Friedrich August Freiherr von der Heydte

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Friedrich August von der Heydte as captain (1941)

Friedrich August Johannes Wilhelm Ludwig Alfons Maria Freiherr von der Heydte (* the thirtieth March 1907 in Munich , † 7. July 1994 in Landshut , Lower Bavaria ) was a German national and international law , a highly decorated officer and quite conservative - Catholic politician ( CSU ).

Von der Heydte served in the Second World War as a staff officer in the paratrooper troops of the Wehrmacht and was promoted to the first Brigadier General of the Reserve as a member of the Bundeswehr . In the Federal Republic of Germany he was one of the key figures in the Union's Flick affair and the Spiegel affair . He was a member of the Bavarian State Parliament from 1966 to 1970 .

From 1951 to 1975 he was a full professor at the universities of Mainz and Würzburg for public law and political science . Von der Heydte was u. a. a student of Alfred Verdross in Vienna and is considered an important representative of natural law in the 20th century. He was awarded various honors, such as the Great Federal Cross of Merit .

Life

Origin and military service

Friedrich-August Johannes Wilhelm Ludwig Alfons Maria Freiherr von der Heydte came from an officer family on both his father's and mother's side ; he was born in Schwabing in 1907 . The family, first mentioned in a document, comes from the Egerland nobility and belonged to the aristocracy registered in Bavaria. His father Rudolf Franz Freiherr von der Heydte (born January 31, 1856 in Augsburg , † October 28, 1930 in Traunstein ) was a major in the Royal Bavarian 1st Heavy Rider Regiment "Prince Karl of Bavaria" . He originally came from the Kingdom of Saxony . He led a Landsturm battalion in World War I and was most recently a colonel in the Bavarian Army . The mother's family, Célestine Maria Luise Josephine Colin (born May 26, 1870 in Bamberg , † November 6, 1961 in Neumarkt-Sankt Veit ), to their ancestors a. a. the French general Jean Rapp came from Alsace and settled in the Palatinate . His older sister married into the Bohemian nobility family of the Counts of Deym, Barons of Stritez . Von der Heydte was a cousin of Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg and Berthold Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg .

Von der Heydte, Catholic and socialized in the southern German nobility, grew up as the only son of his parents and without any rural property in his native Munich , where he attended the private Ebermayerschule from 1913. He was later Cardinal Michael von Faulhaber , Archbishop of Munich and Freising , received Confirmation ; his company sponsor was the landowner and politician ( center ) Max Freiherr von Pfetten , a former member of the German Reichstag. In autumn 1916 he became a student at the Maximiliansgymnasium . With the third grade of high school he became a pupil of the Royal Bavarian Pagerie in Munich, which closed in 1918. In the same year he switched to the Humanist Progymnasium in Traunstein and in 1922 to the Princely Gymnasium in Wernigerode . During this time he was a member of the German National Youth Association, which was oriented towards monarchy .

Von der Heydte joined the 19th (Bavarian) Infantry Regiment of the Reichswehr in Landshut as a recruit on April 1, 1925 at the request of his father after graduating from high school in Rosenheim , where he lived in a student dormitory . In 1926 he switched to the 18th Cavalry Regiment in Stuttgart-Cannstatt as an officer candidate .

Law degree

Studied in Germany and Austria

July 31st / 30th In September 1926 he left the army as a flagjunker at his own request and in view of the restrictions on the armed forces by the provisions of the Versailles Treaty . He began studying law and economics , in 1925/26 he started at the Ludwig Maximilians University in Munich and moved to the University of Innsbruck in 1926/27 . In 1925 he joined the Catholic student association Unitas Norica in Innsbruck , to which he belonged until the end of his life. He took u. a. participated in the Student Day of the German Student Union in Gdansk (1928). He then studied at the University of Graz , and according to his own statements also at the University of Vienna and at the Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin (among others with Theodor Heuss ). Von der Heydte financed his studies mainly through scholarships and as an educator in noble families.

In June 1927 he passed the first Austrian state examination (with distinction). Von der Heydte attended the Consular Academy in Vienna from autumn 1928 to summer 1930 with a grant from the Foreign Office . There he had u. a. Language lessons in English, French and Serbo-Croatian . In June 1930 he obtained a diploma ("Cons. Dipl."). In 1931/32 he was re-enrolled at the University of Graz. In spring the 2nd and in summer 1932 the 3rd Austrian state examination followed.

In 1932 he received the Dr. iur. awarded, he also passed the rigorous examinations (examiners including Max Rintelen ); the "actual doctorate" for Dr. rer. pole. took place in 1960 by the University of Innsbruck.

Assistantship in Cologne / party membership

In the fall of 1932 and from January 1933 to April 30, 1933 he was the “private assistant” of the international law specialist Hans Kelsen at the University of Cologne , where he wanted to do his habilitation. After Kelsen's leave of absence, however, von der Heydte was not taken over by the constitutional lawyer Carl Schmitt , who would later become the “crown lawyer of the Third Reich”, and was dismissed in the summer of 1933. According to the faculty historiography, von der Heydte is said to have campaigned publicly for his Jewish teacher. Schmitt wrote to a third party: "Given the nature of his previous education and activity, which is largely determined by the so-called Vienna School - Kelsen and Verdross - he is not a suitable assistant for me personally." Von der Heydte commented on the non-takeover with: " when choosing his means of combating his scientific opponents ”, Schmitt was“ neither too picky nor too chivalrous ”.

From the Heydte stepped latest after the " seizure of power of the" Nazis of the Nazi Party and became effective from 1 May 1933, the party number registered 2,134,193. Von der Heydte was a supporter of a Greater German solution and commented on the presidential election of 1932 as follows: “At that time I had the hope that the NSDAP could ever bring about the unification of our people, the overcoming of the party state and a new, better Reich , in view of this so disappointing election campaign. ”According to his own statements, he elected the“ National People's Party ” at the end of the Weimar Republic , which sent the former World War General and Freikorpsführer Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck into the race.

Assistantship in Vienna and Münster

For two semesters he was assistant to the important Austrian international lawyer Alfred Verdross at the Consular Academy in Vienna. During this time in Vienna (1934) he made friends with the well-known English travel writer Patrick Leigh Fermor . In 1933 von der Heydte gave a lecture at the Bureau d 'Etudes Internationales in Geneva , where he himself attended a course in the summer of 1931 as a scholarship holder. In the early 1930s he practiced in the Department of Foreign Affairs in the Austrian Federal Chancellery in Vienna and attended public meetings of the League of Nations in Geneva. In 1933 he took part in a competition (answer: Discovery, symbolic annexation and virtual effectiveness in international law ) and became a Fellow of the Carnegie Foundation for International Peace . So he was able to do post-doctoral studies in Paris (at the Bibliothèque nationale ) in the fall of 1934 and in Rome (at the Vatican Apostolic Library ) in the winter of 1934/35 . In the Italian capital he was introduced to higher circles by the industrialist Theodor von Cramer-Klett junior and, as journalists later researched, made closer acquaintance with Bishop Alois Hudal , who helped war criminals escape after the Second World War. In 1934 at the latest he acquired Austrian citizenship , but at the same time retained his Bavarian one . The murder of the Austrofascist Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss in May / June 1934 led to von der Heydte's dismissal as a German citizen on suspicion of Nazi activities. Stephan Verosta followed him .

