List of storm surges in the North Sea

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North Sea with countries and sea areas

This list of storm surges in the North Sea includes a list of storm surges and subsequent floods on the coast of the North Sea .

Reliability of the information

Depiction of a dike breach in 1718, probably related to the Christmas flood of 1717

Since many chronicles refer to earlier natural disasters, some storm surges have been included in the literature several times, so that the number of supposed storm surges has multiplied. Even a considerable part of the more recent chronicles is based on early modern sources, some of which are fictitious.

The supposed numbers of victims before the 16th century are largely based on rough estimates or even fantasy. This information should therefore be viewed with skepticism. The effects of different storm surges are difficult to determine up to the 14th or 15th century and can often hardly be linked to specific events. Reliable records of water levels have only been available since the 19th century. The water levels are z. B. documented by the Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH) and the Federal Waterways and Shipping Administration (WSV). The State Office for Roads, Bridges and Waters  (LSBG) in Hamburg has evaluated storm surges since 1900 and offers extensive material on this.

See also the history of storm surges on the North Sea coast

List of storm surges

Until 1800

date Surname area Effects of the
peak water levels of the storm surge wave
BC .
around 340 BC Chr. Cimbrian flood
Between 120 and 115 BC Chr. Storm surge Jutland , marshland off the west coast of Schleswig-Holstein many people and animals perished. But there are great doubts that the Cimbrons , Ambrones and Teutons therefore left their homeland for the south
6th century
516 Storm surge all of Friesland reportedly over 6,000 people and many more cattle perished
9th century
December 26, 838 dutch coast first documented storm surge on the North Sea; allegedly 2500 deaths in the area of ​​today's Netherlands
11th century
28/29 September 1014 Belgian and Dutch coast
Summer 1020 Elbe and Weser estuaries many diseases (malaria?) in the next few years
1066 Weser estuary unsecured flood, first mentioned in the 16th century: alleged sinking of Mellum Castle
12th Century
October 4, 1134 Belgian and Dutch coast the extension of the Zwin to Bruges suspected
1158 Northern Germany many drowned
December 21, 1163 Thomas flood 1163 Dutch coast, East Frisia
February 16-17 , 1164 First Julian flood Dutch coast, Elbe region allegedly 20,000 dead; First jade ingress suspected, major damage in the Lower Elbe region
November 1st / 2nd, 1170 All Saints Flood 1170 dutch coast severe devastation; the formation of the islands of Texel and Wieringen as well as the expansion of the Zuiderzee and the breakthrough of the Hunze in the direction of the Lauwerszee are believed
December 1196 Nicholas flood dutch coast
13th Century
September 8, 1214 Dutch coast
January / February 1216 Eiderstedt, Dithmarschen, Nordstrand and Marschländer in the Elbe region around 10,000 dead, Helgoland lost seven out of nine parishes. The emergence of the Haringvliet
January 16, 1219 First Marcellus flood Dutch coast, Elbe region supposedly 36,000 or 100,000 dead; accidentally set to 1218, 1222 or 1228; large floods also in the Elbe area; first surviving eyewitness report from the Groningerland; alleged intrusion of the Jade Bay according to later tradition
November 20, 1248 Martini flood 1248 dutch coast accidentally set to 1250
December 28, 1248 All children flood Dutch coast, Elbe region high loss of life; Separation of the historical Elbe island Gorieswerder into several parts
February 4, 1249 Agathen flood 1249 dutch coast
January 28, 1262 Agnes flood dutch coast
13- January 14 and 25- 26. December 1277 Storm surge 1277 Dollard Alleged collapse of the dollar according to later tradition; symbolic year 77, with a mix-up with the Lucia flood of 1287
December 13-14 , 1287 Lucia flood Dutch and German coast Very heavy storm surge, the dikes were partially destroyed; reportedly up to 50,000 dead; presumed collapse of the Dollart and expansion of the Zuiderzee and the Lauwerszee inadvertently probably set to 1277, 1280, 1282 or 1288
