 1370, the cities were all allies of the territorial head. So in 1429 they advocated “that one wants to remain Paderborn and not become Cologne”. Many coats of arms of the cities in today's districts of Paderborn and Höxter still bear the Paderborn coat of arms.

The “Paderborn Court and State Calendar” of 1789 listed 23 cities as eligible to vote in the “Municipal College” of the state parliament. Four capitals: Paderborn , Warburg , Brakel , Borgentreich and 19 others (see info box).

See also: History of the Westphalian Cities

Castles, knight seats and palaces

The castle Lippspringe fortified seat of the cathedral chapter

The Paderborn bishopric ran through a large number of castles and knight seats. Only Neuhaus Castle can be considered a residential castle in the representative sense of the modern age . Castles and places with sovereign importance were Neuhaus and Dringenberg as upper office seats and episcopal residences. Other central castles were the city ​​castle in Paderborn and the Lippspringe castle of the cathedral chapter . Official seats were Beverungen-Herstelle , Boke , Büren , Lichtenau , Lügde , Peckelsheim , Steinheim , Westernkotten , Wewelsburg , Wünnenberg .

Samtämter (joint administration with Lippe ) were: Schwalenberg , Oldenburg , Stoppelberg .

Knight seats of the landed gentry around 1665: Boke , Bökendorf , Borgentreich , Borgholz , Borlinghausen , Breitenhaupt , Brenken , Bühne , Dalheim , Daseburg , Dedinghausen , Desenberg , Dinkelburg , Eichholz , Eissen , Engar , Erpentrup , Essentho , Fürstenberg , Grevenburg , Hainholz , Helmern , Herbram , Manufacture , Himmighausen , Hinnenburg , Husen , Lichtenau , Liebenau , Lippspringe , Löwendorf , Lügde , Menne , Merlsheim , Natzungen , Niesen , Nordborchen , Peckelsheim , Pömbsen , Rheder , Riepen , Ringelstein , Salzkotten , Schweckhausen , Steinheim , Sudheim , Thienhausen , Thüle , Verne , Vinsebeck , Volbrexen , Wandschicht , Welda , Westheim , Wewer , Wintrup , Würgassen .

Post and Transportation

The Hochstift was relatively cheap in the middle of the empire. Since the Middle Ages, old trading routes between Frankfurt and Lübeck and the Hellweg, which led from the Rhine via Paderborn to the Hildesheim area, have crossed here. At the end of the Thirty Years' War, the early Imperial Post Office set up one of what would later become a total of 20 upper post offices in the state capital. After Hamburg, Paderborn is the second place with post boxes. The favorable traffic situation had an impact on strategic military decisions - especially during the Seven Years' War.

Administration and justice

Neuhaus Castle , 1370–1802 residence of the prince-bishops
Dringenberg Castle

In addition to and partly beyond the estates, the prince-bishops and administrators tried to establish a central administration that was to meet more and more modern principles. Until the end of the principality, however, traditional medieval structures of administration and jurisdiction were predominant. The area was divided into offices, senior offices and districts that were sometimes difficult to understand (see map above). The Landdrosten in the Oberämter Neuhaus ( Unterwald district ) and Dringenberg ( Oberwald district ) only had partial access to the offices that were in principle in their district. The Oberamt Neuhaus was not above Lichtenau, Wünnenberg, Büren or Wewelsburg , although it was in the same district. The Oberamt Dringenberg also had no access to the offices of Steinheim, Lügde, Beverungen and the three Lippisch-Paderborn administrative offices.

The official structure was particularly important for the judiciary, it was not for nothing that individual offices were called judges .

In the 15th century the first approaches to a princely administration emerged, with specialist officials who were only subordinate to the prince. The chancellery (from 1618 government chancellery ) that worked in the Sternberger Hof in the city of Paderborn gradually emerged . The ecclesiastical official court also met in the Sternberger Hof, and only since 1569 the secular court court . In the 17th century the court chamber was split off from the government chancellery for the administration of the episcopal property, in the chamber in turn the feudal curia in Neuhaus was responsible for the administration of the episcopal fiefdom. The Secret Council emerged from the court chamber as the highest authority.

The administrative reforms of Reform Bishop Wilhelm Anton to unbundle and increase efficiency finally came too late.