In 1935 he became an assistant to the Catholic-nationalist constitutional lawyer Karl Gottfried Hugelmann , whom he knew from Vienna, at the law and political science faculty of the Westphalian Wilhelms University in Münster . Hugelmann attested him "scientific [] talent and national [] reliability to a high degree". From 1935 to 1937 he received a scholarship to study (among others with Erich Kaufmann ) at the Hague Academy for International Law . In The Hague he was also able to visit the Permanent International Court of Justice . The conditions of Italian fascism under Mussolini gave him concerns about National Socialism, according to his own statements. Back in Münster, he campaigned for a caretaker of the Christian dormitory who had been denounced to the Gestapo . Ultimately, there were also disagreements between his professor and himself. According to his own statements, he left the university in the summer of 1936, according to the directories in the summer semester of 1937. He later admitted that at first he had “enthusiastically agreed to many of the ideas of National Socialism”, but then had to identify irreconcilable differences “between the Nazi worldview and my religious and scientific convictions” and became a professional officer in 1935/36 because it was “the only one left apolitical occupation ”.

Reichswehr and Wehrmacht

Paramilitarism

From 1922 to 1925 he was a member of the right-wing extremist military association Bund Oberland . From 1927 to 1932 he was a member of the paramilitary, nationalist Austrian Homeland Security . In 1933 he also became a candidate for the SA . An alleged membership in the Reiter-SS , as it was alleged by the German Institute for Contemporary History (DIZ) in the GDR , was denied by von der Heydte with the words: “I never applied personally for admission, but was with the transfer of the rural riding and driving club, which I belonged to in Münster, automatically ' SS applicants ' in the Reiter-SS . The status of an SS applicant did not require an application from those who received this status in order to be accepted into the SS. ”In 1965, the Social Democratic Union of Universities was forbidden from accusing von der Heydte of membership in the SS .

Cavalry officer

Promotions

On March 1, 1934, due to his obligation from 1925, he was called in to a reserve exercise in Allenstein , East Prussia. In 1935/36 he practiced for several weeks, later also voluntarily, with the 2nd and 15th Cavalry Regiments of the Reichswehr and the Wehrmacht .

In August 1936 he joined the previously established anti-tank division 6 of the 6th Infantry Division in Herford for a trial service . The " swearing in on the Führer " took place in September 1936 at the 15 Cavalry Regiment in Paderborn . In October 1937 he became company commander of 2./Panzerabwehrabteilung 6 in Herford. From 1938 to 1939 he completed a general staff officer course at the War Academy in Berlin-Tiergarten ( Moabit ).

With the beginning of the World War he was from September 1939 to July 1940 1st Ordonnanzoffizier in the 246th Infantry Division under Lieutenant General Erich Denecke . As such he was deployed on the Saar Front and took part in the French campaign (1940). After the fall of France he briefly became second general staff officer (Ib) of the 227th Infantry Division of the Wehrmacht.

Change to the paratrooper troops

On July 15, 1940, he joined the Air Force and voluntarily completed the parachute training course. He was first company commander in the 3rd paratrooper regiment . As the first battalion commander , from December 1940, he was deployed in the airborne battle of Crete , in which he proved himself in taking the port of Chania and in 1941 received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross . He was then deployed to the Eastern Front in Russia and wounded near Leningrad . From July 1942 to January 1943 he was transferred as commander of the parachute training battalion from Döberitz to North Africa , where he took part in the battles of El-Alamein with the Ramcke parachute brigade . He fell ill with dysentery and was brought to Europe after the Second Battle .

In February 1943 he became First General Staff Officer (Ia) of the 2nd Paratrooper Division set up by Ramcke in France . After the fall of the Italian dictator Mussolini , he received an audience in civilian clothes with Pope Pius XII. in the Vatican . On September 11, 1943, his association took Rome in the course of the Axis case . The following day Heydte crashed on a flight near Rome and was seriously injured and taken to a hospital . After his recovery he was appointed commander of the 6th Paratrooper Regiment on February 1, 1944 for the next few months and led this association in Normandy at the Battle of Carentan in June 1944. When a Führer order demanded from the commanders on the invasion front, in writing to oblige to hold positions at all costs in the event of an invasion, he said he refused to sign. In October 1944 he fought the British in Operation Market Garden in the Netherlands. In the same month he began building the planned combat school for the parachute army .

According to recognized military historians and writers, von der Heydte, as one of the most famous German paratrooper commanders ( John Toland ), has earned an international reputation as a soldier ( Stephen E. Ambrose ). His correspondence as a contemporary witness with his academic student Günter Roth , temporarily head of the Military History Research Office, served as the basis for Roth's book Die deutsche Fallschirmtruppe 1936–1945 (2000).

Captivity in Trent Park

On 21 December 1944, the last time jumped from the Heydte during the company Stößer behind enemy lines from - he was wounded - and fell on 24 December 1944 as commander of paratrooper task force "by the Heydte" in Monschau in the Ardennes in American prisoner of war .

Then from February 23, 1945 he was in the British POW camp Trent Park near London. He belonged there u. a. an informal study group consisting of Heinrich Eberbach , Gerhard Bassenge , Carl Wahle , Ferdinand Heim and Eberhard Wildermuth , which was concerned with the reconstruction of Germany. In intercepted conversations between the imprisoned generals and staff officers, it became clear that von der Heydte knew about the gas chambers and extermination camps and is said to have shot a prisoner in Normandy . On the other hand, at the end of the war von der Heydte had made a rather unsuccessful appeal for the Allies, which Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria and Heinrich Brüning were supposed to sign. His interrogation as Prisoner of War (POW) in May 1945 showed that he - described as Anglophile and intelligent - was a supporter of National Socialism until 1933 , when he became disaffected and turned against Nazism.

Von der Heydte was later taken to the former Munster military training area , he was in the Zedelgem camp in Belgium and most recently in the Saint-Gilles / Sint-Gillis prison , because they wanted to prove that he had taken part in partisan shootings, which he was able to credibly refute. On July 12, 1947 he was released by the Belgians .

Relationship to military resistance

Von der Heydte had loose contacts with the Hitler assassin Colonel Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg (his second cousin), with whom he first came into contact through Major Konrad Graf Uxkull-Gyllenband . According to his own statements - his memoirs often serve as evidence - he was defeated by the conservative-military resistance group ( General of the Infantry Friedrich Olbricht , Major I. G. Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg, Colonel General ret. Ludwig Beck and other co-conspirators) in early 1942 privy to plans to overthrow Hitler . According to his autobiography, he should occupy the SS headquarters in Berlin with a company in the event of an assassination attempt . Due to a mix-up of names, he was not in the crosshairs of the National Socialists after the failed coup . The actual circumstances are, however, controversial, as research, presented in the sheets for German and international politics , shows. Standard works on military resistance in general and on the Stauffenberg assassination in particular, for example by the Military History Research Office and by Gerd R. Ueberschär, do not mention him.

Working in the Federal Republic

Legal work

Habilitation in Munich and teaching assignments

His first work The White and Blue Book on the German Federal Constitution and the Attacks on Christianity and Statehood of the Länder (1948) after 1945 dealt critically with the emergence of the Basic Law . Von der Heydte, who initially wanted to return to Münster unsuccessfully, completed his habilitation in 1949/50 with the thesis supervised by the constitutional and international law expert Erich Kaufmann at the Ludwig Maximilians University in Munich , The Birth of the Sovereign State. A contribution to the history of international law, general political theory and political thought . In 1949 he became a private lecturer for international law, general political theory and legal philosophy at the law faculty of the LMU Munich. He was also a lecturer for German and Bavarian constitutional law at the political science department of the Philosophical-Theological University of Regensburg and the University of Politics in Munich . From 1952 to 1956 he was visiting professor for public law at Saarland University in Saarbrücken and lecturer at the Institute for European Studies there . He turned down a call in 1950.

Chair holder in Mainz and Würzburg

In 1951 he was appointed full professor for public law at the Johannes Gutenberg University in Mainz . From 1954 to 1956 he was a part-time judge at the Higher Administrative Court of Rhineland-Palatinate in Koblenz.