February 2nd or 5th, 1288 Agathen flood 1288 dutch coast
October 28, 1288 Simon and Judas Flood dutch coast
14th Century
March 1318 Belgian and Dutch coast
November 23, 1334 Clement Flood Belgian and Dutch coast Presumed expansion of the Jade Bay
November 1, 1341 All Saints Flood 1341 Belgian and Dutch coasts, possibly also North Frisia
15. - 17th January 1362 Second Marcellus Flood ,
First Grote Mandränke		 Schleswig-Holstein and East Frisia Sinking of the North Frisian Uthlande
formation of the island of Strand and the Halligen
Rungholt sinking, 30 to 40 villages are abandoned; allegedly 100,000 dead. Western march flooded north; only uprooted trees on the Jade Bay.
October 9, 1374 First Dionysius flood Belgian, Dutch and German coast Extension of the Leybucht to the city of Norden , sinking of the village of Westeel near Norden; assumed expansion of Harle Bay
8th / 9th / 10th October 1375 Second Dionysius flood German coast Dyke breaks at Lütetsburg and Bargebur , the waves reach the walls of the Dominican monastery in the north
October 9 , 15- 16th November 1377 Dionysius or Martini flood 1377 Flanders, Dollard Alleged storm surge with the symbolic year 77, but confused with 1374 and 1375
21- 22. January 1393 Vincent flood Belgian and Dutch coasts, possibly also North Frisia
January 17, 1396 Antoni flood 1396 Belgian, Dutch and North German coasts many people drowned in Hamburg
15th century
October 25, 1403 Catharine flood 1403 Ostfriesland Drewert gave up
19./ 20th November 1404 First Elizabeth flood Belgian and Dutch coast IJzendijke and Hugevliet are sinking
November 21, 1412 Cecilia flood German Bight Krempermarsch flooded, the village of Zesterfleth at the estuary is destroyed, the Elbe island Hahnöfersand separated from the mainland; allegedly 30,000 dead
1413 /14 Dollard Dollar collapse based on contemporary sources
18th and 19th November 1421 Second Elizabeth flood Belgian and Dutch coast 28 villages in the Grooten Waard area are abandoned; Tradition speaks of 70 villages and 10,000 dead; Dordrecht is separated from the mainland
18th and 19th November 1424 Third Elizabeth flood dutch coast
December 21, 1429 Thomas flood 1429 West and maybe also East Frisia
November 1, 1436 All Saints Flood 1436 German Bight allegedly 500 dead; Floods on the entire North Sea coast, especially in Eiderstedt , Nordstrand , Dithmarschen and Hadeln , no land losses, but Eidum is sinking
April 10, 1446 Palmarum Flood or Quade Palm Flood Dutch and German coast Extension of the Dollart , abandoned Palmar Monastery
October 21-21 , 1468 Ursula flood dutch coast Expansion of the dollar to the west
January 6, 1471 Epiphany Flood north german coast Floods in Eiderstedt , Nordstrand , Dithmarschen and Elbmarschen. Occasionally dated to 1470
November 1, 1473 Vincula Petriflut or Evil Vinkelflut East Frisia and Oldenburg Mainly damage to property, in addition to the quadruped palm trees in April 1446
September 27, 1477 First Cosmas and Damian flood Belgian, Dutch and German coast
October 16, 1483 Gallus flood 1483 German Bight
16th Century
September 25-26 , 1509 Second Cosmas and Damian flood Dutch and German coast Breakthrough of the Ems near Emden ; since 1509 repeated destruction of the dikes on the south bank of the Ems and in the Jade Bay
September 9, 1510 St. Magnus Flood 1510 German Bight
January 16, 1511 Antoni flood ,
ice flood		 Jade Bay Breakthrough between Jade and Weser , last extension of the Jadebusen to the northwest, 7 villages abandoned; largest expansion of the dollar
29 / thirtieth September 1514 Michaelis or Hieronymus flood dutch coast
1521 German bay lots of property damage in spring
November 5, 1530 All Saints Flood 1530
or bad Saturday 		Belgian and Dutch coast ( Westerschelde river basin) Zeeland flooded, more than 20 villages and parts of the island Zuid-Beveland drowned