Military affairs

Paderborn Grenadier of the Wenge regiment on foot in the War of the Polish Succession in front of Philippsburg 1734 - contemporary Gudenus manuscript

The small Paderborn territory always held armed troops, some of which were used to secure the sovereignty of the prince-bishop and the cathedral chapter, and some to avert danger from outside. They thus served both police and military tasks in today's sense . The bishopric also fulfilled obligations in the Holy Roman Empire . It regularly provided contingents from the Lower Rhine-Westphalian district for the Imperial Army .

At first the sovereignty and the territory were protected by expensive mercenaries , but the first militia-like formations emerged in the 15th century . This land militia was called the "Land Committee" in the bishopric. The land committee served the national defense and should consist primarily of farmers. However, this form of military never gained any importance; by the Seven Years' War it had almost completely disappeared, and towards the end it was only used for police tasks.

The army registers from 1422 do not yet list any Paderborn troops, the Reich registers from 1521 list 34 foot soldiers and 18 horsemen, the lists for Turkish aids speak of 36 horsemen and 68 foot soldiers. With the conclusion of the empire in 1681, Emperor Leopold I set a certain number of troops for the bishopric, which, however, was not binding in times of peace. Paderborn only insufficiently fulfilled expectations, only strengthened by French claims to power on the Rhine. The exact size of the troops did not exceed a battalion (about 500 to over 800 men) of infantry and a few companies of dragoons (about 100 horsemen). The infantry regiment consisted of 2-5 musketeer and one grenadier company . The costly cavalry unit disappeared around 1719. At the end of the Seven Years' War , a platoon of hussars of 36 men in pay was temporarily held for police purposes . There was also a company of invalids to take care of retired and invalid soldiers in Neuhaus .

In times of peace the Paderborn infantry regiment was stationed both in Paderborn and in the Neuhaus residence (grenadiers), mostly quartered with the population . For this reason, too, the soldiers were probably not popular, which was exemplarily expressed in hostility during the “ coffee noise ” in 1781.

In spite of poor equipment and poor training, the Paderborn military took part in several campaigns. The actual national defense never took place. The Paderborn contingent of the Imperial Army varied over the centuries and budget figures were never met, which was quite common at the time. Before 1681 the country had to provide 34 infantrymen and 18 cavalrymen, after 1681 59.2 infantry soldiers and 52 cavalrymen. In 1702 332 infantrymen and 162.5 cavalrymen were named for the "Westphalian circular armature". The troops first took part in the successful siege of Bonn in the Palatinate War of Succession against France in 1689 . This was followed by missions in the War of the Spanish Succession , the War of the Polish Succession and the Turkish War 1736–1739 in Hungary with a nominal strength of 819 men. In the War of Austrian Succession they advanced into the Westphalia Duchy one. The troops undertook the longest campaign in Thuringia and Saxony from 1757–1763 in the Seven Years' War. When Paderborn was supposed to add troops to the Imperial Army for the last time in the First Coalition War , the bishopric signed a contract with Prince Louis Victor Mériadec de Rohan , who, in return for payment of subsidies , was supposed to uniformed part of his regiment and to lead it as a Paderborn contingent. After Paderborn had joined the Basel separate peace , the subsidy agreement was terminated in a letter dated September 9, 1795. At the War of the Second Coalition Paderborn did not participate more. The Paderborn military was dissolved in 1802 when the country was annexed by Prussia .

heraldry

The coat of arms of the bishopric always represented a cross and has been documented since the 13th century. The red cross on a silver background can still be found today in the shield head of the coat of arms of the Paderborn district . The red and silver coat of arms is thus the state coat of arms. It was not until the last Prince Bishop Franz Egon von Fürstenberg in 1789 that the family colors gold / red were transferred to the territorial coat of arms (golden cross on a red background) and were in effect until the dissolution in 1802/1803. The similar color and shape of the city of Paderborn is probably coincidental.

  • Coat of arms of the Hochstift Paderborn, as it was mostly used

  • The coat of arms of Pyrmont has alternated with the Paderborn cross in the coat of arms since Paderborn's claim to this area

  • Prince-Bishop Franz Egon changed the colors of the monastery coat of arms to red and gold, colors of his von Fürstenberg family; is now considered the coat of arms of the Hochstift region

The Hochstift today

In terms of church law, the pastoral care region Hochstift today designates a community association of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Paderborn with the ecclesiastical deaneries Höxter, Büren-Delbrück, and Paderborn. The old dean's office Corvey (eastern part of the Höxter district ) historically did not belong to the Paderborn monastery, but formed its own territory.