He was unable to accept a call to the chair of international law and legal philosophy at the University of Vienna (successor to Alfred Verdross, his teacher) in 1961 because of the resistance of the then Austrian ruling party SPÖ . Von der Heydte commented that he had to refuse the call because "Austrian socialists and left-wing Catholics" had mobilized against him. During the 1968 movement he was exposed to massive criticism from left-wing students and the media. The attacks u. a. of the “ Basic Justice Group ” and the Social Democratic University Association went so far that in 1965 the SHB (had to) publicly apologized for some defamatory statements and after a decision by the Würzburg Regional Court .

From 1954 to 1975 von der Heydte was the successor of Walter Henrich full professor for international law, general political theory, German and Bavarian constitutional law and political science (extension) at the Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg . He invited European personalities a. a. Otto von Habsburg (1952) and Robert Schuman (1953) give guest lectures. In 1954 he took over the (provisional) head of the Institute for Federalism , Supranational Law and Administrative Law of International Transport for Franz Tibor Hollós (later: Institute for International Law and International Relations ). Furthermore, in 1960 he was the founder and, together with Ulrich Stock, head of the Institute for Defense Law , which initiated various publications. 1958/59 he was dean of the law and political science faculty. His research interests included legal philosophy , constitutional law , constitutional law , and international law . He was considered one of the pioneers of the natural law approach after the Second World War and dealt extensively with the international law of war . His academic students included a. Bruno Bandulet , Otto-Friedrich Freiherr von Gamm , Alfred Jüttner , Heinrich Kipp , Heinz Laufer , Franz Mayer , Hans Merkel , Gerhard Ritter , Günter Roth , Hans Rühle , Oscar Schneider , Armin Steinkamm , Christoph Uleer , Jürgen Warnke and Werner Wolf . The case of Dieter Haase caused a stir , first student then assistant assistant von der Heydtes, who at the time worked for the military reconnaissance of the National People's Army . Heydte's successor at the Würzburg chair was Dieter Blumenwitz , who received his call in 1976.

The legal historian Frieder Günther (2004), today an employee of the Institute for Contemporary History in Berlin, sees von der Heydte as a representative of the democratic "right-wing conservative Catholic camp" in a work on the German constitutional theory . Other researchers such as Vanessa Conze (2005) and Tim Geiger (2008) also locate him in right-wing conservatism.

Associations and other engagements

In 1954, von der Heydte submitted an application for the re-admission of his former adversary Carl Schmitt , now persona non grata , to the Association of German Constitutional Law Teachers (VDStRL), which was, however, rejected. From 1956 he was an associated and from 1971 a full member of the learned society Institut de Droit international (IDI) and as such played a leading role in the Edinburgh resolution (1969), which became the authoritative basis of the corresponding articles of the first additional protocol to the Geneva Conventions of 1977. In the 1950s he was a member of a party rights commission set up by the Federal Ministry of the Interior . In 1960 he was elected a member of the American Society for International Law (ASIL). Von der Heydte was also a board member of the German Society for International Law (DGVR) from 1961 to 1965 . In 1964 he became a member of the permanent Finnish-Swiss settlement commission to regulate settlement proceedings .

He was the author of numerous books a. a. a two-volume textbook on international law and in 1960 together with Theodor Maunz editor of the series Munich public papers in publishing CHBeck . He was also co-editor of the International Yearbook of Politics , the Friedens-Warte and the journal Internationales Recht und Diplomatie . From the 1930s he published articles in cultural and scientific journals as well as military and foreign policy journals and the like. a. Archive for legal and social philosophy , legal papers , magazine for politics , voices of the times , archive of international law , archive of public law , JuristenZeitung , Politique étrangère , Europaische Wehrkunde and American Journal of International Law .

Von der Heydte was an expert for federal and state governments before the Federal Constitutional Court a. a. on the military contribution (1952) and the law for youth welfare (1961). His academic achievement, especially in the areas of international and constitutional law, as well as military law, was honored on the occasion of his 70th birthday by a two-volume commemorative publication.

Military engagement

Von der Heydte was initially involved in silent help for prisoners of war and internees , which also supported Nazi perpetrators. In 1956 he became a board member of the Munich Western Defense Association .

Promotions

From 1956 to 1966 von der Heydte served as a reserve officer , initially as Colonel d. R., military exercises in the army of the Bundeswehr . For example, von der Heydte took part in a military exercise at the field artillery battalion 355 in Hammelburg in 1961 and in 1962 in the leadership assistant course at the leadership academy of the Bundeswehr (FüAkBw) in Hamburg. In 1962, during a military exercise with the 12th Panzer Grenadier Division in Tauberbischofsheim, Federal President Heinrich Lübke promoted him to Brigadier General. This made him the first and one of the few generals in the Bundeswehr reserve.

He advised the governments in Egypt (at the request of the Federal Foreign Minister Heinrich von Brentano (CDU)) and Japan on building their armed forces. In 1958 he was the only German representative at the "Fourth National Military and Industrial Conference " in Chicago , Illinois , where he met General Maxwell D. Taylor , his former opponent in the invasion battles of 1944, and the German-born scientist Wernher von Braun , and attended simulation games at Long Island Naval War School , New York . He also became a member of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the Institute for American Strategy (Institute for the Coordination of American Defense, Economics and Politics on a Scientific Basis) in Chicago in 1958 .

The military historian Hans-Erich Volkmann (1990) from the Military History Research Office (MGFA) described von der Heydte as a “Catholic phalanx for the West German defense contribution”.

Political activities

Right Catholic activities

As a conservative Christian, von der Heydte had supported right-wing Catholic ideas since the 1930s. He was involved in the Catholic Academic Association e. V. and was a member of the Central Committee of German Catholics (ZdK) from 1948 to 1958 , where he headed the "Citizens' Office" in the 1950s. He was also a member of the Central Committee of the German Catholic Days and was head of the Legal, State and Society Committee. Repeatedly he took part in the pilgrimage to Lourdes .

In 1954 he was accepted into the Roman Catholic Order of Knights of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem (investiture by Archbishop Lorenz Jaeger ). He was then, as the successor of Prince Franz zu Salm-Reifferscheidt-Dyck, from 1958 to 1965 governor of the German Lieutenancy of the Order of Knights. However, due to changes in the statutes at the expense of laypeople, he resigned from his office.

Von der Heydte was a member of the conservative-clerical Western Action (later: Western Academy ) founded by the entrepreneur Erich Fürst von Waldburg zu Zeil und Trauchburg . Above all, the organization conjured up Christian values, western cultural unity and federalism. She was well connected; Events were held regularly in Madrid (Franco-Spain). a. Richard Jaeger and Franz Josef Strauss appeared. At first he protested against criticism and described the Occidental Academy as a “constructive protection of the constitution”. He gave up the chairmanship in 1956, however, because the academy had increasingly "become the target of left-wing tendencies". Due to time constraints and insufficient support, he saw himself unable to counter “this agitation with sufficient vigor and appropriate effect”. The association was later said to have been a cover organization of the Federal Intelligence Service (BND).

The Austrian cultural historian Friedrich Heer (1958) saw von der Heydte as “a respected representative of German right-wing Catholicism”. Michael Stolleis , legal historian, stated that his activities in the field of “right-wing Catholicism” declined in the mid-1970s. Von der Heydte, for his part, rejected such attributions.