October 31 / November 1/2 , 1532 All Saints Flood 1532 or the great flood Belgian, Dutch and German coast The situation in Zeeland catastrophic; several thousand dead in North Friesland ; first height mark of the peak value handed down in the St. Nicholas Church of Klixbüll ; Sinking of Osterbur and Ostbense in East Friesland ; Beginning of the massive elevation of the dikes
January 13, 1552 Pontians flood 1552 dutch coast repeated on Valentine's Day ( February 14th )
November 1st / 2nd, 1570 All Saints Flood 1570 Belgian, Dutch and German coast Estimates from 15,000 to 25,000 dead; Flooding of the marshes from Flanders to Eiderstedt , large dike breaches in the Altes Land as well as in the Vier- and Marschlanden , sinking of the villages Oldendorf and Westbense near Esens ;
Suurhusen : NN + 4.40 m (high tide mark at the church)
1571 Martini Flood 1571 Dike breach near Neuhaus (Oste)
August 21, 1573 Kornflut , Arnefloth or Bartholmäusflut
1578 Annunciation, Good Friday or Wild Japicx flood Dutch and German coast especially property damage
November 1, 1582 All Saints Flood 1582 German Bight
December 1593 Christmas flood 1593 German Bight significant dike breaches in North Frisia
17th century
February 14-15 , 1602 Mardi Gras flood 1602
December 1, 1615 Great flood of damage 300 people died on the island of Strand ; the cemeteries of many villages are devastated; Rickelsbüll in the Wiedingharde goes under
February 25-26 , 1625 Fastnachtsflut 1625 ,
Fastelabendflut,
(high) ice flood		 South Holland to Jutland Dike breaches and major damage in East Friesland and Oldenburg , in the Altes Land and Hamburg , many dikes on Jade and Weser . On Neuwerk : high storm surges with ice drift and major damage.
November 7, 1627 All Saints Flood 1627 Elbe region Dike breaches and major damage in the Altes Land and Haseldorfer Marsch , Elmshorn and Uetersen
January 25, 1634 St. Pauli flood Elbe region Destruction of the Estedeiches in Hove over a length of 900 m
October 11, 1634 Burchardi
flood , (Second Great Mandrank)		 German Bight 12,000 to 15,000 dead; Separation of the island beach into several parts
January 23, 1643 Kolde Paulsflut Dutch and German coast especially property damage
February 14, 1648 Fastel evening flood Elbe area from Freiburg / Elbe in Lower Saxony via Glückstadt along the Geestrand to Hamburg numerous people died; at the same time 'earthquake' with conflagrations. Many buildings between Hamburg and Glückstadt were devastated, 11 church towers were blown over or collapsed, famine.
February 22, 1651 Petri flood German Bight 15,000 dead (?); The island of Juist is divided into two parts in the area of ​​today's Hammersee and the island of Langeoog , destruction of Dornumersiel , dike breaches on the mainland
4. / 5. March 1651 Petri flood Netherlands Flooding of large parts of Amsterdam , dike breaches in Holland and Friesland
4th / 5th November 1675 All Saints Flood 1675 dutch coast property damage only
January 26, 1682 Belgian and Dutch coast
November 24-25 , 1685 First Catherine Flood German Bight Mainly property damage, dike breaches from Oberndorf to Kleinwörde
November 12-13 , 1686 Martini flood 1686 ,
Martin flood		 Dutch and German coast severe dam damage from the Netherlands to the Elbe; 1,600 dead and 8,000 cattle died in Groningerland alone
18th century
7. - 9. December 1703 Great Britain: Great Storm of 1703 entire North Sea area The Royal Navy loses 13 ships and around 1,500 sailors.
1715 Mardi Gras flood 1715 Destruction of the 2nd Juister island church
December 24-25 , 1717 Christmas flood 1717 Dutch, German and Danish coast 11,150 dead,
largest storm surge known to date, with floods and devastation of enormous proportions,
90,000 head of cattle drowned,
8,000 houses were destroyed
25 / 26. February 1718 Dutch, German and Danish coast
December 31, 1720 / January 1, 1721 New Year flood 1721 higher than the Christmas flood of 1717; Destruction of the dykes, which had been poorly repaired after 1717, sinking of the villages of Bettewehr II and Itzendorf , separation of the dune from Heligoland
November 26, 1736 Second Catherine's Flood North Sea
October 21, 1745 Elbe region Bishorst is sinking
September 11, 1751 Elbe region major property damage
October 7, 1756 Mark's flood ,
Amalienflut 		Elbe region 600 dead, many dikes were damaged, especially in Nord dithmarschen