When territorial reform was tackled in North Rhine-Westphalia in the 1970s , there were considerations to divide the state into politically effective regions , similar to Baden-Württemberg . Southeastern Westphalia , which was viewed both historically and economically as a unified area, should be combined in a Hochstiftskreis Paderborn , in which the previous four districts of Paderborn , Warburg , Büren and Höxter are united. However, these plans were ultimately not implemented in the Sauerland / Paderborn Act - also due to the resistance of the residents of the old town of Höxter, who feared the loss of their historical identity and Catholic dominance in the planned greater district .

Only in the past few decades has the term Hochstift become part of the regional identity in the area around Paderborn and Höxter.

Personalities

See also: List of the prince-bishops of Paderborn

See also

literature

  • Hans Jürgen Brandt, Karl Hengst : History of the Archdiocese of Paderborn . Paderborn 1997.
  • Hans Jürgen Brandt, Karl Hengst: The bishops and archbishops of Paderborn . Paderborn 1984, ISBN 3-87088-381-2 .
  • Michael Drewniok: The Paderborn Monastery in the early modern period until its dissolution (1802/15). Constitutional Reality and Contemporary Criticism . Büren 2000, ISBN 3-00-007326-4 .
  • Michael Drewniok: Origin and development of the Principality of Paderborn up to the end of the Middle Ages . Büren 2000, ISBN 3-00-007323-X .
  • Josef Drewes (Ed.): The Hochstift Paderborn: Portrait of a region . 2nd Edition. Paderborn 1997, ISBN 3-506-95293-5 .
  • Rudolf Endres: Nobility in the Early Modern Age . Munich 1993 (Encyclopedia of German History 18).
  • Ferdinand von Fürstenberg : Monumenta Paderbornensia . Paderborn 1669.
  • Bastian Gillner: Non-Catholic pen nobility. Denomination and politics of the nobility in the Prince Diocese of Paderborn (1555–1618) . Münster 2006, ISBN 978-3-87023-107-1 (Forum Regionalgeschichte 13).
  • Wilhelm Grabe (Ed.): New Gentlemen - New Times? Sources for the transition period 1802 to 1816 in the Paderborn and Corveyer Land . Paderborn 2006 (Studies and Sources on Westphalian History 52).
  • August von Haxthausen : About the agrarian constitution in the principalities of Paderborn and Corvey and their conflicts in the present time. In addition to proposals to dissolve the rights and obligations that burden the land there . Berlin 1829 ( dlib-pr.mpier.mpg.de ).
  • Alfred Heggen: State and economy in the principality of Paderborn in the 18th century . Paderborn 1978, ISBN 3-87088-217-4 (Studies and sources on Westphalian history; Volume 17).
  • Friedrich Gerhard Hohmann: The Hochstift Paderborn, a corporate state . Paderborn 1975.
  • Friedrich Gerhard Hohmann: Maps, plans, views 1550-1800 from the Paderborn and the Corveyer Land . Paderborn 1996.
  • Friedrich Keinemann: The Paderborn Monastery at the end of the 18th century . Bochum 1996, ISBN 3-8196-0405-7 (3 volumes).
  • Michael Lagers: The Paderborn pin needle to the middle of the 15th century. Studies on the establishment and expansion of power structures of lower nobility . Bonifatius, Paderborn 2013. ISBN 978-3-89710-551-5 .
  • Jürgen Lotterer: Counter-Reformation as a struggle for sovereignty: studies on the territorial development of the Paderborn Monastery in the age of Dietrich von Fürstenberg (1585–1618) . Paderborn 2003, ISBN 3-89710-176-9 (studies and sources on Westphalian history, volume 42).
  • Franz Mürmann: The military system of the former Paderborn Monastery since the end of the Thirty Years' War . Münster 1938 (dissertation University of Münster).
  • Margit Naarmann: Excluded - Jews in the Paderborn Monastery in the early Prussian period. On the special Jewish status in rural society and economy . Lit, Münster 2016, ISBN 978-3-643-13178-2 .
  • Paderborn, the bite. In: Johann Heinrich Zedler : Large complete universal lexicon of all sciences and arts . Volume 26, Leipzig 1740, columns 159-163.
  • Diether Pöppel: The Paderborn Monastery: Origin and development of state sovereignty . Paderborn 1996, ISBN 3-87088-815-6 .
  • Anne Roerkohl: History of the Hochstift Paderborn . Munster 1997.
  • Heinrich Schoppmeyer : The origin of the estates in the Hochstift Paderborn . Paderborn 1986.
  • Heinrich Schoppmeyer: History of the Hochstift Paderborn and the Paderborn country . In: Josef Drewes (Ed.): The Hochstift Paderborn: Portrait of a region . 2nd Edition. Paderborn 1997, p. 9-30 .
  • Albert Stoffers: The Paderborn Monastery at the time of the Seven Years' War . Münster 1910 (dissertation University of Münster).
  • Paul Wigand : The provincial rights of the principalities of Paderborn and Corvey in Westphalia together with their legal historical development and justification; 3 volumes, Leipzig 1832 . ( Volume 1 / Volume 2 / Volume 3 ).