Spiegel Affair

From the Heydte, a confidant of Franz Josef Strauss showed in 1962 Rudolf Augstein , publisher of the mirror , because the article abwehrbereit Due to the Attorney General for treason and thus solved the Spiegel affair from. The then FDP federal manager Karl-Hermann Flach then published the critical article Der General und das Abendland in the Frankfurter Rundschau . Von der Heydte was partially right with his lawsuit against the publication before the Würzburg regional court . Von der Heydte later commented on the ad: Without this ad "we would have made ourselves a criminal offense, even in a democratic state the freedom of the press cannot go so far that top secret documents" are made public.

In a documentation of the Spiegel affair from 1966, the political and administrative scientist Thomas Ellwein , the social scientist Manfred Liebel (once the federal chairman of the Socialist German Student Union ), and the sociologist Inge Negt von der Heydte described the 1960s as the “epitome of reaction ”. According to the publicists Hans Leyendecker , Michael Stiller and Heribert Prantl (2000), all journalists of the Süddeutsche Zeitung , he is a “legend” in “conservative circles”.

Party politics

He initially sympathized with the Bavarian Party (BP). In 1947, however, he joined the CSU , where he became chairman of the Christian-Democratic University Community . He was at times a member of the CSU district arbitration court in Kitzlingen.

From 1951 he was active in the European federalist movement . In 1953 he represented the CDU together with Georg Strickrodt at the annual conference of the International Union of Christian Democrats (NEI) in Tours. He was also one of the participants in the Ellwanger Circle , a discussion forum for Christian politicians, especially the Union parties, in post-war Germany.

Member of the state parliament of the CSU

As a list candidate of the CSU for the constituency of Lower Franconia , he was a member of the Bavarian state parliament from November 20, 1966 to November 22, 1970 . From 1966 to 1970 he was a member of the committee for cultural policy issues and in 1970 of the interim committee. In 1969, together with Alfred Seidl , he had called for “tough action” against riotous students in the state parliament . From 1967 to 1970 he was a member of the advisory board of the Bavarian State Center for Political Education (BLpB) and of reparations at the State Compensation Office. In 1969/70 he was a deputy (non-professional) member of the Bavarian Constitutional Court and the commission under Art. 2 of the Act to Implement the Act on Art. 10 of the Basic Law .

In the course of the Bundestag election in 1969 , he tried unsuccessfully against party friend Matthias Engelsberger (CSU) as a direct candidate for the Bundestag constituency of Traunstein (constituency 211); he received only one vote. Due to the new “ incompatibility law ”, according to which he should have taken leave of absence , he did not appear again for the state parliament.

Flick party donation affair

In 1958, von der Heydte represented the black federal government before the Federal Constitutional Court (BVerfG) in the regulatory review procedure for party financing through tax-privileged donations.

The Institut für Staatslehre und Politik e. Founded jointly with the member of the Bundestag Adolf Süsterhenn (CDU) and managed by von der Heydte for many years has served since the early 1960s . V. (ISP) at the Law Faculty of the University of Würzburg as a “money laundering facility” of the Citizens' Association 1954 e. V. (SV) of the CDU in Koblenz, which was publicly and controversially discussed in the 1980s. Von der Heydte became one of the central figures in the so-called Flick Affair . So he should u. a. Have had contacts with Karl Friedrich Grau (CDU). Von der Heydte denied accusations of being involved in the scandal, despite the allegations. Rather, the institute wanted to honor foreign lecturers.

Further memberships and activities

Von der Heydte was an employee of the Union-related study society for state political public relations work for Theodor Oberländer and, together with Richard Jaeger and Michael Schmaus, founder of the German Circle in 1958 in Munich. Furthermore, in 1958/59 he was a founding board member of the anti-communist association “ Save Freedom ” (RdF) around Rainer Barzel and Franz Josef Strauss, which was supposed to counterbalance the “ fight against atomic death ” and the SPD's plan for Germany . Von der Heydte was the author of the conservative CSU newspaper Bayernkurier ; Contributions to the German National Newspaper and Soldiers' Newspaper of the publisher Gerhard Frey in the 1960s also became known. He was also an employee of the CSU-affiliated Democratic-Conservative Correspondence and in 1963 acted as an appraiser for the expellees' associations in East Prussia , Pomerania , Berlin-Mark-Brandenburg and Silesia . In 1969 he was one of the participants in the “European Congress” of the Federation of Expellees (BdV).

He also maintained contacts with the colonels of the Greek military junta of the 1960s and 1970s and the Franco regime in Spain. He commented on a controversial trip that he undertook together with a CSU delegation: “If you can go to Moscow, you can also go to Athens.” The investigative journalists Oliver Schröm and Egmont R. Koch in critical of his right-wing activities her book Conspiracy under the Sign of the Cross (2005).

Von der Heydte was considered ( right ) conservative and close to the government. In an obituary, he was attested to have a national, but at the same time Western, attitude. As a politician, he was responsible for maintaining German-French relations . His "family tradition [also included] a liberal recognition of other views," as it was called in another obituary.

LaRouche Movement

After his active time as a politician, he initially oriented himself towards the National Liberal Action around Erich Mende .

In the 1987 federal election , von der Heydte supported the right-wing splinter movement “ Patriots for Germany ” around Lyndon LaRouche . As early as 1986, the American political activist LaRouche contributed a foreword to the new edition of The Modern Small War as a defense -political and military phenomenon . Articles and interviews as well as analyzes of von der Heydte then appeared in the weekly Executive Intelligence Review (EIR) of the cult-like LaRouche movement .

Family and estate

According to his autobiography, from 1938 he was married to Gabrielle de Garnerin de la Thuille, Countess von Montgelas (born August 9, 1910 in Egglkofen , † June 15, 1985 in Aham ), daughter of the papal secret chamberlain , royal Bavarian chamberlain , majors a. D. and hereditary Imperial Councilor of the Crown of Bavaria Joseph de Garnerin Graf von Montgelas, Freiherrn auf Egglkofen, Aham and Gerzen , and his wife Marie Le Sergeant d 'Hendecourt a. d. H. the Vicomtes de Pont de l'Arche, Von der Heydtes wife was a descendant of the Bavarian state reformer Maximilian von Montgelas . They had three children, including the lawyer Gottfried (* 1949), Chancellor of the Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt . His son Rudolf Konrad (1939–2015), businessman and founder of the Graf von Montgelas Foundation , was adopted in 1969 by his childless uncle. After retiring , Friedrich August retired in Aham an der Vils in Lower Bavaria and outlived his wife by almost a decade. He died in 1994 after a long illness.

At the funeral mass of the French paratroopers in the French parish church of St-Louis-en-l'Île in Paris in 1994 , not only high-ranking state guests but also his descendants were invited. An intercession was read out.

The archive for Christian-Democratic Politics (ACDP) of the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (KAS) maintains it.