From 1800

date Surname area Effects of the
peak water levels of the storm surge wave
19th century
January 23, 1820 dutch coast
November 15, 1824 Dutch and German coast Hurricane with a very severe storm surge
3. - 5. February 1825 February flood 1825 ,
Hallig flood		 Dutch and German coast 800 dead; many dyke breaks and heavy dune losses on the islands; Downfall of many Halligen ; highest storm surge on the Elbe until 1962.
St. Pauli : NN + 5.24 m ; Stadersand : NN + 5.14 m
November 27, 1825 November flood 1825 dutch coast very severe storm surge, partly higher than in February.
Ribe NN + 5.33 m
January 1-2, 1855 New Year
flood 1855 , January storm flood		 German Bight Severe destruction on the East Frisian Islands , in the Altes Land , Wilhelmsburg , the Vier- und Marschlanden , dike breaches and floods;
St. Pauli : NN + 5.11 m
20th century
March 12-13 , 1906 March flood 1906 Belgian, Dutch and German coast highest storm surge recorded to date on the East Frisian coast, but no dike breaches;
Dangast : above sea level + 5.35 m ; Cuxhaven : NN + 4.37 m ( wind jam : 2.56 m)
January 13-14 , 1916 Storm surge of 1916 dutch coast Cuxhaven : NN + 4.29 m (wind jam: 2.77 m)
February 16, 1916 Cuxhaven : NN + 4.11 m (wind jam: 2.59 m)
December 2, 1917 Cuxhaven : NN + 4.11 m (wind jam: 2.91 m)
October 10, 1926 Cuxhaven : NN + 4.05 m (wind jam: 3.60 m)
November 23, 1930 Cuxhaven : NN + 4.17 m (wind jam: 2.70 m)
October 18, 1936 Noon tide Elbe estuary Damage to Scharhörn 3 m above normal flood
Cuxhaven : PN + 9.22 m (wind jam: 2.74 m)
October 19, 1941 Cuxhaven : NN + 4.03 m (wind jam: 2.64 m)
February 10, 1949 Ebb
tide low water hurricane tide 		Schleswig-Holstein west coast The highest wind accumulation ever measured of 5.70 m fell during the ebb tide, so that there was no catastrophic flood.
January 31 / February 1, 1953 North Sea flood of 1953 ,
dt. Holland storm surge ,
cute litt. Watersnood, de Ramp ,
engl. (Great) North Sea flood, East Coast floods 		Dutch, Belgian and English coast 2,408 dead; worst natural disaster of the 20th century in the area of ​​the North Sea; Total damage more than 500 million euros
23/24 December 1954 Storm surge series from December 19 to 24, 1954 German North Sea coast Highest storm surge since 1906 on December 23rd. Some severe damage to the dykes and some breaches and severe damage. The hurricane kills at least 70 people on land and at sea.
Cuxhaven : NN + 3.16 m (wind jam: 3.71 m during previous low tide)
February 16-17 , 1962 February
storm flood 1962 , Second Julian flood		 German Bight, Elbe region 340 dead; especially in the Elbe area with tributaries; by then the highest storm surge east of the Jade damaged a total of more than 400 km of dyke;
St. Pauli : NN + 5.70 m ; Grauerort : NN +5.70 m ; Cuxhaven : NN + 4.95 m (wind jam: 3.87 m)
February 23, 1967 Second low water hurricane flood,
Bermpohl hurricane		 The heaviest hurricane in the German Bight to date, mean wind speed on Heligoland: 149.5 km / h constant over several hours. Gust peaks exceeded the measuring range of the anemometer . Probably well over 200 km / h
Cuxhaven : NN + 3.99 m (wind congestion: 4.44 m during previous ebb)
13 .; 16 .; 19 / 20 November ;
6 .; December 14, 1973 		Storm surge chain from autumn 1973 German coast six severe storm surges within five weeks damage numerous dikes on the North Sea coast; longest storm surge chain since living
memory Cuxhaven (December 6th): NN + 4.39 m (wind jam: 3.28 m)
January 3-4, 1976 First flood of January 1976,
Capella hurricane 		German Bight, Elbe region the highest storm surge to date at almost all gauges on the German North Sea coast; numerous dike breaches in Kehdingen and the Haseldorfer Marsch .
St. Pauli : above sea level + 6.45 m ; Gray area : above sea level + 6.02 m ; Bremerhaven : NN + 5.18 m ; Cuxhaven : NN + 5.11 m (wind jam: 4.23 m)
January 21, 1976 Second January flood 1976 German and Danish coast, Elbe region Bremerhaven NN + 4.91 m ; Cuxhaven : NN + 4.70 m (wind jam: 2.89 m)
November 24, 1981 November flood 1981 ,
North Friesland flood		 North Friesland Dagebüll : NN + 4.72 m
26. - 28. February 1990 German Bight some dead; Most intense known immediate series of severe floods to date: in the three days two hurricane, two storm and one wind tide
Cuxhaven : NN + 4.44 m (wind jam: 3.93 m)
January 23, 1993 Cuxhaven : NN + 4.34 m (wind jam: 2.65 m)
January 28, 1994 January flood 1994 German Bight Vegesack ( Weser ): above sea level + 5.33 m ; Cuxhaven : NN + 4.49 m (wind jam: 3.13 m)
January 10, 1995 Cuxhaven : NN + 4.48 m (wind jam: 3.16 m)
February 5, 1999 Cuxhaven : NN + 4.36 m (wind jam: 2.86 m)
December 3, 1999 Hurricane Anatol entire North Sea area short-term increase with very high water levels in the entire North Sea area;
Cuxhaven NN + 4.56 m (wind jam: 3.68 m)
21st century
November 1, 2006 All Saints' Day Flood 2006 entire North Sea area very severe storm surge with the highest level values ​​ever measured in the area of ​​the Ems , dune demolitions on the East Frisian Islands ;
Emden NN + 5.19 m ; Gandersum NN + 5.50 m
November 9, 2007 Storm Tilo German Bight, North Sea very severe storm surge, heaviest floods in Hamburg since 1990, huge dune demolitions on Heligoland , in Rotterdam the Maeslant storm surge barrier closed for the first time.
St. Pauli NN + 5.42 m ; Cuxhaven NN + 4.44 m (wind jam: 2.79 m)
December 5-6, 2013 Hurricane Xavier entire North Sea area very severe storm surge; Loss of land on Sylt and the East Frisian Islands
St. Pauli : NN + m 6.09 , Vegesack : NN + 5,16m , Bremerhaven : NN + 4,99m