Web links

Commons : Prince-Bishopric of Paderborn  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files
Wikisource: Paderborn  - sources and full texts

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Köbler, Gerhard: "Historical Lexicon of the German Lands. The German Territories from the Middle Ages to the Present", Munich 1995, p. 455.
  2. ↑ See Heinrich Schoppmeyer: The origin of the estates in the Hochstift Paderborn . Paderborn 1986.
  3. ↑ cf. Gerhard Theuerkauf : Dietrich von Fürstenberg . In: Helmut Lahrkamp u. a .: Fürstenberg's story. Vol. 3: The history of the von Fürstenberg family in the 17th century . Münster, 1971, pp. 28-39.
  4. ↑ Rainer Decker : The witch hunts in the Hochstift Paderborn. In: Westfälische Zeitschrift, Vol. 128, 1978, pp. 315–356.
  5. ^ Rainer Decker : Paderborn - witch persecutions . From: Lexicon for the history of the witch hunt, in: historicum.net (accessed on August 4, 2015).
  6. ↑ Helmut Lahrkamp: Ferdinand von Furstenberg . In: ders. U. a .: Fürstenberg's story. Vol. 3: The history of the von Fürstenberg family in the 17th century . Münster, 1971, pp. 119–149.
  7. ↑ See Harald Kindel: The Seven Years' War and the Paderborn Monastery: Ferdinand Duke of Braunschweig on the Franco-English theater of war in the west , (= Heimatkundliche Schriftenreihe 5/1974), Paderborn 1974.
  8. ^ Wilhelm Tack: Bishop of Paderborn . In: Elector Clemens August. Sovereign and patron of the 18th century . Cologne, 1961, pp. 27-31.
  9. ↑ Manfred Wolf: Franz Egon von Fürstenberg (1737-1825) . In: Michael Gosmann (Ed.): Fürstenberg sketches - forays through 700 years of Westphalian families and regional history . Arnsberg 1995, pp. 79-82.
  10. ↑ Paderborn Intelligence Gazette (ULB Münster).
  11. ↑ Extensive description of the annexation by Prussia with a collection of sources also from the local archives cf. Wilhelm Grabe (Ed.): New Gentlemen - New Times? Sources for the transition period 1802 to 1816 in the Paderborn and Corveyer Land . Paderborn 2006 (studies and sources on Westphalian history; 52).
  12. ↑ Josef Nowak: More than a thousand years - life pictures from the history of the Church of Hildesheim. Chapter Franz Egon Freiherr von Fürstenberg - The Last Prince Bishop, pp. 81–84. Hildesheim 1974.
  13. ↑ Bastian Gillner: Non-Catholic pin nobility. Denomination and politics of the nobility in the Prince Diocese of Paderborn (1555–1618) . Münster 2006, ISBN 3-87023-107-6 , pp. 34–36 (Forum Regional History 13).
  14. ^ Wilhelm Tack: Admission, ancestral test and cap walk of the Paderborn canons . In: WZ 96 . 1940, p. 3-51 .
  15. ↑ Liège had 60, Münster 40, others were under 15, cf. Rudolf Endres: Nobility in the Early Modern Age . Munich 1993, p. 45 (Encyclopedia of German History 18).
  16. ↑ four from 1480, eight from 1567, 16 from 1580; see. Diether Pöppel: The Paderborn Monastery: Origin and development of state sovereignty . Paderborn 1996, ISBN 3-87088-815-6 , pp. 61 .
  17. ↑ Bastian Gillner: Non-Catholic pin nobility. Denomination and politics of the nobility in the Prince Diocese of Paderborn (1555–1618) . Münster 2006, ISBN 3-87023-107-6 , pp. 36 (Forum Regional History 13).
  18. ^ Wilhelm Tack: Admission, ancestral test and cap walk of the Paderborn canons . In: WZ 96 . 1940, p. 12 .