Awards

1933-1945

after 1945

Publications

  • The white-blue book on the German Federal Constitution and the attacks on Christianity and statehood of the federal states . J. Habbel Verlag, Regensburg 1948.
  • Montesquieu : On the Spirit of Laws . A selection, translation and explanation by Friedrich August von der Heydte, de Gruyter, Berlin 1950.
  • The hour of birth of the sovereign state. A contribution to the history of international law, general political theory and political thought . J. Habbel Verlag, Regensburg 1952.
  • Fiction and Reality of West German Democracy (= Political Studies , Issue 48). Isar-Verlag, Munich 1954.
  • The professional civil servants and the state crises (= publications of the Association of German Constitutional Law Teachers , Issue 13). Reports by Friedrich August von der Heydte, Günter Dürig , Richard Naumann , Hans Spanner and discussion of the reports in the negotiations at the conference of German constitutional law teachers in Tübingen on October 14th and 15th, 1954. de Gruyter, Berlin 1955.
  • From the holy kingdom to holy popular sovereignty . Ulrich Steiner Verlag, Laupheim 1955.
  • with Karl Sacherl (ed.): Sociology of the German parties . Isar-Verlag, Munich 1955.
  • Constitution and freedom of trade (= Political Studies , Book 76). Isar-Verlag, Munich 1956.
  • with Friedrich Giese (Ed.): The Concordat Process . 4 volumes, Isar-Verlag, Munich 1956–1958.
  • Daedalus returned. Crete 1941 . Translation from German by W. Stanley Moss , Hutchinson, London 1958.
  • International law. A textbook . 2 volumes, Verlag für Politik und Wirtschaft, Cologne 1958–1960.
  • with Georg Stadtmüller , Helmut Ibach : Citizenship and State Order in Past and Present (= series of publications by Kommunal-Verlag , 6). With a foreword by Hans Peters , Kommunal Verlag, Recklinghausen 1959.
  • with Ignaz Seidl-Hohenveldern (Ed.): International law and legal worldview. Festschrift for Alfred Verdross . Springer, Vienna 1960.
  • Priority or subsidiarity of free youth welfare? (= Hamburg public law secondary hours , Volume 7). Research Center for International Law and Foreign Public Law, Hamburg 1961.
  • Crisis of parliamentarism (= contributions to the encounter between church and world , volumes 58/59). Academy of the Diocese of Rottenburg, Stuttgart 1961.
  • Church and State (= publications of the Catholic Academy of the Archdiocese of Freiburg , Volume 2). Badenia-Verlag, Karlsruhe 1966.
  • The modern guerrilla war as a defense-political and military phenomenon . With a foreword by Lyndon LaRouche , new edition, Dr. Böttiger Verlag , Wiesbaden 1986, ISBN 3-925725-03-2 . (First edition: Holzner-Verlag, Würzburg 1972)
  • If I have to die, I want to fall ... A contemporary witness remembers. Edited by Hendrik van Bergh , Vowinckel-Verlag, Berg am See 1987, ISBN 3-921655-39-0 (autobiography).
  • The monarchy - a European idea. Austria from the Congress of Vienna to St. Germain . Amalthea Signum, Vienna 1993, ISBN 3-85002-340-0 .

See also

literature

Reference works and biographies

Festschrift

Obituaries and tributes

Special contributions

  • Christopher Benkert: Constitutional and administrative law: Friedrich August Freiherr von der Heydte . In: The Law Faculty of the University of Würzburg 1914 to 1960. Education and science under the sign of the two world wars (= Würzburg legal writings . Vol. 62). Ergon Verlag, Würzburg 2005, ISBN 3-89913-481-8 , pp. 173-181. [Dissertation]
  • Vanessa Conze: Friedrich August Freiherr von der Heydte: A Catholic nobleman in the "Reich" - a Wehrmacht general in the "greater area" . In: The Europe of the Germans. Ideas of Europe in Germany between imperial tradition and western orientation (1920–1970) . Verlag R. Oldenbourg, Munich 2005, ISBN 978-3-486-57757-0 , pp. 63-71. [Dissertation]
  • Egmont R. Koch , Oliver Schröm : A clerical gunman. The right activities of the Grand Crusader Friedrich August von der Heydte . In: Conspiracy under the sign of the cross. The Knights of the Holy Tomb . Orbis Verlag, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-572-01313-5 , pp. 91-124.
  • Lieselotte Steveling: Assistant: Friedrich August Freiherr von der Heydte . In: Lawyers in Münster. A contribution to the history of the law and political science faculty of the Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster / Westf. (= Contributions to the history of sociology . Vol. 10). Lit, Münster 1999, ISBN 3-8258-4084-0 , pp. 427-429 (including a short biography, p. 428). [Dissertation]

Brief biographies

  • Samuel W. Mitcham : Defenders of Fortress Europe: The Untold Story of the German Officers during the Allied Invasion . Potomac Books, Washington, DC 2009, ISBN 978-1-59797-274-1 , pp. 49-51, 198 (see short biography).
  • Sönke Neitzel : bugged. German generals in British captivity 1942–1945 (= List-Taschenbuch . 60760). List, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-548-60760-3 , pp. 451-452 (see short biography).
  • Michael Stolleis : History of Public Law in Germany . Volume 4: Constitutional and Administrative Law Studies in West and East 1945–1990 . Beck, Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3-406-63203-7 , p. 71 (see short biography).