literature

  • Jan Buisman: Duizend jaar weer, wind en water in de Lage Landen. 5 volumes. Franeker 1996-2006. (only based on contemporary sources)
  • Hans Egidius: storm surges. Death and perdition on the North Sea coast from Flanders to Jutland. Concept Center Verlag, Varel 2003, ISBN 3-934606-16-4 .
  • MK Elisabeth Gottschalk: Stormvloeden en rivieroverstromingen in Nederland. 3 volumes. Assen 1971-1977. (with English summaries)
  • Georg Quedens : Hurricane floods. A picture journey . Ellert and Richter, Hamburg 1995, ISBN 3-89234-601-1 .
  • Curt Weikinn: Source texts on the history of weather in Europe from the turn of the times to 1850. 6 volumes. Berlin 1958-2002. (using many often non-contemporary source collections)
  • Gabriele Gönnert, Thomas Buß: Reports of the State Office for Roads, Bridges and Waters. No. 2/2009. No. 2: Storm surges for dimensioning flood protection systems. PDF, 2.91 MB. (Contains storm surge courses from 1901–2008 at the Cuxhaven gauge), ISSN  1867-7959

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Brochures of the LSBG ( Memento of the original from December 10, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / lsbg.hamburg.de
  2. ↑ Storm surges ( Memento from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) on: deichverband-cuxhaven.de, accessed August 11, 2015.
  3. ↑ a b Chronicle of storm surges ( memento from May 6, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) at: die-ganze-nordsee.de, accessed August 11, 2015.
  4. ↑ WJ Beckers: Teutonen and Kimbern in der neueerenforschung (1939), on: uni-koeln.de, accessed August 16, 2015.
  5. ↑ Floods / storm surges / floods , accessed on August 11, 2015.
  6. ^ Albrecht von Stade
  7. ↑ Helmold v. Bosau: slave chronicle. Hahnsche Buchhandlung, Hanover 1937, 2nd book; Cap. XCVII.
  8. ↑ Cristian Kuß: Yearbook of memorable natural events in the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein from the eleventh to the seventeenth century. Altona 1825, pp. 10-11.
  9. ^ A b c Society for Schleswig-Holstein History - Storm Flood, Section: Historical storm surges
  10. ↑ “1625, January 21, February 10 and 16, high storm surges that cause enormous damage on the island. The loss inflicted on Vogt Peter Tesdorp is estimated at 1000 Thaler. ”In: Ferdinand Dannmeyer, Erich von Lehe, Heinrich Rüther (ed.): A tower and his island. Monograph of the North Sea island of Neuwerk . Verlag der Buchhandlung Rauschenplat, Cuxhaven 1982, p. 166 (first edition: 1952).
  11. ↑ Storm surges and storm surge column in Ribe ( Memento of the original from December 15, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.danhostel-ribe.dk
  12. ↑ For Südfall, see Diana von Reventlow-Criminil
  13. ↑ Ferdinand Dannmeyer, Erich von Lehe, Heinrich Rüther (ed.): A tower and his island. Monograph of the North Sea island of Neuwerk . Verlag der Buchhandlung Rauschenplat, Cuxhaven 1982, p. 164 (first edition: 1952).
  14. ↑ Weser Courier. December 7, 2013, supplement "Die Norddeutsche"
  15. ↑ Nordsee-Zeitung. December 7, 2013.