  19. ↑ Diether Pöppel: The Paderborn Monastery: Origin and development of state sovereignty . Paderborn 1996, ISBN 3-87088-815-6 , pp. 61 .
  20. ↑ Cf. Diether Pöppel: Das Hochstift Paderborn: Origin and development of state sovereignty . Paderborn 1996, ISBN 3-87088-815-6 , pp. 64-65 .
  21. ↑ Bastian Gillner: Non-Catholic pin nobility. Denomination and politics of the nobility in the Prince Diocese of Paderborn (1555–1618) . Münster 2006, ISBN 3-87023-107-6 , pp. 37 (Forum Regional History 13).
  22. ↑ Bastian Gillner: Non-Catholic pin nobility. Denomination and politics of the nobility in the Prince Diocese of Paderborn (1555–1618) . Münster 2006, ISBN 3-87023-107-6 , pp. 39–40 (Forum Regional History 13).
  23. ↑ cit. According to Diether Pöppel: The Paderborn Monastery: Origin and development of state sovereignty . Paderborn 1996, ISBN 3-87088-815-6 , pp. 82 .
  24. ↑ cit. According to Diether Pöppel: The Paderborn Monastery: Origin and development of state sovereignty . Paderborn 1996, ISBN 3-87088-815-6 , pp. 80, fig. 69 .
  25. ↑ after Josef Drewes (ed.): The Hochstift Paderborn: Portrait of a region . 2nd Edition. Paderborn 1997, ISBN 3-506-95293-5 , p. 20 .
  26. ↑ Cf. Richard Francke: Contributions to the history of the postal system in the former Hochstift Paderborn . Paderborn 1891.
  27. ↑ Cf. Michael Drewniok: The Paderborn Monastery in the early modern period until its dissolution (1802/15). Constitutional Reality and Contemporary Criticism . Büren 2000, ISBN 3-00-007326-4 , p. 9 f .
  28. ↑ Michael Drewniok offers a schematic overview: The Hochstift Paderborn in the early modern period up to its dissolution (1802/15). Constitutional Reality and Contemporary Criticism . Büren 2000, ISBN 3-00-007326-4 , p. 11 .
  29. ↑ on the current site of the Paderborn District Court
  30. ↑ Cf. Franz Mürmann: The military system of the former Hochstift Paderborn since the end of the Thirty Years War . Münster 1938 (dissertation University of Münster).
  31. ↑ Cf. Heeresmatrikel 1422 , Reichsmatrikel von 1521 and “Badeborn” in “Niderlendisch und Westfaelisch Krayß” ( afterwards volgend die zehen Krayß , around 1532); all on Wikisource
  32. ^ Franz Mürmann: The military system of the former Hochstift Paderborn since the end of the Thirty Years' War. , in: Westfälische Zeitschrift 95 1939 / II, p. 17. Albert Stoffers: The Paderborn Monastery at the time of the Seven Years War I , Westfälische Zeitschrift 69 1911, p. 18.
  33. ^ Franz Mürmann: The military system of the former Hochstift Paderborn since the end of the Thirty Years' War. , in: Westfälische Zeitschrift 95 1939 / II, p. 45f, p. 46 note 145, 61f, 70f.
  34. ^ Franz Mürmann: The military system of the former Hochstift Paderborn since the end of the Thirty Years' War. , in: Westfälische Zeitschrift 95 1939 / II, p. 71 f.
  35. ↑ Josef Drewes (ed.): The Hochstift Paderborn: Portrait of a region . 2nd Edition. Paderborn 1997, ISBN 3-506-95293-5 , p. 41 .
  36. ↑ Cf. Barbara Stambolis : The long shadow of the crook . The Paderborn Monastery as a landscape of history and memory. In: Archive maintenance in Westphalia-Lippe . 2004, p. 5–6 ( Online [PDF; 136 kB ] Westphalian Archive Day Brakel).

Coordinates: 51 ° 43 ′ 7 "  N , 8 ° 45 ′ 23"  E