Web links

Commons : Friedrich August Freiherr von der Heydte  - Collection of Images

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Christopher Benkert: The Law Faculty of the University of Würzburg 1914 to 1960. Education and science under the sign of the two world wars (= Würzburg juridical writings . Vol. 62). Ergon Verlag, Würzburg 2005, ISBN 3-89913-481-8 , p. 173.
  2. ↑ a b c d Stiftung Deutsches Adelsarchiv (Ed.): Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels . Volume 88 (Freiherrliche Häuser XIV), CA Starke, Limburg an der Lahn 1986, ISBN 3-7980-0788-8 , p. 213.
  3. ↑ a b Hermann H.-K. Rechenberg: Obituary for Friedrich August Freiherr von der Heydte . In: Archiv des Völkerrechts 33 (1995) 4, p. 425.
  4. ↑ Note: In the literature there is also talk of “During World War I, he was a page to the royal court of the House of Wittelsbach”, on this: Samuel W. Mitcham : Defenders of fortress Europe. The untold story of the German officers during the Allied invasion . Potomac Books, Washington, DC 2009, ISBN 978-1-59797-274-1 , p. 49.
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Christopher Benkert: The Law Faculty of the University of Würzburg 1914 to 1960. Education and science under the sign of the two world wars (= Würzburg legal writings . Vol. 62). Ergon Verlag, Würzburg 2005, ISBN 3-89913-481-8 , p. 174.
  6. ↑ Dermot Bradley , Heinz-Peter Würzenthal , Hansgeorg Model : The Generals and Admirals of the Bundeswehr. 1955-1999. the military careers (= Germany's generals and admirals; part VIb). Volume 2, 1: Gaedcke - Hoff . Biblio-Verlag, Osnabrück 2000, ISBN 978-3-7648-2369-6 , p. 353.
  7. ^ Sönke Neitzel : bugged. German generals in British captivity 1942–1945 (= List-Taschenbuch . 60760). List, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-548-60760-3 , p. 451.
  8. ^ A b Ludwig Maria Freibüter : In memoriam mortuorum: August Freiherr von der Heydte . In: unitas 134 (1994) 4, p. 107.
  9. ↑ a b Hermann H.-K. Rechenberg: Obituary for Friedrich August Freiherr von der Heydte . In: Archiv des Völkerrechts 33 (1995) 4, p. 426.
  10. ^ Hans Kelsen : Hans Kelsen works . Volume 1: Published writings 1905-1910 and personal reports . Edited by Matthias Jestaedt in cooperation with the Hans Kelsen Institute, Mohr Siebeck, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-16-149419-2 , p. 78.
  11. ↑ a b c d e f Christopher Benkert: The Law Faculty of the University of Würzburg 1914 to 1960. Education and science under the sign of the two world wars (= Würzburg legal writings . Vol. 62). Ergon Verlag, Würzburg 2005, ISBN 3-89913-481-8 , p. 175.
  12. ↑ Reinhard Mehring: war technician of the term. Biographical studies on Carl Schmitt (= contributions to the legal history of the 20th century . 78). Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen 2014, ISBN 978-3-16-153452-2 , p. 87.
  13. ↑ Raphael Gross : Politische Polykratie 1936. The Gestapo files Carl Schmitt . In: Dan Diner , Frank Stern (Ed.): National Socialism from Today's Perspective (= Tel Aviver Yearbook for German History . Vol. 23). Commissioned by the Institute for German History, Tel Aviv University, Bleicher, Gerlingen 1994, ISBN 3-88350-497-1 , p. 127.
  14. ^ Ernst Klee : The dictionary of persons on the Third Reich. Who was what before and after 1945 . Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, second updated edition, Frankfurt am Main 2005, ISBN 978-3-596-16048-8 , p. 000.
  15. ↑ a b c Vanessa Conze: The Europe of the Germans. Ideas of Europe in Germany between imperial tradition and western orientation (1920–1970) (= studies on contemporary history . Vol. 69). Oldenbourg, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-486-57757-3 , p. 67.
  16. ^ A b Antony Beevor : Crete: The Battle and the Resistance . John Murray, London 2005, ISBN 0-7195-6831-5 , p. 76.
  17. ↑ a b c d e f g Christopher Benkert: The Law Faculty of the University of Würzburg 1914 to 1960. Education and science under the sign of the two world wars (= Würzburg juridical writings . Vol. 62). Ergon Verlag, Würzburg 2005, ISBN 3-89913-481-8 , p. 176.
  18. ↑ Subseries IV.D. Division of International Law - Fellowships, 1925-1935 ( English ) columbia.edu. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
  19. ^ A clerical gunman The right-wing activities of the Grand Crusader Friedrich August von der Heydte . In: Egmont R. Koch , Oliver Schröm : Conspiracy under the sign of the cross. The Knights of the Holy Tomb . Orbis Verlag, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-572-01313-5 , p. 102.
  20. ↑ a b c d e Lieselotte Steveling: Lawyers in Münster. A contribution to the history of the law and political science faculty of the Westphalian Wilhelms University of Münster / Westphalia. (= Contributions to the history of sociology , 10) Lit, Münster 1999, ISBN 3-8258-4084-0 , p. 428.
  21. ↑ Oliver Rathkolb : The Austrian Foreign Service and the Anschluss in 1938 . In: German Studies Review 13 (1990) 1, pp. 55–83, here: p. 61.
  22. ^ Alfred Holm: The Offended - Documentation and commentary on a journalistic adventure . In: Blätter für Deutsche und Internationale Politik 3/1965, pp. 266–271, here: 267.
  23. ↑ Rehabilitated by von der Heydte . In: FAZ . October 9, 1965, p. 18 .
  24. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Dermot Bradley , Heinz-Peter Würzenthal , Hansgeorg Model : The Generals and Admirals of the Bundeswehr. 1955-1999. the military careers (= Germany's generals and admirals; part VIb). Volume 2, 1: Gaedcke - Hoff . Biblio-Verlag, Osnabrück 2000, ISBN 978-3-7648-2369-6 , p. 354.
  25. ↑ a b c d e f g Samuel W. Mitcham : Defenders of fortress Europe. The untold story of the German officers during the Allied invasion . Potomac Books, Washington, DC 2009, ISBN 978-1-59797-274-1 , p. 50.
  26. ↑ See also The Battle of Crete , in: Antony Beevor : Crete: The Battle and the Resistance . John Murray, London 2005, ISBN 0-7195-6831-5 , p. 57 ff.
  27. ^ A clerical gunman The right-wing activities of the Grand Crusader Friedrich August von der Heydte . In: Egmont R. Koch , Oliver Schröm : Conspiracy under the sign of the cross. The Knights of the Holy Tomb . Orbis Verlag, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-572-01313-5 , p. 104.
  28. ↑ Stephen E. Ambrose : D-Day, June 6, 1944: the climactic battle of World War II . Simon and Schuster, New York a. a. 1994, ISBN 0-671-71359-0 , p. 116.
  29. ^ A b c Samuel W. Mitcham : Defenders of fortress Europe. The untold story of the German officers during the Allied invasion . Potomac Books, Washington, DC 2009, ISBN 978-1-59797-274-1 , p. 198.
  30. ↑ John Toland : Battle: The Story of the Bulge . With a foreword by Carlo D'Este , University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln et al. a. 1999, ISBN 0-8032-9437-9 , p. 18.
  31. ↑ Stephen E. Ambrose : D-Day, June 6, 1944: the climactic battle of World War II . Simon and Schuster, New York a. a. 1994, ISBN 0-671-71359-0 , p. 207.
  32. ^ Günter Roth : The German Parachute Troop 1936-1945. The Commander in Chief Colonel General Kurt Student. Strategic, operational head or craftsman and the soldier ethos. Appreciation, criticism, lesson . Mittler, Hamburg a. a. 2010, ISBN 978-3-8132-0906-8 , p. 282.
  33. ^ Sönke Neitzel : bugged. German generals in British captivity 1942–1945 (= List-Taschenbuch . 60760). List, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-548-60760-3 , p. 72.
  34. ^ A b Sönke Neitzel : bugged. German generals in British captivity 1942–1945 (= List-Taschenbuch . 60760). List, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-548-60760-3 , p. 57.
  35. ^ Sönke Neitzel : bugged. German generals in British captivity 1942–1945 (= List-Taschenbuch . 60760). List, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-548-60760-3 , p. 59.
  36. ^ Christian H. Stifter: Between spiritual renewal and restoration. American plans for denazification and democratic reorientation and the post-war reality of Austrian science 1941–1955 . Böhlau, Vienna a. a. 2014, ISBN 978-3-205-79500-1 , p. 285.
  37. ^ Sönke Neitzel : bugged. German generals in British captivity 1942–1945 (= List-Taschenbuch . 60760). List, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-548-60760-3 , p. 452.
  38. ^ Alfred Holm: The Offended - Documentation and commentary on a journalistic adventure . In: Blätter für Deutsche und Internationale Politik 3/1965, pp. 266–271, here: 268.
  39. ^ Michael Stolleis : History of Public Law in Germany . Volume 4: Constitutional and Administrative Law Studies in West and East 1945–1990 . Beck, Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3-406-63203-7 , p. 60.
  40. ↑ a b c d e f g h Christopher Benkert: The Law Faculty of the University of Würzburg 1914 to 1960. Education and science under the sign of the two world wars (= Würzburger jurisprudential writings . Vol. 62). Ergon Verlag, Würzburg 2005, ISBN 3-89913-481-8 , p. 177.
  41. ^ Michael Stolleis : History of Public Law in Germany . Volume 4: Constitutional and Administrative Law Studies in West and East 1945–1990 . Beck, Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3-406-63203-7 , p. 66.
  42. ↑ a b Hermann H.-K. Rechenberg: Obituary for Friedrich August Freiherr von der Heydte . In: Archiv des Völkerrechts 33 (1995) 4, p. 427.
  43. ↑ Anne Rohstock: From the “Ordinary University ” to the “Revolutionary Headquarters ”? University reform and university revolt in Bavaria and Hesse 1957–1976 (= sources and representations on contemporary history . Vol. 78). Oldenbourg, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-486-59399-0 , p. 227.
  44. ↑ a b c Christopher Benkert: The Law Faculty of the University of Würzburg 1914 to 1960. Education and science under the sign of the two world wars (= Würzburg juridical writings . Vol. 62). Ergon Verlag, Würzburg 2005, ISBN 3-89913-481-8 , p. 178.
  45. ↑ Jürgen Hagemann, Jürgen Bleher: The SHB apologizes. Allegations against Bbr. Professor von der Heydte withdrew . In: unitas 105 (1965) 9, p. 188.
  46. ↑ Christopher Benkert: The Law Faculty of the University of Würzburg 1914 to 1960. Education and science under the sign of the two world wars (= Würzburg legal writings . Vol. 62). Ergon Verlag, Würzburg 2005, ISBN 3-89913-481-8 , p. 107.
  47. ↑ Christopher Benkert: The Law Faculty of the University of Würzburg 1914 to 1960. Education and science under the sign of the two world wars (= Würzburg legal writings . Vol. 62). Ergon Verlag, Würzburg 2005, ISBN 3-89913-481-8 , p. 108.
  48. ↑ Christopher Benkert: The Law Faculty of the University of Würzburg 1914 to 1960. Education and science under the sign of the two world wars (= Würzburg legal writings . Vol. 62). Ergon Verlag, Würzburg 2005, ISBN 3-89913-481-8 , p. 291.
  49. ↑ a b c d Dieter Blumenwitz : Friedrich August Freiherr von der Heydte † . In: Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 1994, p. 2006.
  50. ^ A clerical gunman The right-wing activities of the Grand Crusader Friedrich August von der Heydte . In: Egmont R. Koch , Oliver Schröm : Conspiracy under the sign of the cross. The Knights of the Holy Tomb . Orbis Verlag, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-572-01313-5 , p. 114.
  51. ^ Winfried Bausback, Gilbert Gornig , Tobias H. Irmscher, Burkhard Schöbener: In Memoriam Dieter Blumenwitz . In the S. (Ed.): Iustitia et pax. Commemorative writing for Dieter Blumenwitz (= writings on international law . Vol. 176). Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-428-12745-0 , pp. 7-16, here: p. 8.
  52. ↑ Frieder Günther : Thinking from the state. The Federal German constitutional law theory between decision and integration 1949-1970 (= Ordnungssysteme . Vol. 15). Oldenbourg, Munich 2004, ISBN 3-486-56818-3 , p. 75.
  53. ↑ Vanessa Conze: The Europe of the Germans. Ideas of Europe in Germany between imperial tradition and western orientation (1920–1970) . Verlag R. Oldenbourg, Munich 2005, ISBN 978-3-486-57757-0 , p. 89.
  54. ↑ Tim Geiger : Atlanticists against Gaullists. Foreign policy conflict and intra-party power struggle in the CDU, CSU 1958–1969 (= studies on international history . Vol. 20). Oldenbourg, Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-486-58586-5 , p. 281.
  55. ^ Michael Stolleis : History of Public Law in Germany . Volume 4: Constitutional and Administrative Law Studies in West and East 1945–1990 . Beck, Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3-406-63203-7 , p. 86.
  56. ↑ a b c Hermann H.-K. Rechenberg: Obituary for Friedrich August Freiherr von der Heydte . In: Archiv des Völkerrechts 33 (1995) 4, p. 429.
  57. ↑ See: Resolutions Adopted by the Institut De Droit International at its Session at Edinburgh, 1969: The Distinction Between Military Objectives and Non-Military Objects in General and Particularly the Problems Associated with Weapons of Mass Destruction . In: American Journal of International Law 66 (1972) 2, pp. 470-475.
  58. ^ Dietrich Schindler junior : Modern developments in international martial law . In: Die Friedens-Warte 66 (1986) 3/4, pp. 205–215, here: p. 209.
  59. ^ Heino Kaack : History and structure of the German party system . Westdeutscher Verlag, Opladen 1971, ISBN 3-531-11059-4 , p. 367.
  60. ↑ From the Unitarian family: Honors . In: unitas 100 (1960) 2, p. 6.
  61. ↑ Ursula Münch : Family, youth and senior citizens policy . In: Michael Ruck , Marcel Boldorf (ed.): History of social policy in Germany since 1945 . Volume 4: Federal Republic of Germany, (1957–1966). Social policy under the sign of the achieved prosperity . Nomos, Baden-Baden 2007, ISBN 978-3-7890-7319-9 , p. 593.
  62. ↑ see: Heinrich Kipp , Franz Mayer , Armin Steinkamm (ed.): To right and freedom. Festschrift for Friedrich August von der Heydte on the completion of the 70th year of life presented by friends, students and colleagues . 2 volumes. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1977, ISBN 3-428-03862-2 .
  63. ^ A b Michael Stolleis : History of Public Law in Germany . Volume 4: Constitutional and Administrative Law Studies in West and East 1945–1990 . Beck, Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3-406-63203-7 , p. 71.
  64. ^ A b Guido Müller, Vanessa Plichta: Between the Rhine and the Danube. Occidental thinking between Franco-German mutual agreement initiatives and conservative-Catholic integration models 1923–1957 . In: Journal of European Integration History 5 (1999) 2, p. 35 (see short biography).
  65. ↑ General of the Reserve . Hamburger Abendblatt. October 24, 1962. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
  66. ↑ Hermann H.-K. Rechenberg: Obituary for Friedrich August Freiherr von der Heydte . In: Archiv des Völkerrechts 33 (1995) 4, p. 428.
  67. ↑ Christopher Benkert: The Law Faculty of the University of Würzburg 1914 to 1960. Education and science under the sign of the two world wars (= Würzburg legal writings . Vol. 62). Ergon Verlag, Würzburg 2005, ISBN 3-89913-481-8 , p. 180.
  68. ↑ Hans-Erich Volkmann : The domestic dimension of Adenauer's security policy in the EVG phase . In: Lutz Köllner et al .: Beginnings of West German Security Policy. 1945-1956 . Volume 2: The ECG phase . Published by the Military History Research Office, Oldenbourg, Munich 1990, ISBN 3-486-51681-7 , p. 556.
  69. ^ Axel Schildt : Between Occident and America. Studies on the West German landscape of ideas of the 50s (= systems of order . Volume 4). Oldenbourg, Munich 1999, ISBN 3-486-56344-0 , p. 66.
  70. ^ A clerical gunman The right-wing activities of the Grand Crusader Friedrich August von der Heydte . In: Egmont R. Koch , Oliver Schröm : Conspiracy under the sign of the cross. The Knights of the Holy Tomb . Orbis Verlag, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-572-01313-5 , p. 91.
  71. ^ A clerical gunman The right-wing activities of the Grand Crusader Friedrich August von der Heydte . In: Egmont R. Koch , Oliver Schröm : Conspiracy under the sign of the cross. The Knights of the Holy Tomb . Orbis Verlag, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-572-01313-5 , p. 96.
  72. ↑ a b A clerical gunman The right-wing activities of the Grand Crusader Friedrich August von der Heydte . In: Egmont R. Koch , Oliver Schröm : Conspiracy under the sign of the cross. The Knights of the Holy Tomb . Orbis Verlag, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-572-01313-5 , p. 98.
  73. ^ Rudolf Uertz : Conservative cultural criticism in the early Federal Republic of Germany. The Occidental Academy in Eichstätt, 1952–1956 . In: Historisch-Politische Mitteilungen , 8th year (2001), p. 61 f.
  74. ^ Axel Schildt : Between Occident and America. Studies on the West German landscape of ideas of the 50s (= systems of order . Volume 4). Oldenbourg, Munich 1999, ISBN 3-486-56344-0 , p. 70 f.
  75. ↑ Friedrich Heer : The Left Catholicism . In: Journal for Politics , New Series 5 (1958) 2, pp. 134–161, here: p. 155.
  76. ↑ Cf. Friedrich August von der Heydte: "Problems of Left Catholicism". The answer of the «integralist» . In: Schweizer Rundschau , July-August 1959, pp. 217–228.
  77. ^ Heinrich Senfft: scorn in court. Protection of privacy and public opinion in Germany (= Göttinger Sudelblätter ). Wallstein, Göttingen 1993, ISBN 3-89244-063-8 , p. 18 f.
  78. ^ A clerical gunman The right-wing activities of the Grand Crusader Friedrich August von der Heydte . In: Egmont R. Koch , Oliver Schröm : Conspiracy under the sign of the cross. The Knights of the Holy Tomb . Orbis Verlag, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-572-01313-5 , p. 111.
  79. ↑ Thomas Ellwein , Manfred Liebel , Inge Negt : The mirror affair (= texts and documents: contemporary history ). Volume 2: The Public Response . Edited by Jürgen Seifert , Walter, Olten a. a. 1966, p. 34; cited in: Hans Werner Kilz , Joachim Preuss: Flick. The bought republic (= Spiegel-Buch . 48). Rowohlt, Reinbek bei Hamburg 1983, ISBN 3-499-33048-2 , p. 82.
  80. ↑ Hans Leyendecker , Michael Stiller , Heribert Prantl : Helmut Kohl, the power and the money . Steidl, Göttingen 2000, ISBN 3-88243-738-3 , p. 76.
  81. ↑ a b A clerical gunman The right-wing activities of the Grand Crusader Friedrich August von der Heydte . In: Egmont R. Koch , Oliver Schröm : Conspiracy under the sign of the cross. The Knights of the Holy Tomb . Orbis Verlag, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-572-01313-5 , p. 107.
  82. ↑ Calendar: 1953 . Konrad Adenauer Foundation. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
  83. ^ Andreas Dornheim : Nobility in the bourgeois industrialized society. A sociological-historical case study about the Waldburg-Zeil family (= European university publications / 3). Lang, Frankfurt am Main a. a. 1993, ISBN 3-631-44859-7 , p. 382.
  84. ↑ Anne Rohstock: From the “Ordinary University ” to the “Revolutionary Headquarters ”? University reform and university revolt in Bavaria and Hesse 1957–1976 (= sources and representations on contemporary history . Vol. 78). Oldenbourg, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-486-59399-0 , p. 222.
  85. ↑ The Parricides . Mirror online. July 7, 1969. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
  86. ^ Daniel Herbe: Hermann Weinkauff (1894–1981). The first President of the Federal Court of Justice . Mohr Siebeck Verlag, Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-16-149461-1 , p. 97.
  87. ↑ They're turning their thumbs with relish today . In: Der Spiegel . No. 26 , 1989, pp. 37-45 ( online - 26 June 1989 ).
  88. ↑ Affairs: Crash after milking . In: Der Spiegel . No. 51 , 1984, pp. 92-93 ( Online - Dec. 17, 1984 ).
  89. ^ A clerical gunman The right-wing activities of the Grand Crusader Friedrich August von der Heydte . In: Egmont R. Koch , Oliver Schröm : Conspiracy under the sign of the cross. The Knights of the Holy Tomb . Orbis Verlag, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-572-01313-5 , p. 122.
  90. ^ Axel Schildt : Between Occident and America. Studies on the West German landscape of ideas of the 1950s (= systems of order . Vol. 4). Oldenbourg, Munich 1999, ISBN 3-486-56344-0 , p. 77.
  91. ↑ Helmut Lorscheid , Leo A. Müller : Cover name Schiller. The German patriots of Lyndon LaRouche (= Rororo . 5916). Rowohlt, Reinbek bei Hamburg 1986, ISBN 3-499-15916-3 , p. 38.
  92. ↑ Ute Schmidt : The Christian Democratic Union of Germany . In: Richard Stöss (Ed.): Party Handbook. The parties of the Federal Republic of Germany 1945–1980 . Volume 1: AUD to EFP (= publications of the Central Institute for Social Science Research at the Free University of Berlin . Volume 38). Westdeutscher Verlag, Opladen 1983, ISBN 3-531-11570-7 , p. 637.
  93. ^ A clerical gunman The right-wing activities of the Grand Crusader Friedrich August von der Heydte . In: Egmont R. Koch , Oliver Schröm : Conspiracy under the sign of the cross. The Knights of the Holy Tomb . Orbis Verlag, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-572-01313-5 , p. 114; Gert Heidenreich : Right behind the wall . In: Ingeborg Drewitz (Ed.): Strauss without chalk. A candidate with historical significance . Rowohlt, Reinbek bei Hamburg 1980, ISBN 3-499-14637-1 , p. 71; Quotes . In: Der Spiegel , 1/1964, January 8, 1964.
  94. ^ Dietrich Strothmann : Accused: the National-Zeitung . In: Die Zeit , September 8, 1967, No. 36; Otto Köhler : Attack on the state . In: Der Spiegel , 34/1967, August 14, 1967, p. 56.
  95. ^ Egmont R. Koch , Oliver Schröm : Dark knights in white robes . ( Memento of the original from February 2, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Die Zeit , No. 13/1994. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.zeit.de
  96. ↑ crutch for Chrike . Mirror online. September 20, 1976. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
  97. ↑ Vanessa Conze: The Europe of the Germans. Ideas of Europe in Germany between imperial tradition and western orientation (1920–1970) (= studies on contemporary history . Vol. 69). Oldenbourg, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-486-57757-3 , p. 66.
  98. ^ Roland Riz : Friedrich August von der Heydte 80 years . In: Europa Ethnica 44 (1987), p. 103.
  99. ^ Friedrich Karl Fromme : Von der Heydte died . In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , July 9, 1994, No. 157, p. 6.
  100. ^ A clerical gunman The right-wing activities of the Grand Crusader Friedrich August von der Heydte . In: Egmont R. Koch , Oliver Schröm : Conspiracy under the sign of the cross. The Knights of the Holy Tomb . Orbis Verlag, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-572-01313-5 , p. 119.
  101. ↑ Note: According to his autobiography Must I Die, Will I Fall ... (1987: 68), published by Vowinckel-Verlag , von der Heydte married on October 4, 1938; the GHdA (2000: 312) indicates October 26, 1938 and the GHdA (1986: 214) indicates October 27, 1938 for marriage; also who is who? (1981: 486) dates to 1938; Deviating from this is the later Würzburg faculty historiography by Benkert (2005: 176), which states October 7, 1936, but without a footnote.
  102. ^ Stiftung Deutsches Adelsarchiv (Hrsg.): Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels . Volume 88 (Freiherrliche Häuser XIV), CA Starke, Limburg an der Lahn 1986, ISBN 3-7980-0788-8 , p. 214.
  103. ^ Stiftung Deutsches Adelsarchiv (Hrsg.): Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels . Volume 123 (Count's Houses XVI), CA Starke, Limburg an der Lahn 2000, ISBN 3-7980-0823-X , p. 312.
  104. ^ Stiftung Deutsches Adelsarchiv (Hrsg.): Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels . Volume 120 (Freiherrliche Häuser XXI), CA Starke, Limburg an der Lahn 1999, ISBN 3-7980-0820-5 , p. 135.
  105. ^ Stiftung Deutsches Adelsarchiv (Hrsg.): Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels . Volume 123 (Count's Houses XVI), CA Starke, Limburg an der Lahn 2000, ISBN 3-7980-0823-X , p. 300.
  106. ^ Hans Werner Kilz , Joachim Preuss: Flick. The bought republic (= Spiegel-Buch . 48). Rowohlt, Reinbek bei Hamburg 1983, ISBN 3-499-33048-2 , p. 82.
  107. ↑ Inventory overview . Archive for Christian Democratic Politics , Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung , updated edition 2013, p. 167.
predecessor Office successor
Franz zu Salm-Reifferscheidt-Dyck Croix de l Ordre du Saint-Sepulcre.svg Lieutenant of the German Lieutenancy of the Order of the Knights of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem
1958–1965 		Lorenz Höcker
personal data
SURNAME Heydte, Friedrich August Freiherr von der
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Heydte, Friedrich-August Johannes Wilhelm Ludwig Alfons Maria Freiherr von der (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German officer, lawyer, university professor and politician (CSU), MdL, governor of the Knightly Order of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem
DATE OF BIRTH March 30, 1907
PLACE OF BIRTH Munich
DATE OF DEATH July 7, 1994
Place of death Aham , Lower Bavaria